Osmois

Chapter 2
Movement of
Substances
1 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Chapter 2: Movement of Substances
• 2.1 What Is Diffusion?
• 2.2 What Is Osmosis?

2.2 What Is Osmosis?
Learning Outcome(s)
• Define osmosis, investigate and describe the effects of osmosis on
plant and animal tissues.
• Discuss the factors that affect the rate of osmosis.

Textbook
What is Osmosis? Pages 29, 31
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a region of

higher water potential to a region of lower water potential, down a
water potential gradient, through a partially permeable membrane.
• Osmosis is a special form of diffusion. This means that the:

–characteristics of movement, and
–factors affecting movement, are similar to diffusion as well.
• The key difference is that osmosis is specifically referring to the movement of water
molecules across a partially permeable membrane.

Textbook
What is Water Potential? Page 31
Water potential is a measure of the tendency of water to move

from one place to another.
solute
particles
Diluted solution Concentrated solution

High water potential Low water potential
Concentrated VS Diluted solution
Q: Compare between a concentrated solution and a diluted solution.

Use High or Low to fill in the table below.
Concentrated Diluted
Solution Solution
Concentration of
High Low
solute
Water potential of
Low High
solvent

Understanding Water Potential
Liquid A has a lower concentration of solute than liquid B.

Liquid A has a higher water potential than liquid B.
Liquid C has the same concentration of solute as liquid D.

Liquid C has the same water potential as liquid D.
Liquid E has a higher concentration of solute as liquid F.

Liquid E has a lower water potential than liquid F.

Textbook
What is Water Potential Gradient and how is it related to Osmosis? Page 31
A water potential gradient is established when a partially permeable

membrane separates two solutions of different water potentials.

Textbook
• The movement of water

molecules is random.
• Water molecules will move

down their water potential
gradient via osmosis.
• The steeper the water

potential gradient, the faster
the rate of osmosis.
Textbook
• The movement of water

molecules is random.
• Water molecules will move

VS down their water potential
gradient via osmosis.
• The steeper the water

potential gradient, the faster
the rate of osmosis.
Partially permeable membrane Textbook
Page 29
The partially permeable membrane allows some substances to pass

through it but not others.
Sucrose molecules are Water molecules are

too large to pass small enough to pass
through the partially through the partially
permeable membrane permeable membrane

How Osmosis works Textbook
Page 29
• The concentration of sucrose in A is higher than in B.

• Water potential in B is higher than in A.

How Osmosis works Textbook
Page 29
• There will be a net movement of water molecules from B to A, down a water

potential gradient, across the partially permeable membrane, via osmosis.

Textbook
How Osmosis works Page 29
At equilibrium: • Arm A: Rise in level of

solution
• Arm B: Fall in level of
solution
• The concentration of solute

(sucrose) in arms A & B will
be equal.
→ Water potential in arms
A & B will be equal
Let’s Investigate 2.4 Textbook
Page 29
How can we demonstrate osmosis? 1. An experiment is set up as

shown.
2. After 20 minutes, the level of

the solution in the dialysis
tubing is observed to rise.
3. Discussion: What can you say

about the dialysis tubing?
How do you account for the
observation above?

Factors affecting Rate of Osmosis Textbook
Page 30
Factors affecting rate of diffusion: Factors affecting rate of osmosis:

• Concentration gradient • Water potential gradient
• Diffusion distance (distance that • Distance that water molecules
particles need to move) need to move
• Surface area-to-volume ratio • Surface area-to-volume ratio
• Temperature • Temperature
• State of particles

How Does Osmosis Affect Living Organisms Textbook
Page 30
• A living cell is enclosed by a partially permeable cell surface membrane.
• A plant cell behaves differently from an animal cell when placed in

solutions of differing water potentials due to its cell wall.

Page 30
When cells are placed in a solution of higher water potential:
• Surrounding solution has a higher

Higher water potential water potential than the cell.
• There will be a net movement of

Lower water
Cell water molecules from the
potential
surrounding solution into the cell.

Page 30
For both animal and plant cells, putting a cell into a solution with higher
Whenpotential
water cells are placed
will in a solution
cause water to enter of
thehigher
cell viswater potential:
osmosis, BUT the
resulting effects are different!
• Surrounding solution has a higher

Higher water potential water potential than the cell.

Lower water
Cell water molecules from the
potential
surrounding solution into the cell.

Textbook
Plant cell in a solution with higher water potential Page 31
4. Cell wall prevents

1. Cell sap has lower cell from bursting.
water potential than
surrounding solution.
2. Water enters 3. Cell expands and

by osmosis. becomes turgid.

Textbook
Plant cell in a solution with higher water potential Page 31
There is a net movement of water

molecules from the region of
higher water potential in the
surrounding solution to the region
of lower water potential in the cell
sap, via osmosis, across a partially
permeable membrane.
The plant cell expands and

becomes turgid.
Textbook
Animal cell in a solution with higher water potential Page 31

Textbook
Animal cell in a solution with higher water potential Page 31

surrounding solution to the region
of lower water potential in the
cytoplasm, via osmosis, across a
partially permeable membrane.
The animal cell expands, swells

and eventually burst.
Page 30
When cells are placed in a solution of lower water potential:
• Surrounding solution has a lower

Lower water potential water potential than the cell.

High water
Cell water molecules out of the cell
potential
into the surrounding solution.

Page 30
For both animal and plant cells, putting a cell into a solution with lower
Whenpotential
water cells are placed
will in a solution
cause water to leave of
thelower
cell viswater potential:
osmosis, BUT the
resulting effects are different!
• Surrounding solution has a lower

Lower water potential water potential than the cell.

High water
Cell water molecules out of the cell
potential
into the surrounding solution.

Textbook
Plant cell in a solution with lower water potential Page 32
1. Cell sap has higher 4. Cytoplasm shrinks away

water potential than from cell wall and cell
surrounding solution. becomes plasmolysed.
2. Water leaves
via osmosis.
3. Cell becomes flaccid.

Textbook
Plant cell in a solution with lower water potential Page 31

molecules from the region of higher
water potential in the surrounding
solution to the region of lower water
potential in the cell sap, via osmosis,
across a partially permeable membrane.
The large central vacuole shrinks.

Cytoplasm and cell membrane pulls away
from the cellulose cell wall.
Cell becomes plasmolysed and flaccid.

Textbook
Animal cell in a solution with lower water potential Page 32

Textbook
Animal cell in a solution with lower water potential Page 31

cytoplasm to the region of lower
water potential in the surrounding
solution, via osmosis across a
partially permeable membrane.
The animal cell shrinks in size and

becomes crenated.
Textbook
Placing a cell in a solution with the same water potential Page 31
A cell immersed in a solution with the same water potential as

its cytoplasm will not change its size or shape.
placed in a solution of
the same water potential
cytoplasm has the same

water potential as the
outside solution

Video Time! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iv7eGCPVaAk

Textbook
Why is Turgor important in plants? Page 33
•Turgor plays an important

role in maintaining the shape
of soft tissues in plants.
•It keeps herbaceous (non-

woody) plants firm and
upright.
•Loss of turgidity causes the

plant to wilt.
Textbook
Changes in turgor also cause the movements of some plant parts,

e.g. opening and closing of stomata.

Textbook
•Plasmolysis causes tissues to become

limp or flaccid.
•When cells of a plant become flaccid,

the plant wilts.
•Water may be added to the soil to dilute

the soil solution. This causes water
molecules to enter the plant cells and
keeps the plant firm and upright.
Textbook

Textbook
Why is it not advisable to add too much fertilisers to the soil?

Textbook
Why is it not advisable to add too much fertilisers to the soil?
• The soil solution will be very concentrated

→ has very low water potential
• Water will move OUT of the plant cells by

osmosis
• Inability of roots to absorb water, together

with continued evaporation of water from
the leaves, causes the plant to wilt

Summary of Key Concepts
Diffusion Osmosis
Net movement of particles Net movement of water molecules
Can occur with or without a Only occurs with a

membrane partially permeable membrane
Down a concentration gradient Down a water potential gradient

Diffusion or Osmosis?
Determine the process by which each of the following takes place.
(a) The fragrance of food given out during cooking

DIFFUSION
spreads throughout the kitchen
(b) Pieces of potato placed in water swell OSMOSIS
(c) Digested food particles move through the wall of
DIFFUSION
the small intestine into the bloodstream
(d) Carbon dioxide in the air moves into the leaves
DIFFUSION
through the stomata
(e) Water from the soil moves through the root hair cell OSMOSIS

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Chapter 2

1 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

• 2.1 What Is Diffusion?

• 2.2 What Is Osmosis?

2 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

3 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a region of

• Osmosis is a special form of diffusion. This means that the:

4 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Water potential is a measure of the tendency of water to move

Diluted solution Concentrated solution

Q: Compare between a concentrated solution and a diluted solution.

6 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Liquid A has a lower concentration of solute than liquid B.

Liquid C has the same concentration of solute as liquid D.

Liquid E has a higher concentration of solute as liquid F.

7 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

A water potential gradient is established when a partially permeable

8 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

• The movement of water

• Water molecules will move

• The steeper the water

• The movement of water

• Water molecules will move

• The steeper the water

The partially permeable membrane allows some substances to pass

Sucrose molecules are Water molecules are

12 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

• The concentration of sucrose in A is higher than in B.

13 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

• There will be a net movement of water molecules from B to A, down a water

14 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

At equilibrium: • Arm A: Rise in level of

• The concentration of solute

How can we demonstrate osmosis? 1. An experiment is set up as

2. After 20 minutes, the level of

3. Discussion: What can you say

16 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Factors affecting rate of diffusion: Factors affecting rate of osmosis:

17 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

• A living cell is enclosed by a partially permeable cell surface membrane.

• A plant cell behaves differently from an animal cell when placed in

18 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

When cells are placed in a solution of higher water potential:

• Surrounding solution has a higher

• There will be a net movement of

19 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

• Surrounding solution has a higher

• There will be a net movement of

20 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

4. Cell wall prevents

2. Water enters 3. Cell expands and

21 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

There is a net movement of water

The plant cell expands and

23 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

There is a net movement of water

The animal cell expands, swells

When cells are placed in a solution of lower water potential:

• Surrounding solution has a lower

• There will be a net movement of

25 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

• Surrounding solution has a lower

• There will be a net movement of