INSPECTION OF PRESSURE-RELIEVING DEVICES 7

Figure 2—Weight-loaded Emergency Vent

4.3.3 Direct Spring-operated Pressure-relief Valve

4.3.3.1 General

These devices use the compression of a spring to determine the set pressure. The spring may be externally
visible in what is called an open bonnet valve. See Figure 3. Caution should be taken to install open bonnet
valves away from personnel as the exhaust of the media during a relieving cycle will release to the ambient
via this open bonnet.

Caution—Open bonnet pressure-relief valves shall not be used in hydrocarbon or toxic services. They
should only be used in nonhazardous service (i.e. air, water, and some steam applications).

There are conventional and balanced types of direct spring-operating pressure-relief valves.
8 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 576

Figure 3—Open Bonnet, Direct-acting Spring-loaded Pressure-relief Valve

4.3.3.2 Conventional Direct Spring-operated Pressure-relief Valve

A conventional valve can utilize a closed spring bonnet that will allow any backpressure to be contained within
all areas of the valve downstream of the seat. This backpressure can affect the set pressure, stability, and
available capacity that can be provided. Figure 4 shows a typical API 526 conventional direct spring-operated
pressure-relief valve.
52 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 576

6.6 Inspection, Testing, Maintenance, and Setting of Weight-loaded Pressure and/or

Vacuum Vents on Tanks

The inspection, testing, maintenance, and setting of relieving devices on pressure storage tanks is similar to
those of direct-acting spring-loaded valves on process equipment.

Pressure- and/or vacuum-vent valves (PVRVs) on atmospheric tanks are designed to vent air and vapor from
the tank during filling operations and to admit air when the tank is drawn. PVRVs are in almost continuous
service. They are prone to failure by sticking. Periodic examination may detect this condition. Where
temperatures fall below freezing, the devices may need to be checked during the cold period to ensure that
the discs (normally called pallets) do not stick because of icing. These pallets are usually weight loaded. The
inspection of each vent valve in place should include the checking of the discharge opening for obstructions.
The top of the valve should be removed and the pallets checked for freedom of movement. Seats should be
checked to ensure that there is no sticking or leakage, since the forces actuating the valve are small. If the
valve has a flame arrester on the inlet nozzle, it should be inspected for fouling or plugging. If necessary, it
should be removed for cleaning.

Caution—Freezing of a PVRV can occur in tanks equipped with heating coils whereby excessive
vapor can condense and freeze in the vacuum valve. This can necessitate the use of form-fitting
heaters for the PVRV.

Recommended steps for inspection are as follows.

a) The discs (normally called pallets) of the devices should be checked for sticking. If the pallets are stuck, the
product’s effect on the seal material and on the pallet material should be investigated. If necessary the seal
material and the pallet material should be changed.

b) The pallet should be checked and maintained. Once a pallet is removed, it should be cleaned. If there is
any reason to suspect the mass of the pallet has been changed (tampering, corrosion, etc.), its mass
should be determined. Check the mass against the mass required for the correct relieving pressure of the
device. The mass of the pallet and its weights divided by the area of the opening covered by the pallet will
determine the pressure or vacuum setting.

c) If the mass is not correct, mass should be added or removed until the correct mass has been achieved. Be
sure that any additional mass added does not restrict the lift of the device below the manufacturer’s design.
Pallet condition and serviceability should be checked, and unusable pallets should be replaced.

d) The seats and pallets should be checked and cleaned.

e) The gaskets at the pallet seating areas should be checked and, if necessary, replaced.

f) The protective screens should be checked for serviceability and, if necessary, renewed.

g) If the weights are positioned on a moment arm attached to the seating area, then hinges and hinge pins
should be checked for operability and, as necessary, serviced, lubricated, and replaced.

h) Any special coating used internally or externally on the body should be checked and, if unserviceable,
replaced.

i) The hood should be inspected and, if unserviceable, replaced.

j) The bolts should be checked and, as required, replaced.

k) Reassembly and final operability check to assure pallets are free to move.