Sn]z gfz

(Destruction of Defilement)
-cfˆg} cg'ej / cg'e"ltx¿_

ædgsf] cz'4tfn] k|f0fLx¿ cz'4 x'G5g\ eg] dgsf] z'4tfn] k|f0fL

z'4 x'G5g\ .Æ — eujfg a'4

Sn]z gfz
æl/;nfO{ klqm/fVg' eg]sf] tftf] sf]OnfnfO{ s;}dfly ˆofSg]
p2]Zon] ;dfTg' h:t} xf], o;af6 hNg] klxnf JolQm tkfO{ g}
xf] .Æ — eujfg a'4

ænf]e Pp6f /f]u xf], SofG;/ xf], h;n] xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ g}

vfG5 .Æ — eujfg a'4

æc1fgL dflg; uf]? h:t} a'9f] x'G5 . p;sf] z/L/ a9\g ;S5,
t/ p;sf] 1fg a9\b}g .Æ — eujfg a'4

There is no fire like passion, there is no shark like hatred,

there is no snare like folly, there is no torrent like greed.
- Buddha
;+3z/0f

;+3z/0f
 Sn]z gfz
(Destruction of Defilement)

-cfˆg} cg'ej / cg'e"ltx?_

;+3z/0f

1
Sn]z gfz
-cfkm\g} cg'ej / cg'e"ltx?_
Destruction of Defilement
Own Experiences and Feelings

klxnf] ;+:s/0f, !))) k|lt

g]kfnL ;+:s/0f
;jf{lwsf/M © k|sfzsdf ;'/lIft, ;g\ @)@$

of] k':tssf] k"/} jf s'g} c+z 5fKg, k'g?Tkfbg / kmf]6f]skL ug{ kfOg] 5 .
of] k':ts k'gM 5fkL ljt/0f u/L k'0o sdfpg x'g cg'/f]w 5 .
k|sfzs
nLnf d}gfnL -k|;fO{_ kmf]gM (*$($(^&%$
Od]nM prasai.devi@gmail.com -s]jn ;'emfj / k|ltlqmofsf nflu_
d"NoM wDdbfg -OR5's AolQmx?n] Wofgefjgf s]Gb| jf ljxf/ lgdf{0fsf]
nflu oyfzSo bfg lbO{ k':ts lng ;Sg' x'g]5 ._
d'›0fM chLdf ckm;]6 k|];, jfuahf/, sf7df8f}F
ljt/s s]Gb|
cGt/fli6|o Wofgefjgf s]Gb|, z+vd"n, kmf]g, 9841461226

ljZj zflGt ljxf/, zflGtgu/, kmf]g, 9851167525

wDduf/ sf]68fF8f ljkZogf Wofg s]Gb|, n=k'= 9849415618

Free download from : https://archive.org/details/final-print

ISBN: 978-9937-1-6544-0

2
d]/f] egfO
gdf] t:; eujtf] c/xtf] ;Ddf;Da'4:; .
;a} dflg;x? ;'v g} rfxG5g\, s;}n] klg b'Mv rfxb}gg\ . t/ ;'v rfxbf rfxb}
klg xfdLnfO{ lsg b'Mv x'G5 t eg]/ rflxF xfdL lj/n} dfq ;f]Rb5f}}F . xfdLn] b'Mv
kfofF} lsgls xfdLn] cs'zn sd{ u¥of}F . xfdLn] lsg cs'zn sd{ u¥of}F t <
lsgls xfdLdf Sn]z 5 . t;y{ Sn]z g} b'Mvsf] d'Vo sf/0f -;d'bo_ jf aLp xf]
. To;sf/0f b'Mv x6fpg] xf] eg] ;j{k|yd b'Mvsf] sf/0f Sn]znfO{ gfz ug'{k5{ .
sf/0f gePkl5 sfo{ x'Fb}g . Sn]z gePkl5 b'Mv x'b}g . sf]xL klg hfgL hfgL kfkL
x'b}gg\, Sn]zn] pgLx?nfO{ nf]eLkfkL agfpF5 . hlt Sn]z afSnf] x'b} uof], Tolt
g} cs'zn sd{ x'g k'U5g\ . To;kl5 xfdLn] b'Mv -sd{kmn_ ef]Ug' k5{ . Sn]z
36fpg' 5 eg] xfdLn] Wofgefjgf a9fpg' k5{ . Sn]z / Wofgefjgf aLr C0ffTds
;DaGw x'G5 . hlt Wofgefjgf a9\b} hfG5 Tolt g} Sn]z kftnf] x'b} / gfz x'b}
hfG5 . Wofgefjgf afx]s Tofu, c;+u -non-attachment_, bfg, clx+;f, s?0ff,
d'lbtf / IfflGt cflbn] klg Sn]z sd ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ .
Wofgefjgf Sn]z x6fpg] k|efjsf/L ;fwgf xf] . d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejdf klg
Wofgefjgf ;+u;+u} c? ;xfos ;fwgfx? h:tf] ls Tofu, c;+u, bfg, clx+;f,
d}qL, s?0ff, d'lbtf, IfflGtsf] klg cEof; ul/of] eg] Sn]z l56f] / k|efjsf/L
?kdf gfz x'g] /x]5 . w]/}n] Sn]z z"Go u5'{ eGg'x'G5, t/ Sn]z z"Go ug{ w]/} sl7g
5 . d rflxF clxn] g} Sn]z z"Go ug{ ;lStg . Sn]z z"Go eof] eg] t d cx{t
eO{ xfn]F lg . d]/f] jt{dfgsf] p2]Zo rflxF Sn]z kftnf] agfpg' xf], Sn]zsf] Ifo
ug'{ xf] . Sn]z kftnf] dfq agfof}F eg] klg w]/} s'zn / Hofb} yf]/} dfq cs'zn
sd{x? x'G5g\ . s'g} u?Ëf] cs'zn sd{ x'Fb}g . ;a}h;f] a'4 ;flxTo g} Sn]z x6fpg]
p2]Zon] /rgf ul/Psf 5g\ . o:tf] uxg ljifoa:t'sf af/]df g]kfnL efiffdf Hofb}
yf]/} k':ts dfq pknAw 5g\ . hlt klg pknAw 5g\, tL klg s]jn >'tdoL
k|1fsf dfq . cfˆg} cg'ej / cg'e"ltsf] cfwf/df n]lvPsf] jf efjgfdo k|1fsf]
k':ts d}n] kfpg ;lsg . >'tdoL eP/ Sn]z gfz ug{ ;lsb}g, lrGtgdoL eP/
yf]/} dfq gfz ug{ ;lsG5 . Sn]znfO{ h/}b]lv pv]Ng t efjgfdoL aGg'k5{,
k|1fdoL aGg'k5{ . Sn]z gfz ug{] s'g} Pp6f zlQmzfnL SofK;'n 5}g . x/]s Sn]z
gfz ug{] 5'6\6f5'6\6} cf}ifwLx? 5g\ . t;y{ ltg} cf}ifwLx?sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{] s|ddf
3
of] k':ts tof/ x'g k'Uof] . Sn]z gfz ug{ lstfa k9]/ dfq x'Fb}g . Tof] gfz ug{
t k|ltklQ -;fwgf_ g} ug'{k5{ . xfdL cfkm}n] ;fwgf ug'{k5{ . t;y{ æcQ bLkf]
ejÆ, æcQfxL cQgf] gfyf]Æ cyjf cfˆgf] bLk cfk}Fm x'g] xf]Ù cfˆgf] dflns cfk}Fm
x'g] xf] . c?n] t s]jn af6f]dfq b]vfpg ;S5g\ . tkfO{ :jo+n] oL ;fwgf u/L
efjgfdoL x'g'k5{ / cfk}Fmn] cg'e"lt / cg'ej u/L k|1f hufpg' k5{ . w]/} ldqx?n]
of] k':ts dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{sf] nflu klg pkof]uL 5 eGg'x'G5, d Tof] ljifosf]
ljåfg xf]Og, t/ klg eGg ;S5' Sn]z ePs} sf/0f dflg;df dgf];fdflhs
;d:ofx? b]vfkb{5g\ .
xfd|f] dgn] xfd|f jflrs / sflos sd{x?nfO{ lgb]{z u5{ eGg] s'/f t ;a}nfO{ yfxf
5 t/ lgolGqt jflrs / zf/Ll/s sfo{x?n] dgnfO{ tflnd lbG5 eGg] s'/f rflxF
Hofb} yf]/}nfO{ dfq yfxf 5 . cfFvfdf b]Vg] dg pTkGg ePsf] a]nfdf cfFvfnfO{
tflnd lbOof] eg] dgsf] klg tflnd x'G5 . of] lstfadf d]/f ltg} cg'ej /
cg'e"ltx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5' . hlt aflx/ x]¥of]{ Tolt Sn]z a95, hlt dgleq x]¥of]{
Tolt Sn]z sd x'G5 . t;y{ ;Gt'lnt ?kdf aflx/ / dgleq x]g{] sfd ug'{k5{ .
Wofgefjgf / c? ;fwgfsf cg'ej / cg'e"ltnfO{ zAbdf ptfg{ klg sl7g /x]5
. d}n] cg'ej u/]sf sltko cg'e"ltnfO{ d}n] zAbdf ptfg{ ;lsg . :ofpsf] :jfb
s:tf] eg]/ n]Vg] < of] :jo+ cfk}Fmn] vfPkl5 dfq yfxf x'G5 . To:t}, bfg lbFbfsf]
v'zL, dfkm lbbfsf] v'zL, Tofu ubf{sf] v'zL, d}qL / s?0ff efj pTkGg x'Fbfsf]
v'zL, k|Lltsf] v'zL, k|d'hsf] v'zL, / k|zAbLsf] v'zLnfO{ d}n] zAbdf ptfg{ ;lsg
. oL cfkm}n] cg'e"lt u/]kl5 dfq jf:tljs ¿kdf af]w xF'bf] /x]5 . zAbsf] ;xfotfn]
Toltleq k'u]/ atfpg ;lsg] /x]g5, t}klg hlt zAbdf ptfg{ ;sF]Ù of] k':tsdf
;d]6\g sf]l;; u/]sf] 5' . of] efjgfdo k|1f xf] . To;}n] >'tdoL 1fg;Fu ldNg
klg ;S5, gldNg klg ;S5 .
cGTodf, leIf', leIf'0fL, pkf;s, pkfl;sfnfO{ Sn]z 36fpg] ;fwgfx?nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg k]|/0ff ldnf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] d]/f cfˆg} cg'ej / cg'e"ltx¿ of]
k':tsdf ptf/]sf] 5' . of] k':ts n]Vg k|f]T;fxg ug'{x'g] df]uf]s, adf{sf k|1f>L /
ljdn eGt]Ho" / eflifs z'4tf / ;Dkfbgsf nflu ldq /fddl0f b'jf8LHo" k|lt
cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .
;+3z/0f, dxfnIdL, nlntk'/, g]kfn, a};fv !, @)*!

4
zAbfjnL
cgfut Ö cfpg] ;do jf eljio .
cg'zo Ö leq lgis[o / cAoQm ?kdf /x]sf] l/;sf] aLp .
cfrGg sd{ Ö lgoldt sd{, b}lgs sd{, hGdb]lv dg{] a]nf;Ddsf sd{ .
cfgfkfg Ö Zjf;k|Zjf;df ;hutf hufpg] sfo{ .
cfg]Ghfle Ö Wofgsf] sf/0f k|fKt x'g] sd{ ;+:sf/, h;n] a|Xdnf]ssf] kmn
lbG5 .
cf;Gg sd{ Ö dg{] a]nf eGbf 7Ls cl3sf] sd{ .
p4Rr–s's'Rr Ö r~rntf, a]r}gL, Jofs'ntf cflb .
pkfbfg Ö cg'/fu a9\g', cfzlQm x'g', ljifoa:t'df 6fFl;g' .
sd{ljkfs Ö cs'zn / s'zn sd{x¿sf] kmn .
sd{ Ö sdf{g';f/sf] kmn k|fKt x'G5 eGg] 1fg . :os[tf1fg
sfdR5Gb Ö sfd, /fu, cg'/fu, nf]e, df]x, cfzlQm cflb .
sfofg'kZogf Ö z/L/df pTkGg x'g] ;Dj]bgfsf] 7Ls–7Ls hfgsf/L /fVg' .
Sn]z Ö sfd, qmf]w, nf]e, df]x, cxÍf/, O{iof{ cflb .
lrQfg'kZogf Ö lrQdf pTkGg x'g] /fu / å]ifsf] 7Ls–7Ls hfgsf/L /fVg' .
h/f Ö a"9f] x'g' .
t[i0ff Ö ljifoa:t'k|lt tflgg', tLj| OR5f .
bf}d{g:o Ö b'Mvfg'e"lt x'g', dgdf å]if efj pTkGg x'g' .
yLgld4 Ö cfn:otf, csd{0otf, nf];]kg, tGb|f, lgGb|f cflb .
wDdfg'kZogf Ö lrQdf pTkGg x'g] wd{x¿sf] oyfy{ hfgsf/L /fVg' .
lgj/0f Ö Wofgsf zq'x¿, cfWoflTds af6f]sf cj/f]wx? .
k|tLTo Ö cfl>t, Ps csf{df lge{/ .
k/dfy{ ;To Ö clGtd ;To, dflyNnf] ;To .
kl/p7\7fg Ö l/; a9\b} uPsf], /fk / tfk a9\b} uPsf] . nf]e a9b} uPsf],
df]x a9b} uPsf] .
kl/olt Ö a'4wd{ ;DjlGwt zf:qLo lzIff
kr'KkGg Ö jt{dfg ;do, xfnsf] ;do
k|zAbL Ö cfgGb / zflGt
k~~ff Ö k|1f, k|ToIf 1fg, ljz]if 1fg .
5
k|d'h Ö pRr lsl;dsf] cfgGb, v';L .
k|ltklQ Ö Wofgefjgf, ;fwgf .
k|Llt Ö v'zL, ub\ub\ v'zL x'g' .
k|1KtL ;To Ö af]qm] ;To, b]lvPsf] ;To .
ljlrlsRrf Ö zÍf pkzÍf, ;Gb]x, cljZjf; cflb .
ljkfs Ö sd{kmn .
Jofkfb Ö å]if, l/; jf c;Gt'li6 .
ljlQsDd Ö l/;, /fu aflx/ cfpg', k|s6 x'g', lj:kmf]6 x'g' .
j]bgfg'kZogf Ö ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+j]bgfx¿sf] 7Ls–7Ls hfgsf/L /fVg' .
Jofkfb Ö lx+;f, qmf]w, 8/, j}dg:otf, å]if, 3[0ff, cflb ckljq sfo{ .
d'lbtf Ö c?sf] pGglt / k|ultdf v'zL x'g] :jefj .
;Tsfo b[li6 Ö d / d]/f] eGg] efjgf, d]/f] z/L/ eGg] ldYof b[li6 .
if8foftg Ö OlGb|o -cfFvf, gfs, sfg, lha|f], z/L/_ / dg .
;d'bo ;To Ö sf/0f ;To .
;Dk|hGo Ö oyfy{ hfgsf/L lnO{ lrQnfO{ lgd{n agfpg] ljlw .
;d''Tkfb Ö pTklt / ljgfz x'g' .
;Dd'lQ ;To Ö nf]såf/f dflgPsf] ;To, k/Dk/fut ;To .
;f]dg:o Ö ;'vfg'e"lt x'g', dg v'zL x'g' .
zdy Ö Psfu|tfdf /xg] Wofgljlw .
x]t' Ö aLp .

6
ljifo;"rL
d]/f] egfO ............................................................................................... 3
zAbfjnL ................................................................................................. 5
cWofo Ps .............................................................................................. 9
Sn]zsf] kl/ro........................................................................................ 9
!=! Sn]zsf] :jefj ................................................................................ 10
!=@ Sn]z, sd{ / ljkfsrqm ................................................................... 18
!=# Sn]z 36fpg] k|lqmof ........................................................................ 23
!=$ ;d:of :jLsf/ ............................................................................... 24
!=% 3/nfO{ ljxf/ agfpg] ...................................................................... 25
!=^ Wofgefjgf ...................................................................................... 26
!=& k~r:sGwsf] af]w ............................................................................ 32
!=* k~ransf] k|of]u............................................................................. 35
!=( IfflGtsf] ;fwgf ............................................................................... 37
!=!) Sn]zsf] ;"rsf+s ........................................................................... 39
cWofo b'O{ ............................................................................................. 40
df]x ....................................................................................................... 40
@=! k|1f hufpg] .................................................................................... 42
@=@ cgfTdfsf] cEof; ........................................................................... 49
@=# :d[ltsf] ;fwgf ................................................................................ 52
cWofo tLg ........................................................................................... 54
nf]e ...................................................................................................... 54
#=! dgaf6 cefjsf] efj x6fpg]........................................................... 55
#=@ bfgsf] cEof; ................................................................................. 57
#=# cfFvfsf] tflnd ................................................................................ 62
#=$ sfgsf] tflnd................................................................................. 64
#=% gfssf] tflnd ................................................................................. 66
#=^ lha|fsf] tflndM................................................................................ 68
#=& z/L/sf] tflnd ................................................................................ 71
#=* dgsf] tflnd .................................................................................. 71
#=( PsTj efjgfsf] cEof;M .................................................................. 73
#=!) ;Gt'i6 x'g] afgLsf] ljsfz ............................................................ 76
#=!! clgTosf] cEof; ........................................................................... 77
#=!@ sfdjf;gf 36fpg] ;fwgf ............................................................. 80
#=!# of}g t[i0ff / o;sf] c;/ ............................................................... 82
7
 #=!$ s[ltsf] nf]e 36fpg] ;fwgf .......................................................... 83
#=!% k};fsf] nf]e 36fpg] ;fwgf ........................................................... 84
#=!^ Tofusf] ;fwgf............................................................................... 85
cWofo rf/ ........................................................................................... 88
å]if ........................................................................................................ 88
$=! l/; / pd]/sf] ;DaGw ..................................................................... 91
$=@ d}qL Wofgefjgf .............................................................................. 96
$=# sd{ / sd{kmnsf] cEof; ................................................................ 98
$=$ ck|dfbLdf /xg] ;fwgf ................................................................. 100
$+=% k/dfy{ x]g{] ;fwgf ........................................................................ 103
$=^ IfflGtsf] ;fwgf ............................................................................ 110
$=& ;fdflhs ;+hfndf ;do s6f}lt ................................................... 113
$=* Ifdfofrgf / Ifdfbfgsf] cEof; .................................................. 114
$=( df}gtfdf /xg] cEof;................................................................... 116
cWofo kfFr ......................................................................................... 117
cxÍf/ ................................................................................................. 117
%=! cxÍf/ 36fpg] ;fwgf ................................................................... 119
%=@ z/0fudgsf] ;fwgf....................................................................... 122
%=# clejfbg ug{] ;fwgf ..................................................................... 124
%=$ ;]jf .............................................................................................. 126
%=% cfkm}Flt/ x]g{] ;fwgf ....................................................................... 127
%=^ s[ltsf] cxÍf/ 36fpg] ;fwgf ....................................................... 130
%=& :jcWoog .................................................................................. 135
%=* clgTosf] ;fwgf ........................................................................... 136
%=( cgfTdfsf] ;fwgf .......................................................................... 136
cWofo 5 ............................................................................................ 138
O{iof{ .................................................................................................... 138
^=! t'ngf gug{] ................................................................................... 138
^=@ d'lbtfsf] cEof; ........................................................................... 142
^=# l;wf—gh/ ug{] .............................................................................. 145
cWofo ;ft ......................................................................................... 147
pkSn]z............................................................................................... 147

8
 cWofo Ps
Sn]zsf] kl/ro

;/n zAbdf eGbf æSn]zÆ eg]sf] dgdf nfUg] sfnf] afbn xf] . o;n] xfd|f]
dgdf gsf/fTds efjgfx? pTkGg u/fO{ xfdLnfO{ cs'zn sd{ ug{ clek]|l/t
u5{ . o;n] dgdf c:jfefljs ljrf/x¿ pTkGg u5{, h;n] cs'zn sd{x?
ug{ k|]l/t u5{ t/ s'zn sd{ ug{af6 rflxF /f]S5 . of] dgdf nfUg] o:tf]
r:df xf], h;af6 e|d ;[hgf eO{ dgn] cs'zn sd{nfO{ s'zn / s'zn
sd{nfO{ cs'zn b]V5 . o;n] 1fg / d'lQmsf] dfu{ aGb ul/lbG5 . nf]e, df]x,
3[0ff, cxÍf/ / O{iof{nfO{ kfnL tyf ;+:s[t efiffdf Sn]z elgG5 . Sn]zsf]
sf/0f bfg, Wofg, s?0ff, d}qL cflb ;a} jflxoft s'/f x'g\ eGg] cjwf/0ff
ljsfz ub{5 . o;n] xfd|f] lbdfu / wf/0ffnfO{ ljs[t u5{, h;n] xfd|f] ;f]Rg],
cg'el"t ug{] / cfr/0f ug{] tl/sfnfO{ g} ablnlbG5 . of] g} xfdLnfO{
;+;f/rqmdf afFWg] 8f]/L xf] . hlt aflx/ x]¥of]{ Tolt Sn]zsf] pTklQ x'G5 .
hlt dgleq x]¥of]{ Tolt Sn]z sd x'G5 . dgaflx/ gx]/L lgjf{x rNb}g, t;y{
;Gt'lnt ?kdf dgleq / dg aflx/ x]g{] sfd ug'{k5{ .
of] o:tf] ljifx¿sf] ;d"x xf] h;n] xfd|f] dg, Åbo / ;f/f hLjgnfO{ ghflgg]
t/Lsfn] aaf{b kf5{ . o;n] bL3{sflng ?kdf e|d ;[hgf u5{ . To;kl5 oL
ljifx?n] xfdLnfO{ c1fgL, cljj]sL / cwdL{ dfu{lt/ nufpF5g\ . o;af6
unt r]tsf] -intension_ ljsfz x'G5 . of] unt r]t ha a9\b} a9\b} hfG5 .
ToxL unt r]tsf] sf/0f cs'zn dfgl;s, jflrs / sflos sd{ ug{
clek|]l/t -motivation_ ub{5 . Sn]zn] ljgfzsf/L -destructive_ efjgfx¿
pTkGg u5{ . o;n] gsf/fTds efjgfnfO{ k|aw{g ub{5 t/ ;sf/fTds
efjgfx?nfO{ rflxFF lyr]/ /fV5 . Sn]z cfkm}Fdf b'Mv xf]Og t/ o;n] b'Mv
pTkGg u5{ . To;}n] of] b'Mvsf] aLp xf] . Sn]z ;d'bo ;To of b'Mvsf] sf/0f
xf] . t;y{ b'Mv gfz ug{] xf] eg] b'Mvsf] sf/0f -aLpm_ Sn]znfO{ gfz ug'{kb{5

9
. sf/0f gePkl5 sfo{ x'b}g . x]t' -aLpm_ g} gePkl5 kmn x'Fb}g . Sn]znfO{
ljif, ljiffQm kbfy{ / ckljqtf klg elgG5 . of] g}] b'Mv / kL8fsf] sf/s
tTj xf] . oL ljifx?n] klxn] xfdLnfO{ yfxf g} gx'g] u/L / kl5 rflxFF yfxf
kfpg] u/L b'Mvsf] e'd/Ldf kf5{g\ . s'v'/f nf]esf] k|tLs xf] . s'v'/f c3fP
klg vfg 5f]8\b}g . hlt eP klg gk'Ug], cem a9L rflxg], csf]{ s'v'/fsf]
df;' vfg klg tof/ x'g] :jefj s'v'/] :jefj xf] . xfdLdf pTkGg x'g] nf]eL
rfxgf klg s'v'/] :jefj xf] . ;k{ å]ifsf] k|tLs xf] . h;/L ;k{ em6\6 l/;fpF5,
km0ff lkmFhfpF5 clg xfdLnfO{ 8:5, To;/L g} l/; t'?Gt p7\5 / o;n] klxn]
xfdL cfkm}nfO{ 8:5 . t;y{, l/; ;k{sf]] :jefj xf] . clg ;'Fu'/ df]xsf] k|tLs
xf] . ;F'u'/ kmf]x/d} a:5, kmf]x/ g} vfG5, p;nfO{ kmf]x/ x'Fb}g, d kmf]x/df 5'
eGg] yfxf g} x'Fb}g . pm c1fgtfdf 8'a]sf] 5, t;y{, c1fgtf g} ;'Fu'/] :jefj
xf] .
af}4 lzIffdf nf]e, å]if, df]x d"n ljif x'g\ eg] O{iof{ / cxÍf/ rflxFF cltl/Qm
ljif . h;/L ljif z/L/leq k;]kl5 s'g} ljifn] tTsfn / s'g}n] rflxFF la:tf/}
xfd|f] dg / z/L/nfO{ xfgL u5{g\ . To;}u/L s]xL Sn]zn] tTsfn c;/ u5{g\
. clg s]xLn] rflxF la:tf/} c;/ u5{g\ . l/; / O{iof{n] tTsfn xfgL u5{g\
eg] nf]e / cxÍf/n] la:tf/} xfgL ub{5g\ . To;}n], l/; / O{iof{ eg]sf] t'?Gt
hLjg hf]lvddf kfg{] -life threatening_ ljif x'g\ eg] df]x / nf]e rflxFF dGb
ljif x'g\ . oL ljif rflxFF la:tf/} nfUb} hfG5g\ .
cnf]e, cå]if, cdf]x rflxFF k|ltljif x'g\ . d}qL l/;sf] k|ltljif xf] . bfg nf]esf]
k|ltljif / 1fg df]xsf] k|ltljif xf] . To:t} d'lbtf O{iof{sf] k|ltljif xf] . oL
efjgf / ;fwgfx?n] xfd|f] z/L/df ePsf ljifnfO{ x6fP/ dgnfO{ z'4Ls/0f
-detoxification_ ug{ d2t u5{g\ . bfg, 1fg, d'lbtf ;fwgfx?n] xfd|f] dgsf]
pkrf/ ub{5g\ . h;/L k|lth}ljs -antibiotic_ cf}ifwLn] hLjf0f' gi6 u5{,
To;/L g} oL ;fwgfx?n] Sn]z gfz u5{g\ .
!=! Sn]zsf] :jefj
Sn]z eg]sf] dgdf pd|g] emf/ xf] . h;/L emf/n] ;;fgf af]6 la?jfnfO{
5f]K5\, To;}u/L Sn]zn] ;sf/fTds efjgf / ;xL s'/fnfO{ 5f]K5, t/
10
gsf/fTds / ldYofs'/fnfO{ rflxFF k|aw{g ub{5 . Tof] Sn]z?kL emf/sf kftx?
xfdLn] /f]k]sf la?jfsf h:t} b]lvG5g\ . Sn]z?kL emf/n] Tof] la?jfnfO{ 5f]k]
kl5, æd g} tkfO{n] /f]k]sf] la?jf xF'Æ eG5 . em6\6 x]bf{ klg oL emf/sf
kftx? /f]k]sf] la?jfsf] kft h:t} b]lvG5g\ . clg xfdL klg e|ddf k/L
emf/nfO{ g} /f]k]sf] la?jf 7fgL To;}nfO{ dnhn / uf]8d]n u5f}+{F . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu, xfd|f] af/Lsf] k'5f/df xfdLn] a];f/ -xNbL_ /f]k]sf lyof}F . ToxfF a];f/
h:t} csf{] emf/ pd|]/ a];f/nfO{ 5f]k]5 . kft x]bf{ a];f/ h:t} 5, 8fF7 klg
p:t} 5 . d rflxFF e|ddf k/F], a];f/ eg]/ dnhn u/F] . a];f/ vg]/ lk;fpg
n}hfFbf kf] ldnjfnfn] æof] a];f/ xf]Og xh'/, of] t xn]bf]Æ xf]] eGg'eof] . d
t 5Ss k/F], nf} of] xn]bf]n] dnfO{ em'SofP5 eg]F . wfgv]tdf s;}n] klg ;fFaf
-wfgh:t} b]lvg] Psk|sf/sf] 3fF;_ /f]k]sf] x'Fb}g . ;fFaf cfkm} pd|]/ wfgnfO{
pl5g]/ cfpF5 . /f]kf] x]bf{ klg p:t} 5, kft x]¥of] wfgs} h:tf] 5, 8fF7 klg
wfgsf] h:t} 5 . ;fFaf / wfg 5'6\ofpg g} ufx|f] x'G5 . clg wfg xf] egL
xfdL e|ddf k5f}{F . ;fFjf pv]Ng 9Lnf] u/]df To;n] wfgsf] dnhn vfOlbG5
. oL Sn]zn] klg To;/L g} dnfO{ em'SofpFbf /x]5g\ . Sn]zn] d]/f]] dgdf h/f
uf8\b} uP5g\, t/ dnfO{ h/f km}lnb} uPsf] yfxf g} ePg . tL Sn]zx?n] d]/f]
dgnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|efjdf /fVg ;kmn eP5g\ . Tof] klg dnfO{ yfxf ePg .
logLx?n] dnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnP5g\, Tof] klg dnfO{ yfxf ePg .
Sn]zx? a9]kl5 /fu, å]if, df]x g} ;xL x'g\ eGg] e|d ;[hgf x'Fbf]/x]5 . To;kl5,
d klg ltg} e|dnfO{ ;To dfGb} ltgLx?s} k5fl8 k5fl8 bf}8b} uPF . tL
Sn]zx?n] h] eG5g\ d ToxL ToxL dfGb} uPF . To;kl5 t d]/f] lrQn] /fu,
å]if, df]xsf 5fnx? dfq b]Vg yfNof] . ltg} 5fndf d]/f]] dg d'l5+b} uof] .
kmn:j?k d}n] s]xL cs'zn sd{ u/]]F . h;sf] sd{ljkfs :j?k d}n] lgs} b'Mv
ef]u+F] . d ;r]tdf 5', Tof] sd{sf sf/0f d}n] cem} w]/} b'Mv Aof]xf]g'{ k5{ . s'g}
klg dflg; v/fa x'Fb}g /x]5, p;nfO{ p;sf] Sn]zn] v/fa agfpFbf] /x]5 .
Sn]z Ps csf{df cfl>t x'G5g\ . t;y{ xfdLn] dflg;k|lt å]if ug{] xf]Og, pm
leqsf] Sn]zk|lt rflxFF å]ifefjgf /fVg'k5{ . xfdLn] dflg;nfO{ hnfpg] xf]Og,
Sn]znfO{ hnfpg] xf] . xfdLn] cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 p;nfO{ ;xL af6f] b]vfpg /

11
Sn]z x6fpg] ;fwgf ug{ clwstd k|of; ug'k5{ . of] g} d]/f] ljrf/df ;xL
s?0ff klg xf] .
Sn]zx? Ps csf{df ldl;P/ cfpF5g\ . t;y{ slxn]sfxLF xfdL Sn]z lrGg g}
;Sb}gf}F . Psk6s d]/f] l5d]sLn] d]/f] hUufsf] ;fFw ldlrlbP . dnfO{ tL
dflg;;+u l/; p7\of] . dnfO{ lsg l/; p7\of] t < lsgls, d]/f] dgdf
hUufk|lt nf]e lyof], To;}n] l/; p7\of] . oxfF nf]esf sf/0f l/; p7]sf] xf] .
Ps k6s Pshgf ldqn] d]/f] gfdsf] cufl8 8f= n]Vg la;{g'eP5 . dnfO{
tL ldq;+u klg l/; p7\of] . oxfF cxÍf/sf] sf/0f å]if hfUof]] . cxÍf/ gePsf]
eP l/; p7\g] lyPg . Pshgf u'?n] clei]fs glnO{ dnfO{ u'Xo 1fg lbGg
eGg'eof], dnfO{ tL u'?;+u klg l/; p7\of] . ToxfF rflxFF dnfO{ c1fgtf -
df]x_ sf sf/0f l/; p7\of] . ToxfF l/;leq c1fgtf n's]/ a;]sf] 5 . To:t},
dnfO{ Tof] v;L sf6\g] dflg;;+u l/; p7\of], slt w]/} kz'xTof -k|f0ffltkft_
u/]sf] eg]/ . oxfF v;Lk|ltsf] d}qL / s?0ffsf] sf/0f Tof] v;L sf6\g]
dflg;;+u l/; p7]sf] xf] . sd{ / ljkfs ga'em]/ l/; p7\of], c1fgtfsf]
sf/0f l/; p7\of] . ef/tn] gfsfaGbL u/]sf] a]nf d}n] Uof;sf w]/} l;ln08/x?
hDdf u/F], Uof;df d]/f] nf]e a9\of]], oxfF 8/sf] sf/0f d]/f] nf]e a9]sf] xf] .
b]lvg] nf]e xf], t/ To;leq 8/ n's]/ a;]sf] 5 . To:t}, b]lvg] 8fxf xf], t/
To;leq nf]e u8]/ a;]sf] 5 . b]lvg] l/; xf], t/ Tof]leq nf]e n's]/ a;]sf]
x'G5 . o:tf xhf/f}F pbfx/0f 5g\, :yfg cefjsf sf/0f tL ;a}nfO{ oxfF 7fpF
lbg ;lsb}g . aflx/ b]lvg] l/; xf], t/ Tof]leq nf]e, df]x, cxÍf/, s?0ff
cflb n's]/ a;]sf x'G5g\ . Sn]zx? O:s';sf] nx/fx? h]lnP -nested_ h:t}
u/L Pscsf{;+u h]lnPsf x'G5g\ . ltgnfO{ 5'6\ofpg ufx|f] x'G5 . To;}n], tL
Sn]zsf cGtlg{lxt sf/0f kQf nufO{ Sn]z gfz ug{] ;fwgfx? ug'{k5{ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} ;'Gb/ dlxnfnfO{ b]Vgf;fy Tof] k'?ifsf] cfFvfdf b]Vg]
dg a;L lrQdf nf]e -t[i0ff_ pTkGg eof] . Tof]] t[i0ff a9]/ tL dlxnfsf]
t:jL/ p;sf] dgdf 6fFl;of], Tof] pkfbfg eof] . To;kl5, ;+1fsf] sf/0f
dgf]lj1fg agL tL dlxnfsf] t:jL/ k6s k6s p;sf] dgdf 7f]lSsG5,
kmntM p;sf] dgdf cf;lQm a9\5 . p;n] vKg ;St}g . t;y{, p;n] of}g
k|:tfj /fVg] k|oTg u5{, t/ dlxnfaf6 Tof] k|:tfj c:jLsf/ x'G5 . p;df
12
l/; r9\5 . To;kl5, p;df df]x a9\5 / xf]z u'dfpF5 . To;kl5, p;n] tL
dlxnfdfly anfTsf/ -cs'zn sd{_ u5{ . nf]es} sf/0f olt 7"nf] cs'zn
sd{ eof] . oxfF nf]en] å]if, cxÍf/ / df]xnfO{ lgdGq0ff u/L olt 7"nf] cs'zn
sd{ u/fof] . oxfF t[i0ffaf6 -of}gsf] nf]e_ pkfbfg -of}gk|lt cfzlQm_ a9\of]
/ ToxL pkfbfgsf -of}g cfzlQm_ sf/0f anfTsf/ h:tf] cs'zn sd{ eof] .
o;/L g} ;DklQsf] nf]esf sf/0f l/; pTkGg eO{ 8s}tL / xTof klg x'G5 .
To;}n] nf]enfO{ sd zlQmzfnL g;Demg'xf];\ . o;n] cfk"m PSn}n] sd dfq
xfgL ug{ ;S5 t/ o;n] l/;, Oiof{, cxÍf/nfO{ lgdGq0ff u/L h3Go ck/fw
-8s}tL / xTof_ u/fpF5 .
/fu, å]if / df]xn] xfdLnfO{ la:tf/} cf+lzsb]lv k"0f{ cGwf] agfpF5g\ . cfFvfdf
nfUg] df]tLlaGb" eGbf dgdf nfUg] df]tLlaGb' a9L v/fa x'G5 . cfFvfdf nfUg]
df]tLlaGb'n] cfFvfnfO{ dfq c;/ u5{ t/ dgdf df]ltlaGb' nfu]kl5 cfFvf,
sfg, lha|f], gfs / z/L/df ;d]t df]ltlaGb' g} nfUg] /x]5 . To;kl5 p;n]
>4f, bfg, Tofu, d}qL, s?0ff, d'lbtf / Wofgefjgf h:tf pksf/L s'/fnfO{
a]sf/ b]V5 . clg nf]e, å]if, df]x, O{iof{ / cxÍf/nfO{ rflxFF p;n] ;xL b]V5
. cksf/L sfo{x?nfO{ ;xL / pksf/L sfo{x?nfO{ v/fa b]V5 . dleq klg
Sn]zsf] sf/0fn] w]/} aif{;Dd ldYof wf/0ff a;]sf] lyof] . lnFbf wgL / lbFbf
u/La eOG5 eGg] wf/0ff lyof] . bfgn] dnfO{{ u/La agfpF5, lsg bfg lbg]<
ælbO{ cfkm\gf] / vf}/L dl;gf] x'Fb}gÆ eGy]F . d}n] c?k|lt d}qL efjgf a9fPF eg]
pgLx?n] dnfO{ emg\ a9L x]K5g\ eGy]F . æhlt ;Xof] Tolt x]K5g\Æ eGyF] .
æh:tfnfO{ To:t}Æ, æO{6sf] hjfkm 9'Ëfn]Æ h:tf ldYof efjgfx? dgdf cfpFy]
. æl/; gePsf] dflg; / lav gePsf] ;k{ sfd nfUb}gÆ eGg] nfUYof] . d
cfkm}nfO{ klg >4f, k/f]ksf/, ;]jf, dfof, k|]d, ;xof]uL efjgf, ;bfrf/ /
;b\efjgf ;a} a]sf/ s'/f x'g\ h:tf] nfUYof] . oL ;a} af7fn] ;f]emfnfO{ 7Ug
agfPsf cf}hf/ x'g\ h:tf] nfUYof] . oL ;a} zlQmzfnLn] sdhf]/nfO{ zf;g
ug{ agfPsf lgodx? eGy]F . dnfO{ k|]d, ;bfrf/, ;b\efjgfnfO{ klg a]r]/
k};f g} sdfpg kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUYof] . uf]? a]r]sf] gftf :yfkgf u/]/
klg d}n] nfe g} lnPF . k|lt:kwf{ u/]/ klg nfe g} lnPF . em'6f] af]n]/ klg
nfe g} lnPF . d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejdf klg ef}lts ;+;f/df /dfPsf] dflg;
13
lgb{oL x'g] /x]5, p;n] lng dfq hfGg] /x]5, lbg rflxF hfGg] /x]g5 . p;n]
k};f, kb, k|lti7f / k|lt:kwf{ dfq b]Vg]] /x]5 eGg] nfUof] .
d}n] klg kb, k};f / k|lti7f k|fKt ug{ s]xL cs'zn sd{x? u/F] . h;sf] kmn
cem};Dd ef]Ub}5' . cem slt ef]Ug'kg{] xf] < Tof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . dgdf
Sn]z ePkl5 k};f sdfpgs} nflu nf]e / qmf]w a9fPF, cxÍf/ klg hufPF .
c? ;fyLn] kfpg] df}sf klg d}n] g} lnPF . l/; a9fPF . h;sf] ljkfs :j?k
dnfO{ pRr /Qmrfk eof] . cxÍf/sf] sf/0f w]/}hgfnfO{ KofRr, KofRr 3f]r]/
af]nF], h;sf] sf/0f d]/f] bfFt clns pl5l6\6P . k};f sdfpgs} nflu em'6f]
af]n]F, h;sf] ljkfs :j?k d]/f] d'v uGxfpg] eof] . d}n] o'jfj:yfdf w]/} nf]e
u/]F . kfpg] gkfpg] ;'lawf klg lnPF . dgdf nf]e ePkl5 vfgfdf klg nf]e,
nfpgdf klg nf]e, kb k|lti7fdf klg nf]e g} pTkGg x'g] /x]5 . nf]e -Sn]z_
a9L ePkl5 sd{ klg g/fd|f x'g] /x]5g\ . vfgfsf] nf]en] t]ndf e'6]sf] /
tf/]sf] ;AhL w]/} vfPF . d]/f] dgdf ;]n/f]6L 6fFl;P/ /x]sf] -pkfbfg_ lyof],
slt vfOof] vfOof] . kmntM dnfO{ dw'd]x /f]u nfUof] / sn]hf] klg 3fOt]
eof] . kb, k|lti7fsf] cxÍf/ hufPF, kfl/jfl/s / ;dflhs ;DaGw lauf/F]
kmntM clxn] d ToxL ;dfhdf ckx]lnt eO{ afFlr/x]sf]5' . d}n] c?sf]
pGgltdf O{iof{ u/F] . kmntM d]/f] cfFvfsf] Hof]lt u'ld/x]sf] 5 . rZdfsf] kfj/
a9fpFb} nuF], clxn] clwstd kfj/sf] rZdf nufO/x]sf] 5' . oL Sn]zx¿n]
jt{dfg -kr'KkGg_df dfq b'Mv lbb}gg\, logLx¿n] dnfO{ eljiodf -cgfut_
;d]t b'Mv lbG5g\ eGg] dnfO{ yfxf 5 . Tof] eGbf klg logLx?n] cgGt
;+;f/rqmdf afFWg] sfd klg ub{5g\ . b'Mvsf sf/0f rflxFF cs'zn sd{ xf] .
Tof] cs'zn sd{sf] sf/0f rflxFF Sn]z xf] . d}n] lsg b'Mv kfPF < lsgls d}n]
cs'zn sd{ u/F], clg d}n] lsg cs'zn sd{ u/]F t < lsgls d]/f] dgdf
afSnf] Sn]z lyof] . Sn]z ePs}n] d}n] cs'zn sd{ u/]F . To;}n], Sn]z eg]sf]
b'Mvsf] sf/0f xf] . of] b'Mvsf] aLp xf] . cs'zn sd{ / b'Mv x6fpg' 5 eg]
;j{k|yd, xfdLn] xfdLleqsf] Sn]z x6fpg' k5{ . of] ;d'bo ;To jf x6fpg'
kg{] s'/f xf] . jf:tjdf b'Mv eg]sf] g} xfd|f] cfkm\gf] sd{kmn -ljkfs_ xf] .
Sn]z ePkl5 s'g}klg JolQmn] ;xL s'/f gb]vL ldYof a:t' dfq b]Vb5 .
cfheGbf %% aif{ klxn] d kxf8df a:y]F . Tof] a]nf xfd|f] 3/df cfuf] kfg{]
14
;nfO{ / nfO6/ lyPg . cfuf] afNg ls cfkm} cu]gf]df cfuf] 5f]k]/ /fVg' kYof]{
ls t tNnf]3/ jf dflyNnf]3/af6 cfuf] NofP/ afNg''kYof]{ . Pslbg xfd|f]
3/df cfuf] lge]5 . d cfuf] lng tNnf3/ uO{ cu]gfdf x]/]sf] t cfuf] lyPg
. cfuf] /x]g5 eg]/ aflx/ cfpFb}lyPF, ToxLa]nf xh'/cfdfn] lsg cfO;\ <
eg]/ ;f]Wg'eof] . d}n] cfuf] /x]g5 egL d aflx/ lg:sb} lyPF, xh'/cfdfn]
æcfuf] 5 t, lnP/ hfÆ eGg'eof] . d xh'/cfdfsf] kl5 kl5 uPF . jxfFn]
v/fgL kG5fP/ km"==km"== ubf{ /ftf] cfuf] b]lvof] . jxfFn] dnfO{ cfuf] lbg'eof]
. d 5Ss k/F], d}n] x]bf{ v/fgL dfq lyof], s;/L cfuf] cfof] h:tf] nfUof] .
To:t} u/L ;xL kbfy{nfO{ Sn]zn] 5f]k]/ /fv]sf] x'G5 . v/fgL Sn]z xf] . v/fgL
x6fPkl5 dfq cfuf] b]lvG5 . To:t} Sn]z x6fPkl5 dfq ;xL a:t' b]lvG5 .
yf]/} v/fgL 5 eg] Ps b'O{ k6s km"==km"== ubf{ p8\5 / cfuf] b]lvG5 t/
v/fgL afSnf] /x]5 eg] v/fgL kG5fP/ w]/} k6s km"==km"== u/]kl5 dfq cfuf]
b]lvG5 . h;/L g/Ljn kmnnfO{ af]s|f, h6\6f / va6f]n] 5f]k]/ /fv]sf] x'G5,
To;}u/L, bfg, d}qL, s?0ff, d'lbtf h:tf kljq s'/fnfO{ /fu, å]if, O{iof{ /
df]xsf kqx?n] 5f]k]/ /fv]sf x'G5g\ . olb Sn]z afSnf] eof] eg] nfdf]
Wofgefjgf / ;3g cfWoflTds ;fwgf kl5 dfq} Sn]z x6\5 / ;To a:t'
b]lvG5 . Wofgefjgf kl5 ljrf/ ubf{ d}n] klg ;To s'/f b]Vg ;s]sf] /x]g5'
eGg] s'/fsf] af]w eof] . oyfe"t bz{g ug{ ;s]sf] /x]g5' / ;To b]Vg klg
;s]sf] /x]g5' eGg] hfgsf/L eof] . d}n] t v/fgL dfq b]v]sf] /x]5', cfuf]
b]Vg ;s]sf] /x]g5' . d}n] t af]s|f, h6\6f / va6f] dfq b]v]sf] /x]5', leqsf]
gl/jn / To;sf] kfgL b]Vg ;s]sf] /x]g5' . ;To s'/f hfGg Sn]z x6fpg'
kg{] /x]5 eGg] s'/f d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6 af]w eof] .
yfOn}08df ;'gsf] Pp6f a'4d"lt{ lyof], To;sf] aflx/ aflx/ df6f]sf] lnpg
nufP/ df]xf]l/Psf] lyof] . aflx/af6 em6\6 x]bf{ df6f]s} d"lt{ b]lvGYof] . elgG5,
Tof] ;'gsf] d"lt{ ad{]nLx?n] rf]/]/ n}hfG5g\ eg]/ df6f]sf] n]k nufP/ /flvPsf]
lyof] . t/ d]/f] ljrf/df j|Xdb]zsf a'l4i6 dflg; To:tf] rf]/ lyP xf]nfg\
h:tf] nfUb}g . ;xL cy{df rflxFF dflg;nfO{ Sn]z s] xf] eGg] a'emfpgs} nflu
Tof] ;'gsf] d"lt{dfly df6f]sf] n]k nufOPsf] lyof] xf]nf h:tf] nfU5 . nf}
dflglng'xf];\, pgLx? rf]/ g} /x]5g\ eg]klg pgLx? km6fxf xf]Ogg\, km6fxf
15
t pgLx?leq /x]sf] nf]e -Sn]z_ xf] . To;}n], pgLx?k|lt å]if ug{] xf]Og, Tof]
Sn]zk|lt dfq å]if ug{] xf] . h;/L Tof] ;'gsf] ;'Gb/ a'4d"lt{nfO{ df6f]sf] n]kn]
9fSof], To;/L g} Sn]z a9]kl5 ;bfrf/, bfg, d}qL, s?0ff, d'lbtf cflb
;sf/fTds efjgfx? / sfo{x?nfO{ Sn]zn] 5f]lklbG5 . Sn]zsf] sf/0f xfdLn]
b]v]sf] aflx/L af]qmf] g} ;To xf] h:tf] nfU5 . xfdL To;sf] leq leq k;]/
x]g{]lt/ nfUb}gf}F . Sn]zn] dflg;x?df e|d pTkGg ul/lbG5 . ;a} yfO{x? Tof]
;'gsf] d"lt{nfO{ df6f]sf] d"lt{ g} eGy] .
w]/} jif{sf] 3fd, kfgL / xfjf vfPkl5, ;g\ !(%& df Tof] d"lt{sf] aflx/L
n]kdf wfFhf k/]5 . Ps lbg Pshgf af}4leIf'n] d"lt{nfO{ lgofn]/ x]bf{ t leq
s]xL 6lNsPsf] h:tf] b]Vg'eP5 . yf]/} n]k x6fP/ x]bf{ t jxfF 5Ss kg'{eof],
Tof] t ;'gsf] d"lt{ kf] /x]5 . To:t} xfd|f] of] 5fnfsf] y}nf]leq eujfg a'4 -
1fg_ lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5 . a'4 x/]s dflg; leq} 5 . s]jn h?/t 5, Sn]z
x6fpg] efjgf / ;fwgfsf]] . of] ;Tosyf k9]kl5 d}n] klg d]/f]] dg x]bf{ yfxf
eof] ls of]] dgnfO{ t Sn]zn]] 9fs]/ /fv]sf] /x]5 . ToxL Sn]zsf sf/0f d}n]
w]/} cs'zn sd{ u/]sf] /x]5' . ToxL cs'zn sd{sf sf/0f d}n] b'Mv kfPsf]
/x]5' . d}n] klg la:tf/} d]/f] dgdf nfu]sf] n]k x6fP/ x]bf{ dleq} a'4 -1fg_
e]§fPF . d}n] d leq}af6 1fg kfPF .
nf]en] xfdLnfO{ cljj]sL agfpF5 . nf]en] ljifoa:t' dfu ub{5 . o;n]] tL
ljifoa:t' / ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{ ug{ xfdLnfO{ afWo agfpF5 . å]if / O{iof{n] xfd|f]
dg / x[bonfO{{ la:tf/} la:tf/} hnfpg yfN5 t/ xfdL k|f/lDes cj:yfdf
Tof]] dGb kf]nfO{ yfxf kfpb}gfF}, xfdLnfO{ Tof] Gofgf] nfU5 . xfdL dVv k5f}{F
. ha xfdL kf]nfO{ yfxf kfpF5f}, Tof] a]nf xfdL b'Mvsf] e'd/Ldf kl/;s]sf
x'G5f}F . To;af6 d'lQm kfpg lgs} sl7g eO;s]sf] x'G5 . olb Sn]znfO{ bfg,
d}qL / s?0ffdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/Pg eg] logLx?n] kL8fbfoL ljrf/x¿ /
efjgfx¿ pTkGg ub{5g\ . nf]en] xfd|f] :jfy{ a9fpF5 . nf]esf sf/0f g} l/;
klg pTkGg x'G5 . nf]esf sf/0f unt OR5fx? pTkGg x'G5g\ . o;n] cfzlQm
a9fpF5 . s|f]wn] xfd|f] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ul/lbG5 . o;n] xfdLleq /fk / tfk
pTkGg u5{ . o;n] lxhf];Ddsf] lk|o JolQmnfO{ cfh clk|o agfpF5 .
lxhf];Dd dg k/]sf 36gfx¿ tyf efjgfx¿ cfh dg gkg{] agfpF5 .
16
nf]e, å]if, df]x, Oiff{—8fxf / cxÍf/ kfFr xflgsf/s h/fsf]] ¿kdf klg
lrlgG5g\ . oL h/f xfdLleq k;]kl5 logLx?n] xfd|f] dgleq cem uxL/f] h/f
uf8\b} uf8\b} hfG5g\ . h;sf] sf/0f xfd|f] dg e|ldt x'G5 . xfdL cs'zn
sd{nfO{ klg s'zn sd{ b]V5f}F . cfFvfdf xl/of]] r:df nufPkl5 kx]+nf]
k/fnnfO{ klg xl/of] 3fF; b]lvG5 . clg xfdL xl/of] 3fF; vfg bf}8\b} hfG5f}F
. xfd|f] dgdf xl/of] r:df nfu]kl5 dgleqsf jf;gf, nfnrf, qmf]w, cfqmf]z
/ e|dnfO{ xfdLn] plrt, ljj]sL, Gofof]lrt / ;xL g} b]V5f}F . To;kl5 oL
ljifx¿n] xfd|f] dg, Åbo, hLjg / dfgj ;EotfnfO{ g} aa{fb kf5{g\ .
To;kl5 xfdLnfO{ slxNo} gd]l6g] ltv{f nfU5 . Tof] ltvf{ d]6\g xfdL w]/}
eGbf w]/} cs'zn sd{x? ug{ k'Ub5f}F . h;sf] sf/0f xfdL hGd, la/fdL,
a'9\of}nL / d[To'sf] cgGt rqmdf -;+;f/_ kl//xG5fF} . o;n] xfdLnfO{ cGwf]
agfpF5 / ;w} cs'zn sd{ ug{ pTk|]l/t u5{ .
csf{] s'/f, Sn]znfO{ xfdL emf/sf] ?kdf klg a'em\b5f}F . h;/L af/Ldf emf/
a9\b} uPkl5 /f]k]sf kmnkm"nsf la?jfnfO{ 5f]K5 . Tof] emf/n] d g} tkfO{n]
/f]k]sf] la?jf x'F eG5 . To;kl5 xfd|f] dgdf e|d ;[hgf x'G5 . kmn:j?k
xfdL emf/nfO{ g} kmnkm"nsf] la?jf eGb5f}+ . csf{]lt/ kmnkm"nsf] la?jf
la:tf/} db{}{ hfG5 t/ emf/ rflxFF df}nfpFb} hfG5 . clg t e|ldt jf ldYof
b[li6 aGb5 . To:t} u/L xfd|f] dgdf nf]e, å]if, df]x / cxÍf/ a9\b} uPkl5
logLx?n] d}qL, s?0ff, d'lbtf, IfflGt / k|1fnfO{ 5f]K5g\ . Tof] JolQmn] nf]e,
å]if, df]x g} ;xL b]V5, t/ zLn, ;dflw, k|1f, d}qL, s?0ff, d'lbtf / IfflGtnfO{
jflxoft s'/f b]V5 . To;}n] h;/L af/Ldf la?jf hf]ufpg xfdL emf/ pv]N5fF},
To;}u/L xfdLn] >4f, jLo{tf, :d[lt, ;dflw / k|1f ansf] k|of]u u/L Sn]z?kL
emf/ pv]Ng' k5{ . csf{]tkm{ /f]k]sf] la?jfnfO{ uf]8d]n, dnhn u/] h:t} d}qL,
s?0ff, d'lbtf / pk]Iff h:tf j||Xdljxf/sf] lgoldt cEof; a9fpg' k5{ .
nf]esf] lj?4 bfg jf pbf/tf -generosity_, l/;sf] lj?4 d}qL / s?0ff -
loving kindness and compassion_ / df]xsf] lj?4 k|1fsf cEof;x¿
zlQmzfnL vf]k -vaccine_ x'G.\ . oL ljifaf6 d'lQm kfpg xfdLn] k|ltljif -
antigen_ pTkGg ug'{k5{ . nf]esf] k|ltljif eg]sf] bfg jf k/f]ksf/ xf] . å]ifsf]

17
k|ltljif eg]sf] d}qL xf] . df]xsf] k|ltljif eg]sf] k|1f xf] . O{iof{ / 8fxfsf]
k|ltljif eg]sf] d'lbtf xf] . cxÍf/sf] k|ltljif eg]sf] cgfTdf xf] .
oBlk of] lzIff gsf/fTds jf clk|o nfUg ;S5 . jf:tjdf, nf]e, 3[0ff -
Jofkfb_ / e|d -df]x_ tLg ljifsf] a'l4dfgL a'emfO{ cGttM ;sf/fTds /
;zQm x'G5 . xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5, Sn]z b'Mvsf] sf/0f xf] . sfd, qmf]w,
nf]e, df]x, O{iof{ / cxÍf/nfO{ ljifsf] ¿kdf dfq a'‰g' klg ;d'QLs} sf/0f
xf] . xfdL Sn]znfO{ b'Mvsf] sf/0f xf] eGg] a'‰b5fF}, h'g d]/f] cg'ejdf cf+lzs
dfq ;To /x]5 . k"0f{ ;TorflxF Sn]z b'Mvsf] ;fy;fy} k|1fsf] klg sf/0f xf]
. Sn]z sf/0f xf] eg] b'Mv sfo{ . Sn]z geP Wofgefjgf / ;fwgf x'g] lyPg
. Wofgefjgf gePkl5 k|1f k|fKt x'g] lyPg . t;y{ d;+u Sn]z w]/} 5 eg]/
lrGtf ug{] xf]Og . lrGtfn] cem a9L Sn]z a9fpF5 . a? of] Sn]zn] dnfO{
Wofgefjgf ug{] df}sf k|bfg u¥of] . æwGojfb Û Sn]z, t}Fn] dnfO{ Wofgefjgf
ug{] / k|1f k|fKt ug{ df}sf k|bfg ul/;\Æ eGg'k5{ . o;af6 dgdf ;sf/fTds
;f]r pTkGg x'G5 .
!=@ Sn]z, sd{ / ljkfsrqm
dnfO{ af]w eof], d}n] d]/} cs'zn sd{s} sf/0f b'Mv kfPsf] /x]5' . of] b'Mv
klg d}n] sf/0f / sfo{sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ g} kfPsf]] xF' . d"ntM cfk"mn] kfPsf]
b'Mv d]/f] oxL hGdsf Sn]zsf -t[i0ff_ sf/0fn] xf] eGg] af]w eof] . Sn]zx?
k|fs[lts cfj]u g} x'g\ . logLx?n] xfdLnfO{ rflxg] eGbf a9L j]ujfg agfpF5g\
. xfdL a9L /km\tf/sf ;fy unt af6f]lt/ cufl8 a9\5f}F t/ a]|s nufpg
rflxFF la;{G5f}F . clg t b'3{6gf x'g] g} eof] lg . oL Sn]zx?;+u xfdLnfO{
;dfTg] / xfd|f] Jojxf/nfO{ pgLx?sf] cg's"n rnfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 .
Sn]zx?n] xfdLnfO{ gTyL nufO{ g/fd|f] af6f]lt/ 8f]¥ofp5g\, clg xfdL
pgLx?n] eg]sf] n'?n'? dfGb} hfg] /x]5f}F .
pgLx? x]bf{ ;To h:t} b]lvG5g\ t/ oyfy{df ;To xF'b}gg\ . dflg;x?n] b]V5g\
/ lrG5g\ eg]/ Sn]zx? dv'08f] nufP/ cfpF5g\ / xfdLnfO{ ;d]t e|ldt
agfpF5g\ . ToxLa]nfdf xfd|f] b]Vg] dgdf df]tLlaGb' nfU5 . xfdL lbUe|ldt
x'G5f}F . logLx?n] afwf cj/f]wx¿ ;[hgf u/L xfdLnfO{ k|1f;Dd k'Ug lbb}gg\
18
. Sn]z eg]s} aGwg xf] . of] aGwgn] afFw]kl5 xfdL ;+;f/rs|df 3'ld/xG5fF} .
hGd hGdfGt/;Dd logLx?n] ;+;f/df 3'dfO{ /xG5g\ . logLx?n] dflg;nfO{
d'lQmsf] dfu{df nfUg lbb}gg\ .
hf] klxn] g} d'lQmdfu{df nfu]sf 5g\, pgLx?nfO{ klg logLx?n] cufl8 a9\g
lbb}gg\ . t;y{ logLx?n] xfdLnfO{ b'Mvaf6 d'lQm x'g lbb}gg\ . a'em\g s] h?/L
5 eg] b'Mv dfgj hLjgsf] Pp6f cGtlg{lxt kIf xf] t/ b'Mvaf6 5'6sf/f
kfpg} g;lsg] eGg] rflxFF xf]Og . Sn]zaf6 d'lQm eof] eg] cs'zn sd{ x'b}g
. clg cs'zn sd{ gePkl5 b'Mv ef]Ug' kb{}g . dflg; b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'G5 .
lrq ! M Sn]z, sd{ / ljkfs -kmn_ rqm

Sn]z

ljkfs sd{

Wofgefjgf, Sn]z / sd{sf] lqsf]0ffTds ;DaGw /x]5 . hlt Wofgefjgf a9\b}

hfG5, Tolt g} Sn]z kftnf] x'Fb} hfg] /x]5, kmn:j?k sd dfq cs'zn x'g]
/x]5g\ .
lrq @ M Wofgefjgf, Sn]z, sd{sf] ;DaGw
Wofgefjgf

cs'zn sd{ Sn]z

csf{]tkm{, hlt Sn]z 36\b} hfG5, Tolt g} s'zn sd{ klg cfkm\ ;] cfkm g}
a9\g] /x]5 . d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejdf klg Sn]z 36\b} hfFbf Wofgefjgfdf jLo{tf
a9]sf] dxz'; eof] . km]l/ Wofgefjgf a9]kl5 Sn]zsf kqx? klg la:tf/}
19
plSsb} hfg] /x]5g\ . To;}n] d]/f] cg'ejdf Wofgefjgf a9]kl5 cs'zn sd{
sd x'Fb} hfG5 / b'Mv klg sd x'Fb} hfG5 . Sn]z 36]kl5 dg / z/L/ xn'sf
x'g] /x]5 . ;dflw klg nfdf] ;do ;Dd l6Sg] /x]5 . ;fy;fy} Wofgefjgfsf]
k|efjsfl/tfdf klg qmdz j[l¢ xF'b} hfg] /x]5 .
csf{]tkm{, s'zn sd{ h:tf] ls bfg, Tofu, k/f]ksf/, Ifdf, ;]jf cflb a9\b}
hfFbf Sn]zx? rflxFF 36\g] /x]5g\ . Sn]z a9\g gkfPkl5 dgdf zflGt / cfgGb
a9\g] /x]5 . w]/} k6s s'zn sd{ ubf{ Wofgefjgfdf ga;]sf a]nfdf klg tL
s'zn sd{x?sf lrqx? d]/f] dgdf cfO/xg] /x]5g\ . ;+1fsf] sf/0f tL s'zn
sd{sf lrqx? k6s k6s d]/f] dgdf 7f]lSsO/xg] /x]5g\ / To;af6 ;f]dg:o
-;'vfg'e"lt_ eO/xG5 . Wofgdf ga;]sf] ;dodf klg ;+1fsf] sf/0f bfg
lbPsf, Tofu u/]sf / k/f]ksf/L sfo{sf lrqx? dgdf k6s k6s 7f]lSsG5g\\
. kmntM d]/f] dgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt eO/xG5 . csf{tkm{
cs'zn sd{ u¥of}{ eg] ltg} cs'zn sd{sf lrqx? dgdf k6s k6s 7f]lSsg]
/x]5g\ / nfdf] ;do;Dd b'Mvfg'e"lt -bf}d{g:o_ x'g] /x]5 . To;af6 Sn]z
emg} a9\g] /x]5 / r~rntf -p2Rr—s's'Rr_ lgj/0f pTkGg eO{ Wofgefjgf
aLrd} 6'6\g] /x]5 .
s8f kL8fn] WofgefjgfnfO{ cj/f]w ug{] /x]5 . ;Tsfo b[li6sf] sf/0f hlt
g} d]/f] v'6\6f] xf]Og eg] klg b'Mvfg'e"lt eOxfN5 . xfdL;+u ctLtsf] -
k"j{hGdsf_ Sn]z -cljBf_ 5g\, h;sf] sf/0fn] jt{dfgdf ;+:sf/ -sd{_ aG5
. ;+:sf/ eg]sf] klg r]t -consciousness_ g} xf] . olb k'0ofle ;+:sf/af6
xfd|f] k|lt;lGw lj1fg aGof] eg] xfdLaf6 s'zn sd{ x'g hfG5g\ / xfdLn]
;'v ef]u ub{5f}F . olb ck'0ofle ;+:sf/af6 xfd|f] k|lt;lGw lj1fg aGof] eg]
w]/} cs'zn sd{x? x'G5g\ / To;sf] kmn -b'Mv_ ef]Ug'k5{ . olb ldl>t -
k'0ofle / ck'0ofle_ ;+:sf/af6 k|lt;lGw lj1fg ag]sf] /x]5 eg] s]xL s'zn
/ s]xL cs'zn sd{ x'g hfG5g\ . ToxL] s'zn / cs'zn sd{sf] ljkfs :j?k
xfdLn] s]xL ;'v / s]xL b'Mv ef]u u5f}{F . cfg]Ghfle ;+:sf/af6 k|lt;lGw
lj1fg aGof] eg] cfgGb dfq k|fKt x'G5 . tnsf] lrqdf x]bf{ ctLtsf] Ps -
cljBf_, jt{dfgdf b'O{ -t[i0ff / pkfbfg_ u/L tLgj6f Sn]z /x]5g\ . ctLtsf]
cljBf clxn] d kl/jt{g ug{ ;lStg, t;y{ d Totflt/ ;f]lRbg . t/
20
jt{dfgsf t[i0ff / pkfbfgnfO{ t d kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5' lg . t[i0ff 36fof]
eg] pkfbfg aGg g} kfpFb}g . t;y{, d]/f ;f/f k|oTg t[i0ff x6fpgsf nflu
g} s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ eGg] 1fg eof] . ToxL Sn]zsf sf/0f daf6 cs'zn sd{ -
sd{ej_ x'G5g\ . t[i0ff algxfn] klg Tof] a:t' dgdf 6fF;]/ /fVg' x'Fb}g . Tof]
t[i0ffnfO{ pkfbfg aGg lbg' x'Fb}g . t[i0ff pkfbfgdf ljslzt ePg eg] To;n]
Tolt xfgL ug{ ;St}g .
lrq # M Sn]z, sd{ / ljkfsrqm
Sn]z
sd{

ljkfs cljBf
h/f, Joflw, ;+:sf/
d/0f
ctLt -sf/0f_
ljkfs hftL cgfut ;d'bo ;To lj1fg ljkfs
-sfo{_
b'v ;To cljBf
kr'KkGg gfd
sd{ ej kr'KkGg -sfo{_ ljkfs
t[i0ff ?k
-sf/0f_ b'v ;To
;d'bo ;To
Sn]z pkfbfg if8fotg ljkfs

t[i0ff :kz{
;+j]bgf
Sn]z ljkfs
ljkfs

pkfbfg aGof] eg] t cs'zn sd{ -sd{ej_ x'G5g\ g} . clg Tof] cs'zn
sd{sf] kmn -b'Mv_ ef]Ug' g} k5{ . dflysf] rqm cg';f/ of] hGddf dfq xf]Og,
d}n] cfpg] hGddf ;d]t b'Mv ef]Ug' k5{ . km]l/ d]/f] cEof; of] hLjg x]g{df
dfq ;Lldt 5, csf]{ hGd x'G5, x'Fb}g Tof] dnfO{ cg'ej 5}g . zf:qsf s'/f
;To x'g klg ;S5g\, gx'g klg ;S5g\ . t;y{ d csf{] hLjgsf af/]df Tolt
;f]lRbg . csf{] hGd ePg5 g} eg]klg d]/f] kl/>d v]/ uPg . sd;]sd d]/f]
21
of] hLjg t ;fy{s eof], cfglGbt eof], . t;y{ d lgisfd sd{ u5'{ . csf{]
hLjgsf] lkms|L ulb{g .
hGd lng' eg]s} b'Mv ef]u ug'{ xf] . b'v eg]sf] g} k|lt;lGw lj1fg -hGd_
aGg' xf] . hGd gePsf] eP b'Mv x'g] lyPg . b'Mv eg]sf] gfd -mind_ / ?k
-body_ aGg' xf] . r]tgf -lj1fg_ gePsf] eP klg b'Mvsf] af]w x'g] lyPg .
d}n] s]xL hfGg] g} lyOg . kfFr OlGb|o / dg pTkGg x'g' klg b'Mv xf] . z/L/
gePsf] eP b'Mv x'g] lyPg . dg g} pTkGg gePsf] eP klg b'Mv x'g] lyPg
. OlGb|o gePsf] eP klg b'Mv x'g] lyPg . OlGb|o ePs}n] :kz{ eof], Tof] klg
b'Mv -ljkfs_ g} xf] . :kz{ gePsf] eP t[i0ff pTkGg x'g] lyPg . t[i0ff eg]sf]
s'g} klg a:t'lt/ tflgg' xf] . t[i0ff pTkGg gePsf] eP pkfbfg / sd{ x'g]
/x]g5 . pkfbfg eg]sf] Tof] a:t'k|lt cfzlQm a9\g' xf] jf Tof] a:t' dgdf
6fFl;g' xf] . d]/f] ljrf/df t[i0ff g} jt{dfg hGdsf] d"n Sn]z xf] . ToxL
Sn]zsf -t[i0ff_ sf/0fn] daf6 klg s]xL s'zn / s]xL cs'zn sd{ x'g uP
. daf6 s'zn sd{{ ePklg To;sf] zlQm eOGh]n;Dd dfq d}n] ;'v ef]u
ug{ kfpF5' . To;kl5 k'gM d}n] b'Mv g} ef]u ug'{k5{, eGg]df d ;r]t 5' .
csf{] hGd d hflGbg t/ hfGg]x? eGg'x'G5, Sn]zsf sf/0f d}n] csf]{ hGddf
-cgfut_ ;d]t b'Mv ef]Ug'k5{ .
hGd lng' klg b'Mv g} xf] . aRrf eO{ cfdfsf] k]6df sf]lrP/ a:bf klg b'Mv
eof] . hGdbf klg ;fFu'/f] af6f]df r]lkP/ b'Mv} eof] . kL8f ePs}n] t aRrfx?
hGdbf ?G5g\ lg . aRrfn] cfdfsf] k]6df h:tf] Gofgf] jftfj/0f aflx/
kfpFb}g . To;}n] aflx/sf] lr;f]df aRrf y/y/ sfd]/ ?G5 . aflx/sf]
jfo'd08ndf aRrfnfO{ Zjf; km]g{ ufx|f] x'G5, To;}n] l56f] l56f] Zjf; km]5{
. hGd]kl5 lj/fdL eOG5, b'Mv} x'G5 . a"9f] eOG5 b'Mv} x'G5 . d[To' klg cfpF5
b'Mv} x'G5 . oL ;a} b'Mv} b'Mv x'g\ . xfdLn] lsg b'Mv kfof}F < lsgls xfdLdf
Sn]z 5 . ToxL Sn]zsf] sf/0f xfdLn] cs'zn sd{ uof{+} . ToxL cs'zn
sd{sf] kmn -b'Mv_ ef]Ubf k'g å]if a9\5 . dgdf bf}d{g:o -å]if_ a9\bf km]l/ klg
b'Mv g} pTkGg x'G5 . å]if rqmjtL{ t/Lsfn] a9\b} hfG5 . To;af6 km]l/
cs'zn sd{ x'g] g} eof] . To;kl5, k'gM ljkfs ef]Ug k'gh{Gd x'g] g} eof] .
Pj+ k|sf/n] xfdL nfvf} hGd;Dd b'vMrqmdf 3'ld/xG5f}F . To;}n] of] b'Mvrs|df
22
3'dfO{{ /xg] sf/s tTj -x]t'_ eg]sf]] Sn]z g} xf] . t;y{ Sn]z gx6fP;Dd
xfdLn] b'Mvaf6 d'lQm k|fKt ug{ klg ;Sb}gf}F .
!=# Sn]z 36fpg] k|lqmof
Sn]z 36fpg] klxnf] r/0f eg]sf] Sn]znfO{ :jLsf/ ug{' xf] . w]/} hgf ldqx?
æd]/f] dg ;kmf 5, d]/f] dgdf ckljqtf g} 5}g, lsg ;kmf ug'{ k¥of] lg <Æ
eGg'x'G5 . Sn]z g} 5}g eg]kl5 t x6fpg] s'/} ePg . Wofgefjgf / ;fwgf
gu/]kl5 pgLx?sf dgdf Sn]zn] emg\ emg\ h/f uf8\b} hfG5g\ / dgnfO{
lbUe|ldt kf5{g\ . To;kl5 tL h/fx? l5lKkPkl5 pv]Ng Hofb} sl7g x'G5 .
Sn]z lbdfudf nfUg]] /+uLg r:df xf] . klxnf, o;n] xfd|f] ÅbonfO{ s7f]/
agfOlbG5 . lj:tf/} o;n] xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ hnfpF5 . Sn]znfO{ lrGg' g} 7"nf]
s'/f xf] . Sn]z eg]sf] æ;r]t dgnfO{ lbUe|ldt agfpg] Pg]:y]l;ofÆ xf] . ha
dflg; ;r]t x'G5 ta dfq Tof] Sn]zaf/] a'emfpg, ;fwgf ug{, lg/f]w ug{
clek|]l/t ug{ ;lsG5 . k|dfb jf cr]tdf eof] eg] t km]l/ klg cs'zn sd{
ug{] OR5f -intention_ hfU5 . clg t cs'zn sd{ x'g] g} eof] . Tof] sd{sf
sf/0f d}n] km]l/ b'Mv g} ef]Ug'k5{ .
bf];|f] r/0fdf JolQmn]] Sn]znfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf cg'ej ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . Sn]zsf]
cg'ej lagf Sn]zaf6 d'Qm x'g] ;fwgf / efjgf s]xL ug{ ;St}gf}F . t/ of]
a]nfdf Sn]zdf d'l5g] xf]Og, a? ;fIfLsf] ?kdf xf]zk"j{s Sn]zsf] cjnf]sg
ug'{k5{ . nf]e cfof] eg] d]/f] dgdf nf]e 5 dfq eGg], l/; p7\of] eg] d]/f]
dgdf l/; 5 dfq eGg] . dgdf s]xL klg 5}g eg] df]x cfP5 eGg] t/ s'g}
k|ltlqmof ghgfpg] s]jn ;fIfL efjn] dfq x]g{] . o;f] ubf{ Sn]z a9\g kfpFb}g
. Sn]znfO{ lrg]kl5 To;n] xfgL ug{ ;St}g .
t];|f] r/0fdf, o;sf] ;fFrf] k|s[lt / Sn]zsf af/]df xfdL;+u ePsf
ljZjf;x¿sf] vf]hL ug{' xf] . l/; :yfoL 5 ls c:yfoL < l5gd} l/; cfof]
/ uof] klg . nf]e :yfoL 5 ls c:yfoL < nf]e klg l5g l5gdf kl/jt{g
eO/xG5 . slxn] dgdf nf]e 5 t slxn] cnf]e . xfdLn] lsg cs'zn sd{
u5fF{} < xfdL jf:tjdf sf] xf}F< s] of] ;+;fl/s gf6saf6 xfdLdf v'zL cfpF5
< s] b]lvPsf s'/f ;To x'g\ < gb]lvg] s'/f klg 5g\ ls < s;/L dgdf zflGt
23
x'G5 < o;/L cg';Gwfg / dgg ugf{n] dgdf ;fFrf] ;'v / zflGt ldN5 .
xfdLn] o;/L pQ/ vf]Hg af/Daf/ cEof; ug{'k5{ . Sn]z x6fpg d s;/L
cEof; u5{' eGg] s]xL pbfx/0fx? xh'/x? ;dIf k|:t't ug{ rfxG5' .
!=$ ;d:of :jLsf/
ljut s]xL jif{b]lv d]/f] 3/sf] dflyaf6 xjfOhxfhx? 7"nf] cfjfh lgsfn]/
p8\b5g\ . aËnfb]zsf] Ps ljdfg t cem 7"nf] cfjfh lgsfn]/ p8\5 .
;'?df, x/]s rf]l6sf] ljdfgsf] 7"nf] cfjfhn] dnfO{ Ao"FemfpFYof] . Wofgefjgf
klg 6'6\Yof] . xjfO{hxfhsf] 7"nf] cfjfhsf] sf/0f dnfO{ l/; p7\Yof] . d]/f]
lgGb|f klg 6'6\Yof] . d]/f] 3/}dflyaf6 of] ljdfg lsg NofPsf] xf]nf eGy]F . of]
kfOn6nfO{ yfxf 5}g ls ljdfgsf] 7"nf] cfjfhn] dnfO{ Wofgdf afwf pTkGg
x'G5 / dnfO{ ;'Tg klg lbb}g . d o:t} o:t} s'/f ;f]Ry]F . klxnf d Tof]
xjfO{hxfhsf] cfjfhnfO{ å]ifefjn] x]y{]+F . Tof] cfjfhnfO{ d c:jLsf/ uyF{]+ .
To;}n] l/; p7\Yof] . d;+u ePsf] l/;nfO{ klg c:jLsf/ uy{]F . d l/;fPsf]
hfoh 5 eGy]F . h;sf] sf/0f d]/f] lrQdf emg\ l/; p7\Yof] . hlt l/;fP
klg dnfO{ nfesf] ;§f xfgL g} x'GYof] . t;y{ l/;nfO[{ sd ug{' jf x6fpg'
g} a'l4dfgL x'GYof] . To;sf] nflu klxnf] cEof; eg]sf] Tof] ljdfgsf] 7"nf]
cfjfhnfO{ d}n] :jLsfg'{ xf] . d]/f] l/;nfO{ klg d}n] :jLsf/ ug{' xf] . d]/f]
dgdf l/; p7\b}5 egL :jLsf/ ug'{ xf] . bf]>f], Tof] ljdfgsf] cfjfh d]/f]
lgoGq0fdf 5}g egL :jLsf/ ug{' xf] . cfh :jLsf/ u¥of], ef]nL :jLsf/ u¥of],
k;L{ :jLsf/ u¥of] . o;f] ubf{ ub{} d]/f] sfgn] Tof] cfjfhnfO{ la:tf/} krfpg]
-:jLsf/_ /x]5 . d]/f] dgdf xjfO{hxfhsf] cfjfhk|lt å]if ePs}n] Tof] cfjfhn]
dnfO{ b'Mv lbof] . dnfO{ l/; p7\of] . olb d}n] Tof] cfjfhnfO{ å]ifefjn]
gx]/]sf] eP To;n] dnfO{ Tolt b'Mv lbg] lyPg . clxn] klg xjfOhxfhsf]
cfjfh klxnfsf] h:t} 5, t/ Tof] cfjfhn] clxn] d]/f] dgdf l/; pTkGg
ub}{g / d]/f] lgGb|f klg laufb}{g . lxhf]cfh klg xjfO{hxfhsf] 7"nf] cfjfh
/f]lsPsf] 5}g, t/ Tof] cfjfhn] d]/f] dgdf k|lts'n c;/ ub{}g . of] cfjfh
cfpF5 / hfG5 klg . Tof] cfjfhsf] sf/0f d]/f] dgdf å]ifefj cfPsf] 5}g .
To;n] d]/f] zflGt klg vnalnPsf] 5}g . klxnf ToxL cfjfhn] dnfO{ b'Mv
lbGYof] t/ clxn] lbPsf] 5}g . xjfO{hxfhsf] cfjfhnfO{ d kl/jt{g ug{
;lStg t/ Tof] cfjfhnfO{ x]g{] d]/f] b[li6sf]0f / d]/f] Jojxf/ t d kl/jt{g
24
ug{ ;S5' lg . xfdL c?sf] Jojxf/ cfkm\gf] cg's'n agfpg vf]H5f}F, To;}n]
b'Mv x'G5 . c?sf] cg's'n x'g] u/L xfdLn] cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u¥of}F eg]
xfdLnfO{ ;'v x'G5, c?nfO{ klg ;'v x'G5 . cWofTddf d}n] l;s]sf] s'/f oxL
xf] . Sn]z x6fpg] klxnf] dGq eg]sf] d]/f] cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ c?sf] cg's'n
agfpg' xf] .
!=% 3/nfO{ ljxf/ agfpg]
xfdLx? ufpF 6f]ndf a:bf Ps csf{ aLrdf /fu, å]if, em}emu8f eO/xG5 .
kl/jf/df a:bf klg kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? aLr klg nf]e, nfnrf a9L ;fgf]ltgf
em}emu8f g} eO/xG5 . kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox?n] ædnfO{ k'u]gÆ ædnfO{
k'u]gÆ dfq eG5g\ . s;}n] klg dnfO{ k'Uof] eGb}gg\ . ToxL ;fgf] ;DklQdf
tfgftfg x'G5, / em}emu8f x'G5 . ;dfhdf klg jNnf]3/ / kNnf]3/ aLr
nf]esf sf/0f e}emu8f g} eO/xG5 . t/ ljxf/df a:bf rflxFF l/; klg p7\b}g
/ nf]e klg Tolt cfpb}g . Wofgdf a:bf d}qL / s?0ff efj dfq cfpF5 .
ljxf/df /xbf dgdf å]ifefjgf klg hfUb}g . xfdL aLr em}emu8f klg x'Fb}g
. ljxf/df hfFbf dg cnf]eL / k/f]ksf/L x'G5 t/ 3/ hfg] lalQs} nf]eL .
of] yfxf kfPkl5 d]/f] dgdf j}/fUo hfUof] . s;}sf] wd{b]zgf ;'g]/ klg xf]Og,
af}¢u|Gy k9]/ klg xf]Og, Wofgefjgfdf a;]/ klg xf]Og . dnfO{ ;Gof; lng]
efjgf hfUof] . >LdtL / 5f]/fx?nfO{ d}n] eg]F— æclxn] ;Dd of] hxfh d}n]
xfFs]F, ca ltdLx?n] rnfcf], cj d ;Gof; lnG5' .Æ t/ d]/L >LdtL /
5f]/fx?n] dnfO{ leIf' aGgaf6 /f]s] . kl/jf/sf] :jLs[ltljgf leIf' aGg kfOb}g
/x]5 . d}n] leIf' x'g kfOg . t/ klg d]/f] a'4wd{k|ltsf] >4f / jLo{tfdf x|f;
cfPg, a? a9\b} uof] . d}n] laxf/df a:g gkfP/ s] eof] t < 3/nfO{ g}
ljxf/ agfP eOxfN5 lg eGg] ;f]r cfof] . d}n] c?nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg
eg] s] eof] t< d}n] cfk"mnfO{ t kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5' lg .
d}n] 3/nfO{ ljxf/df kl/jt{g ug{ klxnf 3/d} a'4d"lt{ :yfkgf u/F] . of] d"lt{
x]bf{ dnfO{ a'4sf Tofu, d}qL, s?0ff, IfflGt h:tf u'0fx?sf] k6s k6s :d/0f
x'G5, h;af6 dnfO{ cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . To;kl5, x/]s lbg d 3/d}
a;]/ klg ljxf/s} sfo{tflnsfnfO{ cg'z/0f ug{ yfn]F . klxn] z/0fudg /
k~rzLn lnG5' . To;kl5 ljxf/df h:t} u/]/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf ;fydf
25
Ps306f ;fd'lxs Wofg u5f}{F . o'6\o'j dfkm{t eGt] jf u'?dfsf] Ps 306fsf]
k|arg ;'G5f}F . kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox? ;+u} ef]hg lnG5fF} . lbp;f] klg
eGt]sf] k|arg ;'G5' . lbp;f] s/La tLg 306f hlt d k':ts k9\g] / n]Vg]
sfd u5'{ . a]n'sf Ps 306fsf] Wofg u5'{ / s]xLa]/ lj>fd u5'{ . /ftL
;'Tg'cl3 eGt] / u'?dfsf] wd{b]zgf ;'G5' / cfgGbn] lgbfpF5' . o;/L 3/d}
a;]/ klg ljxf/sf] sfo{tflnsfsf] k|of]u ubf{ 3/ g} ljxf/df ?kfGt/0f x'g]
/x]5 . clxn] dnfO{ k|j|lht x'g kfOg eGg] wf]sf] 5}g . lrj/ nufpg kfOg
egL c;Gtf]if klg 5}g . d k|j|lht eO{ u[xTofu u/]sf] eP d Pshgf dfq
cfo{ci6flËs dfu{df lx+8y]F xf]nf . t/ clxn] kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox? g} of]
af6f]df lx8b}5fF} . l5d]sLnfO{ klg ;fd'lxs Wofgefjgf ug{ d lgDtf lbG5' .
o;f] ubf{ d]/f] 3/ g} ljxf/df kl/jt{g eof] . d 3/d} a;] klg d]/f] dgdf
sd dfq /fu, å]if / df]x pTkGg eof] . of] 3/ g} ljxf/df ?kfGtl/t x'Fbf
dgdf zflGt / cfgGb k|fKt x'g] /x]5, h;nfO{ d zAbdf ptfg{ ;lStg .
Sn]z x6fpg] bf]>f]] dGq eg]sf] 3/nfO{ ljxf/ agfpg' xf] . c?nfO{ cfkm\gf]
cg's'n agfpg' eGbf cfkm" c?sf] cg's'n x'g] sf]lz; ug'{ kg{] /x]5 .
!=^ Wofgefjgf
dfly g} eg]]F lg Sn]z x6fpg] ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L pkfo eg]sf] Wofgefjgf
g} xf] . zflAbs cy{df zdy eg]sf] dg Psfu| x'g' xf] / dgdf zflGt x'g' xf]
. zdy Wofgefjgfn] plDnPsf] dgnfO{ la:tf/} zfGt agfpF5 . zdy
Wofgefjgfn] Sn]zsf] lg/f]w u5{, Sn]znfO{ lrQleq k:g lbb}g . cfgfkfg
;ltn] Psfu|tf a9fpg] /x]5, ;dflw a9fpg] /x]5 / lrQdf Sn]z k:gaf6
/f]Sg] /x]5 . km]l/ zdy geO{ ljkZogf Wofgefjgf cufl8 a9\b}g . Psfu|tf
geO{ ljkZogf x'g ;Sb}g . d]/f] dgdf Sn]z a9L eP/ xf]nf, c?sf] h:tf]
d]/f] dg Psfu| x'g dfGb} dfGb}g . of] dg k6s k6s efU5, aNn aNn
dgnfO{ tfg]/ Nofof], km]l/ csf{]lt/ efluxfN5 . To;}n] klxnf klxnf, d of]
efUg] dg b]v]/ b'lvt x'Gy]F, b'v 36fpg Wofgefjgf ug{ uPsf] pN6} b'Mv kf]
a9\of] . cfkm\g} dgsf] cWoog ubf{ yfxf eof], h:tf] cfuf]sf] k|fs[lts :jefj
kf]Ng' xf], To:t} dgsf] k|fs[lts :jefj g} efUg' xf] . Tof] af]w ePkl5, efUg]
dgsf] :jefjnfO{ d}n] :jLsf/ u/F] . efUg] dgk|lt å]if efj /flvg, a? :jLsf/
u/]F . To;kl5, d]/f] dg efUbf dnfO{ b'Mv ePg, of] efUg' :jfefljs k|lqmof
26
xf] h:tf] nfU5 . Tof] efu]sf] dgnfO{ klg ;fIfL efjn] x]g{ yfn]F . emsf{]
gdfgLsg, Tof] eu'jf dgnfO{ tfg]/ km]l/ d]/f] gfl;sfdf Nofpg yfn]F . csf]{
;fyLn] o:tf] cEof; ubf{ tLg rf/ lbgkl5 dg efUg /f]lsof] eGg'eof] t/
d]/f] t ^÷& lbg;Dd klg eflu/Xof] . t/ klg d}n] Tof] efUg] dgk|lt å]if
/flvg, a? lj:tf/} Tof] eu'jf dgnfO{ tfg]/ Nofpg yfn]F . efUg] dg;+u
l/;fpg] xf]Og, a? o;nfO{ tflnd lbg h?/L /x]5 . t;y{ d cfgfkfgsf]
nfdf] cjnf]sg ub{5' .
Zjf; cfPsf] / uPsf] x]bf{x]b{} ubf{ klg d]/f] dg s]xL ;dosf] cGt/fndf
efU5 . d]/f] cfkm\gf] cg'ejdf Zjf; cfPsf] / uPsf] x]/fOsf] aLrdf dgn]
lgd]ifdfq ;do kfof] eg] km]l/ klg efluxfNbf] /x]5 . dg w]/} efUg nfu]kl5
of] dgnfO{ Psl5g klg km';{+b glbg Zjf; cfPsf] / uPsf] ulGt ug{ nufPF
. Zjf; cfPsf] / uPsf] Ps—Ps, b'O{—b'O{ eGb} aL;—aL; k6s uGg yfnF],
aL; k6s k"/f ePkl5 k'gM Psaf6} ulGt z'? uy{] . o;f] ubf{ d]/f] dgn]
efUg] ;do g} kfPg . of] d]/f] lgtfGt JolQmut cEof; xf] . s]xL lbg o;/L
ulGt u/]kl5 d]/f] dgsf] efUg] s|d lgs} sd eof] . To;kl5, k'gM d klxnf
h:t} ulGt gu/L s]jn Zjf; cfPsf] / uPsf] dfq x]g{ yfn]F . t}klg
slxn]sfxLF t d]/f] dg efuLxfNYof]], t/ d t'?Gt Tof] dgnfO{ sd{:yfgdf -
gfl;sfdf_ Nofpy]F .
bf]>f], d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'e"ltaf6 yfxf eof] ls hlt dg czfGt eof] Tolt g}
Zjf; l56f] l56f] rNg] /x]5 . d l/;fPsf] a]nf d]/f] Zjf; l56f] l56f] rn]sf]
yfxf eof] . 8/fPsf] a]nf klg Zjf; l56f] l56f] rNg] /x]5 . s'g} hf]lvd
eof] eg] klg Zjf; l56f] l56f] rNg] /x]5 . dnfO{ hfgsf/L eof] ls s'g}
klg å]if a9\gf;fy Zjf; l56f] l56f] rNg] /x]5 . Tof] a]nf cfZjf;k|Zjf;
klg :y"n -7"nf] Zjf;_ x'g] /x]5 . d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejdf yfxf eof], dg hlt
zfGt x'G5, Tolt g} cfZjf;k|Zjf; nfdf] / ;"Id x'g] /x]5 . cem zfGt x'Fb}
hfFbf cem ;"Id / ;"Idtd x'Fb} hfg] /x]5 . k|Llt -v'zL_ sf] a]nf Zjf; ;"Id
x'g] /x]5 eg] k|d'hsf] a]nf cem ;"Id . k|zAwL -zflGt / cfgGb_sf] a]nf t
d]/f] Zjf; ;"Idtd ePsf] lyof] . Tof] a]nf d]/f] dg lgs} cfglGbt lyof] . d
Zjf; cfPsf] / uPsf] d'lZsnn] yfxf kfpy]F . dnfO{ otf kms{g dg g} lyPg
. t/ ToxL a]nf 306Lsf] cfjfh d]/f] sfgdf 7f]lSsg k'Uof] . d]/f] Wofg 6'6\of]
27
/ cfgGb x/fof] . d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6 yfxf eof], cfZjf;–k|Zjf;sf] ult
/ dfqf klg kl/jt{g eO/xg] /x]5 .
s]xL Wofgefjgfsf ;];gx? @ 306f eGbf nfdf x'g'kg{] /x]5 eGg] nfUof] .
km]l/ d]/f] nflu dfq 5'6\6} ?l6g aGb}g eGg] af]w eof] . s]xL ;fyLx?n]
cfgfkfgsf] nfdf] cEof;df d]/f] t Zjf; g} x/fof] eGg'eof] t/ d]/f] rflxFF
x/fpg t x/fPg, t/ ;"Idtd ePsf] lyof] . t]>f], Zjf; ;"Idtd x'Fbf Zjf;
x]g{ sl7g x'g] /x]5 / dg n7\7 x'g] -df]x_ hf]lvd klg a9\g] /x]5 . lgGb|f
nfu] h:tf] x'g] /x]5 .
rf}yf], dgn] Psk6sdf Pp6} dfq sfd u5{ . Zjf; cfPsf] / uPsf] x]bf{
dgn] c? s'/f ;f]Rg kfpFb}g . t;y{ dgleq gofF Sn]z k:g kfPg . gofF
Sn]z gk;]kl5 k'/fgf Sn]z la:tf/} lgh{/ eO{ Sn]zsf] kq plSsg] /x]5 .
Sn]z gf; x'Fb} hfg] /x]5g\ .
kfFrfF}, cfZjf;k|Zjf;n] d / k|s[lt aLr ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{] /x]5 . d
k|s[ltaf6 Zjf; lnG5' / k|s[ltnfO{ csf{] Zjf; lbG5' eGg] efj pTkGg x'g]
/x]5 . d klg ?v la?jf h:t} k|s[ltsf] cleGg c+Ë /x]5' eGg] af]w eof] .
5}6fF}, Zjf; cfpF5 / hfG5, k'gM csf{] Zjf; cfpF5 clg Tof] klg hfG5, k'gM
t]>f] Zjf; cfpF5 / hfG5 . Pj+ k|sf/n] aiff}{F;Dd d]/f] hLjg rln/x]sf] 5 .
of] Zjf;sf] cjnf]sgn] d]/f] hLjg klg o;/L g} cfpF5 / hfG5 eGg] af]w
eof] . dnfO{ clgTo af]w eof] . w]/} 7"nf] cEof; ug'{ k/]g .
;ftfF}, oxL cfgfkfgaf6} dnfO{ k|tLTo ;d'Tkfbsf] klg hfgsf/L eof] .
Zjf;df cfl>t x'g' k|tLTo xf] clg Zjf;sf] pbo / Aoo x'g' ;d'Tkfb . d}n]
cfgfkfgaf6} k|tLTo ;d'Tkfb klg a'em]F . cf7f}F, cfgfkfgaf6} dnfO{ cgfTdf
klg af]w eof] . of] Zjf;nfO{ /f]Sg vf]h] klg s]xLa]/;Dd dfq Zjf; /f]Sg
;lsg] /x]5, To;kl5 t kmfNg} kg{] /x]5 . Zjf; glnP/ a:g vf]h] klg s]xL
a]/ dfq Zjf; glnO{ a:g ;lsg] /x]5 . To;kl5 t Zjf; lng} kg{] /x]5 .
of] Zjf; lng' / kmfNg' klg d]/f] lgoGq0fdf /x]g5, d]/f] cwLgdf klg /x]g5
eGg] a'em]F . Tof] g} d]/f] nflu cgfTdf af]w klg xf] .
gjfF}, cfgfkfgs} a]nf 9f8 / v'6\6f b'Vbf /x]5g\ . zf/Ll/s kL8faf]w klg x'g]
/x]5 . s]xL lbgd} Tof] kL8f hfFbf] klg /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . t;y{ 9f8 /
28
v'6\6f b'Vbf b'vfg'e"lt ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] af]w eof] . bzf}F, d]/f] dg Psfu|
t eof], t/ s'g} Ps ljifoa:t'df dg axlsb} uof], d]/f] dg ToxL ljifosf]
leq, leq k:g yfNof] . dgdf ljts{ / ljsNk cfpg yfn] . of] x6fpg klg
d}n] cfgfkfg;ltsf] g} cEof; u/]F . Pwf/fF}, oxL cfgfkfgsf] ;dod} dnfO{
s?0ffefj klg pTkGg eof] . d}n] c?k|lt u/]sf] å]ifk"0f{ sfo{ klg emNemnL
;Demg k'u]F . a]sf/df Tof] dflg;nfO{ d}n] 3f]r]/ af]n]5' eGg] kZrfQfk efj
cfof] . cgfy aRrfx?nfO{ bfg glbP/ uNtL u/] eGg] klg af]w eof] . d}n]
c? k|f0fLnfO{ b'Mv lbg' x'Fb}g /x]5 eGg] s'/f klg ToxL a]nf af]w eof] . d]/f]
dg lgs} sdnf] x'Fb} uof] .
oL d]/f cfkm\g} cg'ej / cg'e"ltx? x'g\ . d}n] cfgfkfg;ltaf6 olt s'/f
af]w u/F], xh'/x?n] c? w]/} af]w ug'{eof] xf]nf . cfgkfg s]jn ;dflwdf a:g
cg's"n agfpg] Wofgefjgf dfq xf]Og, of] 1fgsf] hu klg /x]5 . To;}n]
d}n] zdy WofgnfO{ clns a9L ;do lbPsf] x'F . csf{] s'/f d]/f] dgdf c?sf]
eGbf clns a9L g} Sn]z /x]5 ls Sof xf] < kmfNg lgs} ;do nfUof], cem
klg kmfNb}5' . x]/fF}, slt aif{ nfUg] xf] <
d]/f] z/L/df pTkGg ePsf ;Dj]bgf / To;af6 pTkGg b'Mv ef]Ug klg lgs}
ufx|f] eof] . ha d d]/f] dgnfO{ ;+j]bgf x]g{ nufpFy]F, s]xL l5g x]/]kl5 ca
d yfs]F eg]/ Tof] dg csf{lt/ efluxfNYof] . aNn–aNn tfg]/ Nofof] km]l/
klg efluxfNYof] . ha d z/L/sf] Pp6f efudf pTkGg ePsf ;+j]bgf x]g{
yfNy]F, ta d]/f]] dg csf]{ efult/ efUYof]Ù ToxfF x]g{ sf]l;; u¥of] k'gM csf{]lt/
hfGYof] . d]/f] dg t afFb/ h:t} /x]5 . of] a'em\g' klg ljkZogf g} xf] . d}n]
d]/f] dgsf] efUg] :jefjnfO{ :jLsf/]F . dg efu] klg dgk|lt å]if efj /flvg
. ;'vb / b'vb b'a} ;Dj]bgfx? klg k|fs[lts g} x'g\ eGg] a'em]kl5 efUg]
dgk|lt å]if hfu]g . b'vb ;Dj]bgfx?k|lt klg å]if hfu]g . ;'vb
;Dj]bgfx?k|lt klg /fu hfu]g . lsgls s]xL ;dokl5 oL efluxfN5g\ eGg]
nfUYof] . ;+j]bgfx¿sf] lg/LIf0f t eof], t/ xf]z / hfu?stfk"j{s ePg .
;dtfdf /x]/ lg/LIf0f ePg . ;"Id tj/df ;+j]bgfx¿sf] lg/LIf0f ePg .
s]jn ;txL lg/LIf0f dfq eof] . dg efUg] qmddf yf]/} dfq sdL cfof] .
To;kl5, k'gM cfgfkfgsf] ;do a9fPF . clg dgnfO{ a|]s nufPsf] nufo}
u/]/ dgnfO{ s]xL ;dosf] nflu lgoGq0fdf lnPF . To;kl5 rflxF d]/f] lg/LIf0f
29
Ps} 7fpFdf cln nfdf] ;do;Dd l6Sof] . ToxL klg a]nfa]nfdf dg
efluxfNYof] . d]/f] z/L/sf OlGb|ox¿n] dg¿kL PlS;n]6/nfO{ a9L lyRy],
OlGb|ox¿n] dgdf w]/} OGwg k7fpy] . To;kl5 d]/f] dg emg\ b|'tultdf
efUYof] . ;'vb ;Dj]bgf cfpb} cfPgg\ eg] klg x'G5 . yf]/} ;dosf nflu
;"Id ;Dj]bgfx? cfpFy] . oL cfpFbf ;'vsf] cg'e"lt x'GYof] . oL rflxFF cln
nfdf] ;do;Dd a;"g\ h:tf] nfUYof] . t/ eg]sf] dfGb}gy], uOxfNy] . o;af6
;Dj]bgfx? d]/f] cwLgdf /x]g5g\ eGg] dnfO{ af]w eof] . To;af6 k'gM dnfO{
cgfTdf af]w eof] .
;+j]bgfx¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug'{ eg]sf] z/L/ / lrQsf] ;DaGw a'‰g' xf] /
pk]Iffefj ljsfz ug{' xf] . b'Mvb ;+j]bgf cfpFbf å]if / ;'vb ;+j]bgf cfpFbf
/fu hfUg] k|lqmofnfO{ lg/f]w ug'{ xf] . jf:tjdf ljkZogf eg]sf] af]s|f -
k|1lKt_ gx]/]/ gb]lvg] a:t' / nIf0fnfO{ x]g'{ t /x]5 lg . z/L/df kl/j{tg
cfpgf;fy lrQdf klg kl/j{tg cfpg] /x]5 . t;y{, z/L/sf efux¿ x]g{]
t/, lrQ gx]g{]Ù To:t} lrQ x]g{] t/, z/L/df pTkGg ePsf c;/ gx]g{ ;Dej
x'Fb}g . b'a} Ps csf{df hf]l8Psf /x]5g\ . ;dtfdf /xL ;+j]bgf x]5'{ t eGyF],
t/ b'Mvb ;+j]bgf cfpFbf vKg ;Sb}gy]F / yfxf gkfO{ å]if hfluxfNYof] tfklg
d k'gM xf]lzof/Lk"j{s pk]Iffefjdf kms{g] sf]l;; ub{y]F . csf{] s'/f, pk]Iff
;Dj]bgf g} gcfPkl5 lrQdf klg pk]Iff efj cfpg] /x]g5 . lrQdf /fu
hfUbf v';L ePklg v';Lsf] cg'ej gug{]Ù of] clgTo xf] egL v';Ldf gkg{
yfn]F . lrQdf å]if hfUbf b'Mv cfOnfu] klg b'Mvsf] cg'ej gug{]Ù of] b'Mv klg
clgTo xf] s]xL l5gdf hfG5 lg eGy]F . t/ vKg rflxF lgs} sl7g /x]5 . h]
xf];\, To:tf] cj:yfdf b'Mvdf gkg{] cEof; ug{ yfn]F . ;'vfg'e"lt x'Fbf klg
ca /fu hfUb}5 eGg] yfxf kfPkl5 ;defjdf /xg sf]l;; ug{yfn]F . ;defj
/fVg klg sl7g /x]5 . leq stf xf] stfaf6 /fu / å]if hfUg] g} /x]5 .
pk]Iff efj /fVg t emg\ lgs} sl7g /x]5 . klxn] klxn] /fu / å]if gcfpFbf
d v'zL x'Gy]F t/ kl5 dfq ;+j]bgf ghfUbf klg df]x -ignorance_ hfUg] /x]5
eGg] af]w eof] / d v';L x'g 5f]8]F . ;defjsf] l;4fGtrflxF 7Ls /x]5 . t/,
å]ifefjgf x6fpg rflxF lgs} sl7g x'Fbf]/x]5 .
h] xf];\, d]/f] dgnfO{ lgoldt ;Dj]bgf x]g{ nufpFbf d]/f] dgleq gofF Sn]z
k:g kfPgg\, lsgls dgn] Ps k6sdf Pp6f dfq sfd u5{ . gofF Sn]z
30
gag] kl5 k'/fgf Sn]zx? la:tf/} lgh{/ eO{ Sn]zsf kqx? plSsg] /x]5g\ .
;Dj]bgf x]bf{ dnfO{ Ps} k6s clgTo, cgfTdf / b'Mv af]w eof] .
x'g t z/L/df x]bf{ ;'vb ;Dj]bgf hfu] eg] lrQdf cfkm} /fu pTklQ eOxfNg]
/x]5 . To:t} b'vb ;Dj]bgf hfu] eg] lrQdf å]ifsf] pTklQ eOxfNg] /x]5 .
slxn] /fu t slxn] å]ifsf] ?kdf lrQ kl/jt{g eO/xg] /x]5 . t;y{, lrQdf
s] eO/x]sf] 5 < Tof] cjnf]sg ug{ h?/L 5 . x'g t ;+j]bgfsf] lg/LIf0fs}
a]nf lrQsf] klg :jtM lg/LIf0f x'G5Ù t/, Tof] clns ;txL x'g] /x]5 . w]/}n]
eGg'x'G5, – o;/L lrQsf] rf}sLbf/L ubf{ lrQdf aGg] /fu / å]ifsf lrqx¿
efU5g\ . t/ d]/f] ;Gbe{df rflxFF efu]gg\ a? clns yf]/} dfq /fu / å]ifsf
lrqx¿ ag] klg tL lrqx¿sf] :yfoL kmfOn÷kmf]N8/ rflxFF aGg kfPg . d]/f]
lrQdf å]if g} a9L hfUy] . v'6\6f / 9f8 b'v]/ xf] ls Sof xf] Û d]/f] z/L/df
b'Mvb ;+j]bgf g} a9L cfpFy] . /fu rflxF sd dfq hfUYof] . d}n] Tof] a]nf
klg k|1lKt -v'6\6f / 9f8_ g} x]g{] /x]5' . k/dfy{ x]g'{k5{ eGbf eGb} klg dg
rflxF k|1lKtlt/} hfg] /x]5 . k/dfy{df dg w]/} a]/ /xg ufx|f] x'g] /x]5 .
pk]Iffdf /xg sf]l;; ub{y]F t/ lj/n} dfq ;kmn x'Gy]F . o;f] ubf{ å]ifsf] lrq
jf 5fk t'?Gt d]l6g] /x]5 / ;+:sf/sf] gofF kq gaGg] /x]5 . lrQdf s]
hfu]sf] 5 < /fu, å]if, cxÍf/ x]b{} ub{y]F . d]/f] lrQdf /fu / cxÍf/ hfUYof]
. klxn] klxn] z/L/ n7\7 k/]sf] a]nf d pk]Iffdf 5' eg]/ v'zL x'Gy]F, t/ Tof]
df]x /x]5 eGg] a'em]kl5 v'zL eOg . Ps k6s dfq d]/f] lrQdf wgsf]
cxÍf/ hfUof] . ;+1fsf] sf/0f ToxLa]nf d]/f] u/Lj cj:yfsf] ofb cfof] .
k'/fgf] RofltPsf] ;6{ d]/f] lrQdf 7f]lSsg cfof] . To;kl5 Tof] cxÍf/ cfk}Fm
efUof] . la/n} dfq} d]/f] lrQdf jLt/fu / jLtå]ifsf] cj:yf cfof] . Tof] klg
clt 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu dfq . slxn]sfxLF clt yf]/} ;do dfq d pk]Iffdf
/xg ;kmn ePF, km]l/ klg d]/f] lrQdf /fu / å]ifsf lrqx? g} cfO/xGy] .
lrQdf pk]Iffefj t cfPg eGbf klg x'GYof] lsgls pk]Iff ;Dj]bgf g} cfPsf
lyPgg\ . vf]O{ lsg xf] Û Wofgefjgfsf] a]nf cxÍf/sf lrq rflxF Tolt cfPgg\
. /fu / å]ifsf lrqx? cfpg] s|d yf]/} 36]sf] cg'e"lt x'Fbf klg d]/f] Sn]z
36\of] eg]/ yf]/} ;do d v'zL x'Gy]F .

31
!=& k~r:sGwsf] af]w
3/af6 tn cfFugdf cfpFbf SofS6;sf] km"n d]/f] cfFvfdf 7f]lSsof] -:kz{_ /
rIf'lj1fg aGof] . d]/f] cfFvfdf b]Vg] dg pTkGg eof] / d}n] Tof] km"n b]v]F .
Tof] km"n b]Vbf dnfO{ ;'vfg'e"lt -j]bgf_ eof] . Tof] ;'vfg'e"ltn] d]/f] dgdf
km"nk|ltsf] /fu -nf]e_ pTkGg eof] . Tof] km"n d]/f] cfFvfdf g7f]lSsPsf] eP
nf]e cfpg] lyPg . cfFvfdf rIf'k|;fb gePsf] eP cf/Dd0f cfPklg d}n]
b]Vg ;Sg] lyOg . b]Vg] dg pTkGg gePsf] eP klg nf]e pTkGg x'g] lyPg
. clxn];Dd klg ;+1fsf] sf/0f Tof] km"n d ;Demg] u5{' . ;+1f gePsf] eP
km"n b]v]klg km"n xf] eGg] yfxf x'g] lyPg . SofS6; km"nsf] ?k b]Vbf d v'zL
ePsf] lyPF . t/ csf{] lbgdf g} Tof] km"n cf]OnfP/ em¥of] -clgTo_ . Tof] km"n
ljgf; ePsf] yfxf -;+1f_ x'Fbf dnfO{ b'Mv eof] . d]/f] lrQdf b'vfg'e"lt -
bf}d{g:o_ eof]] . km"nsf] pTklQ -;+:sf/_ x'Fbf d]/f] dgdf ;'vfg'e"lt -;f]dg:o_
/ ljgfz x'Fbf b'Mvfg'e"lt -bf}d{g:o_ eof] . Tof] em/]sf] km"n d]/f] hfgsf/Ldf
-lj1fg_ lyof], To;}n] b'Mv eof] . cfFvfdf rIf'lj1fg gag]sf] eP jf hfgsf/L
gePsf] eP b'Mv x'g] lyPg . jf:tjdf, rIf'lj1fg eg]sf] Tof] km"nsf] cfsf/
/ /ªsf] ;lDd>0f hfGg' t /x]5 . To;}nfO{ xfdL r]tgf klg eG5f}F Sof/ .
dnfO{ 7"nf] cfsf/sf] cfsif{s /+uLg km"n b]Vbf ;'vfg'e"lt / cf]OnfP/ em/]sf]
km"n -cGTo_ b]Vbf b'Mvfg'e"lt eof] . d]/f] cfFvfdf rIf'lj1fg gag]sf] eP d
Tof] km"nsf] cfsf/ / /ª hfGg] lyOg . km"n km'Nbf v'zL / cf]OnfP/ embf{ d
b'MvL x'g] lyOg . k~r:sGws} sf/0f ;'vfg'e"lt / b'Mvfg'e"lt eof] . ToxL
;'vfg'e"lt / b'Mvfg'e"ltsf] -j]bgfsf]_ sf/0fn] d]/f] lrQdf /fu / å]ifsf kqx?
aGg] /x]5g\ eGg] s'/f d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'e"ltaf6 af]w eof] .
km"n cf]OnfP/ em/]sf] hfg]sfn] -lj1fg_ g} b'Mv eof] . lj1fg gePsf] eP
b]Vg] dg pTkGg x'g] lyPg / b'Mv klg x'g] lyPg . km"n clgTo x'g\, km'N5g\
/ em5{g\ klg . xfdLnfO{ Tof] clgTo af]w ePsf] eP klg b'Mv x'g] lyPg .
km"n km'Ng] / emg{] lgoldt k|lqmof xf] . To;nfO{ d /f]Sg ;lSbg -clgTo_
eGg] af]w ePsf] ePklg b'Mv x'g] lyPg . Tof] km"n km'n]sf] / em/]sf] gb]v]sf]
ePklg b'Mv x'g] lyPg . 7"nf] s'/f rflxFF km"n km'Nbf / embf{sf] ?k d]/f] cfFvfdf
7f]lSsP klg To;af6 d]/f] lrQdf s'g} k|efj gkg'{ g} /fu / å]ifsf] lgjf/0f
ug'{ xf] . Tof] k|lqmofaf6 cfkm"nfO{ 6f9f /fVg' g} Sn]z aGg glbg' xf] . Tof] g}
32
b'Mv lgjf/0f klg xf] . d]/f] OR5fn] Tof] km"nsf] pTklQ ePsf] xf]Og / d]/f]
clgR5fn] To;sf] cGTo ePsf] -em/]sf]_ klg xf]Og . km"n km'Ng' / emg'{ d]/f]
jzdf 5}g . To;}n] Tof] cgfTdf klg xf] . cfh geP ef]nL km"n cf]OnfP/
em5{, clg b'Mv t eOxfN5 . Tof] b'Mv, clgTo / cgfTdf ga'‰bf g} Sn]z
a9\g] /x]5 . ghfg]/ d Tof] k|lqmofdf hf]l8g k'u]F, To;}n] d]/f] dgdf /fu /
å]if pTkGg eof] . d Tof] k|lqmofdf ghf]l8Psf] eP, ;fIfLdfq ePsf] eP d]/f]
dgdf /fu / å]if pTkGg x'g] lyPg . k/dfy{ ;To hfg]sf] eP klg b'Mv x'g]
lyPg . ghfg]/} km"nsf] y'Fufdf d]/f] /fu knfof]] / Tof] km"nsf] ljgfzdf å]if .
ToxL c1fgtfsf] sf/0fn] d]/f] dgdf Sn]z a9\of] / dnfO{ b'Mv eof] . km"n
t b]lvG5 t/ Tof] km"n b]v] klg Totflt/ gtflgg' / km"n cf]OnfP/ em/]sf]
b]Vbf klg b'MvL gx'g' g} b'Mv lgjf/0f ug'{ xf] .
dflg; hGdG5 / d5{ klg . d aRrf hGdbf v'zL x'G5' clg d[To' x'Fbf b'MvL
. d]/f] OR5fn] Tof] aRrfsf] hGd ePsf] xf]Og / d]/f] clgR5fn] Tof] aRrfsf]
cGTo ePsf] klg xf]Og . ghfg]/} Tof] aRrfsf] pTklQ / ljgfzdf ædÆ hf]l8PF,
To;}n] dnfO{ b'Mv eof] . ædÆ gePsf] eP b'Mv x'g] lyPg . ?k d]/f] lgoGq0fdf
5}g . d]/f] cg'xf/df rfp/L gk/f];\ eG5', rfp/L kl/xfN5 . d lj/fdL gx"F
eG5', t/ lj/fdL eOxfN5' . d]/f] 88]nf] glrnfcf];\ eG5', t/ lrnfOxfN5 .
b'vb ;Dj]bgfx? gcfpmg\ eG5', t/ tL cfOxfN5g\ . ;'vb ;Dj]bgfx?
ghfpmg\ eG5', t/ tL uOxfN5g\ . tL klg d]/f] azdf 5}gg\ . ?k kl/jt{g
eO/xg] /x]5 . ;+1f klg d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5}g . lj5f]8sf] kL8f lal;{pmF eG5',
la;{g ;lSbg . ul0ftsf ;"qx? glal;{pFm eG5', t/ lal{{;O{ xfN5' . yfxf kfpg]
/ la;{g] eO/xG5 . ;+:sf/sf gofF kq gag"g\ eGof], algxfN5g\ . of] klg
d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5}g . r]t -lj1fg_ klg d]/f] cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf 5}g . a'jfsf]
d[To'sf] k'/fgf] lrq dgdf g7f]lSsof];\ / dgf]lj1fg gagf];\ eG5', t/ ToxL
lrq d]/f] dgdf k6s k6s 7f]lSsG5 / b'vfg'e"lt x'G5 . sIffdf lzIfsn]
k9fPsf] ;a} s'/f hfgf}F eG5', t/ hfGg ;lSbg . lj1fg klg d]/f] lgoGq0fdf
5}g, kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . slxn] clns hfGg] clg slxn] clns ghfGg]
eO/xG5 . oL k~r:sGw ;a} d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5}gg\ . To;}n] tL cfkm\gf] a;df
gx'g' g} cgfTdf xf] . tL ;a} clgTo x'g\, l5g l5gdf kl/jt{g eO/xG5g\ .
ToxL k~r:sGwsf] sf/0f b'Mv x'G5 . of] g} cfo{b'Mv xf] . ToxL s'/f ghfg]/}
33
/fu / å]if aGg k'Uof] . leqaf6} dnfO{ clgToaf]w ePsf] eP b'MvL x'g] lyOg
. ædÆ 5}g eGg] a'em]sf] eP g km'n]sf] km"n b]Vbf /fu x'GYof], g em/]sf] km"n
b]Vbf å]ifefj g} cfpg] lyof] . clgTo af]w ePsf] ePklg /fu / å]ifefj cfpg]
lyPg . d /fu / å]ifaf6 d'Qm x'g] lyPF . To;}n] k~r:sGw a'em\of] eg] gofF
Sn]z aGg] g} /x]g5 . gofF Sn]z gePkl5 k'/fgf] Sn]z lgh{/ x'g] /x]5 .
/]l8of]df c?0ff nfdfsf] uLt ah]sf] cfjfh d]/f] sfgdf 7f]lSsof] / ;'Gg] dg
pTkGg eof], >f]tlj1fg aGof] / d}n] uLt ;'gF] . dgdf ;'vfg'e"lt eof]] . d]/f]
dgdf uLtk|ltsf] t[i0ff -nf]e_ a9\of] . Psl5gd} uLt ;lsof] / lj1fkg aHof]
. Tof] lj1fkgsf] cfjfhn] d]/f] dgdf b'vfg'e"lt Nofof] . d]/f] dgdf å]ifefj
pTkGg eof] . dnfO{ clgTo af]w ePsf] eP klg d]/f] dgdf uLtk|lt nf]e /
lj1fkgk|lt å]if a9\g] lyPg . of] uLt aHg] / aGb x'g] s'/f d]/f] lgoGq0fdf
lyPg, d]/f] cwLgdf lyPg . Tof] t k|;f/0f s]Gb|n] ug{] xf] eGg] a'em]sf] eP
jf cgfTdf af]w ePsf] eP klg d]/f] dgdf nf]e / å]if a9\g] lyPg . /]l8of]sf
uLt d]/f] OR5fn] ah]sf] xf]Og / d]/f] clgR5fn] Tof] uLtsf] cGTo ePsf] klg
xf]Og . Tof] cgfTdf af]w ePsf] eP /fu / å]if pTkGg x'g] lyPg . k~r:sGw
a'em]sf] eP jf ædÆ 5}g eGg] hfg]sf] eP klg Sn]z a9\g] lyPg / b'Mv klg
x'g] lyPg .
csf{] s'/f, d}n] ;'g]sf] zAb dfq xf], uLt xf]Og eGg] hfg]sf] ePklg b'Mv x'g]
lyPg . of] uLt klg ;d'lQ -nf]sn] dfg]sf] efsf_ dfq xf], s;}nfO{ ToxL
zAb sljtf x'G5 . d}n] ;'g]sf] zAb dfq ;To xf] eGg] a'em]sf] eP klg b'Mv
x'g] lyPg . Sn]z a9\g] lyPg . Tof] zAbnfO{ d}n] uLt eg]sf] klg ldYof xf]
. d]/f] ;+:sf/sf] kqdf uLtk|lt /fu 5, To;}n] Tof] uLt eof] eGg] a'em]sf]
ePklg b'Mv x'g] lyPg . d}n] ;'g]sf] z'4 zAb dfq xf] eGg] a'em]sf] ePklg
tL zAbaf6 g /fu hfUYof] g å]if g} . /fu / å]ifsf] -Sn]z_ lg/f]w x'GYof] .
cfFksf] :jfb d]/f] lha|f]df 7f]lSsbf /;lj1fg aGof], d]/f] lha|f]df :jfb]] dg
pTkGg eof] / dnfO{ ;'vfg'e"lt eof] . d]/f] lrQdf cfFksf] nf]e hfUof]] .
s]xLl5gdf ;nfbsf] csf{] 6'qmf -sfutL_ d]/f] lha|f]df 7f]lSsFbf dnfO{
b'Mvfg'e"lt eof] / dgdf å]ifefj hfUof] . k~r:sGwnfO{ ;xL ?kdf a'em]sf]
eP /fu / å]if -Sn]z_ a9\g] lyPg . clgTo a'em]sf] ePklg Sn]z a9\g] lyPg
34
. ¿k, j]bgf, ;+1f, ;F:sf/ / lj1fg dWo] Pp6fdfq klg cg'kl:yt ePsf]
eP klg Sn]z x'g] lyPg . d}n] af]w u/]sf] /; dfq ;To xf], Tof] dL7f] :jfb
rflxFF d]/f] ;+:sf/sf] kqdf klxn] /x]sf] cfFksf] :jfbk|ltsf] /fusf] sf/0f
pTkGg ePsf] cg'e"lt dfq xf] / Tof] rflxFF ldYof s'/f xf] eGg] a'em]sf] ePklg
å]ifefj cfpg] lyPg . k~r:sGw a'emL ædÆ 5}g eGg] af]w ePsf] eP klg
nf]e / å]if pTkGg x'g] lyPg . Sn]z a9\g] lyPg .
!=* k~ransf] k|of]u
zLnn] kfFrj6} annfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 . zLn 5}g eg] s'g} klg an k|fKt x'b}g
. To;}n] zLn eg]sf] sf]z]9'Ëf xf] . >4f eg]sf] klxnf] / dxTjk"0f{ an xf] .
>4f eg]sf] cg's/0fLo b[9 ljZjf; xf] . d]/f] cg'ejdf >4f ;+u;+u} s?0ff
klg pTkGg x'g] /x]5 . Sn]z x6fpgsf nflu ;j{k|yd a'4zf;g -lzIff_ k|lt
>4f -ljZjf;_ x'g'k5{ . of] g} ;fwgf / Wofgefjgfsf] aLp xf] . oxL aLpaf6}
Wofgefjgf a9\b} / x's{b} hfG5 . oxLaf6 jLo{tf -sf]lz;_ a9\b} hfU5 . >4f
ePg eg] Wofgefjgf / c? ;fwgfx? klg cufl8 a9\g ;St}gg\ . ;fwgf /
Wofgefjgf x'gsf nflu s] s] ljifodf ljZjf; x'g'kb{5 t < klxnf] ljZjf;,
sd{ / sd{kmndf, bf]>f] ljZjf; clgTo / cgfTdfdf . t]>f] ljZjf;
z/0fudg— a'4, wd{ / ;+3df . rf}yf]] ljZjf; ;fwgfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf /
kfFrf} ljZjf; k|1fdf x'g'kb{5 . Wofgefjgf ug{ a'l4i6 g} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g .
æd cfkm\g} dfgL cfPsf] ;Dk|bfo g} dfG5'Æ eGg'x'G5 eg] Tof] klg /fd|f] xf] .
t/ tkfO{df ljkZogf Wofgefjgfk|lt rflxFF ljZjf; x'g}k5{ . ljkZogf
Wofgefjgfdf ljZjf; geP/} w]/} pkf;s / pkfl;sfx? Wofgefjgf lzlj/
5f]8]/ efU5g\ . Sn]z x6fpgsf nflu zdy / ljkZogf Wofgefjgfsf] ;fwgf
u/fOG5 . t;y{ Wofgefjgfdf rflxF ;fwssf] ljZjf; x'g}k5{ .
ljZjf; dfq u/]/ klg tkfO{sf] p2]Zo xfl;n x'Fb}g, Tof] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf
nflu tkfO{ cfkm"n] k|oTg jf sf]lz; klg ug'{k5{ . ljZjf;n] dfq s'g} p2]Zo
xfl;n x'Fb}g, Tof] xfl;n ug{ sf]lz; -jLo{tf_ klg rflxG5 . ;xL ;fwgf klg
ug'{k5{ . pm pmh{fjfg x'g' klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . lagf sf]lz; -jLo{tf_,
lagf kl/>d, lagf nugzLntf s'g} klg JolQmn] cfWoflTds k|ult ug{
;Sb}g . æx] Û O{Zj/ d]/f Sn]zx? x6fOb]pmÆ egL k|fy{gf dfq u/]/ Sn]z
35
x6\b}g . elSt dfq u/]/ klg Sn]z x6\b}g . Sn]z x6fpg cfkm"n] sf]lz;
ug'{k5{ . cfkm}n] ;fwgf / kl/>d ug'{k5{ . sf]lz; lagfsf] >4f s]jn
æcfFvfsf] kmn cfFvf t/L d/\Æ dfq xf] . t;y{ Sn]z x6fpgsf nflu nuftf/
k|oTg ug'{k5{ .
lrq $M Sn]z x6fpg] k|lqmof

k|1f >4f
zLn
;dflw jLo{
:d[lt

:d[lt -;lt_ / Psfu|tf -;dflw_ b'O{ u'0fx?n] cfGtl/s dg zfGt agfpg

;xof]u ub{5g\ . OlG›o / z/L/k|ltsf] /fu, ef}lts rfxgf / 6Lsf l6Kk0fL -
comments_ cfWoflTds zflGtsf zq'x? x'g\ . oL ultljlwx¿df d / d]/f]
eGg] efjgf cfpF5 . d]/f] 9f8 b'Vof], d]/f v'6\6f b'v] cflb -;Tsfob[li6_ .
ghfg]/ g} d / d]/f] eGg k'U5fF} . of] v'6\6f] d]/f] xf]Og eGg] xf] eg] dnfO{ b'Mv
x'g] lyPg / Wofgefjgf klg lau|g] lyPg . 1fgsf] cxÍf/ / 6Lsf l6Kk0fL
eof] eg] dg Wofgefjgflt/ guO{ cxÍf/lt/ hfG5 . s]jn d hfGg] / ;'Gg]
xF" eGg] af]w x'G5 . To;}n] ts{ ljts{ -a'l4 ljgf]b_ klg sfd nfUb}g .
To;}n] OlG›o / z/L/k|ltsf] /fu, ef}lts rfxgf / 6Lsf l6Kk0fL zflGtsf
zq'x? x'g\ . o;/L dg ;f+;fl/s s'/fx¿df Jo:t / lnKt x'Fbf xfdL;Fu g t
cfWoflTds zlQm pTkGg x'G5, g cfWoflTds :jtGqtf g} . zflGtsf
zq'x?nfO{ lhTgsf] nflu h;/L s5'jfn] cfkm\gf c+ux? s8f Vff]nleq tfG5,
To;}u/L xfdLn] xfd|f OlG›ox¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg'k5{ . t[i0ff
hfUgf;fy OlGb|ox?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{k5{ . d, d]/f] / dnfO{ eGg] e|fds
s'/fx?nfO{ dgaf6 x6fpg' k5{ . ha;Dd d, d]/f] / dnfO{ eGg] efjgf
cfO/xG5, ta;Dd xfdLnfO{ zflGt / cfgGb k|fKt x'b}g . oxL d eGg] efjs}
36
sf/0f Sn]zsf] pTklQ / ljsfz x'g hfG5 . oxL d / d]/f] eGg] efj x6fpgsf
nflu g} Wofgefjgf ug'{ k/]sf] xf] . clxn] d;+u d / d]/f] eGg] efj s]xL
sd dfq ePsf] 5, t/ d klg d]/f] eGg] efjaf6 k"0f{ d'Qm 5}g .
;dflw -Psfu|tf_ eg]sf] Wofgsf] If]qnfO{ ;fgf] If]qdf ;Lldt kfg'{ xf] .
dgnfO{ Pp6} :yfgdf l6sfO{ /fVg' xf] . cfZjf; / k|Zjf; gfssf] 6'Kkfdf
7f]lSsPsf] af/Daf/ x]g'{ xf] . WofgnfO{ s]jn Zjf; k|Zjf;d} ;Lldt ug'{ xf] .
WofgnfO{ tf]lsPsf] If]qdf ;+s'rg ug{' xf] . h;/L xfjf grn]sf] cj:yfdf
lbof]sf] Hjfnf l:y/ x'G5, To;}u/L Wofgsf] a]nf dgnfO{ xnrn ug{ glbg'
g} ;dflw xf]] . syd\sbflrt\ dg aflx/ uOxfNof] eg] klg gl/;fOsg t'?Gt
tfg]/ leq NofOxfNg] ;fwgf g} Wofg xf] . h;/L sfuhdfly n]G; -convex_
/fVbf k|sfzsf ls/0fx? Pslqt eO{ sfuhdf cfuf] pTkGg x'G5, To:t} xfd|f]
dgdf Wofg s]lGb|t ubf{ cfWoflTds pmhf{ pTkGg x'G5 / ToxL pmhf{n] xfd|f]
WofgefjgfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpF5 . >'tdoL k|1fn] cfo{ci6flËs dfu{{ dfq
b]vfpF5 . lrGtgdoL k|1fn] Tof] af6f]df nfUg k|]/0ff lbG5 . vf;df Sn]z
gfz ug{sf nflu rflxF efjgfdoL k|1fsf] g} h?/t kb{5 . o;n] g} leq leq
h/f uf8]/ a;]sf Sn]zx?nfO{ h/}af6 pv]Ng ;S5 .
!=( IfflGtsf] ;fwgf
Wofgefjgfaf6 ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsfz x'g] /x]5 . Tof] ;xgzLntf
ljsfz ePkl5, Sn]zn] Tolt c;/ ug{ ;Sg] /x]g5 . c?sf] b'MvnfO{ klg
cfkm\g} b'Mv dfGg] afgL a:g] /x]5 . ;xgzLntfn] c1fgtfsf] ljifnfO{ 36fpg
d2t ug{] /x]5 . xfd|f] cfˆg} / c¿sf] kL8fnfO{ ulx/f];+u cg'ej u¥ofF} eg]
;x[boL eOg] /x]5 . dgdf ;xgzLntf ;+u} IfdfzLntfsf] klg ljsfz x'g]
/x]5 . ;xgzLntfsf] Pp6f cEof;sf] ?kdf xfdL xfd|f] Zjf;sf] dfWodaf6
c¿sf] kL8f lng] / o;nfO{ lgsf] kfg]{ pmhf{df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ sNkgf u5f}{+
. h'g xfdLn] xfd|f] k|Zjf;af6 aflx/ lgsfN5f}+ . of] ;/n t/ zlQmzfnL
cEof;n] xfdLnfO{ c?sf] b'Mv klg cfkm\g} b'Mv h:t} u/L ;Dj]bgfsf] cg'e"lt
ug{ l;sfpF5 . wfdLn] cfkm}nfO{ ePsf] lj/fd h:t} ;x[boL eP/ km'Sg] sfo{
u/]sf] eP Tof] zlQmn] Tof] lj/fdLnfO{ klg s]xL kmfObf uYof]{ xf]nf . t/ Tof]

37
km'Sg] sfo{ s]jn sd{sf08df ablnof] . d}n] ;fwgf u/]sf s]xL IfflGt cg'ej
/ cg'e"ltx? tn pNn]v u/]sf] 5' .
Wofgsf] s/La b'O{ xKtfkl5 d / csf{] Pshgf ;fyL Pp6f xf]6ndf a;]sf
lyof}F . tL ;fyLsf] dk|ltsf] aflx/L Jojxf/ t /fd|} lyof]Ù t/, leqleqrflxF
vf]O{ lsg xf] < å]ifefj /x]5 . d dlb/f glkpg] ePklg lkpg] ;fyL;Fu}
al;/x]sf] lyPF . /ftL ( ah]b]lv lgh ;fyLn] dnfO{ ufnL ug{ yfNg'eof] .
s/La !@ ah];Dd nuftf/ ufnL ul//xg' eof] . ufnL ;'Gbf klxnf t dnfO{
klg b'Mvfg'e"lt eof] . t/, d xf]lzof/ eOxfn]FÙ hfu?s eOxfn]FÙ s'g} k|ltlqmof
hgfOg . la:tf/} d]/f] dgdf pgLk|lt d}qLefj hfu]/ cfof] . /S;Ln] dft]sf]]
JolQmnfO{ a]sf/df s] eGg] < h:tf] nfUof] – d]/} sd{sf sf/0f d}n] ufnL vfPF
. s;}nfO{ bf]if lbOgÙ a? Tof] df}sfnfO{ d}n] d}qL / IfflGt ;fwgf ug{] df}sfsf]
¿kdf lnPF . csf{] sf]7fsf]] ;fyLnfO{ c;Xo eP5 / eGg'eof] æP ;/, slt
;xg'x'G5 < ;xg]sf] klg ;Ldf x'G5 lg ÛÆ d}n] s'g} k|ltlqmof ghgfO{ ;'lg/xF]
. jxfFnfO{ nfu]5 – kSs} klg of] df]/fsf] klg s]xL uNtL /x]5 Sof/ < d
k|ltlqmofljxLg eO{ ;'lg/x]F . /ftL !@M#) ah]lt/ ;'t]F . hlt g} ufnL vfPklg
dgdf s'g} a]r}g / Jofs'ntf ePg . dhfn] lgbfPF . ef]lnkN6 laxfg p7]/
aflx/ lg:s]sf] dfq s] lyPF, tL ;fyLn] gd|tfk"j{s eGg'eof] æ;/ d}n] /ftL
7"nf] uNtL u/]F, cgfxsdf tkfO{FnfO{ ufnL u/F], Ifdf kfpFmÆ . tL JolQm b]Vbf
d]/f] lrQdf å]if hfu]g, a? cfgGb kf] dx;'; eof] Û d]n} egF] – xh'/n] dnfO{
d}qL / IfflGtsf] ;fwgf ug{] df}sf k|bfg ug'{eof], wGojfb Û pgn] tL zAbx¿
a'em]÷a'em]gg\ yfxf ePg . t/, d]/f] dgdf rflxF Ifdf lbFbf k|d'h -v';L_
pTkGg eof] . dnfO{ af]w eof] qmf]wnfO{ d}qLdf abNbf dgdf cfgGb cfpg]
/x]5 . d}qL / IfflGtsf] ;+o'Qm ;fwgfn] lrQdf å]ifsf] 5fk g} a:bf] /x]g5 .
of] g} d]/f] nflu k|1f klg xf] . Tof] 36gf ;lDembf, clxn] klg Tolts} cfgGb
-k|d'h_ cfpF5 . t;y{, j]bgfaf6 t[i0ff jf å]if dfq xf]OgÙ k|1f / cfgGb -
k|d'h_ klg pTkGg x'g] /x]5 .
Pslbg laxfg} d]/f] 3/df Pshgf efO cfPsf lyP . d pgnfO{ b]v]/ v'zL
ePsf] lyPF . t/ pgL t kb / k|lti7fn] dft]/ -k|dfb_ kf] cfPsf /x]5g\ .
dk|lt pgsf] leq leq l/; klg /x]5 . vfgf vfO;s]kl5 pgn] klxn] 3'dfp/f]
38
kf/fn] / kl5 rflxF l;w} dnfO{ ufnL ug{ yfn] . s/La kGw| ldg]6 hlt ufnL
u/] . t}n] k9]/ s] ul/;\ < hfuL/ vfP/ s] ul/;\ < x]/, d}n] olt u/]F, plt
u/]F eGg yfn] . k9]/ a'l4 cfpb}g eGg yfn] . pgsf] ufnL ;'Gbf dnfO{ s'g}
b'Mvfg'e"lt ePg . of] efO clxn] kbsf] k|dfbdf 5, lsg k|ltlqmof hgfpg'
egL pgsf] ufnL ;'g]/ al;/xF] . leq stfaf6 xf] s'lGg, ;fjwfg -alert_ Û
k|ltlqmof gu/, eGof] . To;kl5, d pgsf] ufnL ;'g]/ al;/x]F . IfflGt
;fwgfsf] sf/0f pgn] hlt g} ufnL u/]klg dnfO{ l/; p7]g, a? bof hfu]/
cfof] . of] efO kb k|lti7fn] dft]sf] 5, s;/L o;nfO{ k|dfbaf6 aflx/
Nofpg] xf]nf / cfWoflTds af6f]df nufpg] xf]nf < eGg] ljrf/ kf] cfof] .
l/;sf] kl/p7\7fg g} ePg . d kGw| ldg]6 df}gtfdf a:bf pgsf] l/; zfGt
eof] . Tof] l/; d}qLdf ?kfGt/0f x'Fbf lgs} cfgGb nfUof] .
!=!) Sn]zsf] ;"rsf+s
Sn]z slt 5 eg]/ s;/L yfxf kfpg] < dg hlt c;Gt'i6 x'G5, dgdf hlt
nfnrf a9b} hfG5, hlt l/; p7\5, hlt z/L/ ef/L ePsf] dxz'; x'G5,
Tolt g} Sn]z al9/x]sf] x'G5\ . hlt l/; p7\5, hlt nf]e a9\5, hlt c?sf]
k|ult b]Vbf O{iof{ / 8fxf pTkGg x'G5, Tolt g} Sn]z a9]sf]] k|df0f xf] . hlt
l/; p7\b}g, hlt ;Gtf]if a9\b} hfG5, hlt c?sf] k|ult b]Vbf v'zL -d'lbtf_
pTkGg x'G5, hlt nf]e sd x'Fb} hfG5, Tolt g} Sn]z 36]sf]] k|df0f xf] . h;sf]
dg hlt rËf 5, z/L/ hlt xn'sf / km"lt{nf] 5, dg pHofnf] 5, cfkm"
xf]zdf 5, Tolt g} Sn]z sd x'b} uPsf] k|df0f xf] .

39
 cWofo b'O{
df]x

;/n zAbdf ædf]xÆ eg]sf] c1fgtf xf] . cljBf x]t' xf] eg] c1fgtf To;sf]
pkh xf] . df]x eg]sf] ljBf gx'g' xf] . df]x eg]sf] jf:tljs ;To ghfGg' /
ga'em\g' xf], e|ddf kg'{ xf] . c1fgtf cljBfaf6} cfPsf] Pp6f efu jf v08
dfq xf] . cljBf df]xsf] aLp xf] . of] zAbn] d"v{tf eGg] klg hgfpF5 .
df]xsf] cy{ lxGb" wd{df ;+nUgtf -attachment_ jf /fu xf] eg] af}¢df rflxF
df]x eg]sf] c1fgtf -Ignorance_ / e|d xf] . lxGb" wd{df w[t/fi6| k'qdf]xn]
cGwf] eof], kmnfgLsf] df]xdf k/]/ cd"s JolQm kfun eof] eGg' df]x -
ignorance_ xf]Og, Tof] t /fu -attachment_ xf] . lxGb"wd{df df]x dfofsf]
kof{oafrL zAbsf] ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] 5 t/ af}¢df rflxF c1fgtf -df]x_
eg]sf] a:t'sf] aflx/L af]qmf] dfq a'em\g' xf], leqL oyfy{ s'/f ga'em\g' xf] .
df]x eg]sf] rf/ cfo{;To ga'em\g', ;Dos\ b[li6 gx'g' xf] . JolQm z+sfdf -
ljlrlsRrf_ /xg' xf] . lgTodf -cfTdfdf_ ljZjf; ug'{ xf] . d d/]klg d]/f]
cfTdf db}{g eGg] zfZjt b[li6 xf] . d]/f] v'6\6f b'Vof] eGg' ;Tsfo b[li6 xf] .
d sd{ u5'{, O{Zj/n] kmn lbg'x'G5 eGg' klg ldYofb[li6 xf] . d]/f] kfk eujfgn]
gi6 ul/lbg' x'G5 eGg' klg ldYofb[li6 xf] . of] g} lgot ldYof b[li6 xf] . sd{
/ sd{kmndf ljZjf; gug'{ xf] . kGr:sGwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / To;af6
pTkGg x'g] b'Mv ga'em\g' xf] . gfd?k ga'em\g' xf] . gfd ?k kl/ifb 1fg gx'g'
xf] . wd{sf] gfddf s7f]/ udL{df k~rflUg tfk]/ a:g] -lznj|t_ h:tf unt
ljZjf; dfGg' xf] . sf/0f / sfo{ ga'em\g' xf] . b'Mvsf] sf/0f -t[i0ff_ ga'em\g'
xf] . b'Mv lg/f]w / b'Mv lg/f]wufldgL af6f] gb]Vg' xf] .
cljBfnfO{ ljleGg :t/df JofVof laZn]if0f ul/Psf 5g\ . cljBf eGg' g}
;a}eGbf cfwf/e"t :t/df k|s[lt / ;Toaf/] unt a'emfO xf] . dflyNnf] :t/df
a:t'nfO{ oyfe"tdf ga'emL cfTdf / cGo cfj/0fsf] rZdf nufP/ x]g'{ xf] .
36gf / k|s[ltsf] unt a'emfO / unt wf/0ff g} cljBf xf] . ;fdfGo :t/df
40
eGbf cljBfnfO{ k"0f{ cy{, leqL cy{ / lglxtfy{ ga'em]sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift
ug{ klg ;lsG5 . c1fgtf eg]sf] rf/ cfo{;To ga''em\g' xf] . ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
a'emfpgsf nflu af}4 ;flxTodf c1fgtfsf] k|tLssf] ?kdf ;'Fu'/sf] lrq
/flvPsf] x'G5 . af}4 b[li6sf]0fdf b'Mvsf] d"n sf/0fsf] oyfe"t cg'ej /
cg'e"t gu/L b[li6 ;lxt cg'e"t ug'{ xf] . of] g} xfd|f] v'zLsf] d'Vo afws
xf] . unt cl:tTj / unt tYox¿sf] cg'e"t ug'{ g} cljBf xf] . of] c1fgtf
g} b'Mvsf]] sf/0f xf] .
Wofgefjgfsf] a]nf d t pk]Iffdf 5' eg]/ dVv k/]sf] t dnfO{ t df]xn]
ufFh]sf] kf] /x]5 . ;Dj]bgfsf] lg/LIf0f ubf{ b'Mvsf] cg'e"lt ePg, ;'vsf]
cg'e"lt klg ePg eg]/ d dVv k/]sf] t dnfO{ df]xn] kf] n7\7 kf/]sf] /x]5
. Wofgdf a:of] ls cfnZotf a9\g], dgdf g b'Mvsf] g ;'vsf] cg'e"lt x'g]
. cfxf Û sfObf eof], pk]Iffsf] cg'e"lt eof] eg]sf] t yfx} gkfO{ df]xn] ufFHb}
uPsf] kf] /x]5 . dnfO{ w]/} kl5;Dd klg cfkm" df]xdf /x]sf] yfxf g} lyPg .
l/; p7]sf] t yfxf kfOG5 t/ df]xn] ufFh]sf] yfx} x'b}g /x]5 . df]x rflxF
xfdLn] lrG5f}F eg]/ dv'08f] nufP/ cfpFbf] /x]5 . of] vt/gfs zq' /x]5 .
Tof] a]nf dnfO{ g lgGb|f g hfu|t h:tf] eof] . xf]z la:tf/} sd x'Fb} uof] .
d t n6\7 k/]/ /xGy+F] . n7\7 kbf{ Wofg nfUof] eGy]F, n7\7 gkbf{ Wofg nfu]g
eGg] efg x'GYof] . n7\7 kbf{ dnfO{ rflxF cfgGb nfUYof] . w]/} kl5 cfkm}n]
a'em\bf t of] df]x /x]5 . To;kl5 n6\7 kbf{ d v'zL x'g 5f]8+F] . xf]zdf /xg]
cfbt a9fpb} nu]+F . s]xL ;dosf] Wofg kl5 d ylst x'G5' / lgbfpF5' . o;f]
ubf{ xf]zdf x'g] ;dosf] s6f}lt eof] . slxn] Wofgefjgfdf a:bf klg z/L/
rfsfr'nL h:t} xlNng], slxn 6]8f] a;]sf] h:tf] nfUg] . slxn] cfsfzdf
p8] h:t} nfUg] . slxn] s'lx/fsf] sfu h:t} lbUe|ldt x'g] . lk;fa km]g{ hfFbf
csf{] af6f]lt/ hfg] . slxn]sfxLF lgGb|f nfu]sf] h:tf] klg x'g] . slxn] z/L/
cfnZo h:tf] x'g] . oL ;a} df]x g} /x]5g\ eGg] af]w eof] .
d}n] a'4 zf;g a'em]kl5 d cfkm" rflxF xf]zdf /x]sf] t/ c? rflxF k|dfbdf
/x]sf] h:tf] nfUbYof] . d rflxF dlb/fn] n7\7 k/]sf] dflg;nfO{ dfq k|dfbdf
/x]sf] b]Vy]F . d cfkm" rflxF k|dfbdf /x]sf] b]Vb}g lyPF . d a'4 zf;gdf /x]sf]
;fdfGo pkf;s ePsf]n] zf;g aflx/sf c? k[ys\hgnfO{ rflxF d k|dfbdf
41
/x]sf] b]Vy]F . clg >f]tfkGg ePsf] JolQmn] c? k[ys\hgnfO{ klg k|dfbdf
/x]sf] b]Vg] /x]5g\, lsgls tL k[ys\hg ;+;f/d} /dfpg rfxG5g\ . pgLx?
kbsf], k};fsf], s[ltsf] / ;DklQsf] /fud} /dfpg rfxG5g\ . To;}u/L cx{tn]
;s[bfufdL / cgfufdLnfO{ klg k|dfbd} /x]sf] b]V5g\ xf]nf . Tof] rflxF dnfO{
yfxf 5}g .
@=! k|1f hufpg]
df]x x6fpg] ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L pkfo eg]sf] k|1f g} xf] . k|f/lDes ?kdf
k|1f eg]sf] a:t'nfO{ oyf?kdf b]Vg' xf] . cfkm\g} cg'ej / cg'e"ltaf6 hfGg'
xf] . a:t'nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} b]Vg' xf] . k|1f eg]sf] ldYofb[li6 x6fO{ ;Dos
b[li6 agfpg' xf] . >'tdoL k|1fn] cfo{ci6flËs dfu{{ dfq b]vfpF5 . lrGtgdoL
k|1fn] Tof] af6f]df nfUg k|]/0ff lbG5 . Wofgefjgf / ;fwgfaf6 k|fKt 1fg g}
;xL efjgfdoL k|1f xf] . o;n] g} leq leq h/f uf8]/ a;]sf Sn]zx?nfO{
h/}af6 pv]Ng ;S5 . k|1f k|fKt ug'{ eg]sf] ldYof a:t' x6fO{ a:t'nfO{
oyfe"t b]Vg' xf] . d}n] s;/L ldYof x6fP/ oyfe"t ?k / 36gf b]vF,] /
k|f/lDes k|1f hufPF . To;sf s]xL pbfx/0fx? oxfF k|:t't u/]sf] 5' .
d]/f] xsdf k|1f hufpg' eg]sf] cfkm\g} cg'e"lt / cg'ejaf6 b'Mv, clgTo,
cgfTdf af]w ug'{ xf] . kl5Nnf lbgdf Wofgsf] a]nf xf];\ jf af6f]df lx+8\bf
xf];\, d}n] klg ToxL cg'e"lt af]w ug{ yfn]F . Tof] g} d]/f] nflu k|1f xf] . oxL
k|1faf6} df]x x6\g] /x]5 . d wd{>[Ëdf rflxF Wofgefjgf ug{ hfg rfxGy]F t/
cGt/fli6|o af}¢ Wofgefjgf s]Gb|df rflxF hfg rfxb}gy]F . sf/0f wd{>[Ëdf
w]/} If]qL afx'gx? Wofg ug{ cfpFy], t/ cGt/fli6|o af}¢ Wofgefjgf s]Gb|df
rflxF s]jn g]jf/ dfq cfpg], Tof] klg clwsf+z zfSo / ah|frfo{ dfq .
cGt/fli6|o af}¢ Wofgefjgf s]Gb|df hfFbf st} If]qL afx'g klg 5g\ ls eg]/
otf plt x]yF{]+ . d]/f] Wofgefjgf a9\b} uPkl5 g]jf/, tfdfª, If]qL /
afx'gaLrsf] lje]b elTsof] . d]/f] dgdf ;a} dflg; g} x'g\ eGg] efjgf cfof]
. dnfO{ d'vfs[ltsf] km/sn] c;/ kfg{ 5f8\of] . t/ klg d dflg;nfO{ dlxnf
/ k'?ifdf ljefhg uy{]F . dlxnf / k'?if 5'6\6f 5'6\6} a:g'kg{] klg ;d'lQ ;To
dfq /x]5 . Pslbg Wofg efjgfkl5 ef]hg lng a:bf d dlxnfx? a:g]
s';L{df a:g k'u]5' . Tof] a]nf a]xf]zn] d dlxnf a:g] s';L{df a;]sf] xf]Og .
42
cfkm"lt/ dfq x]g{], c?lt/ gx]g{] ePkl5, sf] k'?if < sf] dlxnf < s] dtna
< hxfF a;]klg eOuof] lg h:tf] nfUof] . Pshgf u'?dfn] tkfO{ ptf a:g'xf];\
eGbf dfq ddf Tof] lje]b k'gM ofb eof] . Tof] a]nf d]/f] dgaf6 dlxnf /
k'?ifaLrsf] lje]b klg x6]5 eg]/ d v'zL ePF . t/ Tof] lje]b d leqsf]
cg'zodf 5Fb}lyof] . Psl5g kl5af6 dgdf k'?if / dlxnf cfOxfNof] . cem}
d;+u dflg; / kz' aLrsf] lje]b 5Fb}5 . t/ kz'k|lt s?0f efj rflxF
knfPsf] 5 . la:tf/} d ;a} /+u, j0f{, hflt, wd{, lnËsf dflg;nfO{ Pp6}
b]Vg yfn]sf] 5' . Tof] g} j|Xdro{ b[li6 /x]5 . o;n] g} lje]bsf] cGTo ug{]
/x]5 .
/]l8of]df d}n] c?0ff nfdfsf] uLt ;'Gbf d]/f] sfgdf >f]tlj1fg agL zAbdfq
;'g]sf] xf] . t/ d]/f] lrQdf c?0ff nfdfsf] :j/ ;fy} pgn] k|1f k|lti7fgdf
ufpFb} u/]sf] t:jL/ ;d]t d]/f] dgdf pTkGg eof] . of] s;/L eof] < eg]
c?0ff nfdfsf] uLt / t:jL/ d]/f] ;+:sf/sf] kqdf klxn] g} ;+u|lxt lyof] .
Tof] uLt ;'Gbf d]/f] sfgdf >f]tlj1fg ag]sf] xf], zAb dfq ;'g]sf] xf] . t/
ha Tof] cfjfh ;+1fdf ?kfGt/0f eof], ;+1fn] Tof] cfjfhnfO{ klxn] g}
;+u|lxt cfjfh;+u le8fpFbf Tof] c?0ff nfdf;+u d]n vfof] . To;kl5, Tof]
kmf]N8/df ;+u|lxt c?0ff nfdfsf] :j/;+u} pgsf] t:jL/ ;d]t d]/f] dgdf
7f]lSsof] . ToxL sf/0f d}n] pgsf] t:jL/ b]v]sf] xf] . ;'g]sf] uLt dfq ;To
xf], clg Tof] uLt ;'Gbf dgdf pTkGg ePsf] pgsf] t:jL/ rflxF ldYof xf] .
cem ;'g]sf] zAb dfq ;To xf], Tof] zAbnfO{ uLt agfPsf] -no_ klg ;To
xf]Og, Tof] klg nf]sn] dfg]sf]] -;d'lQ_ no -uLt_ dfq xf] . Tof] klg ldYof
g} xf] . t;y{ Tof] t:jL/ / no x6fP/ ;'g]sf] z'4 zAb dfq ;To xf] . Tof]
zAbnfO{ uLtsf] efsf agfPsf] / pTkGg ePsf] c?0ff nfdfsf] t:jL/ rflxF
ldYof xf] . t;y{ t:jL/ / no x6fP/ z'4 zAb dfq ;'Gg' k|1f hufpg' xf] .
To;kl5 sfd ubf{ a]xf]zdf c?0ff nfdfsf] uLt ufpg 5f]8]F . Wofg lbP/
sfd dfq ug{ yfn]F . of] v/fgL x6fP/ cfuf] b]v] h:t} O{Zj/ / cfTdfsf]
r:df ptf/]/ a:t' / 36gfnfO{ oyf?kdf x]g'{ h:t} xf] .
d wd{>[Ëdf Wofgefjgfdf a;]sf] a]nf 306L aHbf æl6ªÆ sf] cfjfh d]/f]
sfgdf 7f]lSsof] / >f]tlj1fg aGof], ;'g]sf] zAbdfq xf] . t/, d]/f] dgdf
43
uf]nf] 306Lsf] ¿k -lrq_ aGof] . 306L]sf] ?k cf/Dd0f cfFvfdf 7f]lSsP/
rIf'lj1fg ag]sf] xf]Og, s]jn sfgdf zAbdfq 7f]lsPsf] xf] . d}n] ;'g]sf]
zAb dfq ;To xf] . Tof] cfjfh ;+1fdf x:tfGt/0f ePkl5 ;+1fn] Tof] ;'g]sf]
cfjfhnfO{ klxnf b]v]sf] 306Lsf] cfjfh;+u le8fpg] /x]5 . Tof] ldNgf;fy
;+1fn] Tof] uf]nf] 306Lsf] lrq, d]/f] b]Vg] dgdf k7fof] / d}n] uf]nf] 306Lsf]
?k b]v]F . Tof] ;+1fsf] sf/0f ;+:sf/sf] kqdf /x]sf] cf/Dd0f d]/f] dgdf
7f]lSsO{ uf]nf] 306L b]v]sf] xf] . xfn uf]nf] 306L cfFvfdf 7f]lSsP/ b]v]sf]
lrq xf]Og . To;}n] of] dgdf 7f]lSsPsf]] uf]nf] 306Lsf]] lrq rflxF ldYof xf],
xfn d}n] b]v]sf] xf]Og . oyf¿k xf]Og . 306Lsf] cfjfh ;To xf] . t/, Tof]
cfjfhnfO{ d}n] æl6ªÆdf kl/eflift u/]sf] klg ;To xf]Og . Tof] klg nf]sn]
dfg]sf] cfjfhsf] ¿k -;d'lQ ;To_ dfq xf] . To;kl5 ;'g]sf] cfjfh dfq}
lng yfn]F / Tof] uf]nf] 306Lsf] ?k / cfjfhsf] nonfO{ -l6ª_ rflxF kmfNg
yfn]F . o;f] ubf{ b[li6 x6fpg ;xof]u ldNg] /x]5 . b[li6 eg]sf] klg e|d g}
t /x]5 lg . clg Tof] 306Lsf] cfjfhsf] nx/ aGb} / lau|b} u/]sf] hfGg'
;+:sf/ xf] . Tof] aGg] / lau|g] cfjfhnfO{ d x]g{ yfn]F . bf]>f] l6ª cfjfh
cfpgf;fy klxnf] l6ª cfjfh x/fof] . t]>f] l6ª cfpgf;fy bf]>f] l6ªsf] klg
cGTo eof] . pTklQ x'g' / ljgfz x'g' g} ;+:sf/ wd{ xf] . Tof] 306Lsf]
cfjfhnfO{ hfGg' lj1fg xf] . jf:tjdf ?k, j]bgf, ;+1f, ;+:sf/, lj1fgsf]
:jefj hfGg' g} k|1f af]w x'g' xf] . gfd?k hfGg' g} k|1f hufpg' xf] . zf:qLo
?kdf o;}nfO{ gfd?k kl/ifb 1fg klg eGbf /x]5g\ . of] rflxF ;dflw b[li6
xf] .
dgsfdgfsf] dlGb/df uPsf] a]nf d}n] ToxfF ;;fgf af]sfx? sf6]sf] b]vF] .
d]/f] dg lgs} b'lvt eof] . cfkm\gf] dgf]sfdgf k"lt{ ug{sf nflu tL lgbf]{if
k|f0fLsf] xTof ug'{ b'Mvb s'/f xf] . clg tL af]sf sf6\bf sfl6g] af]sfn] klg
d'lQm k|fKt u5{ eGbf dnfO{ t emg\ a9L b'Mv eof] . oxfF v;L, af]sf, / s'v'/f
sf6\bf ltgn] klg d'lQm k|fKt u5{g\ eGg] unt ljZjf; 5, Tof] ;To xf]Og,
ldYof s'/f xf] . ;fFrf] s'/f rflxF dgsfdgf b]jLnfO{ l/emfP/ cs't ;DklQ
xfl;n ug{ Tof] lg/Lx kz'sf] xTof u/]sf] xf]] . df;' vfgsf nflu Tof] kz'sf]
xTof u/]sf] xf] . cem a9L b'Mvsf] s'/f rflxF Tof] xTofnfO{ k'0osd{ b]vfpg
44
sfNklgs b]jLb]ptf v8f ul/of] . af]sf] d/] klg af]sfsf] cfTdf db}{g, Tof]
lgTo 5 eGg' zf:jt ldYof b[li6 xf] . oxfF b'O{j6f ldYof s'/f Ps}rf]6L cfP—
af]sfsf] cfTdf db}{g eGg] / af]sfsf] d'lQm x'G5 eGg] . af]sfsf] cfTdf lgTo
5 eGg' zf:qLo dfGotf xf] . d}n] af]w u/]sf] s'/f xf]Og . af]sfn] d'lQm kfpF5
eGg] klg zf:qLo s'/f xf] . d}n] cg'e"lt u/]sf] s'/f xf]Og . csf{] s'/f, d]/f]
OR5fn] tL af]sf sfl6Psf xf]Ogg\ / d]/f] clgR5fn] pgLx?sf] d[To' 6g{] klg
xf]Og . Tof] cgfTdf ga'em]/ dnfO{ b'Mv eof] . d]/f] a'emfOdf rflxF lgTodf -
cfTdf_ ljZjf; ePkl5 lx+;f a9\g] /x]5 . oxfF cfTdf / cGwljZjf;sf]
cfj/0f x6fpFbf h'g a:t' b]lvof], Tof] dfq ;To xf] . oxfF af]sfsf] cfTdf
lgTo 5, of] db}{g eGg' g} zf:jt b[li6 xf], of] zf:jt b[li6 x6fO{ d}n] b]v]sf]
af]sfsf] xTof dfq ;To xf] . cfTdf, O{Zj/ / cGwljZjf;sf kqx? x6fP/
;xL j:t'nfO{ oyfe"t ?kdf b]Vg' g} d]/f] a'emfOdf k|1f hufpg' xf] .
d]/f] ljkZogf Wofg Tolt l5lKkPsf] 5}g . d s'g} a:t' x]bf{ Tof] a:t'df eGbf
klg d]/f] dgdf s:tf] :jefj, efj÷k|efj pTkGg eof] otflt/ Wofg lbg
yfn]sf] 5' . d]/f] nflu a:t' eGbf d]/f] dgdf pTkGg ePsf] efj dxTjk"0f{
xf] . s'g} a:t' x]bf{ t'?Gt} d]/f] dgdf To;sf] x]t' -sf/0f_ cfOxfN5 . dflg;sf]
d[To' b]Vbf b'Mv x'G5 t/ To;n] gofF hLjg k|fKt u¥of] eGbf b'Mv s]xL sd
x'G5 . cem a|Xdnf]sdf pTkGg eof] eGbf b'Mv x'Fb}g . lgjf{0f d]/f] nflu
6f9fsf] p2]Zo xf] . d}n] Totflt/ xfn ;f]r]sf] 5}g . d cem}klg k|f/lDes
k|1f x]g{d} ;Lldt 5' . s]xL ;fyLx? eGg'x'G5, — d t a:t' g} b]lVbg, s]jn
t/Ë g} t/Ë dfq b]V5' . t/ d cem} klg c1fgL g} 5', ev{/} dfq b]lvg]
eGbf gb]lvg] a:t' x]g{ yfn]sf] 5' . d]/f] ljkZogf Wofg Tof] :t/df k'u]sf]
5}g . d}n] Tolt leq leq k;]/ clGtd x]t' x]g{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ædÆ 5}g eGg]
1fg 5 t/ cem} klg ædÆ gePsf] k"0f{ cg'ej ePsf] 5}g . cem} v'6\6fdf
rf]6 nfUof] eg] cO\of Û d]/f] v'6\6f b'Vof] eG5' .
Wofgefjgfdf a;]sf] a]nf d]/f] v'6\6fdf kL8f eof] eGy]F . Tof] klg ;To xf]Og
/x]5 . kL8f rflxF ;To xf], t/ To;df ldl;P/ cfPsf] d]/f] v'6\6f rflx ldYof
xf] . lgofn]/ x]bf{ d eGg] g} 5}g /x]5 . d]/f] v'6\6f eGg] g} 5}g /x]5 . s]jn
kL8f dfq /x]5 . x8\8L d]/f] v'6\6f xf] < xf]Og . df;' d]/f] v'6\6f xf] < xf]Og
45
. 5fnf d]/f] v'6\6f xf] < xf]Og . /ut d]/f] v'6\6f xf] < Tof] klg xf]Og . kfgL
d]/f] v'6\6f xf], Tof] klg xf]Og . gª d]/f] v'6\6f xf] < Tof] klg xf]Og . lgofn]/
x]bf{ t d]/f] v'6\6f eGg] g} 5}g . kL8f hfGg' k|1f xf], t/ d]/f] v'6\6fdf kL8f
eof] eGg' rflxF ldYof xf] . Tof] g} zf:qLo lx;fadf ;Tsfo b[li6 klg xf] .
v'6\6fdf rf]6 nfu]sf] a]nf of] d]/f] v'6\6f xf] eGbf a9L kL8f eof] t/ d /
d]/f] v'6\6f x6fP/ x]bf{ rflxF klxnf eGbf lgs} sd dfq kL8f eof] . kL8fsf]
oyfe"t cg'ej ug'{ g} d]/f] nflu k|1f klg xf] . kL8fnfO{ ;xL ?kdf a'em\g,
d]/f] z/L/, d]/f] v'6\6f eGg] ;Tsfo b[li6 x6fpg' kg{] /x]5 eGg] d]/f] cfkm\g}
cg'e"ltaf6 hfgsf/L eof] .
sd{ / sd{ljkfs ga'em\g' klg c1fgtf -df]x_ xf] . o:tf] ldYof s'/f c?
ljZjf;df -faith_ dfq xf]Og, a'4 zf;gdf klg 5 . ;fwgf u¥of] eg]
c+u'nLdfn h:tf xTof/f / lx+;|sn] klg d'lQm -cx{t_ kfpF5g\ eGg] s'/f klg
ldYof xf] . cfrGg sd{ h] ePklg cf;Gg sd{ /fd|f] eP eOuof] lg eG5f}F,
Tof] klg unt a'emfO xf] . a'em\g s] h?/L 5 eg] cfrGgsd{sf] hud}
cf;Ggsd{ aG5 . cs'zn cfrGgsd{ ePkl5 s'zn cf;Gg sd{ aGg]
;Defjgf clt lemgf] dfq x'G5 . Tof] x'Fb} x'bF }g eg] klg x'G5 . d]/f] a'emfOdf
rflxF k6s k6s xTof ug{] JolQmsf] dg dg{] a]nfdf z'4 x'g ;St}g . cs'zn
cfrGg sd{af6 dg{] j]nfdf kZrfQfk ePsf] lrQ pTkGg x'G5, s'zn cf;Gg
lrQ pTkGg x'Fb}g . Tof] Ro't lrQleq kZrfQfk /x]sf] x'G5 . Tof] kZrfQfk
af]s]sf] Ro't lrQn] /fd|f] lgldQ b]vL ;'ultdf k|lt;lGw u|x0f -hGd_ ug{
;St}g . To:tf] xTof/fn] d'lQm kfpg] s'/f ;f]Rg ;Dd ;lsb}g . p;n] u/]sf
s'znsd{n] w]/} hgfsf] xTof h:tf] h3Go cs'znsd{ sf6\g ;St}g . km]l/,
s]xL JolQmn] pgnfO{ u/]sf] ufnL / dflg;n] xfg]sf ;;fgf 9'Ëf vfFb}df
To:tf] u?Ëf] cs'zn sd{ sfl6g ;Sb}g . zf:qdf h] n]v] klg, c?n] h]
u/]klg, d RfflxF d]/f] cs'zn sd{sf] kmn d}n] g} ef]Ug'k5{ eGg]df ;r]t 5' .
Tof] syfsf] tfTko{ ck/fwL / xTof/fx?nfO{ klg a'4 zf;gdf -lzIffdf_ NofO{
yk xTof / lx+;fsf] /f]syfd -prevention_ ug'{ / JolQmnfO{ ;'w|g] df}sf k|bfg
ug'{ xf] .

46
rDan3fF6LsL 8/nfUbL 8fFs' km"ngb]jLn] 8s}tL uly{g\ / 8s}tL u/]/ NofPsf]
;DklQ u/Lj hgtfnfO{ ljt/0f uly{g\ . 8s}tL ug'{ cs'zn sd{ xf], t/
8s}tL u/]/ NofPsf] ;DklQ u/Lj hgtfnfO{ ljt/0f ug{' rflx s'zn sd{ g}
xf] . ;DklQsf] ljt/0f h:tf] s'zn sd{n] pgn] w]/}hgfsf] -Ps} k6s @@
hgfsf]_ xTof u/]sf]] u?Ëf] cs'zn sd{ sf6\g ;Sb}g . kl5 km"ngb]jL lbbL
a'4zf;gdf cfpg'eof], pkfl;sf aGg'eof]] . cfkm"n] xTof / lx+;f 5f]8\g' eof]
/ c?nfO{ klg lx+;fsf] af6f] Tofu ug{ cfJxfg ug'{eof] . o;af6 w]/} dflg;sf]
hLjg aRof], Tof] pgsf] s'zn sd{ xf] . of] nf]ssf nflu klg 7"nf] nfe xf]
. t/ jxfFn] u/]sf] Tof] w]/} k6ssf] 8s}lt / w]/} hgfsf] xTof h:tf] u?Ëf]
cs'zn sd{sf] kmn t jxfFn] ef]Ug' g} k5{ . d]/f] ljrf/df c+u'nLdfnn] kl5
hlt g} s'zn sd{ u/]klg pgL cx{t x'g ;St}gg\ lsgls pgn] k6s k6s
dflg;x?sf] xTof -k|f0ffltkft_ u/] . kl5 pgn] w]/} Wofgefjgf / ;fwgf
klg u/] . Tof] s'zn sd{sf] sf/0fn] pgsf] g/sdf a:g] ;dodf s]xL sd
x'g ;Snf t/ pgL cx{t x'g] s'/f t ;f]Rg klg ;lsb}g . c?n] s] u5{g\ d
Tof] dtnj ulb{g, t/ d}n] cs'zn csd{ u/] eg] l;w} g/s hfg'k5{ eGg]df
s'/fdf ljZj:t 5' . sd{ / sd{kmnsf] ljZjJofkL sfg'g -universal law_
;a}dfly nfu' x'G5 g} . of] sfg'g cg';f/sf] sd{ljkfs -sd{sf] kmn_ :jo+
eujfg a'4n] t ef]Ug' eof] eg] c+u'nLdfnn] ef]Ug' gkg{] s'/} 5}g .
To:t} cnfesn] klg >f]tfklQ dfu{kmn kfpg ;St}gg\ . >f]tfkGg ePkl5
rf/ ckfosf] 9f]sf aGb x'G5, hasL w]/} dflg;sf] xTof u¥of] eg] pm l;w}
g/s hfg'kg{] x'G5 . cem pxfFn] t 1fg eO{ eO{ xTof h:tf] cs'zn sd{
ug{ k'Ug'eof] . t;y{ zf:qsf] rZdf ptf/]/ 36gfnfO{ oyfe"t x]g'{k5{ .
g]kfnLdf elgG5 æh:tf] dlt To:t} ultÆ . x'g klg xf], xfdLn] h:tf] sd{
u5f}{F To:t} kmn kfpF5fF} . dlt /fd|f] 5 eg] ;'ult / g/fd|f] 5 eg] b'u{lt .
zf:qsf] rZdfaf6 x]bf{ klg ;xL a:t' / 36gfx? b]Vg ;lsg] /x]g5 . Tof]
klg b[li6—pkfbfg g} xf] . of] zf:qLo rZdf ptf/]/ gfËf] cfFvfaf6 a:t' /
36gf h:tfsf] t:t} x]g'{ g} k|1f hufpg' xf] .
sf/0f / sd{sf] lgod -causality_ ga'em\g' klg c1fgtf -df]x_ xf] . d}n] v;L
sf6]sf] xf]Og, csf{n] sf6]sf] df;' vfPsf] t xF' lg Û dnfO{ kfk nfUb}g eGg'
47
klg ldYof s'/f xf] . a'‰g' kg{] s'/f s] xf] eg] d}n] v;Lsf] df;' vfPs} sf/0fn]
v;Lsf] xTof ePsf] xf] . v;Lsf] df;' gvfg] xf] eg] s;}n] klg v;L sf6]/
a]Rg] lyPg . sf/0f -df;' vfPsf]_ / sfo{ -v;Lsf] xTof_ ga'em\g' klg df]x
xf] . sf/0f a9]kl5 sfo{ klg a9\5 . d}n] df;' vfPs} sf/0f v;Lsf] xTof
eof], To;sf] kmn d}n] g} ef]Ug' k5{ eGg] af]w eof] eg] lx+;f sd x'G5 . clg
b'Mv klg sd x'G5 . d}n] dfbs kbfy{ a]r]sf] dfq xf], dlb/f vfPsf] t xf]Og
lg Û d}n] lx+;f t u/]sf] 5}g lg Û eGg'x'G5 . t/, af]w xf];\ – dfbs kbfy{
ga]Rg] xf] eg] dflg;n] vfg kfpFb}gg\ / vfg gkfPkl5 3/]n' / n}lËs lx+;f
xF'b}gg\ . d}n] dlb/f pTkfbg dfq u/]sf] xf] . t/, lx+;f u/]sf] xf]Og eGg' unt
x'G5, dlb/f a]r]s}n] lx+;f ePsf] xf] .
d}n] s'g} o'jtL;Fu of}g ;DaGwsf] t:jL/ dfq dgdf agfPsf] xf], of}g ;DaGw
g} t ufF;]sf] 5}g lg Û eGg'x'G5 . t/, dfgl;s rfxgfs} sf/0faf6 sflos
sd{ -of}g ;Dks{_ x'G5 . d}n] cs'zn sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g eGg ldNb}g . cs'zn
dfgl;s sd{af6} sflos / jflrs cs'zn sd{ x'g k'U5g\ . clg, xfdLn]
To;sf] ljkfs -b'Mv_ ef]Ug}k5{ .
clgTotfnfO{ ga'em\g' klg c1fgtf -df]x_ xf] . Tof] c1fgtf x6fpg g} k|1f
k|fKt ug'k{ 5{ . lbgdf tkfO{ cfkm" slt ;do clgTodf 5' eGg] af]w ug'{x'G5
< g9fF6L eGbf klxnf klxnf d Wofgefjgf u/]sf] ;do / dnfdL hFfbf dfq
clgTo af]w uy{]+ . c?a]nf rflxF d d5'{ h:tf] nfUb}gYof] . la:tf/} clgTo
af]w aflSnb} uO/x]sf]5 . dflg; sltv]/ d5{, Tof] p;nfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g . of]
z/L/ snfsf/n] ef8fdf lnPsf] sk8f h:t} xf], ef8f -k'0o_ ;lsPkl5 of]
z/L/ 5f]8]/ hfg'k5{ . dflg; dfq xf]Og, ;a} k|f0fL g} clgTo 5g\ . of] clgTo
af]w gx'g' klg cljBf xf] . d]/f] xsdf d af6f]af6 n8]/ tn k'u]F, 6fpsf]df
7"nf] rf]6 nfUof], kNnf]kmfn k'u]/ afFr], t/ Tof]] la/fdL ePsf] klg /fd|} eP5
lsgls dnfO{ clgTo af]w eof] . o;af6 d]/f] k|1fsf] 9f]sf v'Nof] . d]/f] bfg,
Wofg / 1fg klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . clgTo af]w hlt a9\b} hfG5 Tolt g} df]x
x6\b} hfg] /x]5 .

48
a[xt\ cy{df c1fgtf eg]sf] cfTdf lgTo 5 eGg', d :jtGq 5' eGg' xf] .
ædÆ km/s xF' eGg' xf] . ædÆ eGg] cfbt g} df]x xf] . ædÆ c?df cfl>t 5}g
eGg', ædÆ c?sf] c+z xf]Og eGg' ;a} df]x g} xf] . d leq} c? klg 5g\, clg
c?df klg d 5' eGg] efjgf cfpg' rflxF k|1f xf] . Tof] dlxnf xf], clg d
rflxF k'?if xF' eGg', of] tNnf] hftsf] clg d rflxF dflyNnf] hftsf] eGg', of]
c1fgL clg d rflxF 1fgL eGg', d]/f] gfd kmnfgf] xf], d kmnfgfsf] 5f]/f] x'F
eGg' klg ;a} c1fgtf g} xf] . of] klxrfgaf6 å}tjfbL b[li6sf]0f pTkGg x'G5,
lsgls ToxfF d x'G5, clg c¿klg y'k|} ædÆ x'G5g\ . of] ljefhg x'g] lalQs},
o;n] k|ltlqmofsf b'O{ ljk/Lt tl/sfx¿ l;h{gf ub{5 . t'ngf u/L d /fd|f]
5' clg c? rflxF g/fd|f] eGg' ;a} c1fgtf xf] . ?k cfs[lt x]/]/ s'g} JolQmk|lt
agfOg] wf/0ff klg ldYof g} xf] . ;j{;fwf/0fn] a'em\g] efiffdf eGbf of] ;'Fu'/]
:jefj xf] .
O{Zj/df cGw ;dy{g x'g' klg c1fgtf g} xf] . æO{Zj/sf] s[kf ePg eg] of]
?vsf] kft klg xlNnb}gÆ eGg' / O{Zj/sf] s[kf ePg eg] d s]xL ug{ ;lStg
eGg' klg c1fgtf g} xf] . O{Zj/df elQm ul/of] eg] jxfFn] d]/f] kfk gi6
ul/lbg' x'G5 eGg' klg e|d xf] . o:tf] eof] eg] xfd|f ;f/f k|oTgx? O{Zj/nfO{
l/emfpgd} ;Lldt x'G5 . elSt a9\5, t/ lgisfd sd{ a9\b}g . nf]sf]ksf/L
s'zn sd{ klg x'Fb}gg\ . sd{ / sd{kmn, d}qL / s?0ff s]xL klg af]w x'Fb}g .
df]x eg]sf]] cfkm" lgldQ dfq xf], ;a} O{Zj/n] lbg'x'G5 eGg' g} lgot ldYof
b[li6 xf] . of] ldYof b[li6 x6]kl5 dfq cgfTdf af]w x'g yfNg] /x]5 .
@=@ cgfTdfsf] cEof;
d lxGb" wd{df bLlIft JolQm, cfTdf zf:jt 5, lgTo 5, cljgfzL 5, ch/
5, clg cljefHo 5 eGg] ;d'lQ ;To ;dfP/ a;]sf] dflg; lyPF . h;/L
z/L/n] sk8f abN5, To;/L g} cfTdfn] klg z/L/ abN5 eGg] dfGotf
d;+u;+u} cfPsf] /x]5 . Tof] g} zf:jt b[li6 xf] . d a'4 zf;gdf cfPklg
cfTdfjfbL ;d'lQ ;To d;+u} nfu]/ cfPsf] /x]5 . ;+1fsf] sf/0f Tof] ;+:sf/sf]
kqdf /x]sf] cfTdfsf] dfGotf d]/f] dgdf k6s k6s 7f]lSsGYof] / ddf
cfTdfk|lt /fu hfUYof] . cgfTdf eGg] lalQs} dnfO{ bf}d{g:o -b'Mv_ pTkGg
49
x'GYof] . a'4n] lsg cgfTdf eGg'ePsf] xf]nf < h:tf] nfUbYof] . To;kl5 d
cfTdf vf]Hg] sfddf nfu]F .
klxnf] r/0fdf d}n] Wofgefjgfaf6} cfTdfsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 ls eg]/ w]/} nfdf]
Wofgefjgf klg u/F] . hlt g} u/]klg dnfO{ cfTdfg'e"lt ePg . Wofgefjgfs}
a]nf lgnf] /+usf] Pp6f 7"nf] k|sfz rflxF d}n] b]v]sf] xf], t/ To:tf] k|sfz
Wofgsf] Pp6f txdf d dfq geP/ c? w]/}n] b]Vg'ePsf] /x]5 . Tof] cfTdf
rflxF xf]Og /x]5 . d eg]sf] s] xf] < eg]/ vf]Hg yfn]F – d]/f] z/L/ xf] < xf]Og
. d]/f] 5fnf xf] < – xf]Og . d]/f OlGb|ox¿ x'g\ < – xf]Ogg\ . d]/f] 6fpsf] xf]
< – xf]Og . d]/f] 5fnf xf] < – xf]Og . d]/f] a'l¢ xf] < – Tof] klg xf]Og . d]/f]
:jefj xf] < – Tof] klg xf]Og . d]/f] dg xf] < – xf]Og . d]/f] ;+1f xf] < Tof]
klg xf]Og . d]/f] lj1fg xf] < Tof] klg xf]Og . d]/f] b[li6sf]0f / ljrf/ xf] < –
Tof] klg xf]Og . z/L/sf ;a} efunfO{ 6'qmf—6'qmf kfbf{ ædÆ eGg] sxLF e]l6b}g
. dflysf hlt 5g\ tL ;a} ?k / gfd dfq x'g\ / tL ;a} kl/jt{g eO/xG5g\
. ;a} clgTo g} clgTo . To;}n] ædÆ g} 5}g / ælgTo cfTdfÆ klg 5}g g}
eGg]df k'u+F . Wofgefjgf ubf{ klg dnfO{ cfTdfsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 ls eGg]
lyof]] . hlt g} cfTdf b]vfF} eGg] clenfiff ePklg To:tf] zf:jt cfTdf d}n]
clxn];Ddsf] efjgfdf e]6]sf] 5}g .
bf]>f] r/0fdf, w]/} eGt] / u'?dfsf] wd{b]zgf ;'g]kl5 d cfkm" klg cfTdfsf]
cy{ vf]Hg]tkm{ nfu]F . dleq cfTdf eP/ t d b]Vg ;S5', ;'Gg ;S5', hfGg
;S5' t/ d/]sf] dflg;df cfFvf, sfg eP klg b]Vg / ;'Gg ;Sb}g eGy]F . o;
cy{df cfTdf eg]sf] hfGg] :jefj /x]5 . Tof] eg]sf] lj1fg g} xf] . cfTdfn]
csf{] z/L/ lnG5 eg]sf] klg k|lt;lGw lj1fg aGg' xf] . w]/} cy{df cfTdf
eg]sf] lj1fg /x]5 . cfTdf ePg eg] s'g} a:t'sf] pTklQ x'Fb}g eG5f}F .
cfFvfdf l5g l5gdf gofF gofF b[iosf] pTklQ / ljgfz x'G5 . sfgdf l5g
l5gdf gofF gofF cfjfhsf] pTklQ / ljgfz x'G5 . of] ;a} ;+:sf/ wd{ xf] .
oxfF cfTdf eg]sf] ;+:sf/ wd{ /x]5 . cfTdfn] ;a} s'/f yfxf kfpF5 eG5f}F,
oxfF cfTdf eg]sf] ;+1f /x]5 . d eGy]F æcfTdf 5 / t cg'e"lt x'G5Æ . oxfF
cfTdf eg]sf] j]bgf—ef]Qmf -j]bs_ /x]5 . cem :ki6 ?kdf eGbf ;'v / b'Mv
ef]Ug] g} cfTdf /x]5 . w]/} cy{df cfTdf eg]sf] lj1fg / ;+:sf/ /x]5 / yf]/}
50
cy{df cfTdf eg]sf] ;+1f / j]bgf /x]5 . oL rf/j6} -j]bgf, ;+1f, ;+:sf/, /
lj1fg_ dgs} efu x'g\ . d ;fyLx?;+u æd]/f] cfTdfn] of] sfd ug{ dfg]gÆ
eGy]F . Tof] eg]sf] d]/f] dgn] Tof] sfd ug{ dfg]g eg]sf] t /x]5 . dnfO{
æcfTdUnflgÆ eof] eg]sf] klg d}n] dg gnfu]sf] sfd ug'{k¥of] eg]sf] t /x]5
lg . w]/} cy{df d]/f] cfTdf eg]sf]] d]/f] dg g} /x]5 . ;f/f+zdf j]bgf, ;+1f,
;+:sf/ / lj1fgnfO{ g} cfTdf eGg] /x]5g\ . oL rf/ g} d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5}gg\,
oL rf/ g} l5gl5gdf kl/jt{g eO/xG5g\\, zf:qdf n]lvP h:tf] lgTo s]xL
klg 5}g eGg] d]/f] cfkm\gf] cg'e"ltaf6} af]w eof] . d}n] kl/jt{g eO/xg]
dgnfO{ g} :yfoL / zfZjt cfTdf dfGg] u/]sf] /x]5' eGg] af]w eof] .
t]>f] r/0fdf, d zf:q gdfGg] dflg; ePklg zf:q k9\g yfn]F . zf:q cg';f/
cfTdf kfFr kqleq 5 elgG5 . cGgdo sf]if eg]sf] ef}lts z/L/ -Physical
body_ xf] . of] ?k g} cfTdfsf] jflx/L kq xf] . k|f0fdo sf]if eg]sf] pmhf{ -
energy_ xf] . of] cfWoflTds pmhf{ g} cfTdfsf] bf]>f] kq xf] . dgf]do sf]if
eg]sf] dg g} t]>f] kq xf] . lj1fgdo sf]if eg]sf] r]tgf -consicousness_ g}]
eOuof]], of] rf}yf] kq xf] . clg cfgGbdo sf]if eGgfn] -happiness_ cfTdfsf]
;a}eGbf leqL kq xf] eGg]] zf:qLo dfGotf /x]5 . Tof] leq cfTdf 5 elgG5
t/ Tof] Kofhsf af]s|f 5f]8fP/ leq s]xL gkfP h:t} /x]5 . d}n] cfTdf eGg]
s]xL klg kfOg . dfly elgPsf kqx? -;+1f, ;+:sf/ / lj1fg_ gfds} -dg_
efu x'g\ . oL lgd]if lgd]ifdf ablnO/xG5g\ . clg z/L/ rflxF ?k tTj /x]5
. of] rflxF clns 9Lnf] kl/jt{g x'g] /x]5 . o;/L x]bf{ cfTdf eg]sf] k~r:sGw
/x]5 . gfd / ?k /x]5 . oL ;a} clgTo g} x'g\ . l5gl5gdf kl/jt{g eO/xG5g\
eGg] s'/f d]/f]] cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6 af]w eof] . t;y{ zf:qdf n]lvP h:tf]
lgTo cfTdf rflxF 5}g /x]5 . dflysf kfFrj6}} -?k, j]bgf, ;+1f, ;+:sf/ /
lj1fg_ :sGwx? clgTo ePkl5 cfTdf rflxF s;/L lgTo x'g;S5 < eGg]
nfUg yfNof] .
k~r:sGw g} d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5}g, To;}n] of] cgfTdf klg xf] . af:tjdf d
/ d]/f] cl:tTj xf] eGg' g} e|d -df]x_ xf] . lsgls, s'g} JolQm, a:t' / 36gfsf]
:jtGq cl:tTj 5}g, ;a} c¿df cfl>t 5g\ . Pp6f gePkl5 csf{] x'Fb}g .
sf/0f geO{ sfo{ x'Fb}g . Ps ePg eg] csf{sf] pTklQ x'Fb}g . d}n] klg JolQm,
51
a:t' / 36gfnfO{ oyf¿kdf b]Vg ;s]sf] /x]g5' . d}n] kl/jt{g eO/xg]
dgnfO{ g} :yfoL / zfZjt cfTdf dfGg] u/]sf] /x]5' eGg] af]w eof] .
gbL lgTo b]lvG5 t/ To;df aUg] kfgL x]bf{ l5gl5gdf kfgLsf c/afF} s0fx?
cfpb} / hfFb} u5{g\ . r6\6fg x]bf{ lgTo b]lvG5, t/ To;leqsf] On]S6|f]g,
k|f]6g / Go'6|g x]¥of] eg] tL rnfodfg 5g\, l5g l5gdf ablnO/xG5g\ . d}n]
dfg]sf] cfTdf -lgTo_ klg ;d'lQ ;To dfq /x]5 . ;'g]sf]] cfwf/df d}n]
dfg]sf] s'/f dfq /x]5Ù aflx/L cfj/0f dfq /x]5, oyf¿k xf]Og /x]5 eGg]
rflxF af]w ePsf] 5 . t/ cem} klg d]/f] cfTdfjfbL dfGotf k"0f{ ?kdf gi6
ePsf] 5}g . s]xL ;do cufl8b]lv d wd{nfO{ hfu?stf;fy x]b}{5' . kL8f
ePsf] ;To xf], t/ dnfO{ kL8f eof] eGg' rflxF e|d jf b[li6 xf] . Tof] kL8fnfO{
klg nfdf] ;do;Dd x]g{] xf] eg] kL8f g} 5}g . Tof] klg ;To xf]Og /x]5 .
kL8f x'gf;fy dgdf å]if hfU5 . t/, stfaf6 xf] s'lGg Û t'?Gt dnfO{ xf]lzof/
agfOxfN5 . d eg]sf] æd]/f] z/L/ xf]OgÆ eGg] 1fg cfOxfN5 . d, d]/f] /
dnfO{ eGg] efj la:tf/} x6\b} uO/x]sf 5g\ . Tof] g} cgfTdfjfbL ;f]rfO xf] .
@=# :d[ltsf] ;fwgf
d}n] dflysf] pkzLif{s !=% df Wofgefjgfsf] af/]df lj:t[t ?kdf :d[ltsf]
JofVof / ljZn]if0f ul/;s]sf] 5' . oxfF bf]xf]¥ofpg rfxGg .
klxnf]] r/0fdf, d}n] rqmd0fsf] cEof; u/]F . cfgfkfgfn] h:t} rqmd0fn] klg
xf]zdf /xg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] /x]5 . w]/}nfO{ yfxf 5}g, of] xf]zk"j{s v'6\6f
rfn]/ s] x'G5 < v'6\6f p7fPsf], v'6\6f cufl8 a9fPsf], v'6\6f 6]s]sf] k6s
k6ssf] :d/0f cEof;n] ddf xf]zdf /xg] afgLsf] ljsfz eof] . of] nfdf]
cEof; ubf{ z/L/n] :jrflnt ?kdf lj:tf/} v'6\6f rfNg] /x]5 . t/ To;f]
x'g lbg' x'Fb}g . xf]zk"j{s dgn] ;f]r]/ g} d v'6\6f prfNb}5', v'6\6f cufl8
a9fpFb}5', clg v'6\6f 6]Sb}5' eGb} ;f]xL cg'?k v'6\6f rnfpg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{
v'6\6f ;+u;+u]} dgsf] klg tflnd x'g] /x]5 . dg xf]zdf /xg] /x]5 .
;fdfGotofM v'6\6f :jrflnt ?kdf rN5 . Tof] :jrflnt v'6\6fnfO{ xf]zk"j{s
rnfpg] k|lqmof g} rs|d0f /x]5 . slxn]sfxLF d}n] v'6\6f 6]s]F eGg'eGbf klxnf
g} v'6\6fn] 6]lsxfN5, To:tf] x'g lbg'x'b}g .
52
sfd ubf{ klg d a]xf]zd} uLt ufpg] /x]5' . Tof] uLt ufPsf] dnfO{ yfxf g}
x'b}gYof] . Wofgefjgf kl5 klg s'g} s'g} a]nfdf t d a]xf]zd} uLt ufpy]F
t/ uLt ufPsf] s'/f dnfO{ t'?Gt yfxf eOxfNYof] / d uLt ufpg aGb uy{]F
. d]/f] lrQdf uLtsf] /fu ;fy} df]x -a]xf]zLkg_ klg /x]5 eGg] s'/f d]/f]
cfkm\g} cjnf]sgaf6 yfxf eof] . To;kl5 d sfd u/]sf] a]nf ToxL sfddf
k"0f{ Wofg lbg yfn]F / d}n] la:tf/} uLt ufpg aGb u/F] . xf]zdf /xg] cfbtn]
Ps} rf]6L b'O{j6f Sn]z -/fu / df]x_ gfz ug{] /x]5 .
bf]>f] r/0fdf, :d[lt zlQm a9fpgsf nflu Pslbg cufl8sf lqmofsnfkx?
;lDemP/ d}n] csf{] lbg 8fo/Ldf n]Vg yfn]F . csf]{ xKtf b'O{ lbg cufl8sf
lqmofsnfkx? b'O{ lbg kl5 ;Demb} b}lgsL n]Vg yfn]F . o;f] ubf{ :d[ltdf
/xg] cfbt cem a9\g] /x]5 .
t]>f] r/0fdf, Ps cg'R5]bdf lxhf] d}n] s] s'zn / s] cs'zn dfgl;s,
jflrs / zf/Ll/s sd{ u/]5' eg]/ l6kf]6 ug{ yfn]F . o;f] ubf{ dgn] cs'zn
sd{ ug{ 8/ dfGbf] /x]5, kmntM cs'zn sd{ sd x'g] /x]5 . lj:tf/} d]/f]
dgdf cs'zn sd{ cfpg 5f8\of] . d}n] lxhf] s] s] s'zn sd{ u/]F eg]/
l6kf]6 ubf{ cem a9L s'zn sd{ ug{] k|]/0ff hfUg] /x]5 . xf]zdf /xg] ;fwgfn]
dgdf s'zn r]tgf dfq cfpg] /x]5, cs'zn sd{ -r]tgf_ cfpg] /x]g5 .

53
 cWofo tLg
nf]e

klxnf klxnf d;+u yf]/} nf]e 5 t/ /fu / t[i0ff rflxF 5}g eGy]F . jf:tjdf
t[i0ff, /fu / nf]e eg]sf] Pp6} s'/f /x]5 eGg] s'/f rflxF dnfO{ w]/}kl5 dfq
yfxf eof] . d]/f] k"j{hGdsf ;+:sf/af6 s:tf] k|lt;lGw lj1fg aGof]], Tof]
dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . k|lt;lGw lj1fgdf slt nf]esf] aLp lyof] < Tof] klg d
s]jn cg'dfg dfq ug{ ;S5' . dnfO{ s]xL klg yfxf ePg . of] ;a} d]/f]
nflu sfnf] afs; -black box_ xf] . d hGdbf jf ;fgf] x'Fbf d;+u slQsf]
nf]e lyof], Tof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . t/ clns yfxf kfpg] a]nfdf rflxF d;+u
Tolt nf]e lyPg . d]/f] cfdfn] eg] cg';f/ d ;fgf] x'Fbf c?n] vfg]s'/f jf
v]nf}gf dfUbf v'?Ss lbGy]F c/] . of] a'em]kl5 dnfO{ yfxf eof], d]/f] k|lt;lGw
lj1fg aGbf Tolt nf]e lyPg . klxnf dnfO{ d]/f] k"j{hGdsf af/]df hfGg
kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUbYof] . cle1fg k|fKt JolQmnfO{ e]6]/ d]/f] klxn]sf]
hGdaf/] ;f]wf}F ;f]wf}F h:tf] nfUYof] . t/ hlt vf]h] klg d}n] Tof] a]nf To:tf
JolQm e]6\g ;lsg . t/ clxn] d cle1fg k|fKt JolQmnfO{ e]6]F eg] klg
;f]lWbg lsgls d]/f] jt{dfg hLjg x]bf{ dnfO{ k"j{hGdsf] af/]df yfxf eOxfNof]
. dnfO{ af]w eof] d]/f] k|lt;lGw lj1fg aGbf yf]/} dfq nf]esf] cg'zo -aLp_
lyof] .
g]kfnLdf Pp6f uLt 5, Tof] s;n] n]v]sf] xf], Tof] dnfO{ clxn]] yfxf ePg,
æcfFvf nf]eL dg kfkL, a'em\b}g d]/f] dg .Æ x'g klg tflnd gkfPsf] cfFvfdf
s'g} /fd|f] a:t' 7f]lSsg]] lalQs} d]/f] dgn] Tof] a:t' rflxof], rflxof] dfq eG5
. clg t d Tof] a:t' k|fKt ug{lt/ nfUg] g} ePF . Tof] k|fKt ug{] qmddf
cs'zn sd{ x'g] g} eP . tflnd gkfPsf] dg nf]eL kfkL g} x'g] /x]5 . t/
ToxL dgnfO{ tflnd lbP kl5 To;n] ;dflw / k|1flt/ klg 8f]¥ofpF5 eGg]

54
s'/f rflxF d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ej / cg'e"ltaf6 af]w eof] . To;}n] dg nf]eL
kfkL dfq xf]Og, cnf]eL / wdL{ klg x'G5, s]jn cfjZostf 5 tflndsf] .
d]/f] pd]/ a9] ;+u;+u} nf]e klg a9\b} uof] . lszf]/ cj:yfdf klg d Tolt
nf]eL lyOg . ;fyLnfO{ k9\g lstfa lbGy]F . af/Lsf cDaf / gf:kftL klg
;fyLx?aLr afF8]/ vfGy]F . ;a} d} vfpmF, d} nfpmF eGg] efjgf lyPg . ;fyLn]
ahf/ hfFbf æt]/f] ;6{ nufpg b] gÆ egL dfUbf d n'sfP/ ePklg ;fyLnfO{
;6{ lbGy]F, lstfa k9g lbGy]F . d}n] vfFb} u/]sf] eft klg lbGy]F c/] . nf]esf]
aLp -cg'zo_ ePklg Tof] Tolt df}nfPsf] -kl/p7\7fg_ lyPg, hlt klg nf]e
df}nfof], Tof] o'jfj:yfd} df}nfof], Tof] klg ljjfxkl5 dfq .
aflx/ aflx/ d nf]eL 5}g t eGy]F, t/ s]xL lbg'k¥of] eg] rflxF bfFtaf6 kl;gf
cfpFYof] . nf]e emg\ emg\ a9\b} uof] . nf]esf] d'Vo pkrf/ eg]sf] bfg -
generosity_, ;Gt'li6 -contentment_ / c;+u -detachment_ x'g\ . oL
k|To]snfO{ cfpg] cg'R5]bx?df JofVof / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
#=! dgaf6 cefjsf] efj x6fpg]
d cfw'lgs cy{zf:qsf] ljBfyL{ ePsf]n] xf] ls, vf]O{ s] sf/0fn] xf] < d]/f]
dgdf nf]e lgs} a9L lyof] . d kfpFbf v'zL / u'dfpbf b'MvL x'Gy]F . cfw'lgs
cy{zf:qsf] cWoog / dggn] nf]e emg\ emg\ a9\bf] /x]5 . cfw'lgs
cy{zf:qsf] nfdf] cWoogn] xf]nf, d]/f] dgn] ;w} cefj g} cefj -scarcity_
dfq b]VYof] . of] dgn] h] b]v] klg ærflxof] rflxof]Æ dfq eGYof], hlt kfPklg
æk'u]g k'u]gÆ dfq} eGYof] . d k};f kfpbf Ifl0fs v'zL x'Gy]F km]l/ s]xL ldg]6
kl5 dnfO{ k};fs} tLvf{ nfUYof] . dnfO{ k};fsf] slxNo} gd]l6g]] tLvf{ nfu]sf]
lyof] . klxnf klxnf bfg ug{ Tolt dg nfUb}gYof] . s;}nfO{ bfg lbg' eg]sf]
cfk"m u/La x'g' xf] h:tf] nfUbYof] . ddf lbFbf u/La eOG5 / lnFbf wgL eGg]
wf/0ff lyof] . t/ clxn] rflxF efjgfdo k|1f / >'tdo 1fgn] d]/f] dg lgs}
sdnf] ePsf] 5 . cfk"mnfO{ g/fv]/ ePklg c¿nfO{ lbg kfP x'GYof] h:tf]
nfUb5 . To;}n] d}n] d]/f] uR5]eGbf a9L bfg lbg yfnF], saf]n u/]sf] eGbf
a9L g} bfg lbg yfn]F . o;n] d]/f] nf]e s]xL sd u¥of] . lrQ ;kmf eP h:tf]
nfUof] . t/, lrQsf] leqL kqdf nf]esf] aLp 5Fb} lyof], k'gM lrQdf nf]e
55
knfof] . lrQdf cfpg] nf]eL / cnf]eL efjgfsf] klg pbo / Joo x'Fbf] /x]5
. slxn] nf]eL t slxn] cnf]eL . nf]e klg l5gl5gdf kl/jt{g eO/xg] /x]5
. d]/f]] dgdf k6s k6s nf]es} 5fn dfq a9L cfpg] /x]5g\ . hlt g} cfk"lt{
u/] klg d]/f] dg slxNo} ;Gt'i6 gx'g] /x]5 . d]/f] dgdf æcefj 5Æ eGg]
;f]rn] h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . cfWoflTds k':tssf] cWoog
/ dgg, bfg clg Wofgefjgfsf]] lgoldt cEof;af6 d]/f] dg s]xL sdnf]
t eof], t/ klg d]/f] dgdf æcefj 5Æ eGg] ;f]r x6]sf] lyPg . of] æcefj
5Æ eGg] dfO08;]6 gx6fP ;Dd d]/f] nf]e x6\b}g h:tf] nfUof] . To;kl5
tnsf] cEof; u/]F .
x/]s lbg d]/f] 3/ cufl8sf] af6f]df vfnL l;l; k'/fgf sfuh eGb} s/fpb}
Pshgf sjf8L efO cfpg'x'GYof] . jxfFnfO{ ;f]w]F, “efO tkfO{nfO{ of] sfdn]
vfg k'U5 <” jxfFn] eGg'eof] æk'U5 lg ;/Æ . of] efOnfO{ k'Ug] clg dnfO{
rflxF gk'Ug] < cfWoflTds ;fwgfn] xf] ls vf]O{ s] sf/0fn] xf] < dnfO{ d}n]
k9]sf cy{zf:qsf lstfan] d]/f] dgdf emg\ nf]e a9fof] h:tf] nfUof] .
To;kl5 d]n} cfw'lgs cy{zf:qsf ;a} lstfax? b'O{ 8fnf] cfn';+u ;f6]/
vfPF . cy{zf:qsf lstfax? kmfNbf cfgGb nfUof] . d}n] Pshgf ;fyLnfO{
eg]F æd}n} t cy{zf:qsf ;a} lstfax? b'O{ 8fnf cfn'df ;fF6]/ vfPFÆ . jxfF
t d/L d/L xf:g'eof] . jxfFn] æa? k':tsfnonfO{ lbPsf] eP x'GYof] lg ;/Æ
eGg'eof] . d]/f] cy{zf:qsf lstfak|lt å]if lyPg t/ dgdf æcefj 5Æ eGg]
dfO08;]6 rflxF x6fpg' g} lyof] . ToxL dfO08;]6sf sf/0f d]/f] dgdf cefj
g} cefj 5 eGg] nfUbf] /x]5 . To;kl5 cefjsf] xf]Og, d;+u æk|r'/tfÆ 5
eGg] cfWoflTds cy{zf:qsf lstfa k9\g yfn]+]F . æhlt c?nfO{ lbOG5,
cfkm";+u /x]sf] a:t' Tof] eGbf a9L a9\5Æ eGg] s'/f d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6
l;4 eof] . ælnFbf eGbf lb+Fbf a9L v'zL eOG5Æ eGg] s'/f klg dnfO{ af]w
eof] . To;kl5 d;+u k|r'/tf 5 eGg] af]w eof] . To;kl5 a'l4i6 cy{zf:qsf
-Buddhist economics_ k':tsx? vf]hL vf]hL k9\g yfn]F . s;}nfO{ s]xL lbbf
d]/f] sd x'b}g, a? emg\ a9\5 eGg] ;f]r aGof] . lnFbf eGbf lg lbFbf a9L
v';L eOg] /x]5 eGg] s'/f d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6 k|dfl0ft eof] . Tof] lnFbfsf]
h:tf] Ifl0fs k6s] v'zL -incidence of hapinness_ geO{ lb+bfsf] v'zL nfdf]
56
;do;Dd l6ls/xg] v'zLsf] k|jfx -flow of happiness_ /x]5 eGg] cfkm\g}
cg'ejaf6 1fg k|fKt eof] .
#=@ bfgsf] cEof;
nf]enfO{ 36fpg] ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL t/Lsf eg]sf] bfg g} xf] . dfly g} d}n]
egF] lg dnfO{ lbg dg g} gnfUg] . ;w} lng dfq dg nfUg] . lbPkl5 d]/f]
;DklQ 36\5 / d u/La x'G5' eGg] nfUYof] . dnfO{ slt;Dd nf]e a9]sf] lyof]
eg] cfkm\g} 5f]/fnfO{ klg k};f lbg dg nfUb}gYof] . t;y{ klxnf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{
lbg yfn]F . To;kl5 kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ lbg yfn]F . To;kl5 d}n] k/]jfnfO{
rf/f] lbg yfn]]F . To;kl5 levf/LnfO{ d'7\7Lbfg lbg yfn]F . la:tf/}
cgfyfnonfO{ bfg lbg yfn]F . To;kl5 cGwckfËnfO{ bfg lbg yfn]F . la:tf/}
u/LanfO{ bfg lbg yfn]F . To;kl5 dfq d}n] dlGb/ / ljxf/nfO{ bfg lbg
yfn]sf] xf] . d]/f] bfg lbg] cfbt t a:of] t/ Hofb} ;fgf] /sd dfq . 7"nf]
/sd rflxF lbg dg nfUb}gYof] .
bfg lbg] afgL t a:of], t/ bfgsf] k6s / dfqf a9fpg emg} sl7g /x]5 .
WofgeGbf aflx/sf] a]nfdf, d]/f] lrQdf klxnf–klxnf x/bd nf]e jf /fu
a9L cfpFYof] . ;8ssf levf/LnfO{ bfg t lbg dg nfUYof], t/ lbg] a]nfdf
nf]esf] kl/p7\7fg eOxfNYof] . d]/f] dgdf slxn] nf]e / slxn] cnf]esf
5fnx? cfO/xGy] . 7"nf] gf]6 lbg dg g} gnfUg] . stf 5 % ?k}ofF < uf]hLdf
vf]Hg yfNbyF] . vlNtdf ?k}ofFsf gf]6x¿ /fVbf 7'N7"nf gf]6 aflx/ / ;–;fgf
gf]6rflxF leqkl§ /fVbyF] / lbg] a]nfdf gf]6 kN6fpFb} ?= % vf]Hby]F . lgs}
;do ;;fgf gf]6 vf]Hby]F / ge]§6fPkl5 dfq ?= !) jf @) sf] gf]6
levf/LnfO{ bfg lbGy]F . dgleq lnbf wgL / lbbf u/Lj eOG5 eGg] g/fd|f]
r]t ljsfz ePsf] lyof] . hlt k|fKt ePklg dnfO{ g} k'Ub}gYof] . w]/}]nfO{ eGy]+
æt]/f] kf] 5 / lbG5;\ lg efO, d;+u lbg] k};f g} 5}g .Æ /fusf] kl/p6\7fg
ePkl5 h] klg cfkm}FnfO{ dfq rflxg] r]t -intention_ knfpg]] /x]5 . bfg
lbg dg} nfUg] /x]g5 . lbg} k/]klg ;a}eGbf ;fgf] gf]6 stf 5 eg]/ vf]Hby]F
. d]/f] lrQdf rflxF a9L g} nf]e /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . la:tf/} bfgsf] ;fwgf
ubf{–ubf{ aNn ?= %) ?k}ofF;Ddsf] gf]6 ;8ssf levf/LnfO{ bfg lbg yfn]sf]
57
5' . ce}m ?= !)) / ;f] eGbf a9Lsf gf]6 lbg dnfO{ nf]e nfU5 . dgdf
a]nf nf]e / a]nf cnf]e cfO/xG5 . cnf]e ePsf] a]nf 7"nf] gf]6 lbg dg
nfU5, km]l/ ToxLa]nf lrQdf nf]e pl7xfN5 . leqaf6 “7"nf] gf]6 rflxF gb]
gb]” eG5 . of] gf]6 rflxF glbg kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfU5 . bfg ;fwgfsf]
cEof;n] d]/f] dg s]xL sdnf]] ePsf] 5 . clxn] rflxF gf]6 vf]Hglt/ nflUbg,
a? h] cfpF5 ToxL lbG5' . nf]e klg l5gl5gdf kl/jt{g x'g] /x]5 . slxn]
nf]e clns sd, clg slxn] rflxF clns a9L . lrQdf cfpg] k/f]ksf/L
efjgf klg kl/jt{g e}/xbf] /x]5 . klxnf bfg ug{ Tolt dg nfUb}gYof] .
s;}nfO{ bfg lbg' eg]sf] cfk"m u/La x'g' xf] h:tf] nfUYof] . lbFbf u/La eOG5
/ lnFbf wgL eGg] wf/0ff lyof] . olt b'Mvn] sdfPsf] d]/f] ;DklQ lsg lbg'
< h:tf] nfUbYof] . clxn] rflxF efjgfdoL k|1f / >'tdo 1fgn] d]/f] dg
lgs} sdnf] ePsf] 5 . d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejdf klg efjgfdoL k|1f nf]e
x6fpg k|efjsf/L x'g] /x]5 . efjgfdoL k|1f a9]kl5, clxn] cfk"mnfO{ g/fv]/
ePklg c¿nfO{ lbg kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUb5 . To;}n] uR5]eGbf a9L bfg
lbg yfnF], saf]n u/]sf] eGbf a9L g} bfg lbg yfn]F . o;n] d]/f] nf]e s]xL
sd u¥of] . lrQ ;kmf eP h:tf] nfUof] . t/, lrQsf] leqL kqdf nf]e 5Fb}
lyof], k'gM lrQdf nf]e knfof] . lrQdf cfpg] nf]eL / k/f]ksf/L efjgfsf]
klg l5g l5gdf pbo / Joo eO/xbf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f klg d]/f] cfkm\g}
cg'ejaf6 yfxf eof] .
bfg ;fwgfn] klg Sn]z x6fpg ;xof]u k'Ug] /x]5 . klxnf klxnf bfg lbg]
afgL a;fNg lgs} sl7g x'G5 . lsgls xfd|f] dgdf nf]esf] afSnf] kq /x]sf]
x'G5 . d}n] klxnf] cEof;df k/]jf / c? 3/kfn'jf kz'k+IfLnfO{ bfg lng yfn]F
. tL k/]jfx? v'zL x'Fb} rf/f] l6k]sf] b]Vbf d]/f] dg cfglGbt eof] . yf]/}
/sdsf] rf/f]n] klg 7"nf] v'zL lsGg ;lsg] /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . To;}n]
b}lgs h;f] d pgLx?nfO{ rf/f] lbG5' . pgLx?nfO{ b]Vbf dg cfglGbt x'G5
. cem leotgfdL eGt] lyr gft xfgsf] PsTjsf] k|arg ;'g] kl5 t
kz'k+IfLnfO{ bfg lb+bf emg} cfgGb nfUg yfNof] . To;kl5 3/leqsf 5f]/LHjfO{,
;fnL tyf km'k" km'kfHo"nfO{ bfg lbg yfnF] . o;n] d]/f] dg s]xL sdnf] t
agfof], t/ bfg lb+bf h'g cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt x'gkg{] xf] Tof] rflxF ePg .
58
jxFfx?nfO{ bfg lbg rflxF cK7\of/f] ePg . dgn] leqaf6 ægb]Æ ægb]Æ rflxF
eg]g . t/ Tof] bfgn] d]/f] dg rËf eg] ePg . z/L/ xn'sf klg ePg, dg
rËf / cfglGbt klg ePg . lsgls jxfFx? Ps lsl;dn] d]/f] kl/jf/s}
;b:ox? x'g'x'GYof] . To:t}, jxfFx? u/Lj / ckfË klg x'g'x'Gy]g .
To;kl5 d cfkm" ;b:o ePsf] ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ bfg lbg yfn]F . t/
of] bfgn] dnfO{ Tolt v'zL / cfglGbt agfpg ;s]g . Tof] bfgn] d]/f] dg
klg rËf ePg . To;sf] d'Vo sf/0f ToxfF dfgjtf eGbf a9L /fhgLltsf]
v]tL x'GYof] . bfgsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ a9L x'GYof], d~rdf /fVy], dfnf / vfbf
nufOlbGy] / k|df0fkq klg lbGy] . ;dfh;]jL / bfgaL/ egL d]/f] k|z+;f
x'GYof] . vf]O{ lsg xf] < To;n] d]/f] nflu v'zL / cfgGb Nofpg ;s]g . a?
kL8f dfq lbof] . Tof] klg lj1fkg dfq} /x]5 . To;n] cxÍf/ dfq hufof] .
;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ lbPsf] bfg eGbf t ;+3bfg tyf wDdbfgn] ddf
lgs} a9L cfgGb pTkGg u¥of] . t/ wDdbfg lbPsf] k':ts dWo] Ps—
rf}yfO{n] klg tL lstfax? k9\g] /x]g5g\ . tL] wDdbfg lbPsf k':tsx?
s]jn b/fhdf ;hfP/ /fVg] a:t' dfq ag]] . dflg; e]nf u/L eGt] u'?dfnfO{
af]nfO{ wd{b]zgfsf ;fy ef]hg bfg lbPsf] w]/} /fd|f] nfUof] . o;n] Ifl0fs
;dosf] nflu ePklg d]/f] lrQdf cnf]e pTkGg u¥of] . ;+3bfgn] rflxF d]/f]
dgdf cTolws ZfflGt / cfgGb pTkGg eof] . Wofg s]Gb| / ljxf/df lbPsf]
bfgn] leIf' dfq xf]Og, pkf;s, pkfl;sf / w]/} u/La b'vLn] klg vfg kfpg]
/x]5g\, 1fg kfpg] /x]5g\ . pgLx? k|dfbaf6 xf]zdf cfpg] /x]5g\ . /fd|} eof]
. t/ a'4wd{sf] k|rf/k|;f/df lbPsf] bfg rflxF a]sf/ . Tof] kDKn]6 / kf]i6/
;xL JolQmx?df k'Ug] g} /x]g5 . tL kDKn]6 / kf]i6/ a'4 zf;gdf gePsf
dflg;df k'uf];\ eGg] sfdgf lyof] . t/ k|rf/ ;fdu|L zf;gleqs} s]xL
;Lldt af}¢ AolQmx?sf xftdf dfq k'Uof] . To;kl5 bfg lbPkl5 Tof] bfg
s;/L pkof]u eof] < sf] sf] nfeflGjt eP < eg]/ x]g{ 5f8F] . o;/L vf]hL
gubf{ dgdf cfgGb nfUg] /x]5 . sd;]sd b'?kof]u ePsf] yfxf x'b}g /
dgdf b'Mv pTkGg ePg .

59
To;kl5 d g]qxLg / c? ckfË tyf ;8s afnaflnsf tyf a[4 a[4fsf]
nflu bfg lbg yfn]F . bfg lb+bf k|fks x]g{] xf]Og . cfkm\gf] dgdf pTkGg
ePsf] :jefj dfq x]g{ yfn]F . To;kl5 d cfkm\gf] sd{ dfq x]g{ yfnF] . c?sf]
sd{ x]g{ yflnof] eg] k/f]ksf/ x'Fb}g . Tof] v;Ln] k"j{hGddf dflg; eP/ v;L
sf6]sf]] lyof] . To;}n] of] hGddf p v;L eP/ hlGdof] eg]/ p;sf] sd{ x]¥of]
eg] s?0ff efj pTkGg x'Fb}g . a? d}n] klg cs'zn sd{ -k|f0fL xTof_ u/F]
eg] d}n] klg v;L eP/ hGdg' k5{ eGg] xf] eg] d]/f] dgdf s?0ff / d}qL
pTkGg x'G5 .
JolQmn] p;s} cs'zn sd{sf] sf/0f b'Mv kfPsf] xf] . To;}n] of] b'Mv ef]Ug
lbg'k5{ eGg] xf] eg] k/f]ksf/ x'Fb}g . o:tf] ;f]rfOn] dg lgi7'/L x'g] /x]5 .
o;n] dgdf cfgGb k|fKt ug{] df}sfaf6 klg jl~rt ug{] /x]5 . Tof] ;8ssf]
lj/fdL] aRrf x]bf{ of] o;sf] k"j{hGdsf] sd{kmn xf], To;}n] of] aRrfn] b'Mv
ef]Ug} k5{ eGbf s?0ff hfUb}g, nf]ssf] pksf/ klg x'Fb}g . xfdLn] k'0o ;+u|x
ug]{ df}sf klg k|fKt ug{ ;St}gf}F . csf{]tkm{, Tof] lj/fdL] aRrfk|lt cfkm\gf]
dg rflxg] eGbf a9L tflgof] eg] /fu -attachment_ a9\b} hfG5 . clg Tof]
aRrfsf]] cGTo x'Fbf bf}d{g:o -b'Mv_ pTkGg x'g] g} eof] . km]l/ klg /fu / å]if
dfq a9\g] /x]5 . To;}n] dleq c;+u -non-attached_ s?0ff pTkGg x'g'kg{]
/x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . cfnDjgaf6 cgfnDjg s?0fflt/ hfg' kg{] /x]5 .
s?0ffsf ;fy ;fy} cgfTdf / clgTo af]w x'g' g} c;+u s?0ff pTkGg x'g' xf]
. Tof] aRrfsf] d[To' clgTo xf], Tof] d]/f] a;df 5}g eGg' g} cgfTdf klg xf]
. nfesf] s'g} cfzf gePsf] g} c;+u s?0ff xf] . s?0ff pTkGg ug{] t/ Tof]
s?0ffsf] sd{ ubf{ub}{ klg Tof] aRrfsf] d[To'df b'Mv gdfGg' g} c;+u s?0ff
xf] .
k/dfy{ dfq x]l/of] eg] 1fg x'G5 t/ s?0ff pTkGg x'Fb}g . csf]{tkm{ s?0ff
pTkGg eof] t/ k|1f pTkGg ePg eg] Tof] klg sfd nfUb}g . d]/f] cg'ejdf
s?0ff / 1fg aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{kg{] /x]5 . o;f] ubf{ d s'g ofgL eP
Tof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . lsgls d;++u >'tdo 1fgsf] sdL 5 . Tof] aRrfn]
kfPsf] b'Mv b]Vbf, d]/f] dgdf s?0ff pTkGg x'G5 . s;/L of] aRrfnfO{ ;xof]u
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]r cfpF5 . sltn] eGg'x'G5 Tof] bof xf] . t/ d]/f] ljrf/df
60
Tof] klg s?0ff xf] . Tof] eGbf klg d}n] cs'zn sd{ u/F] eg] o:t} b'Mv
ef]Ug'k5{ eGg] 1fg klg cfpF5 . o;f] ubf{ cs'zn sd{ x'Fb}gg\ . c?lt/ x]bf{
eGbf cfkm"lt/ x]bf{ pQ/ kfOg] /x]5 . cgfyfnosf aRrfx? bfg k|fKt ubf{
slt v'zL eP, Tof] pgLx?sf] s'/f xf] . Tof] eGbf klg dxTjk"0f{ s'/f rflxF
bfg lb+bf d slt v'zL ePF < eGg] xf] .
xfdLn] k/dfy{ ;To hfGg'eGbf klxn] k|1lKt ;To a'em\g' kg{] /x]5 . oxL
k|1lKt ;Tosf sf/0f dgdf s?0ffefj pTkGg x'g] /x]5 . d}qLefj pTkGg
x'g] /x]5 . bfg k|fKt ubf{ aRrfx?df cfPsf] v'zLn] tL aRrfx? eGbf d
bftf b'O{u'0ff a9L v'zL ePF . yf]/} k};fn] klg w]/} 7"nf] v'zL lsGg ;lsg] /x]5
eGg] d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'e"ltaf6 af]w eof] . ;+1fsf] sf/0fn] tL bfg lbPsf
lrqx? wDd cf/Dd0f agL k6s k6s d]/f] dgdf 7f]lSsbf d]/f] dg nfdf]
;do ;Dd v'zL eO/xG5 . d]/f] cGt/x[boaf6 v'zLsf] lgoldt k|jfx -flow
of happiness_ eO/xG5 . tL cgfy / u/LanfO{ lbPsf bfgsf lrqx? hlt
;lDemof] Tolt g} dnfO{ cfgGb nfU5 . pgLx?nfO{ bfg lb+bf dg klg k|km'Nn,
xn'sf / rËf x'g] /x]5 . z/L/ g} xn'sf x'g] /x]5 . z/L/df km"lt{ klg a9\g]
/x]5 .
klxnf klxnf bfg lbG5' eGof], leq stfaf6 xf] s'GgL, dnfO{ ægb]Æ ægb]Æ
dfq eGYof] . bfgleq klg nf]e n's]/ a;]sf] x'Fbf] /x]5 . s;}n] bfg dfu]df
æd ef]nL lbG5''Æ æk;L{ lbG5'Æ eg]/ 6fy{]F . aNnaNn ? %))). bfg lbpmF
eGof], ? $))). dfq} lbg kfP x'GYof], sd;]sd ? !))). t aRYof] h:tf]
nfUYof] . ? #),))). bfg lbg vf]Hof], ? @%,))). dfq lbpmF h:tf] nfUYof]
. bfg ;fwgf a9\b} uPkl5 lbG5' eg]sf] hlt /sd ;lhn} lbg yfn]F . cem
Wofg ;fwgf a9\b} uPkl5 lbG5' eg]sf] eGbf a9fP/ lbg yfn]F . ? @%,))).
lbG5' eg]sf]df ? #),))). lbGy]F . ? %),))). lbG5' eg]sf]df ? ^),))).
lbg yfn]F . sltko cj:yfdf nfv lbG5' eg]sf]df b'O{ nfv klg lbPF . of] g}
nf]e sd ePsf] k|df0f xf] . bfgleq klg cxÍf/ n's]/ a;]sf] x'g] /x]5 . d}n]
olt bfg lbPF, olt hgfnfO{ bfg lbPF eGg] cxÍf/ cfpbf] /x]5 . of] a'em]kl5
d}n] uf]Kobfg lbg yfn]F . cfkm" gb]lvO{ kl/jf/sf c? ;b:ox?sf] gfddf bfg
lbg yfn]F . la:tf/} c? s;}sf] gfddf jf gfd g} g/fvL bfg lng yfn]F . bfg
61
;fwgfn] cfkm\gf] cf}sfteGbf klg a9L bfg lbg dg nfUg] /x]5 . d]/f] nf]e
-Sn]z_ lgs} sd eP5 . cr]n t bfg lbg l9nf eof] eg] jf lbg kfOPg
eg] z/L/ ef/L x'G5 . 6fpsf] b'v]sf] t xf]Og, t/ ef/L / cK7\of/f] ePsf]
h:tf] nfU5 . bfg lbPsf] a:t' eGbf o;n] dgdf pTkGg u/]sf] efj dxTjk"0f{
xf] . bfg lbPkl5 dfq d]/f] dg / z/L/ b'a} k|km'Nn, xn'sf / rËf x'G5g\ .
#=# cfFvfsf] tflnd
d k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfsf] k'hf/L lyPF . hlt k|s[ltsf] /;f:jfbg u¥of], Tolt g}
tLvf{ nfUg] /x]5 . a;Gtk'/b]lv dfly x]g]{ lalQs} /ftfDd] u'/fF;sf km"nx?
d]/f] cfFvfdf 7f]lSsP/ b]Vg] dg pTkGg eof] . Tof] cf/Dd0fn] d]/f] dgdf
;'vfg'e"lt Nofof]] . oL u'/fF;sf km"nn] d]/f] dg tfg] . d 6'6] b]p/fnLlt/
xflgPF . ToxfF klg /fd|f u'/fF;sf km"n b]v]F . d]/f] dg cem v'zL eof] .
ToxfFaf6 tLgh'/]lt/ x]bf{ emg\ /fd|f u'/fF;sf km"nx? d]/f] cfFvfdf 7f]lSsP .
d]/f] dgnfO{ tL tLgh'/]sf u'/fF;sf km"nn] tfgF . d tLgh'/]sf] psfnf] nfu]F
. tL km"n b]Vbf dgdf ;'vfg'e"lt eof] . lrQdf emg\ /fu hfUof] . hlt x]¥of],
Tolt g} x]/f}F x]/f}F nfUYof] -craving_ . h'g km"n x]¥of] ToxL /fd|f] . u'/fF; x]bf{x]b}{
cufl8 a9]sf] dnfO{ yfxf g} ePg . u'/fF;sf km"nx? x]bf{x]b}{ cufl8 a9\b}
a9\b} d ldNs] k'u]F . ldNs]sf] u'/fF; t d]/f] cfFvfd} 6fFl;P/ a;]sf] 5 -pkfbfg_
. cem csf]{lt/ emg\ /fd|f u'/fF; 5g\ ls, cem} csf{] 7fpF x]/f}F x]/f}F nfUYof] .
d]/f] lrQdf tL b[iox?n] klg nf]e g} pTkGg u/] . d}n] d]/f cfFvfnfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{ ;lsg . a? d]/f] cfFvfn] dnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnof]] .
d]/f] cfFvfn] klg /fd|f /fd|f b[io dfq x]g{ dfUYof]] . /fd|f km"n, /fd|f / xl/of
af]6 la?jf, /fd|f afnL gfnL dfq d]/f] cfFvfn] x]g{ dfGYof] . 88]nf] nfu]sf]
h+un, k}/f] uPsf] kfvf, vª\u|Ë ;'s]sf ?vx?, ;'s]gf; nfu]sf] aRrf, y/y/
sfDg], ¥ofn—l+;Fufg ePsf a[4 /f]uL, g]qxLg, ckfË, w'n}d}n} ePsf aRrfx?
d]/f] cfFvfn] x]g{ dfGb}gYof] . tL a:t'x? x]bf{ d]/f] dgdf b'vfg'e"lt x'GYof] .
d/]sf] dflg; t d]/f cfFvfn] d/L uPklg x]g{ dfGb}gYof] . Wofgefjgf / af}¢
;flxTosf] cWoog kl5 dnfO{ af]w eof] . oL vª\u|Ë ;'s]sf ?vx? klg
s'g}a]nf emDd k/]sf xl/of af]6 lyP xf]nf . Tof] d/]sf] dflg; klg s'g}a]nf
62
deGbf :j:Yo lyof] xf]nf eGg] nfUg yfNof] . Tof] 7f]lSsPsf] ?k ;xL xf], t/
Tof] ?knfO{ d}n] nf]e nfUbf] b[io agfPsf] rflxF ldYof xf] eGg] a'em]F . u'/fF;sf]
km"nnfO{ /fd|f] / vª\u|Ë ;'s]sf] ?vnfO{ g/fd|f] agfPsf] d]/f] ;+1f / ;+:sf/n]
xf] eGg] af]w eof] . cfFvfdf 7f]lSsPsf] ?k dfq ;To xf], g t Tof] /fd|f] xf],
g g/fd|f] . d]/f] cfkm\g} 1fgaf6 hfgsf/L eof] ls cfFvfdf 7f]lSsPsf] ?k;+u
cfPsf] ;'Gb/tfsf] efj rflxF ldYof xf] . ToxL ldYof ;'Gb/tfsf] nf]esf] sf/0f
nfnrf a9\g uO{ em}emu8f, xTof / anfTsf/ h:tf cs'zn sd{ x'g k'U5g\
eGg] af]w eof] . cfFvfn] ddfly u/]sf] zf;gs} sf/0f dfu u/]sf a:t'sf]
cfk"lt{ ug{] s|ddf cs'zn sd{ x'g] /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] .
k|f/lDes Wofgefjgfkl5 cfFvfdf 7f]lSsPsf] ?k ;To xf], t/ Tof]af6 pTkGg
ePsf] ;'Gb/tf rflxF ldYof xf] eGg] af]w eof] . ;+1fn] Tof] ?knfO{ ;+:sf/sf]
kq;+u le8fP/ /fd|f] g/fd|f] agfPsf] s'/f rflxF ldYof /x]5 eGg] a'em]F .
To;kl5 ;'Gb/tfk|lt d]/f] dg cfslif{t ePg . ;fyL /fddl0fhLn] dfg;/f]j/
tyf s}nfzsf b[iox? kf]i6 ug'{ ePsf] /x]5, t/ tL t:jL/n] d]/f] dg tfGg
;s]gg\ . ldNs]sf] u'/fF;sf km"n / vª\u|Ë ;'s]sf ?vx? aLr d}n] km/s
b]lvg . b'a} ?k x'g\ . ;'Gb/ / c;'Gb/ d]/f] ;+1fn] ;+:sf/sf] kq k9]/ agfPsf]
sfNklgs ljDa dfq xf] eGg] a'emF] . To;kl5, dnfO{ ;dtfdf /xg Tolt ufx|f]
ePg . klxnf x]g{ dg gnfUg] ltg} ;'s]gf; nfu]sf aRrf, y/y/ sfDg] a[4
/f]uL, g]qxLg, ckfË, cgfy / w'n}d}n} ePsf aRrfx?sf] b[io ;fwgfkl5 rflxF
x]/f}F x]/f}F h:tf] nfUof] . d]/f] dgdf pgLx?k|lt /fu hfUof] . pgLx?nfO{ b]vfF}
b]vf}F / pgLx?sf] ;]jf u/f}F u/f}F h:tf] nfUof] . pgLx?k|lt ddf d}qL /
s?0ffefj knfof] . pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ kfpFbf v'zL nfUg yfNof] . Tof]
/fu lgs} nfdf] ;do;Dd /Xof], To;kl5 Tof] /fusf] klg cGTo eof] .
csf{]tkm{, ;'lsnfd'lsnf, ;kfË / o'jfk|lt d]/f] lrQdf å]if hfUof] . wgL
JolQmk|lt å]if hfUof] . tL wgLx¿ u/La b'MvLk|lt c;+j]bgzLn h:tf] nfUbYof]
. u/La b'MvLnfO{ ;xof]u gug{], bfg glbg], k/f]ksf/ gug{,] s]sf] dfG5] <
logLx? t wgk|]t x'g\ eGg] efjgf cfpg yfn] . km]l/ klg d]/f] dgdf Sn]z
g} a9\of] . clg cfk}FmnfO{ x]/F]Ù d klg t klxn] ToxL 8\Øfªsf] d'nf lyPF lg Û

63
eGg] dx;'; eof] . cfkm}nfO{ x]/]kl5 pQ/ kfOg] /x]5 . To;kl5, ufnL ug{
5f]8]F .
clxn] d w'n}d}n} / ;'lsnf, g]qjfg / g]qxLg, ;kfË / ckfË, wgL / u/LaaLr
s'g} km/s b]lVbg . sf]xL zf/Ll/s ckfË, sf]xL dfgl;s ckfËÙ sf]xL aflx/L
g]qxLg t sf]xL leqL g]qxLgÙ sf]xL cfWoflTds ¿kn] ;'Gb/ t sf]xL ef}lts
¿kn] ;'Gb/Ù s'g} ef}lts ¿kn] u/La clg sf]xL cfWoflTds ¿kn] u/LaÙ ;a}
p:t}–p:t} x'g\ h:tf] nfUg yfNof] . km]l/ s'g} klg a:t' ;'Gb/, c;'Gb/, /fd|f],
g/fd|f] x'g] /x]g5g\ . d]/f cfFvfn] h] x]g{ dfGb}gYof] d}n] ToxL a:t' x]g{]
cEof;df nufPF . d}n] d]/f cfFvfnfO{ eg]F —t}Fn] b]Vg] ?k dfq xf], Tof] /fd|f],
g/fd|f] x'b+}g, t]/f] sfd x]g{] dfq xf] . To;kl5 d]/f] dg ;'Gb/tfk|lt Tolt
tflgPg . To:t}, vª\u|Ë ;'s]sf ?vx? b]Vbf klg bf}d{g:o -b'Mvfg'e"lt_ ePg
. d}n] b]Vg] ?k dfq xf], ;'Gb/tf xf]Og /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . csf{] b'O{
xKtfkl5, ToxL u'/fF;sf] ?v x]g{ hfFbf ToxfF km"n lyPg . To;kl5 dnfO{
km"nn] tfGg 5f]8\of] . Tof] 88]nf]n] vfPsf] vª\u|Ë ;'s]sf] ?v klg Ps xKtf
cufl8;Dd emDd k/]sf] xl/of] ?v lyof] xf]nf eGg] cg'dfg nufPF . of] ;a}
clgTo xf] . To;kl5, d}n] d]/f cfFvfnfO{ vª\u|Ë ;'s]sf] ?v, 88]nf] nfu]sf]
h+un, d/]sf] dflg; x]g{df nufPF . d]/f cfFvfnfO{ eg]F – t}n] x]g{] ?k dfq
xf], ;'Gb/tf / c;'Gb/tf xf]Og eg]F . klxnf klxnf t d]/f cfFvfn] To:tf] b[io
x]g{ dfGb} dfGb}gYof], tflndkl5, lj:tf/} d}n] eg]sf] d]/f] dgn] dfGg yfNof] .
ca rflxF d}n] d]/f] cfFvfdfly zf;g u/]F . a:t' t b]lvG5 g}, t/ Tof] a:t'n]
dgdf s'g} efj pTkGg gug'{ g} Sn]z lgjf/0f ug'{ xf] . a:t' dxTjk"0f{ xf]Og,
Tof] a:t'n] d]/f] dgdf s:tf] efj pTkGg u¥of], Tof] rflxF dxTjk"0f{ xf] .
#=$ sfgsf] tflnd
d]/f] sfgdf c?0ff nfdfsf] uLtsf] Wjlg 7f]lSsg] lalQs} >f]tlj1fg aGof] /
sfgdf ;'Gg] dg pTkGg eof] . Tof] uLt ;'Gbf dnfO{ ;'vfg'e"lt eof]] . d]/f]
sfgn] /fd|f /fd|f uLt ;'Gg dfu ub{y] . c?0ff nfdf / gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf]
uLt ;'lg/xF" h:tf] nfUYof] . hlt ;'Gof] Tolt g} ;'lg/xF" h:tf] . s]xL uLt t
bf]x¥ofO{ t]x¥ofO{ klg ;'GyF] . To;kl5, klg dg dfGb}gYof], o'6\o'jdf
64
aRr's}nfzsf] uLt sxfF 5 egL vf]hL vf]hL ;'Gy]F . hlt ;'Gof] Tolt g} ;'gf}F
;'gf}F -craving_ h:tf] nfUYof] . To;kl5 aRr's}nfzsf] csf]{ uLt sxfF 5 <
egL j]edf vf]Hy]F . ;'Gg] dg a;]sf] d]/f] sfgn] dnfO{ h'g uLt ;'g\ eGYof],
d ToxL uLt n'?n'? ;'Gy]F . uLtsf] emg\ tntn nfUYof] -craving_ . stf /fd|f]
uLt 5 eg]/ vf]lh/xGy]F . t/ ehg rflxF ;'Gg} dg nfUb}gYof] / ;'Gb}gy]F klg
. ;'Gg] dg pTkGg ePsf] sfgn] h'g uLt ;'g\ eGYof], d ToxL uLt ;'Gy]F .
Ps k6s clkm; hfFbf Rof;ndf dlxnfx? emu8f ul//x]sf] b]v]F . d}n] d]/f]
sfgsf] dfu cg';f/ pgLx? aLrsf] emu8f lgs}a]/ ;'lg/x]F . Tof] a]nf d
xf]zdf lyOg, sfgn] eg] cg';f/ d ;'Gg] uy{]F . d k|dfbd} /x]5' . d emu8fsf]
/fudf 5' eGg] yfxf lyPg . t/ d c?nfO{ rflxF xf]zdf 5' eGy]F . bf]xf]/L
uLt ;'Gbf d /lt/fufTds uLtsf] k|dfbd} 5' eGg] klg yfxf lyPg . d Tof]
a]nf a'4zf;gleq klg lyOg . k|dfb eg]sf] /S;Ln] dft]sf] dfq a'em]sf] lyPF,
/S;Ln] a]xf]z ePsf dflg;nfO{ dfq Tof] k|dfbdf 5 eGy]F . d cfkm" uLtn]
dft]sf] yfxf g} lyPg . d]/f] sfg / dgdfly d}n] zf;g ug{ ;lStgy] F . a?
d]/f] sfgdf pTklQ ePsf] ;'Gg]] dgn] ddfly zf;g uYof{] . cfFvfkl5, sfgn]
dgnfO{ a9L pQ]lht kfbf{] /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . sfgdf pTklQ ePsf] dgn]
ddfly nfdf] zf;g u¥of] . ToxL sfgn] cgfjZos s'/f ;'gL 3/kl/jf/ /
;dfhdf klg em}emu8f x'GYof] .
w]/}kl5 d]/f] Pshgf ldNg] s'znldqn] ljkZogf Wofgdf hfg ;Nnfx lbg'eof]
. jxfFsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ d Wofgefjgfsf] nflu wd{>[Ëdf uPF . Wofgefjgfdf
a;]kl5 dnfO{ 1fg eof], t[i0ff -uLt_ x6fpg' kg{] /x]5 . of] Sn]z /x]5 eGg]
af]w eof] . d;+u t[i0ff 5}g s]jn nf]e dfq 5, eGy]F . dnfO{ /fu, nf]e /
t[i0ff eg]sf] Pp6} xf] eGg] s'/f w]/}kl5 dfq yfxf eof] . d}n] OlGb|o / dgdfly
zf;g ug'{ kg]{df ddfly g} logLx?n] nfdf] ;do;Dd zf;g u/] eGg] af]w
eof] . t[i0ffsf] ljifodf w]/} wd{b]zgf klg ;'g]F . a'4sf kl/olt lzIff klg
pkof]uL x'g] /x]5, Tof] klg ;'gF] . To;kl5, la:tf/} sfgnfO{ tflnd lbPF .
sfgdf zAb 7f]lSsg] lalQs} >f]tlj1fg agL sfgdf ;'Gg] dg pTkGg x'G5 .
dnfO{ af]w eof] — Tof] ;'g]sf] uLt xf]Og, zAb dfq xf] . d]/f] ;+:sf/sf] kqdf
65
uLt /fd|f] eGg] 5 . clg sljtf rflxF g/fd|f] eGg] 5 . To;}n] uLt ;'Gbf
;'vfg'e"lt eof] clg sljtf ;'Gbf b'vfg'e"lt . oyf?kdf zAb g /fd|f] x'G5
g g/fd|f] g} . g Tof] uLt xf], g sljtf g} . Tof] t s]jn zAb dfq xf] . Tof]
zAb ;'Gbf g /fu x'g' kg{] xf], g å]if . sfgdf zAb dfq pTkGg x'g] xf], uLt
xf]Og . pkfl;sf gfgLd}of lbbLn] ;'Gg] sljtf klg zAb dfq xf], t/ gfgLd}of
lbbLsf] ;+:sf/sf] kqdf sljtfk|lt /fu 5 . To;}n] ToxL zAbnfO{ pgsf]
;+1fn] sljtf agfOlbof] . clg dnfO{ rflxF uLt . oyf?kdf Tof] zAb dfq
xf], g Tof] sljtf xf], g uLt g} . Tof] d]/f] dgdf 6fFl;Psf] uLtsf] /fu -
pkfbfg_ rflxF Sn]z xf] . of] a'em]kl5 d}n] d]/f] sfgn] uLt ;'g] klg of] zAb
dfq xf] eGg yfn]F . sljtf ;'g] klg zAb dfq xf] eg]F, ehg ;'g] klg of]
cfjfh dfq xf] eGg yfn]F . klxnf klxnf d]/f] sfgn] sljtf ;'Gg dfGb}
dfGb}gYof] . d}n] d]/f] sfgnfO{ eg]F —t}n] ;'Gg] zAb dfq xf], g uLt xf], g
sljtf . To;kl5 d]/f] dgn] lj:tf/} sljtf klg ;'Gg yfNof] . clg uLtk|ltsf]
/fu klg s]xL sd eof] . To;kl5 d}n] d]/f] sfgnfO{ eg]F, æt}n] h] eg] klg
d wd{b]zgf rflxF ;'G5' ;'G5' .Æ cGTodf d}n} lht]F / d]/f] sfgn] xf¥of]{ .
la:tf/} d]/f] sfgn] tflnd kfP/ ehg / wd{b]zgf ;'Gg yfn]sf] 5 . clg
uLt ;'Gg lgs} sd ePsf] 5 . uLt ;'g] klg To;af6 /fu pTkGg x'Fb}g, Tof]
zAb dfq xf] eG5' . la:tf/} d}n] eg]sf] d]/f] sfgn] dfGg yfNof] . d]/f]
sfgdfly d}n] zf;g u/]F .
#=% gfssf] tflnd
gfsn] klg ddfly g} zf;g ug{] /x]5 . tNnf] tnfdf af:dlt rfdn ksfpFbf
cfPsf] af:gf d]/f] gfsdf 7f]lSsGYof] / To;af6 dnfO{ ;'vfg'e"lt x'GYof] .
lrQdf /fu hfUYof] . aflx/ st} hfg'k¥of] eg] klg sk8f / z/L/df ;]G6
5s{{]/ hfGy]F . km"naf/L x]bf{ b[io g} /fd|f], Tof] eGbf klg u'nfkmsf] af:gf emg}
/fd|f] nfUYof] . cfFk lsGbf klg s:tf] af:gf cfpF5 eg]/ ;'F3]/ dfq lsGy]F .
gfsdf cfpg] af:gfn] klg /fu g} hufpg] /x]5 . t/ dnfO{ l;b|fsf] uGw
rflxF ;fx|} g/fd|f] nfUbYof] . l;b|f ugfof] ls vKg g;Sg]Ù t/ u'Gb|'srflxF
gugfpg] . d+unahf/df l;b|f ugfpF5 eg]/ lsgd]n ug{ klg hfFb}gy]F . t/
ToxL l;b|f lsGg w]/} ;fyLx? nfOg nfu]sf] b]Vbf d 5Ss ky{]F . pgLx?df
66
rflxF ToxL l;b|fsf] /fu lyof] t/ ddf rflxF å]if . l;b|f k;nsf] cufl8sf]
af6f]df w]/} dflg; lx+8\by] . pgLx?nfO{ g /fu g å]if . l;b|f lsGGf nfOg
a;]sf x/]s JolQmx?df l;b|fsf] /fusf] l8u|L km/s km/s -variability_ 5 .
a:t' ToxL xf], t/ To;n] dgdf pTkGg ug{] /fu k|To]sdf km/s km/s . l;b|f
dxTjk"0f{ xf]Og, Tof] b]Vbf dgdf pTkGg x'g] efj, clg Tof] efjn] pTkGg
u/]sf] k|efj =-/fu / å]if_ rflxF dxTjk"0f{ xf] . To;}n] x/]ssf] Sn]zsf] dfqf
klg km/s km/s x'G5 . To:t}, x/]s JolQmsf] å]if klg km/s km/s x'G5,
s;}nfO{ yf]/} / s;}nfO{ Hofb} w]/} . /fu / å]if dfq a'em]/ x'Fb}g, JolQmx?aLrsf]
/fu / å]ifsf] km/skg -variability_ klg a'em\g' k5{ . d zfsfxf/L ePsf]n]
u'Gb|'srflxF gugfpg], t/ l;b|frflxF ugfpg] a:t' lyP .
Psk6s d Ol08og Po/nfOG;af6 lbNnL hfFb}lyPF . Po/nfOG;n] vfgf
ljt/0f ub{}lyof], vfgf 5]pmdf NofpFbf cfPsf] af:gfn] d]/f] dg tfGof] . Tof]
vfgfsf] af:gf dnfO{ lgs} dL7f] nfUof] . t/ d]/f] 5]pmdf a;]sf Pshgf
hfkfgL ;fyLnfO{ rflxF ToxL vfgf clt ugfP5 . ljr/f Û uGw vKg g;sL
6\jfOn]6df uP/ jfGtf g} ug'{eof] . jxfFn] eGg'eof] — d Ol08og vfgf vfg
;lSbg . vfgf ToxL lyof], dnfO{ af:gf cfof], t/ d]/f hfkfgL ldqnfO{ rflxF
b'u{Gw . af:gfn] klg /fu g} hufpg] /x]5 eGg] a'em]kl5, d}n] d]/f] gfsnfO{
tflnd lbg yfn]F . dnfO{ af]w eof] ls vfgfsf] uGw dfq x'G5, Tof] uGwnfO{
;'uGw / b'u{Gw agfPsf] rflxF d]/f] 3|f0flj1fg, ;+1f / ;+:sf/n] /x]5 . d}n]
d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6 hfg]F ls d]/f] gfsn] ;'F3]sf] uGw ;To xf] . Tof] uGwnfO{
d}n] af:gf / b'u{Gw agfPsf] rflxF ldYof xf] . l;b|f w]/} ugfof], lsgls d}n]
Tof] l;b|fsf] uGwnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] lyPF . To;k|lt d}n] å]ifefj /fv]sf] lyPF
. csf{] s'/f, Tof] uGw dfq xf] eGg] a'em]kl5 å]if x'g] /x]g5 . t;y{ k~r:sGw
a'em]kl5 /fu tyf å]if sd dfq aGg] /x]5 . To;kl5, rflxF d}n] Tof] l;b|fsf]
uGwnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]F, å]ifefj x6fPF . To;kl5, lxF8\bf klg d ToxL l;b|f
ugfpg] k;nsf] cufl8af6 lxF8\g yfn]F . s;fO{sf] k;n cufl8af6 lxF8\g
yfn]F . k"hfsf] ;fdfg lsGbf klg ToxL l;b|fsf] 5]pmsf] k;naf6 lsGg yfn]F
. Tof] cEof; kl5 klg Tof] l;b|f ugfpg t ugfof], t/ yf]/} dfq . ;xg
;Sg] hlt dfq ugfof] . d}n] ;dtfdf /xg yfn]kl5 l;b|f / u'Gb|s aLr
67
km/s kfOg . Wofgkl5 d}n] a:t'nfO{ oyf¿kdf x]g{ sf]l;; ug{ yfn]F . l;b|f
/ u'Gb|'s b'a} ugfpg] a:t' g} x'g\ . uGw ;To xf] t/ Tof] uGwnfO{ af:gf /
b'u{Gw agfPsf] b'a} ldYof /x]5 . l;b|f / u'Gb|'s jLr ;defj agfpg sf]lz;
ub}{5' . To;kl5 d]/f] /fu / å]if s]xL sd eof] .
kl;gfn] leh]sf] dflg; dnfO{ ugfpFYof], Tof] dflg;sf] 5]pmd} hfGgy]F .
;fwgfkl5 kl;gfn] leh]sf dflg; 5]pm hfFbf ugfpg t ugfof], t/ ;xg
;Sg] hlt dfq . ;]G6 s;}nfO{ dg kYof]{ eg] s;}nfO{ jfSs cfpFYof] . ;]G6
nufP/ d}n] c?nfO{ b'Mv lbGg eGg] r]t cfof] . ;]G6n] d]/f] dgdf /fu pTkGg
uYof]{ eg] d]/f] ;fyLnfO{ å]if . To;kl5 d}n] ;]G6k|ltsf] /fu 5f]8F] . ;]G6df
ePsf] vr{ jflxoft vr{ h:tf] nfUof] . ;]G6n] klg /fu g} a9fpg] /x]5 eGg]
a'em]kl5 sk8f / z/L/df ;]G6 5s{{]/ hfg] sfd aGb u/]F . o;af6 art
ePsf] /sd a? bfg lbg yfn] . o;/L lj:tf/} d]/f] gfsdfly d}n] zf;g u/]F
. clxn] d]/f] gfsn] eg]sf] dfGg yfn]sf] 5 .
#=^ lha|fsf] tflndM
dnfO{ h]/Lk'/L dL7f] nfUYof] . h]/L k'/L lha|f]df o;/L a;]sf] lyof] ls h]/Lk'/L
b]Vg] lalQs} d]/f] d'vdf kfgL cfpFYof] / of] h]/Lk'/Ln] dnfO{ cfkm"lt/ tfGYof]
. uf8L /f]s]/ d h]/Lk'/L ePsf] k;nlt/ hfGy]F . dg gc3fP ;Dd h]/L k'/L
ykLykL vfGy]F . Ps k6s af6f]df lx+8\b} ubf{ cfsif{s h]/Lk'/L cfFvfdf
7f]lSsbf d]/f] cfFvfdf rIf'lj1fg aGg' kg{]df d]/f] lha|f]df /;lj1fg agL
d'vdf kfgL cfof] . of] s;/L x'G5 < h]/L cf/Dd0f / rIf'k|;fb ldn]/ t
rIf'lj1fg aGg'kg{] s;/L /;lj1fg aGof] < h]/Lk'/L cf/Dd0f cfFvfdf 7f]lSsg]
lalQs} rIf'lj1fg g} agL cfFvfdf b]Vg] dg g} pTkGg ePsf] xf] . t/ ha
Tof] lrq ;+1fdf ?kfGt/0f eof] To;kl5 ;+1fn] Tof] lrqnfO{ k'/fgf] ;+:sf/sf]
kqdf /x]sf] h]/Lk'/Lsf] lrq;+u le8fof]] -verify_ / of] k'/fgf] h]/Lk'/Lsf]
lrq;+u ldn]kl5 Tof] ;+:sf/sf kqdf /x]sf] /fusf] lrq lqmofzLn eO{ wDd
cf/Dd0f agL k'gM k6s k6s d]/f] dgdf 7f]lSsof] / dgf]lj1fg aGof] .
dgf]lj1fg dfkm{t d]/f] lha|f]n] Tof] :jfbsf] ;+s]t k|fKt u¥of] -k|tLTo_ .
To;kl5 d]/f] lha|f]df :jfb] dg pTkGg eof] / d'vdf ¥ofn cfof] -;d'Tkfb_
68
. d]/f] ;+:sf/sf] kqdf Tof] /fu gePsf] eP b]Vg] dg dfq pTkGg x'GYof] /
:jfb] dg pTkGg x'g] lyPg . To;af6 rIf'lj1fg dfq aGYof], dgf]lj1fg /
/;lj1fg aGg] lyPg . t/ em6\6 x]bf{ h]/Lk'/Lsf] t:jL/ d]/f] cfFvfdf 7f]lSsg]
lalQs} d]/f] d'vdf ¥ofn cfof] . d'vdf ¥ofn cfpgsf nflu leqleq} clt
l56f] ;dodf tLgj6f k|lqmof -rIf'lj1fg, dgf]lj1fg / /;lj1fg_ aGg]
/x]5g, h'g ;fdfGo dflg;nfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g . lha|f]df h]/Lk'/L 7f]lSsP/
/;lj1fg ag]sf] xf]Og . d]/f] dgdf h]/L / k'/L 6fFl;P/ /x]sf] 5 -pkfbfg_,
To;}n] klxn] g} ;+:sf/sf] kq ag]/ a;]sf] Tof] h]/Lk'/Lsf] /fu, ;+1fsf] sf/0f
;Demg uO{ lha|f]df ¥ofn -;d'Tkfb_ cfPsf] xf] .
bfneft / ;AhL klg d dL7f] eof] eg] ykL ykL vfGy]F, t/ s'g} lbg gdL7f]
eof] eg] d vfgf g} vfb}gy]+F . lha|f]n] ;w} dL7f] dL7f] vfg]s'/f dfq dfUYof]
. dL7f] nfu]sf] vfg]s'/f d ykLykL vfGy]F . vfgf ;lsPkl5 klg d yfndf
5'6]sf] dL7f] ;AhLsf] /; rf6L rf6L vfGy]F . ahf/af6 NofPsf] tf/]sf] /
d;nf ePsf] vfg]s'/f dnfO{ dL7f] nfUYof] / d vf]hL vf]hL vfGy]F . s'g}lbg
gdL7f] vfg]s'/f eP >LdtL;+u emu8f g} uy{]F . dnfO{ of] vfgfn]] :jf:Yodf
s] c;/ u5{ < eGg] s'g}] dtna g} lyPg . dL7f] 5 vfof], gdL7f] 5 gvfof],
oxL g} d]/f] cEof; lyof] . d]/f] z/L/nfO{ s] / s:tf] vfgf rflxG5, To;sf]
lgwf{/0f klg lha|f]n] g} ub{Yof] . lha|f]df a;]sf] :jfb] dgn] h] dfUYof], d
ToxL vfgfsf] cfk"lt{ ub{} hfGy]F . vfgf s] / slt vfg] eGg] lgwf{/0f d}n]
xf]Og, d]/f] lha|f]n] ub{Yof] . d]/f] lha|f]n] h] eGYof], d lg/Lx agL] lha|f]sf]]
cf1fkfngf ul//xGy]F . d}n] d]/f] lha|f]dfly zf;g ug{ ;lsg, a? lha|f]n]
ddfly zf;g ub{}u¥of] .
:ofpsf bfgf lbg Nofpbf klg 7"nf] :ofpsf] bfgf] sxfF 5 egL /f]h]/ vfGy]F
. kmnsf 6's|f Kn]6df /fv]/ Nofpbf klg 7"nf] 6's|f stf 5 egL vf]Hby]F . d]/f]
lha|f]n] ddfly zf;g uYof]{ . d]/f] lha|f]n] crf/ dfUYof], clg d crf/ cfk"lt{
uy]{F+ . ld7fO{ dfUYof], clg d ld7fO{sf] cfk"lt{ uy{]+F . dnfO{ km]l/ lha|f]n] kL/f]
dfUYof], clg d kL/f] vfGy]F . lha|f]n] eg] cg';f/ dfGbf dfGb} dnfO{ t Uofli6s
eP5, To;kl5 klg d lha|f]n] eg]sf] dfGb} uPF, kmntM cfGb|fdf cN;/ eof]
. Tof] a]nf;Dd d xf]zdf /x]g5' . d k|dfbd} /x]5' . PSsf;L d em;+u eP .
69
To;kl5 dfq} dnfO{ xf]z cfof] . cxf] Û d]/f] lha|f]n] ddfly zf;g u/]/ dnfO{
la/fdL agfP5 . d}n] d]/f] lha|f]dfly zf;g u/]sf] eP d la/fdL x'g] lyOg .
pN6f] sf/0f / sfo{ eof] . aNn, cj rflxF d d]/f] lha|f]nfO{ tflnd lbG5'
eGg] r]t cfof] .
To;kl5 d d]/f] z/L/nfO{ s] vfgf / slt vfgf rflxG5 < egL d"NofÍg
u/]/ dfq vfg yfn]F . To;kl5 d}n] dL7f] gdL7f] cfwf/df geO{ z/L/nfO{ s]
/ slt vfgfsf] kl/0ffd rflxg] xf], ToxL / Tolt dfq} vfgf vfg] u/]F . d
dL7f] gdL7f] cfwf/df geP/ afFRgsf nflu vfgf vfg yfn]F . Tof] a]nf klg
d]/f] lha|fn
] ] tLtf], kL/f] / tf/]sf] kq' vfg]s'/f g} dfUbYof] . t/ d clwi7fg
u/]/ lha|f]nfO{ tflnd lbg nfluk/]sf] lyPF . d]/f] lha|f]n] h] / hlt dfu] klg
d cfk"lt{ ulb{g eGg] s'/fdf sl6a4 lyPF . Pslbg t h] knf{, Tof] h]/Lk'/L
Psrf]6L rflxF vfg'k¥of] eGg] ljrf/ cfof] . t/ t'?Gt clwi7fg ;lDemOxfn]+F
. To;kl5, d}n] d]/f] dg / lha|f]nfO{ eg]F æd cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lStg .Æ hlt
cfk"lt{ u¥of], Tolt /fu a9\g] /x]5 . t}Fn] dfu]sf] a:t' d cfk"lt{ ub}{ ulb{g
egL lha|f]nfO{ elglbPF . Tof] /fu klg clgTo /x]5 . Psl5g r'k nfu]/
a;]kl5 of] t[i0ff cfkm}F x/fpFbf] /x]5 . d'lZsnn] vk]/ a;]F . d]/f] dgdf t[i0ff
hfu] -kl/p7\7fg_ klg vfg] sfd -ljlQsDd_ rflxF ePg . t/ vKg rflxF lgs}
ufx|f] eof] . o;/L !%÷@) k6s lha|f]n] dfu u/]sf] vfgf cfk"lt{ gu/]kl5
lha|f] / dgn]] Tof] vfgf dfUg} 5f]8\g] /x]5 . t/ klg cg'zodf /fu /xL /x]sf]
x'G5 . To;kl5 klg a]nf a]nf d]/f] dgn] tf/]sf] / d;nfbf/ vfgf dfu
ub{Yof] . t/ d Tof] dfu]sf] a:t' cfk"lt ulb{{gyF] .
/; lj1fg ag]sf] 7Ls xf], t/ Tof] /;nfO{ dL7f] / gdL7f] :jfb dfg]sf] rflxF
ldYof xf] . lha|f]df 7f]lSsPsf] a:t'nfO{ ;+1fn] d]/f] ;+:sf/sf] kqdf /x]sf]
/;;+u le8fO{ dL7f] / gdL7f] agfpg] /x]5 . dnfO{ dL7f] nfu]sf] a:t' c?
s;}nfO{ gdL7f] nfU5 . jf:tjdf dL7f] gdL7f] eGg] g} x'g] /x]g5 . dnfO{
l3/f}nf dL7f] nfU5 t/ d]/f] 5f]/fnfO{ dL7f] nfUb}g . olb Tof] dL7f] eP ;a}nfO{
dL7f] x'g'kg{] xf] lg . Tof] /;nfO{ d]/f] ;+1fn] ;+:sf/sf] kqdf /x]sf] /;;+u
le8fP kl5 To;nfO{ dL7f] / gdL7f] agfpg] /x]5 . of] af]w ePkl5 tf/]sf]
vfgfk|lt d]/f] /fu clns sd eof] . Tof] tf/]sf] vfgf dnfO{ dL7f] nfu]sf]
70
klg em'6f /x]5 . To;kl5 d cab]lv æt}Fn] dfu u/]sf] kq' vfgf cfk"lt{ ug{]
5}gÆ eg]/ d}n] d]/f] lha|f]nfO{ elglbPF . To;kl5 d]/f] dgn] tf/]sf], tLtf]kL/f]
/ u'lnof] vfgf dfUg 5f]8\of] . ca rflxF lha|fn ] ] ddfly zf;g ug{ ;s]g,
a? d}n] d]/f] lha|f]dfly zf;g z'? u/]F . la:tf/} d}n] eg]sf] lha|f]n] dfGg
yfNof] . o;f] ubf{ d]/f] dgdf /fu pTkGg ePg, d]/f] Sn]z s]xL sd eof] .
vfgf vfFbf dL7f] / gdL7f] gdfGg' g} Sn]z lgjf/0f ug'{ xf] .
#=& z/L/sf] tflnd
z/L/n] klg g/d sk8f dfu u5{ . clns v;|f] sk8f nufof] eg] cK7\of/f]
dxz'; x'G5 . leq nufpg] sk8f klg g/d g} rflxg] /x]5 . a'9];sfn nfu]/
xf] ls lsg xf], d hf8f]df klg klxn] eGbf clxn] lgs} lr;f] dxz'; u5'{,
To:t} udL{df klg vKg} g;Sg] udL{ . d]/f] 5fnfnfO{ yf]/} lr;f] x'Fbf klg w]/}
lr;f] dxz'; x'g], clg yf]/} udL{] x'Fbf klg w]/} udL{] dxz'; x'g] eof] . eGt]
tyf u'?dfnfO{ x]5'{, jxfFx? hf8f]df klg d'8]sf] gfËf] 6fpsf] g} 5 . dnfO{
rflxF 6f]kL nufpFbf klg hf8f] x'G5 . dnfO{ cf]e/sf]6 nufpFbf klg hf8f]
x'GYof], t/ leIf' t Pp6f lrj/df lr;f] gdfgL al;/xg'ePsf] 5 . d}n]
5fnfsf] tflnd u/]sf] 5}g, To;}n] tL] cg'ej / cg'e"ltx? d}n] n]Vg ;lsg
. ca la:tf/} 5fnfsf] klg tflnd ug'{ knf{ h:tf] nflu/x]sf] 5 . x]/f}F, s;/L
u5'{ <
#=* dgsf] tflnd
dnfO{ v;L sf6]sf] b]Vbf Hofb} g/fd|f] nfUYof] . d x]g{ g;s]/ a? To;a]nf
3fF; sf6\g af/Llt/ hfGy]F . dnfO{ df;' vfg klg ;'?df Tolt dg lyPg, t/
c?sf] kf/fdf nfu]/ d klg yf]/} df;' vfGy]F . dnfO{ df;' vfFbf yf]/} ;'vfg'e"lt
x'GYof] . t/ la:tf/} la:tf/} df;' vfFbf vfFb} d]/f] dgdf /fu emg\ emg\ a9\b}
uof] . d]/f] dg / lha|f]n] ;w} df;' g} dfu ub{Yof] . d rflxF dgn] dfu]
cg';f/ df;'sf] cfk"lt{ uy{]+F . df;'sf] nf]e emg\ emg\ a9\b} uof], To;kl5 t
df;' d]/f] dgdf 6fFl;P/ a:of] . o;af6 pkfbfg pTkGg eof] . d]/f] dgdf
df;'k|lt cfzlQm a9\of] . clg df;' vfg] sd{ emg\ emg\ a9\b} uof] . o;af6

71
w]/} v;L af]sfsf] Hofg uof] . df;'sf] cfk"lt{ g} k|f0fL lx+;fsf] -cs'zn sd{_
sf/0f -x]t'_ aGof] . xfdLx?n] df;' vfPs}n] w]/} kz'x?sf] Hofg uof] .
d ToxL !@ aif{sf] hlt lyPF xf]nf, d]/f] 3/ kl/jf/ g} a;fO ;/]/ t/fO{df
em¥of] . d a;]sf] j/k/ w]/} zfsfxf/L kl/jf/x? lyP . d]/f y'k|} ;fyLefOx?
zfsfxf/L lyP . d pgLx?;+u ldNg rfxGy]F, t/ stf xf] stf pgLx? d;+u
Tolt v'n]/ af]Ng rfxb}gy] . d df;' vfg] ePs}n] d]/f ;fyLx?n] 3[0ff uy]{ .
d;+u aflx/ aflx/ ldn] klg leqL ?kdf ldNg rfxb}gy] . d eg] ;fyLx?nfO{
5f]8\g rfxb}gy]F . h;/L klg d ;fyLx?;+u ldNg rfxGy]F . d}n] clwi7fg
u/]F— df;' gvfFbf g} ;fyL;+u ldNg ;lsG5 eg] ca d df;' vfGg . d]/f]
dgnfO{ eg]F– cjb]lv d df;' vfGg . dnfO{ df;' dL7f] nfUbfnfUb} klg d
;fyL;+u ldNgsf nflu d}n] df;' vfg 5f]8]F . To;kl5 klg df;' ksfPsf]
b]v]kl5 d]/f] dg / lha|f]n] df;' g} dfu ub{Yof] . dnfO{ df;' ePlt/ hfg
dg nfUbYof] . df;' vfpFm vfpFm nfUbYof] . d}n] d]/f] dgnfO{ egF] —t}n] dfu]sf]
df;'sf] cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lStg . d ;fyL;+u ldNgsf nflu dgnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L
df;' vfGgy]F . s/La # jif{;Dd klg d]/f] lha|f]n] df;' dfu ul//Xof] . hlt
g} dfu u/]klg d}n] d]/f] lha|f]sf] nflu df;'sf] cfk"lt{ ul/g . To;kl5 dgnfO{
nfu]5 Sof/ Û hlt g} dfUbf klg o;n] lbb} lbPg, ca dfUg 5f8\5' . nfdf]
;do;Dd cfk"lt{ aGb ePkl5 d]/f] dg / lha|f]n] df;' dfUg aGb u/]] . d]/f]
df;'k|ltsf] t[i0ff la:tf/} x6]/ uof] . d k"0f{?kdf zfsfxf/L ePF . nf]e
36fpgsf nflu dgsf] lgoGq0f clgjfo{ x'g] /x]5 . hlt cfk"lt{ a9fpFb} uof],
dgn] Tolt g} dfu klg a9fpFb} hfFbf] /x]5 . w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd cfk"lt{ u/]g
eg] dgn] cfkm}F Tof] a:t' dfUg 5f]8\bf] /x]5 . of] g} dgsf] tflnd klg xf] .
To:t}, dfly n]lvPsf] h:t}u/L cfFvfn] dfu]sf b[iox?, sfgn] dfu]sf uLtx?,
gfsn] dfu]sf af:gfx?, 5fnfn] dfu]sf Gofgf] tfks|d klg d}n] lbg 5f8F] .
o;f] ubf{ OlGb|osf] dfq geP/ dgsf] klg tflnd x'g] /x]5 . csf{] s'/f,
b]v]sf] ?k, ;'g]sf] zAb, vfPsf]] /;, ;'F3]sf] uGw dfq x'g] /x]5 . Tof] /fd|f] /
g/fd|f] x'g] /x]g5 . tL ;+1f / ;+:sf/sf sf/0f /fd|f / g/fd|f x'g] /x]5g\ .
of] a'em]kl5 /fu / å]if sd x'g] /x]5g\ . x/]s :kz{sf] a]nf cfFvfdf, sfgdf,

72
gfsdf, lha|f]df / z/L/df dg pTkGg x'G5 . t;y{ OlGb|odf dg a;]sf] a]nf
OlGb|onfO{ tflnd lbof] eg] o;af6 dgsf] klg tflnd x'g] /x]5 .
#=( PsTj efjgfsf] cEof;M
Wofgefjgfkl5 d}n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] b'O{j6f cs'zn sd{ emnemnL ;lDemPF .
h]7 c;f/df xfd|f] af/Ldf ds} kfSbYof] . d xl/of ds} lgs} dL7f] dfg]/
vfGy]F . r/fx?n] ds} vfG5g\ eg]/ d 6Lg 76fP/ pgLx?nfO{ p8fpy]F . r/f
gcfpmg\ eg]/] yf]qf sk8f ef6fdf pg]/ wg'if lnPsf] dflg; h:t} agfP/
a'Vofrf /flvlbGy]F . xf== xf== u/]/ r/fx? p8fpy]F . r/fnfO{ jl/k/L a:g}
lbb}gy]F . ddf nf]e a9L g} lyof] . oL r/f d]/f zq' lyP . oL r/fsf] efu
ds} klg xfdL cfkm}] vfGYof}F . af/Ldf ds} vfg sfe|fsf] ?vdf sf]sn],
nfdk'R5|\] / ;'ufsf ayfg a:by] . r/fx?n] b'Mv lbP eg]/ sfsfn] Tof]
sfe|fsf] ?vklg sf6\g'eof] . of] ds} pgLx?sf nflu klg xf] eGg] d]/f] r]td}
lyPg . cem r/f d]/} kl/af/sf ;b:o x'g\ eGg] t ;f]rd} lyPg . nfdk'R5||]
/ ;'ufk|lt d]/f] dgdf å]ifefjgf lyof] . r/fn] ds} vfof] eg] xfdLnfO{ sd
x'G5 eGg] nfUYof] .
lj=;++ @)@& ;fndf xfdL t/fO{df em¥of} . v]tdf wfgsf afnf 5'6\5g\ ls
eg]/ xfdL xf]lzof/Lsf ;fy d+l;/df wfg sf6\bf klg s]xL s]xL wfgsf
afnfx? t 5'l6xfNy] . d klg c? ;fyL;+u;+u} tL 5'6]sf wfgsf afnfx?
l6Kg hfGy]F . h;nfO{ xfdL ælznfwfgÆ vf]Hg] eGYof}F . lznfwfg a]r]/ d slk,
k]lG;n / lstfa lsGy]F . Tof] r/fd';fsf] efu -wfg_ klg d vf];]/ cfkm}F
n}hfGy]F . d';fn] b'Mv u/]/ b'nf]leq nu]sf] wfgsf afnfx? klg d b'nf]af6
lgsfn]/ Nofpy]F . o;/L d';fwfg kfpFbf d v'zL x'Gy]F . d]/f ;fyLx?n] b'nf]
vGbf d';f e]6]df tL d';fx?nfO{ dfb{y]F . d rflxF d';f gdf/] klg d';fn]
b'nf]leq e08f/0f u/]sf] ;a} wfg rflxF lnP/ cfpFy]F . ddf pgLx?n] klg
vfg'k5{ eGg] clnslt klg 1fg lyPg . r/fd';fsf] efusf] wfg vf];]/ d
v'zL x'Gy]F . ddf pgLx? k|lt clnslt klg bof dfof lyPg, s?0ffefj klg
lyPg . d]/f] dgdf :jfyL{ efjgf lyof], nf]e} nf]e dfq} lyof] . r/fd';f km/s

73
/ d km/s x"F eGg] efjgf lyof] . r/fd';fn] wfg pTkfbgdf s] of]ubfg u/]sf
5g\ / < eGg] :jfyL{ efjgf cfpFYof] .
cfWoflTds k|jrg tyf wd{b]zgf ;'g]/ d]/f] dg s]xL sdnf] eof] . lgoldt
Wofgefjgf / cfWoflTds k':tssf] cWoog / ;fd"lxs ;xeflutfn] klxnf
t dflg; dflg; aLr PsTjsf] efjgf a9\of] . Wofgefjgf kl5 c? k|f0fLk|lt
klg la:tf/} s?0ff knfpg] /x]5 . clg c? k|f0fLaLr PsTjsf] efjgf a9\bf]
/x]5 . Wofgsf] a]nf af]w eof] ls ljr/f tL vfg gkfPsf ;8ssf s's'/nfO{
dflg;x?n] 9'Ëfn] lxsf{Psf sf?l0fs lrqx? emNemnL ;lDemPF . Tof] d';fn]
nu]sf] wfg vf];]/ NofP/ d}n] 7"nf] uNtL u/]F eGg] af]w klg eof] . d]/f] dgdf
r/f, d';f / ;8ssf s's'/k|lt s?0ffefj pTkGg eof] . cln kl5 k'ifsf]
hf8f]df /ftL s's'/sf aRrfx? ?Fbf d klg pgLx?;+u} ?Gy]F .
Pslbg cfn'af/Ldf x]/]sf] t Pp6f ;fgf] dfn] r/fn] cfn'df nfUg] ls/fsf
nfef{ vfFb} /x]5 . cxf] Û of] t pksf/L r/f /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . r/fn]
km"naf/Lsf xfgLsf/s ls/fsf nfef{ vfg] /x]5 . sfun] d/]sf d';f / l;gf]
vfg] /x]5 / jftfj/0f z'4 agfpg ;xof]u ug{] /x]5 . laxfg x'gf;fy r/fn]
/fd|f efsfdf uLt ufP/ xfdLnfO{ p7fpF5g\ . ;'uf dflg;sf] ;fyL xf] . pm
xfdL;+u af]Ng klg ;S5 . t/ xfdL rflxF tL r/fd';fsf] af;:yfg -sfe|fsf]
?v / d';f]sf] b'nf]_ klg gi6 ul/lbG5f}F . oL r/fx?n] xfdLnfO{ laxfg l56}
p7\g / a]n'sf l56} ;'Tg l;sfpF5g\ . dL7f ;+uLtsf efsf l;sfpF5g\ .
;d"xdf ldn]/ a:g l;sfpF5g\ . r/fnfO{ x]bf{ xfdL cfkm\gf] kL8f la;{G5f}F .
r/fnfO{ x]bf{ dg cfglGbt x'G5 . Tof] d zAbdf j0f{g ug{ ;lSbg . logLx?n]
xfdLnfO{ lqmofzLn x'g l;sfpF5g\ . df}/L / k'tnLx?n] kmnkm"ndf k/fu;]rg
u5{g\ . o;af6 afnLsf] pTkfbg a9\g] /x]5 .
kfgLls/fn] nfdv'6\6]sf nfef{ vfg] /x]5 . logLx?n] xfdLnfO{ cf}nf], 8]ËL /
sfnfhf/ /f]u nfUgaf6 arfpF5g\ . df}/L / k'tnLx?n] kmnkm"ndf k/fu;]rg
u/]/ cGg / kmnkm"n pTkfbg a9fpg d2t u5{g\ . df}/Ln] slt b'Mv u/]/
hDdf u/]sf] dx klg xfdL vf];]/ vfG5f}F . dflg;n] dx sf8\bf ljr/f slt
df}/L d5{g\ klg . ?v ljgf t xfdL afFRg} ;St}gf}F . ?vn] xfdLnfO{ dfq
74
geP/ kz'nfO{ ;d]t cfxf/f lbG5 . r/fr'?ËLnfO{ cf>o lbG5 . pgLx? xfd|f
k|f0fjflxgL x'g\ . pgLx?n] clS;hg glbg] xf] eg] xfdL afFRg ;Sb}gf}F . km/s
olt dfq 5 ls pgLx? af]Ng ;Sb}gg\ . ?vaf6 xfdLn] ;xgzLntf l;S5f}F .
dflg;n] ?vnfO{ sf6\bf klg Tof] ?v ;x]/ a:5 . pgLx?sf] ;Lldttf a'emL
jf ga'emL xfdL tL ?vx?nfO{ grflxbf] t/Lsfn] sf6\5f}F / gi6 ub{5fF} eGg]
af]w eof] . o;af6 r/fsf] af;:yfg gi6 eof] . xfd|f] cl:tTj ;d]t ;+s6df
k¥of] .
ufO{ e}+;Ln] xfdLnfO{ k|]d / dfof lbG5g\ . b'w, bxL / df]xL klg lbG5g\, uf]?n]
v]t hf]T5g\ . ufO{ e+};Ln] s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg dn lbG5g\ . s's'/n] xfd|f]
;]jf u5{ . 3/ kl/jf/ / ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff u5{ . t/ la8Dagf, cGg pTkfbgdf
xfdL pgLx?sf] e"ldsf b]Vb}gf}F . a[xt\ kl/jf/df pgLx?sf] s'g} e"ldsf b]Vb}gf}F
. pgLx? klg xfd|} kl/jf/sf ;b:o x'g\ eGg] la;{G5fF} . xfd|f] cl:tTj oL
hgfj/, r/f clg ?v la?jfdf cfl>t 5 eGg] la;{G5f}F . ;b:ox?sf] gfz
ePkl5 d"nLsf] klg gfz x'G5 g} . pgLx?nfO{ gi6 ug{' eg]sf] xfdL cfkm}FnfO{
la:tf/} gi6 ug'{ xf] eGg] af]w eof] . Wofgsf] a]nf dnfO{ cfkm\g} s'sd{sf]
ofb cfof] . ca rflxF o:tf] r/fd';fsf] efu vf];]/ vfGg eGg] efjgf klg
cfof] . pgLx?nfO{ lbg' t stf xf] stf, lznfwfg vf]Hg]s|ddf ljr/fx?n]
slt b'Mv u/]/ nu]sf] cGg klg d}n] vf];]/ NofPF . Toltv]/}, d}n} gsfd u/]F
eGg] nfUof] . s;}nfO{ s]xL glbg' pgLx? k|lt dfq cGofo xf]Og, d cfkm}Fk|lt
klg cGofo xf] . lsgls d hgfj/ / af]6 la?jfdf cfl>t 5' . d eGg' g}
hgfj/ / la?jf klg xf] . cfkm}dfq a:t' / ;]jfsf] pkef]u ug'{ eg]sf] :jfyL{
efjgf xf] . w]/} kl5 dfq d ltg} ?v la?jf, r/fd';f / hgfj/df cfl>t 5'
eGg] af]w eof] . d]/f] 5'6\6} :jtGq cl:tTj 5}g eGg] klg af]w eof] .
v]taf/Lsf] Tof] ds}df d]/f] hlt clwsf/ 5, Tof] sf]sn], nfdk'R5|] / ;'ufsf]
klg Tolt g} 5 . d]/f] 3/df d]/f] hlt clwsf/ 5, Tof] uf}ynLsf] klg Tolt
g} 5 . r/f xfd|} kl/jf/sf ;b:o x'g\ . pgLx?n] s'g} sfd u/]gg\ eg] klg
ddf pgLx?k|lt s?0ff t hfUg' kg{] h:tf] nfUof] . d}n] ljutdf uNtL u/]sf]
emNemnL ;lDemPF . PsTjsf] efjgfn] xfd|f] nf]e / å]ifefjgf x6fpg ;xof]u
ubf{] /x]5 . d r/fd';fk|lt d}qL / s?0ff efj /fVg yfnF], hgfj/k|lt d}qL
75
efj /fVg yfnF] . lsg]/ ePklg r/fnfO{ rf/f] lbg yfn]F . s's'/ la/fnf]nfO{
k|]d ug{ yfnF] . xfdL ;a} Pp6} kl/jf/sf ;b:o xf}F eGg] efjgf knfof] . d]/f]
nf]eL / :jfyL{ efjgfdf x|f; cfof] . pgLx?k|lt d}qL / s?0ff hfUof] .
To;kl5 t d]/f] nf]e klg la:tf/} sd x'Fb}uof] . pgLx?nfO{ slt kmfObf eof],
Tof] d hflGbg . t/ o;af6 d]/f] rflxF Sn]z -nf]e / å]if_ qmdzM 36\b}
uO/x]sf] 5 .
#=!) ;Gt'i6 x'g] afgLsf] ljsfz
d ef}lts cy{zf:qdf bLlIft ljBfyL{, ;w} cefj g} cefj dfq k9]sf], b]v]sf]
/ cg'ej u/]sf] JolQm lyPF . d]/f] k|z:t hUuf hdLg lyof], t/ klg hUufs}
cefj b]Vy]F . c? b'O{ rf/ la3f hdLg hf]8\g kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUYof] . d]/f
bz hf]/L sk8f lyP, t/ d}n] cefj g} b]Vy]F . /fd|f gofF n'uf lsGg kfP
x'GYof] h:tf] nfUYof] . :6f]/df 5 ;ft af]/f rfdn lyP tfklg d cGgsf]
cefj g} b]Vy]F . lsr]gdf ^ j6f Uof;sf l;ln08/x? lyP tfklg Uof;sf]
cefj g} b]Vy]F . d]/f] dgdf cefj} cefjn] h/f uf8]/ a;]sf lyP . tL a:t'
/ ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{ ug{sf nflu g} d]/f] cfkm\gf] ;f/f kl/>d nufO/x]sf] x'Gy]F .
t/ klg d}n] slxNo} dfu adf]lhd cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lsg . d]/f] dgdf nf]e g}
nf]e, t[i0ff g} t[i0ff dfq /x]5 . ;w} cefj} cefj dfq x'g] . ;w} nfnrf g}
a9\g] . yfxf gkfO{sg d]/f OlGb|ox?n] dnfO{ bf; agfP5g\ . d}n] hlt g}
kl/>d u/] klg OlGb|on] dfu]sf s'/f d}n] k"/f ug{ ;lsg . d]/f] dgn]
OlGb|ox?nfO{ ;w} cefj g} cefj 5 eg]/ ;Gb]z k7fPkl5 d]/f] b]Vg] dgn]
/ ;'Gg] dgn] ;w} cefj g} cefj dfq b]Vg] / ;'Gg] /x]5 .
k9fO{sf] s|ddf d YffOn}08 / >Ln+sfdf a:bf d}n] af}¢ leIf' / leIf'0fLnfO{
b]vF], pgLx?df slxNo} klg cefj b]lvg . h;sf nflu x/]s lbg pkf;s /
pkfl;sfx?af6 vfgfsf] Aoj:yf ePsf] x'GYof] . ef]nL s] vfpmF eGg] x'b}gYof]
. jxfFx?sf] nflu :6f]/sf] Joj:yf lyPg . lrj/ klg ;Lldt dfq pknAw
x'GYof] . pkf;s / pkfl;sfx?n] vfgf lbGy], Tof] klg dWofGx eGbf cufl8
dfq . dWofGx eGbf k5fl8 vfgfsf] pknAwtf x'Fb}gYof] . pgLx?nfO{ rflxF
;w} kof{Kttf, t/ dnfO{ rflxF ;w} cefj} cefj lsg < of] x'g ;St}g eGg]
76
;f]r cfof] . d]/f] :6f]/ sf]7f ;fgf] eof] eg]/ csf{] sf]7f agfPsf] lyPF . t/
pgLx?sf] ;/;dfg /fVg] s'g} :6f]/ lyPg . dnfO{ rflxF hlt g} k};f art
u/]klg gk'Ug] lsg < lsgeg] d]/f] dgdf ef}lts cy{zf:qn] h/f uf8]/ a;]sf]
5 . d]/f] OlGb|odf pTkGg ePsf] dgn] ;w} æk'u]gÆ æk'u]gÆ dfq eG5 . ;w}
ærflxof]Æ ærflxof]Æ dfq eG5 . d ;w} cefj / czflGtdf 5' . t/ leIf' /
leIf'0fLx? rflxF efj / zflGtdf x'g'x'G5 . To;kl5 d klg ;Gt'i6 x'g l;Sg
yfn]F . ;f]r]F, dnfO{ dg{] a]nfdf ;'tfpgsf nflu s]jn ^ lkm6 hUuf dfq
rflxg] xf], slt hdLgsf] nf]e ug{] xf] < Tof] nf; a]/]/ nu]sf] sk8f klg
y't]/ /fV5g\ . d}n] nfg] s]xL klg xf]Og . d}n] nfg] eg]sf] s'zn sd{ dfq
xf] . clg s]sf] nflu ;+u|x ug{] < eGg] efj cfpg yfn]sf] 5 .
bz afx| aif{ cufl8;Dd klg d]/f] dgdf lgs} nf]e lyof] . a; tyf 6]Dkf]df
ef8f ltbf{ klg b'O{ ?k}of lkmtf{ lbPg eg]/ emu8f uy{]F . Ps k6s
sf]6]Zj/af6 sn+sL hfFbf b'O{ ?k}of ef8f lkmtf{ lbPg eg]/ rfnsnfO{ ufnL
u/]F . afx| hgfsf] b'O{ ?k}ofsf b/n] ? @$ vfO;\ egL 8|fOe/;+u kGw|
ldg]6;Dd jfbljjfb eof] . cGTodf, ljr/f 8|fOe/ efOn] ;a}sf] b'O{ b'O{
?k}of lkmtf{ ug'e{ of] . ;fdfg lsGbf klg 3G6f}F;Dd k;n];+u bnfnL uy{]F,
d"No g36fP;Dd ;fdfg g} lslGbgy]F . cf}ifwL lsGbf klg k};f 36fO{lbg'xf];\
egL l9kL uy{]F . ;AhL lsGbf klg bnfnL g} uy{]F . yf]/} k};fdf klg cgfjZos
bnfnL u/]/ ;do aaf{b uy{F] . d]/f] dgdf Tof] a]nf nf]en] bx|f];+u h/f uf8]/
a;]sf] /x]5 . hlt pSsfP/ kmfnf}F eGof] nf]e xlNnb} xlNnb}gYof] .
af}¢ bz{gsf lstfa k9]kl5, d}n] cfkm"df h] 5 To;d} ;Gt'i6 x'g l;s]F .
dnfO{ ærflxof] rflxof]Æ eGg 5f]8]F . lj:tf/} dnfO{ æk'Uof], k'Uof]Æ eGg yfn]sf]
5' . d;++u kof{Kt 5 eGg yfn]sf] 5' . ;f/f+zdf, cfkm";+u h] 5, To;d} d
;Gt'i6 -contentment_ x'g yfn]sf] 5' . o;f] ubf{ dgdf zflGt / cfgGb k|fKt
x'g] /x]5 . d]/f] dgdf nf]e klg sd x'g] /x]5 .
#=!! clgTosf] cEof;
of] z/L/df cfPsf ;+j]bgfnfO{ ;"Id ¿kn] x]bf{ oxfF klg Pp6f ;+j]bgfsf]
pTklQ x'G5, To;sf] gfz x'G5Ù k'gM csf{] ;+j]bgfsf] pTklQ x'G5, To;sf]
77
klg cGTo x'G5Ù k'gM t]>f]sf] pTklQ / gfz x'G5 . oxfF t b}lgs nfvf}F
;+j]bgfx¿sf] pTklQ / ljgfz x'Fbf] /x]5 . cl3b]lv P]n];Dd lrnfPsf] Pp6}
xf]Og /x]5, ToxfF t nfvf}F lrnfOx¿sf] pTklQ / ljgfz ePsf] s'/f dnfO{
Wofgsf] a]nf af]w eof] . lbof] x]bf{ Pp6} Hjfnf b'O{ 306fb]lv aln/x]sf]
b]lvG5Ù t/, oyfy{df To:tf] xf]Og /x]5 . /fd|/L x]bf{, Tof] lbof]df Pp6f
Hjfnfsf] pTklQ x'G5, To;sf] gfz x'G5 clg csf{] Hjfnfsf] pTklQ x'G5,
To;sf] klg gfz x'G5 . kfgL kbf{ an]F;Ldf 7'N7'nf kfgLsf kmf]sf p7\y] /
km'6\y] klg . kfgLsf] kmf]sf] p7\bf d v'zL x'Gy]F clg km'6\bf rflxF b'vL . oL
kmf]sf x]bf{ d]/f] hLjg klg To:t} clgTo /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . gbLnfO{ x]bf{
klg cl3b]lv Pp6} gbL alu/x]sf] b]lvG5 t/ Tof] gbLsf] kfgLnfO{ x]bf{ t
Pp6} gbL xf]Og /x]5 . ToxfF t kn kndf kfgLsf c/af}F / v/af}F s0fx?
cfpg] / hfg] /x]5g\ . elgG5, Pp6} gbLdf b'O{rf]6L g'xfpg ;lsb}g . gbLsf]
kfgL klg clgTo /x]5 . pv'sf] 8fSnfdf Pp6} /; x'G5 h:tf] nfUYof] t/
lgofn]/ vfFbf t x/]s k6s d'vdf /fv]sf] pv'sf] 6'qmfsf] /; km/s /x]5 .
Tof] pv'sf] /; klg l5g l5gdf kl/jt{g eO/xg] /x]5 .
To:t} gfuj]nLsf] km"n x]¥of], clt /fd|f], x]l//x'F h:tf] . t/ ef]nLkN6 g}
cf]OnfO{ eml/xfNg] . of] klg clgTo g} /x]5, cfh cl:tTjdf cfpg] ef]nL g}
ljbfO eOxfNg] . hfgL ghfgL d}n] d]/f] hLjgnfO{ ToxL Hjfnf, kfgLsf] kmf]sf,
gfuj]nLsf] km"n / gbLsf] kfgL;+u t'ngf ul//x]sf] /x]5' . dnfdL hfFbf klg
clgTo af]w x'g] /x]5 . oL cEof;af6 æd}n] klg Pslbg of] z/L/ Tofu]/
hfg'k5{Æ eGg] af]w eof] . o;f] ubf{ nf]e / å]if sd x'g] /x]5 . w]/} y'kf/]/ s]
ug{] <
s]xL jif{ klxnf d af6f]af6 lrlKnP/ tn v;F] / ;fyLx?n] c:ktfn n}hfg'
eof] . d t d5'{ ls Sof xf] Û h:tf] eof] . nf, d}n] bfg lbg] df}s} kfplbg
ls h:tf] nfUof] . d[To'nfO{ ghLsaf6 b]v]F . d[To' x'Fbf s;}n] klg cfkm\gf]
ef}lts ;Dklt n}hfg ;Sb}g /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . Tof] 36gfn] dnfO{ d[To'sf]
d'vdf k'¥ofof], w]/} kL8f klg eof] . t/ To;sf] /fd|f] kIf rflxF bfg / c?
s'zn sd{ ug{ clek]|l/t u¥of] . dflg; d/]/ hfFbf ;+klQ xf]Og, cfkm\gf
s'zn / cs'zn sd{ dfq} ;fy} lnP/ hfg] /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . To;kl5
78
dnfO{ cem a9L bfg lbg dg nfUof] . clgTo af]w ePkl5 nf]e cln sd
x'g] /x]5 . klxnf t slxn]sfFxL dfq d}n] klg Pslbg dg'{k5{ h:tf] nfUYof]
. c?a]nf t d ;w} pGdQ . xfdL s'g a]nf d5f}{F, xfdL dWo] s;}nfO{ klg
yfxf x'b}g . st} c?nfO{ ;xof]u gu/L dg{] kf] x'F ls < h:tf] nfUg yfNof] .
k'0o sdfpg slxNo} klg 9Lnf] ug'{ x'b}g eGg] nfUof] . bfg lbg / Tofu ug{
slxNo} 9Lnf ug'{ x'b}g eGg] nfUof] . clgTo af]wn] s'zn sd{ ug{ 9Lnf ug'{
x'Fb}g eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . clgTo af]wn] d]/f] nf]e clns sd eof] .
of] d]/f] 3/, of] d]/f] ufl8, of] d]/f] hUuf hldg eGg] efjgfn] ;DklQ;+u
cfa4 -attachment_ eOG5 . d / d]/f]] eGg] efjgf eP;Dd nf]e sd x'g]
/x]g5 . d]/f] gfddf 3/hUuf x'g] lalQs} d nf]e;+u cfa4 x'g] /x]5', c;+u
gx'g] /x]g5' . To;}n] d}n] d]/f] 3/, ufl8, hUuf, hldg, z]o/ ;a} >dtLsf]
gfddf gfd;f/L ul/lbPF . oL d]/f xf]Ogg\ eGg] efj agfpg' kg{] /x]5 . klxnf
klxnf >LdtLsf] gfddf ePklg s] ug{] < s;f] ug{] < eg]/ pgn] dnfO{ k|Zg
ul//xlGyg\ < To;kl5 of] d]/f] xf]Og ltdL h] u5f}{, u/ elGbPF . eGg t eGof]
t/ leq cg'zodf of] d]/f] xf] eGg] s'/f cfO/xg] /x]5 . To;kl5, d]/f] s'g}
;DklQ 5}g, d c;+u 5' eGg] s'/f k6s k6s :d/0f u/L bf]x¥ofO{ t]x¥ofO{
cg'e"lt ug{ yfn]F . To;kl5 d c;+u 5' eGg] af]w eof] . o;af6 nf]e s]xL
sd eof] .
hlxn] klg bfg dfUg cfPsf] a]nfdf dnfO{ lbg dg g} gnfUg] . kl5 lbpFnf
lg eGyF] . rGbf dfUg cfpFbf efO Û kl5 lbpFnf x} eGy]F . Ps k6s la/fdL
x'Fbf dl/G5 ls h:tf] nfUof] . bfg gu/L d/F] eg] t rf/ ckfodf kl/G5 ls
h:tf] nfUof] . dgdf w]/} 8/ pTkGg eof] . l;ls:t lj/fdL x'g' klg Ps
lsl;dn] 7Ls} eof] . sd;]sd bfg ;dod} lbg'kg{] xf]z t cfof] . bfg ug{
l9nf ug'{ x'b}g eGg] af]w eof] . xfdL Ps k6s gdf]a'4df uPsf lyofF} .
af6f]df ;do kmh'ndf vr{ eof] / 9Lnf] dfq gdf]a'4 k'luof] . gdf]a'4 hfG5'
/ nfdfnfO{ bfg lbG5' eg]sf] t nfdfx?sf] :s"n nflu;s]5 . nfdf u'?x?
klg ;a} leq uO;Sg' eP5 . bfg lbg vf]h]sf] bfg lng] s'g} nfdf e]l6g'ePg
. d]/f] dg lvGg eof] . bfg lbP/ d]/f] nf]e 36fpF eg]sf] t bfg lng] dflg;
g} kfOPg . bfg lbg] dfq eP/ x'g] /x]g5, bfg lng] klg rflxg] /x]5 . dnfO{
79
t bfg glbO{ d5{' ls h:tf] nfUof] . df}sf kfpgf;fy bfg lbOxfNg' kg{] /x]5
. o;af6 nf]e sd x'g] /x]5 . clgTo af]wn] nf]e 36fpg] /x]5 .
#=!@ sfdjf;gf 36fpg] ;fwgf
sfdjf;gf of}g OlGb|odf xf]Og, cfFvfdf x'g] /x]5 . cfFvfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
;lsPg eg] o;n] cem a9L t[i0ff hufpF5 / t[i0ffaf6 pkfbfg aGg] /x]5 .
pkfbfg ePkl5 t of}g ;Dks{ -sd{_ x'g] g} eof] . To;+}n] cfFvfsf] :kz{ lgs}
vt/fk"0f{ x'G5 . xfdL pkf;s, pkfl;sfn] of}g ;Dks{ g} ug'{ x'b}g eGg] xf]Og
t/ o;nfO{ ;Lldt ug'{k5{ eGg] dfq xf] . of}g t[i0ff a9]/ pkfbfg aGof] eg]
of}g g} dgdf 6fFl;G5 . To;kl5, of}g cfzlQmsf sf/0f of}g lx+;f, anfTsf/
/ xTof h:tf cs'zn sfo{x? x'g k'U5g\ . pd]/;+u} of}g rfxgf a9\5 . To;}n]
of}g rfxgfnfO{ lgodg ug{ rflxF h?/L 5 . d]/f] of}g rfxgf lgs} g} a9L
lyof] . t/ klg dnfO{ k/:qL;+usf] of}g ;Dks{sf] rfxgf rflxF slxNo} knfPg
. d ljk/Lt ln+uLk|lt cfslif{t rflxF x'Gy]F . To;kl5, of}gsf] nf]e s;/L
36fpg] xf]nf egL lrGtg dgg ug{ yfn]F . of}g rfxgfnfO{ bafpg' x'Gg eg]/
cf]zf] afx]s c? s;}n] klg eg]sf /x]g5g\ . sNof0fldqx?n] dnfO{ klg
of}gsf af/] gn]Vg ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] lyof] . t/ of}gt[i0ff klg Pp6f d'Vo
Sn]z ePsfn] o;nfO{ 36fpg' h?/L nfUof] . of}gt[i0ffd} /lx/¥of] eg] AolQm
k'gM b'Mvrs|d} kg'{kg{] x'G5 . t;y{ d}n] of}gt[i0ff 36fpbfsf cfkm\g} s]xL
cg'ejx? xh'/x? ;dIf k|:t't u/]sf] 5' .
ljkl/t lnËsf dflg; d]/f] cfFvfdf 7f]lSsg] lalQs} cfFvfdf b]Vg] dg pTkGg
x'g] /x]5 / of}g k|lt /fu hfUg] /x]5 . ;+1fsf] sf/0fn] Tof]] lrq k6s k6s
d]/f] dgdf 7f]lSsG5 . To;af6 dgf]lj1fg agL k6s k6s d]/f] dgdf of}g
rfxgfx? hfUg] /x]5g\ . tL blaP/ /x]sf of}g rfxgf Tof] lrq ;lDemPkl5 -
;+1f_ dgdf 7f]lSsG5, dgf]lj1fg aG5 / of}g rfxgfsf] kl/p7\7fg x'G5 .
of}gsf] /fk / tfk tLa| ?kdf a9\b} hfg] /x]5 . t/ Wofg ;fwgf a9\b} uPkl5
c? b'Mv kL8fx? klg vKg] afgL a:g] /x]5 . Wofgefjgf ubf{ 9f8 / 3'F8f
b'v] klg d vk]/ a:y]F . ToxL vKg]] afgL ljsfz ePkl5 of}g rfxgfnfO{ klg
vk]/ a:g ;lsg] /x]5 .
80
Pshgf sNof0fldqn] dnfO{ eGg'x'GYof]–] d]/L >LdtL clt ;'Gb/ . cfFvf x]¥of]
cfFv} /fd|f], d[ugog h:t} . cf]7 x]¥of] cf]7} /fd|f], gfs x]¥of] gfs} /fd|f], d'v
x]¥of] d'v} /fd|f] . bfFt klg cgf/bfgf h:t} k+lQm ldn]sf . ljkZogf
Wofgefjgfsf] Ps aif{kl5, pg} ldqn] eGg'eof] – h'g z/L/nfO{ d ;'Gb/
eGy]F, Tof] t kmf]x/sf] y'k|f] /x]5 . Tof] 5fnfsf] wf]qmf] leq t ;a} kmf]x/d}nf
dfq} /x]5 . k]6leq kmf]x/ g} kmf]x/, ;a} lbzf / lk;fa dfq . d]/f] xsdf klg
ToxL eof] . dnfO{ h'g gfs /fd|f] nfUYof], Tof] ;'Gb/ gfsleqaf6 l;+ufg
lgl:sG5 . h'g cf]7 / d'v dnfO{ /fd|f] nfUYof], Tof] ;'Gb/ d'vleqaf6 ¥ofn,
y's / vsf/ lg:sg] /x]5 . h'g cfFvf dnfO{ d[ugog h:t} ;'Gb/ nfUy],
ToxL cfFvfdf lrk|f cfpg] /x]5 . sfgaf6 sfg]u'hL cfpF5 . h'g bfFt dnfO{
df]tL h:t} /fd|f nfUy], Pslbg dfq gdfem\bf tL bfFtdf bfFt]u'x' nfUg] /x]5
/ pgsf] d'v ugfpg] /x]5 . ToxL g/d 5fnfaf6 ugfpg] kl;gf cfpg] /x]5
. Pslbg g'xfPg eg] z/L/ ugfpF5 . lgofn]/ x]bf{ t, of] z/L/leq ;a} kmf]x/}
kmf]x/ /x]5 . s] sf] d]/L >LdtL /fd|L lg Û ;a} kmf]x/sf] y'k|f] dfq . d klg
kmf]x/sf] wf]qmf] g} /x]5' . kmf]x/ x6fP/ c? a:t' x]bf{ klg s]jn xf8 / df;'sf]
y'k|f] / /utsf] kf]sf] /x]5 . s] sf] d]/f] /fd|f] g/fd|f] lg . o;/L Wofgefjgfn]
Wofgdf ga;]sf] a]nf klg Wofgefjgfdf a;]sf] h:t} z/L/ x]g{] afgL a:g]
/x]5 . of] af]w ePkl5 sfdjf;gf cfpg] qmd lgs} sd eof] .
sNof0fldqn] eGg'eof] –h;/L gfsaf6 l;+ufg lg:sG5, To;}u/L of]gLaf6
ugfpg] of]gL;|fj aflx/ lg:sG5 . ToxLFaf6 lk;fa klg lg:sG5 . km]l/ ToxL
7fpFdf kl;gfsf] b'u{Gw, lk;fasf] b'u{Gw, of]gL;|fjsf] b'u{Gw, ;a} b'u{Gw dfq
. ;a} b'u{Gw} b'u{Gw dfq af]w ePkl5 of}g rfxgfx? cfkm}F sd x'g] /x]5 . of]
z/L/sf] dfof klg sd x'g] /x]5 . lhpFbf] eP;Dd dfq z/L/, To;kl5 t of]
;'Gb/ z/L/ nf; x'G5 . 5f]/f5f]/L aflx/af6 cfpg 9Lnf eof] eg] nf; ugfof]
eG5f}F . ToxL ;'Gb/ z/L/ dl/;s]kl5 l56f] n}hfcf}F, n}hfcf}F eG5f}F .
d]/f] cfkm\gf] cg'ejdf klg b'u{Gw g} b'u{Gw af]w eof] eg] sfdjf;gf sd x'g]
/x]5 . dnfdL uO{ d[t z/L/ x]¥of]{ eg] of}g rfxfgf lgs} sd x'g] /x]5 .
z/L/k|ltsf] cfsif{0f sd x'g] /x]5 . of] z/L/ t s]jn ugfpg] a:t' /x]5

81
eGg] af]w x'g] /x]5 . o;/L of] z/L/ kmf]x/ g} kmf]x/sf] y'k|f] xf] eGg] cg'e"lt
ug{ yfn] kl5 ljk/Lt ln+uLk|ltsf] cfsif{0fdf lgs} sdL x'g] /x]5 .
;+1fn] klg of}g rfxgfnfO{ a9fpg] / 36fpg] sfd ug{] /x]5 . g]kfn cfdL{sf]
d]l8sn sn]h lg/LIf0fsf] a]nf dnfO{ aLeT; ePsf] zj x]g{] df}sf ldNof] .
ljBfyL{n] k/LIf0f ubf{ ubf{ Tof] ;'s]sf] nf; cem IftljIft ePsf] lyof] .
csf{] sf]7fdf s+sfn /flvPsf] lyof] . ;+1fsf] sf/0f tL v08Ls[t ePsf nf;
/ s+sfn k6s k6s d]/f] dgdf 7f]lSsg cfP . h;sf] sf/0f d]/f] dgdf
bf}d{g:o pTkGg eof] . d]/f] z/L/ / z/L/k|ltsf] cfsif{0fdf pNn]vgLo dfqfdf
sdL cfof] . o:tf ;fwgf a9fpb} nu]kl5 of}g klg ldYofa:t' xf] eGg] af]w
x'g] /x]5 / of}g rfxfgf 36g] /x]5 . d]/f] of}g rfxgf z"Go t ePsf] 5}g,
t/ z"Gosf] ghLsdf k'u]sf] 5 .
#=!# of}g t[i0ff / o;sf] c;/
xfdL 6]Dkf]df sf]6]Zj/af6 ;ftbf]af6f]lt/ hfFb}lyof}F, af6f]df Pshgf ;]tf] 58L
lnPsf] b[li6ljxLg efO 6]Dkf]df r9\g' eof] . k5fl8kl6\6sf 6]Dkf]sf ;L6 ;a}
el/O;s]sfn] 6]Dkf]rflnsf alxgLn] jxfFnfO cfkm" glhs} /x]sf] ;L6df
a;flng\ . 6]Dkf] afns'df/Lsf] cf]/fnf]df emb}{ lyof] . 6]Dkf]rflnsf alxgL
æo;nfO{ 7Ls gnufO{ 5f]8\lbgÆ eGb} PSsf;L s/fpg yflng\ . 6]Dkf] /f]lsg\
/ Tof] b[li6ljxLg efOnfO{ tfGg yflng\ . xfdL ;a} 5Ss k¥of}F . ;a} ofq'x?
s] eof] < s] eof] < eGg yfn] . 6]Dkf]rflnsf alxgLn] eGg'eof] æof] ;fn]n]
d]/f] cË -;Dj]bgzLn cË_ ;dfTof] . o;nfO{ 7Ls nufpF5'” eGg yfNg'eof]]
. xfdL ;a} 5Ss k¥of}F, s;/L o:tf] eof] < of] efO t b[li6ljxLg 5, p;n]
s;/L b]V5 / To:tf] cs'zn sd{ u5{ < eGg] k|Zgx? d]/f] dgdf p7] . ofqLn]
klg Tof] 6]Dkf]rflnsf alxgLnfO{ ufnL ug{ nfu] . of] efO b[li6ljxLg 5, clg
s;/L b]V5 / tkfO{nfO{ ;dfpF5 eGg nfu] . tL] b[li6ljxLg efO rflxF r'F klg
af]n]gg\ . ofqLx?n] Tof] efOnfO{ 6]Dkf]af6 cf]/fnLlbP . æcfh afFlr;\Æ eGb}
pgn] 6]Dkf] cufl8 a9fOg\ . s]xL ;do klxn] d rflxF wd{>[Ëdf Wofg a;]/
cfPsf] lyPF, To;}n] s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfOg . a? Tof] 36gfnfO{ lrGtg dgg
ug{yfn]F .
82
Tof] efO g]qljxLg aGg'eGbf klxnf s'g} dlxnf;+u p;sf] of}g ;+;u{ lyof]
xf]nf . Tof] dlxnfsf] cfjfh / lrqsf] /fu pgsf] ;+:sf/sf] kqdf /lx/x]sf]
lyof] . tL 6]Dkf] 8fOe/ alxgLsf] cfjfh Tof] efOsf] sfgdf 7f]lSsg] lalQs}
>f]tlj1fg aGg'kg{]df ;+1fsf] sf/0f pgsf] ;+:sf/sf] kqdf /x]sf] dlxnfsf]
lrq pgsf] dgdf 7f]lSsof] / pgdf of}g rfxgf hfUof] . Tof] lrqn] pgnfO{
a]xf]zL agfof] / dlxnflt/ cfkm\gf] xft cufl8 a9fP xf]nfg\ . To;}n] klxnfsf]
Sn]zn] pgnfO{ clxn];Dd c;/ ul//x]sf] 5 / Wofgefjgf gug{] xf] eg]
o;n] slt hGd;Dd ;tfpF5 yfxf 5}g . To;}n] Sn]z aGg g} lbg' x'Fb}g .
ljk/Lt ln+uLsf] lrq t dgdf 7f]lSsOxfN5 . t/ Tof] lrqn] xfd|f] dgdf s'g}
k|efj gkfg'{ g} Sn]z aGg glbg' xf] .
#=!$ s[ltsf] nf]e 36fpg] ;fwgfM
w]/} klxn] s]xL ;fyLx? ldn]/ Pp6f :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf] cg';Gwfg u/]sf lyof}F
. Tof] cg';Gwfg s[ltsf] k|sfzg ug{] s|ddf s:sf] gfd klxn] /fVg] eGg]
s'/fnfO{ lnP/ ;fyLx? aLr em}emu8f g} eof] . l8hfOg / n]vgdf d]/f] d'Vo
e"ldsf /x]sfn] d d]/f] gfd klxnf /fVg'k5{ eGb} ts{ k]z uy{]F . csf{] ;fyL
klg cfkm"n] ;a}eGbf w]/} cWoog ljlwdf of]ubfg u/]sfn] d]/f] gfd klxnf]
n]vssf] ?kdf /xg'k5{ eGb} ts{ k]z ug'{x'GYof] . d nufot s'g} klg ;fyL
kl5 gfd /fVg tof/ lyPgf}+ . nfdf] 5nkmn kl5 d]/f] gfd bf]>f] n]vsdf
/fVg d tof/ ePF . cg';Gwfg s[ltsf] nf]e klg w]/} g} x'g] /x]5 . d d]/f]]
gfd km}lnof];\ eGg] rfxGyF] . s;}n] of] tkfO{sf] s[lt slt /fd|f] /x]5 eg]/
k|z+;f u/]sf] ;'g]F eg] tL ;fyLnfO{ d skmL v'jfpy+F .
Wofg, 1fg / bfgsf] ;fwgf kl5 w]/} jif{kl5 d]/f] Tof] gfd km}nfpg] nf]e klg
la:tf/} sd x'b} uPsf] 5 . s[ltsf] nf]e 36fpg d}n] s'g} n]v k|sflzt ubf{
d]/f] gfd n]vsx?sf] aLr cyjf clGtddf /fVg] cEof; ug{ yfn]F . To;af6
s[ltsf] nf]e clns sd t eof], t/ klg leq leq rflxF nf]e /lx/xGYof] .
b'O{ jif{ klxn] d}n] d]/f ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx?;+u ldn]/ ;'lt{sf] c;/af/] b'O{j6f
cg';Gwfg u/]sf] lyPF . ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx?n] tL cg';Gwfgdf d]/f] gfd
klxnf /fvf}F eg]/ lgs} l9kL ug'{eof] . vf]O{ s] eof] < dnfO{ Tof] n]vdf d]/f]
83
gfd /fVg slQ klg dg nfu]g . d rflxF s[ltsf] nf]e x6fpg] cEof;df lyPF
. d]/f] ;Dj]ufTds dgn] gfd æ/fvÆ æ/fvÆ eGYof], clg ljj]sL dgn] rflxF
æg/fvÆ æg/fvÆ eGYof] . w]/} nfdf] 5nkmnkl5 d}n] jxfFx?nfO{ d]/f] gfd
g/fVg ;xdt u/]F . dnfO{ ToxLa]nf yfxf eof], Wofgn] ljj]sL dgsf] zlQm
a9fpg] /x]5 . d]/f] gfd cfpFbf d hlt v'zL lyPF, gcfpFbf cem a9L v'zL
ePF, sd;]sd d]/f] cxÍf/ t a9]g eGg] nfUof] . o;}u/L c? s[ltdf klg
d]/f] gfd /fVg] sfd la:tf/} x6fpFb} uPF . xfn d]/f] dgdf gfd /fVg] ljrf/
g} cfpFb}g .
#=!% k};fsf] nf]e 36fpg] ;fwgf
k};f geO gx'g] a:t' eO;Sof] . t/ klg k};f rflxg] eGbf a9L ;+ro eof]
eg] o;n] emg} nf]e a9fpg] /x]5 . ;fydf ? (%)÷ eof] ls ?= Ps xhf/
agfP/ a}sdf /fVg dg nfUg], ?= gAa] xhf/ eof] eg] ? !),)))÷ yk]/
Ps nfv k'¥ofP/ a}+sdf d'2lt vftfdf /fVg dg nfUg] /x]5 . nfv ?k}of
eof] ls Tof] k};f df:g dg g} gnfUg] . Tof] k}+;f rflxF hf]ufP/ /fVg kfP
x'GYof] h:tf] nfUYof] . d'lZsnn] Ps k6sdf ? xhf/ ;Dd vr{ u/L ;fu;AhL
lsGg ;Sg] ePF . k};f cfof] ls dfl;G5 eg]/ a}+sdf /fVg dg nfUg] . k};fn]
hlt g} eP klg k'Ug] /x]g5 . xhf/ ?k}of;Dd vr{ ug{ klg nf]e g} nfUbf]
/x]5 . k};fsf] nf]e c? nf]e eGbf s8f x'g] /x]5 . hlt k};f eof] Tolt g}
k};fsf] nf]e a9\g] /x]5 .
w]/} jif{ kl5sf] >'tdoL 1fg / Wofgefjgfsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;n] k};fsf] nf]e
36fpg' k5{ eGg] af/] ;f]Rg yfn]F . t/ s;/L 36fpg] eGg] rflxF dnfO{ yfxf
lyPg . ;a}eGbf klxn] d]/f] a}s Aofn]G; hlt lyof] Tof] ;a} >LdtLsf] gfddf
;f/LlbP . ca d]/f] k]G;gsf] vftfdfq /Xof], Tof] vftf rflxF aGb ug{ ldn]g
. Tof] vftfdf klg clnslt k};f x'gf;fy, Tof] >LdtLsf] gfdd} ;f/Llbg yfn]F
. o;f] ubf{ k};fk|ltsf] nf]e clns sd eof] . cg';Gwfg k|:tfj tof/ u/]/
k};fs} nflu ;DalGwt sfof{nodf k]z ug{] sfd aGb u/]F / k};fs} nflu
sG;N6]G;L ug{ 5f]l8lbPF . cfkm"n] kG5fpg gldNg] sfd dfq ug{ yfn]F . k};f
;+nUg ePsf lg0f{odf ;l/s x'g 5f8]F . k};f b]v] klg of] d]/f] xf]Og egL
84
c;+nUg x'g yfn]F . of] d]/f] k};f xf]Og eG5' . o;f] ubf{ dgdf zflGt / cfgGb
nfUbf] /x]5 . c;+nUg x'g] afgL k/]kl5 tL a:t', 36gf / k|lqmofdf klg
c;+nUg eOg] /x]5 .
#=!^ Tofusf] ;fwgf
d}n} w]/} jif{;Dd ;/sf/L hflu/ vfPF . d :jf:Yo dGqfnodf sfd uy{]F .
ljb]z hfg kfpg' Tof] a]nf lgs} sl7g lyof] . ljb]z hfFbf /fd|f 7fpF x]g{
kfOg], dL7f] vfg kfpg], k};f klg arfpg kfpg] ePsf]n] d ljb]z hfg
x'?Ss x'Gy]F . ljb]z hfg]] df}sf dnfO{ k|fKt eO/xf];\ eGg] sfdgf x'GYof]] . Tof]
a]nf :jf:Yo dGqfnodf w]/}h;f] ljb]z hfg] df}sf s]jn lrlsT;s /
g;{x?nfO{ dfq k|fKt x'GYof] . k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lsf nflu t ljb]z hfg]
df}sf cfpFb} cfpFb}gYof] eg] klg x'G5 . d]/f] s;/t rflxF s;/L Tof] lrlsT;s
/ g;{sf] ;L6df cfkm" aflx/ hfg kfOG5 eg]/ ;f]r ljrf/ uy{]F . >Ln+sfaf6
gl;{Ë k|zf;g ljifosf b'O{6f ;L6 cfPsf lyP . d klg gl;{Ë k|zf;gsf]
clws[t x'F . d]/f] dgf]gog lsg x'Fb}g < eg]/ d}n] lnF8]l9kL s;]]F . of] k6s
rflxF dnfO{ hfg] df}sf lbg'xf];\ egL dxfzfvf k|d'vnfO{ cg'/f]w u/]F .
dxfzfvf k|d'vn] of] efOn] w]/} lhl2 ug'e { of], nf}g t eg]/ d]/f] dgf]gogsf]
nflu l;kmfl/; ug'{eof] . Pshgf g;{ lbbL / d @ dlxgfsf] tflndsf] nflu
>Ln+sf uof} . d ljb]z hfg kfpFbf cf}wL v'zL ePF .
s/La * aif{ kl5 d cfkm}n] cfkm}nfO{ x]g{ yfn]F . d}n] Tof] ;L6 glnP/ Pshgf
g;{ alxgLnfO{ k7fOlbPsf] eP slt /fd|f] x'g] lyof] h:tf] nfUof] . Tof] a]nfdf
d a'4zf;gdf cfPsf] lyOg, t/ klg a'4wd{sf s]xL pkof]uL lstfax? rflxF
k9]sf] lyP . To;kl5 km]l/, :jf:Yo If]qsf] ljlQo ;'wf/ ljifodf cd]/Lsfsf]
;fgk|mflG;sf]df tflnddf hfg b'O{6f ;L6 k|fKt ePsf lyP . Pp6fdf n]vf
k|d'v hfg] / csf{] Psdf d]/f] gfd k|:tfj eof] . d]/f] Pshgf ;fyLn] ;/
dnfO{ hfg clt dg 5 . æxh'/ t kl5 klg hfg kfpg'x'G5, of] ;L6df
xh'/n] dnfO{ k7fOlbg'xf];\ gÆ eGg'eof] . klxnf t dnfO{ klg nf]e g} nfUof]
t/ Ps}l5g kl5 d]/f] nf]e sd eof]] . dg klg l5g}df nf]eL / l5g}df cnf]eL
x'g] /x]5 . x'G5 ;fyL, tkfO{ hfg'xf];\ eg]F . d klxn] tflndsf] df}sf kfpFbf
85
hlt v'zL ePsf] lyP, of] df}sf TofUbf To;sf] b'O{ u'0ff a9L v'zL ePF .
To:t} csf{] Pp6f sfo{zfnfdf hfg] df}sf klg d}n] TofuF] .
hlt Tofu ul/of], emg\ emg\ /fd|f] df}sf k|fKt x'g] /x]5 . csf{] k6s, ljZj
:jf:Yo ;+3af6 cGt/fli6|o :t/sf] tLg dlxgfsf] k|lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf] nflu
Ps ;L6 k|fKt ePsf]] /x]5 . d hfg kfpFm eg]/ d}n] st} eg]sf] klg xf]Og,
vf]O{ lsg xf] < d]/f xflsdn] d]/f] gfd k|:tfj ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 . d]/f] gfd
k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 egL jxfFn] dnfO{ ;d]t eGg'ePsf] lyPg . ;fob klxn]
Tofu u/]sf]n] xf] ls < d}n] klg To:tf] df}sf k|bfg ug'{ePsf]df jxfFx?k|lt
s[t1tf hfx]/ u/]F . aRrfx?sf] :s"n kmL klg lt/]sf] lyOg, 8n/ ;f6]/ lt/]F
. w]/}jif{ cl3b]lv >LdtLsf] nflu gofF n'uf klg lsGg ;s]sf] lyOg . kf6L{df
hfg] Psl;6 /fd|} ;f8L rf]nf] klg lslglbPF . bfn rfdn klg lsg]F . h"g @!
sf] lbg g]kfnaf6 a}+ss x'b} hfstf{ hfg] lbg lyof] . 3/af6 ljbfO eO{
Po/kf]6{lt/ hfFb}lyPF . yfO{ Po/ # 306f l9nf] 5 eGg] ;"rgf k|fKt eof] .
oxL df}sfdf ;lrjHo"nfO{ s[t1tf hfx]/ ug{ hfg''k¥of] egL :jf:Yo
dGqfnolt/ nfu]F . e¥ofËaf6 dfly r9\b}lyPF, af6f]df ldq 1jfnLhL;+u e]6
eof] . jxfFn] eGg'eof] æ;/ j]nfotaf6 g]kfnsf] nflu :jf:YoIf]q ;'wf/sf]
nflu pRr:t/Lo 6f]nL cfpFb}5, jxfFx?;+u e]6]/ hfg'eof] eg] /fd|f] x'G5 lg
.Æ dnfO{ klg Tolt 7"nf dflg; cfpg' ePsf] /x]5, sd;]sd jxfFx?nfO{
e]6]/ hfg'k¥of] eg]/ e]6F] . jxfFx?nfO{ d cfkm" aflx/ hfFb5 } ' dfq s] eg]sf]]
lyP, ænf} tkfO{ x'g'x'G5 eg]/ xfdL Tolt 6f9faf6 cfof}F, tkfO{ aflx/ hfg'x'G5
eg] xfdL klg kms{G5f}, g]kfnn] j]nfotL kfp08 $) ldlnog u'dfpg] eof]Æ
eGg'eof] . d cK7\of/f]df k/]F . Tof] s'/f ;lrjHo";+u cg'/f]w ug{ uPF . Tof]
a]nfsf] ;lrjHo" w]/} 1fgL x'g'x'GYof] . jxfFn] æefO, d tkfO{nfO{ /f]Sg ;lStg,
tkfO{ cfkm} ljrf/ ug'{xf];\Æ eGg'eof] . d wd{;+s6df k/] . Psflt/ d]/f] dgdf
k};f / cGt/fli6|o k|lzIfssf] nf]e cfpFYof] eg] csf]{lt/ rflxF g]kfnn] Toqf]
wg/fzLsf] ;xof]u u'dfpg' x'Fb}g eGg] nfUYof] . l5g l5gdf nf]e / cnf]e
cfO/xGYof] . d}n] s] ug{] xf], Tof] dnfO{ g} yfxf lyPg . km]l/ d}n] s]xL k};f
dfl;;s]sf] klg lyPF . slxn] cfkm\gf] :jfy{ :j?k d]/f] dgdf nf]e cfpYof]
eg] slxn]rflxF /fli6|o :jfy{sf sf/0f cnf]e . lgs}a]/ d 6f]nfO/x]F . b]zsf]
86
:jfy{ eGbf d]/f] :jfy{ 7"nf] x'g ;St}g eGg] dnfO{ nfUof]] . leq leq nf]e
x'Fbf x'Fb} klg d}n] OG8f]g]l;of hfGg elglbPF . ToxLa]nf g]kfn l:yt
ljZj:jf:Yo ;+3sf] k|ltlglwsf] kmf]g cfof] . æd a? !% ldg]6 Kn]g /f]Sg
cg'/f]w u/f}Fnf, tkfO{ ToxfFaf6 lx+l8xfNg'xf];\ .Æ jxfFnfO{ æxh'/ d OG8f]g]l;of
hfg ;lSbgÆ eg]F . d Tof] df}sf kfpbf hlt v'zL ePsf] lyPF, Tof] df}sf
TofUbf Tof] eGbf a9L v'zL ePF . a? Tof] vr{ ePsf] /sd rflxF s;/L lkmtf{
ug{] xf]nf egL ;f]Rg yfn]]F . lbge/L clkm;df k"j{jt\ sfd u/]F / a]n'sf
Aofu]h lnP/ 3/ kms{]F . ;f]Rb} g;f]r]sf] s'/f, csf{] dlxgf Pp6f k|fOe]6
kmd{df l/kf]6{ n]Vg] sfd kfPF, clg Tof] vr{ ePsf] /sd klg ljZj :jf:Yo
;+3nfO{ lkmtf{ u/]F . clxn] klg Tof] Tofu hlt ;lDemG5' Tolt g} dnfO{ cfgGb
nfU5 .d Pp6f sfo{zfnfsf] l;nl;nfdf a'9flgns07df lyPF . d]/f] Pshgf
ldqn] t]/f] pk;lrjdf a9'jf eof] eg]/ kmf]g ug'{eof] . geGb} uf]/vfkqdf
x]/]sf] t d]/f] gfd klg /x]5 . s/La !& jif{df a9'jf x'Fbf d lgs} v'zL ePF
. d]/f] kb:yfkg u[xdGqfnodf eof] / csf{] b'O{ lbgd} /fKtL c~rn k|zf;g
sfo{fno bfªdf d]/f] ;?jf eof] . ToxfF hfg dnfO{ sl7gfO{ t lyPg, t/
;]gf / k|x/L;+u ;dGjo u/L dfcf]jfbLnfO{ bdg ug{], pgLx?nfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{] / dfg{] sfd rflxF dnfO{ slQ klg dg k/]sf] lyPg . dnfO{ d]/f] cfdf,
>LdtL, ;fyLefO ;a}n] hfuL/ g5f]8 eGg'ePsf] lyof] . t/ d k|f0ffltkft
ug{] sd{df ;+nUg x'g ;Sb}gy]F . d zLn /Iff ug{ sl6a4 lyPF . zLn e+u
ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg]df d sl6a4 lyPF . Tofu ug{] afgL a;]kl5 d}n] a9'jf ePsf]
kb ;lhn} Tofu u/]F . d a9'jf x'Fbf hlt v'zL ePsf] lyPF, kTofpg'x'Gg xf]nf,
Tof] a9'jf ePsf] kbTofu ubf{ d emg}} v'zL ePF . T
of] kbTofusf] Ps aif{ kl5 Psk6s Wofgdf hfg' k¥of] eg]/ Hof]tLejgdf
kmf/fd eg{ uPsf] lyPF . Tof] a]nf dnfO{ ljkZogf Wofgefjgf ug{ lgs}
sf}t'xntf nfu]sf] lyof] . xtf/ xtf/ u/]/ Hof]tL ejgdf k'u]F . ToxfF k'u]kl5
b]v]F, ;fyLx? slt b'Mv u/]/ w]/} 6f9f 6f9faf6 Wofgefjgfsf] nflu
cfpg'ePsf] /x]5 . d}n] kmf/fd a'emfO;s]sf] lyPF . sf]xL kmf/fd eb{}{lyP,
sf]xL rflxF kmf]6f] 6fF:b} lyP . d}n] t Psrf]6L ljkZogf Wofgefjgf lnO;s]sf]
5' . jxfFx?nfO{ Tof] b'n{e df}sf lbg d}n] :j]R5fn] Tof] df}sf Tofu ul/lbPF .
87
 cWofo rf/

å]if

å]if, l/;, qmf]w / Jofkfb eg]sf Pp6} s'/f x'g\ . of] gb]lvg] cfuf] xf] . JolQm
:jo+n] dnfO{ l/; p7\b}5 eGg] s'/f yfxf g} kfpFb}g . xfdL c?nfO{ hnfpg
l/; p7fpF5f,} t/ Tof] l/;n] ;aeGbf klxnf cfkm"nfO{ g} hnfpF5 . of] d'vdf
/fv]sf] cfuf]sf] sf]Onf xf], h;n] hlt nfdf] ;do;Dd d'vdf /fV5, Tolt g}
d'v 89fpF5 . of] cfkm"leq /x]sf] ;k{ xf], h;n] c?nfO{ 8:g' eGbf klxnf
xfdL cfkm"nfO{ g} 8:g] u5{ . To;kl5 o;n] la:tf/} c?nfO{ klg 8:g yfN5
. h;/L vfPsf] ljif t'?Gt km}lnG5, To;/L g} l/; klg t'?Gt km}lng] /x]5 .
l/; t'?Gt nfUg] ljif xf] . of] h+undf nfu]sf] 88]nf]] h:t} xf], h;n] x]bf{ x]b{}
blGsP/ ;f/f h+un g} :jfxf agfOlbG5 . l/;n] /ftf] /utnfO{ lgnf]]—sfnf]
agfpF5 . To;}n] l/; p7]sf] dflg;sf] cg'xf/ g} lgnf]—sfnf] x'G5 . o;n]
cfkm\gf] z/L/sf] tfks|d a9fpF5 . c:jfefljs t/Lsfn] /St ;+rf/sf]
clea[l4 u/fpF5 . l/;sf] dfqf a9\b} uPkl5 /St ;+rf/n] cfkm\gf] /km\tf/
a9fpF5 . kmntM dl:tis3ft / x[bo3ft x'g] hflvd a9fpF5 . l/;n]
cfFvfnfO{ klg cfqmd0f u5{ / cfFvfsf] b]Vg] Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpF5 . p;n]
aflx/L a:t'nfO{ x]bf{ sfnf] / cWof/f] b]V5 . t/ sfg rflxF rflxg] eGbf a9L
;lqmo eO{ rflxg] grflxg] cfjfh ;'Gg] /x]5 . sfgn] vfnL cfkm"nfO{ ufnL
u/]sf] dfq ;'G5 . cfkm\g} s'/f sf6]sf] dfq ;'G5 . d'v ;'S5, / tLvf{ nfU5
. d'v klg rflxg] eGbf a9L ;lqmo eO{ rflxg] grflxg] cfjfh lgsfNg yfN5
. d'vn] c?nfO{ ufnL u5{, 3f]Rg] ckzAb klg af]N5 . xft v'6\6f / 6fpsf]
sfD5 . csf{] kIf klg cfs|fds eof] eg] em}emu8f x'g hfG5 . l/;n] s'6lk6
klg u/fpF5 . sxLsxL t xTof / cfTdxTof ;Dd u/fpF5 . l/;n] aiff}{b]lv
sdfPsf] OHht l5gd} gi6 kfl/lbG5 . l/; ePsf] dflg;nfO{ jt{dfgdf -
88
kr'KkGg_ pRr /Strfk x'G5 . h;sf] sf/0f :d/0f zlQm la:tf/} u'D5 . clg
a'9]zsfndf a]xf]zL x'G+5 . cgfutdf -csf{] hGddf_ ljkfs :j?k g/sdf
hGd x'G5 eG5g\ . t/ Tof] rflxF dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . To;}n] of] l/; x6fpg
clt h?/L 5 .
d]/f] cfdfn] eGg'x'Yof] æqmf]w hGdhft cfpF5, of] u'0f kl/jt{g x'Fb}g .Æ t/,
To:tf] xf]Og /x]5 . lrQdf cfpg] qmf]w l5gl5gdf kl/jt{g x'g] /x]5 . d
klxnf em8Ë l/;fpg] / ems{g] :jefjsf] dflg; lyPF . clxn] klg l/; t
p7\5 t/ d t'?Gt xf]zdf cfOxfN5' . d]/f] l/;fpg] :jefjdf w]/} sdL cfof]
. d clxn] Tolt l/;fpFlbg . d k"0f{tM cqmf]wL] 5}gÙ t/ qmf]wdf w]/} g} lu/fj6
cfof] . s]xL ;dokl5 d]/f] lrQdf å]ifsf 5fnx¿sf] a9L pbo x'g yfn] .
zLn kfng gug{]nfO{ km6fxf eGg yfn]F . a'l4i6 eGg] clg zLn klg kfng
gug{] < cs'zn sd{ ug{] < lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{] < df5f df;' ;]jg ug{] < bfg
glbg] < Wofg gug{] < ;dflwdf ga:g] < ;fgf] s'/f klg Tofu ug{ g;Sg] <
eGyF] . d]/f] lrQdf /f]if k|s6 x'GYof] . Tof] klg d]/f] e|fds b[li6 g} /x]5 . d
cfkm"nfO{ x]bf{ æd klg t ToxL 8\ofªsf] d"nf lyPF lgÆ eGg] nfUof] . la:tf/}
l/;fpg] afgL w]/} sd eof] .
lrq % M å]ifsf] ljsfz .

qmf]wsf]
qmf]wsf] ljlQsDd
qmf]wsf] kl/p7\7fg
cg'zo

cJoQm k|j[lQ cyjf Jofkfb—cg'zo l/;sf] klxnf] :t/ xf] . of] JolQmsf]
dgdf ;"Id / ;';'Kt ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;do kfpgf ;fy To;sf] kl/p7\7fg
eOxfN5 / xfgL u5{ . JolQm cfkm"n] klg Tof] l/;sf] aLp -cg'zo_ b]Vb}g .
d :jo+ klg d;+u l/; 5}g egL c?nfO{ eGy]F . t/ Pslbgsf] s'/f xf]– dnfO{
Pshgf ;fyLn] ckzAb af]Ng] lalQs} dnfO{ PSsfl; l/; p7\of] . d]/f] dgleq
l/; ;';'Kt cj:yfdf /lx/x]sf] /x]5 . OlG›osf åf/af6 k|fKt ePsf] ;"rgfn]

89
;';'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf] l/;nfO{ lqmofzLn agfO{ pQ]lht u/fpg] /x]5 .
kmn:j?k o;n] r]tg:t/df gsf/fTds pQ]hgf a9fpg] /x]5 . a'em\g]
efiffdf eGbf cg'zon] cfkm} s]xL ug{ ;St}g, t/ OlGb|ox?n] OGwg cfk"lt{
ugf{;fy of] cg'zoaf6} pQ]lht efjgf pTkGg x'G5g\ . h;/L ds}sf] aLp
cfkm} pd|g ;St}g, o;nfO{ pd|gsf nflu df6f], dnhn / xfjfkfgLsf]
cfjZostf k5{ . To:t} cg'zonfO{ kl/p7\7fg -l/; p7\g_ x'gsf nflu
OlGb|oåf/f k7fOPsf] OGwgsf] cfjZostf k5{ . Tof] ;';'Kt cj:yfsf] l/;n]
s'g} xfgL ub}{g, t/ ha o;n] OGwg kfpg yfN5 ta kl/p7\7fg e} l/;sf]
lj:kmf]6 x'G5 . l/;sf] ;';'Kt cj:yfnfO{ g} cg'zo elgG5 . of] cj:yfdf
;n]bf] dfq ljBdfg x'G5, t/ ToxfF af?b / cfuf] x'b}g . OlGb|ox?n] af?bsf]
cfk"lt{ ugf{;fy ;n]bf]df af?b el/G5 . of] cj:yfdf dflg; l/;n] leqleq}
ps';d's'; x'G5, pm leq /fk / tfk a9\5 . pm leq leq} d'/d'l/G5, . t/
klg cfuf] gnfu]sf]n] l/;sf] laikmf]6g rflxF ePsf] x'b}g . Tof] cj:yfnfO{
ækl/p7\7fgÆ eGb5f}F . ;/n zAbdf eGbf l/; leqleq} km}nb} uPsf] eGg
;S5f}F . To;kl5, dgdf l/;sf] 3if{+0f eO{ l/;sf] cfuf] pTkGg x'G5 clg
af?b el/Psf] ;n]bf] ;NsG5 / l/;sf] ljikmf]6g x'G5 . To;nfO{ xfdL l/;sf]
æljlQsDdÆ eGb5fF} . of] æ ljlQsDdÆ n] clgolGqt ?kdf jflrs / zf/Ll/s
sfo{x¿ u/fpF5 . lx+;f / k|ltlx+;f klg u/fpF5 . h;/L ;'Vvf /f]6LnfO{
rnfpFbf / lyRbf Tof] /f6Lleq xfjf el/b} hfG5 / /f]6L km'N5 To;kl5 Tof]
/f]6Laf6 tftf] xfjf aflx/ lg:sG5 . To;}u/L l/;nfO{ rnfpg] ljlQs} Tof]
emg\emg\ km'Nb} hfG5 / clGtddf ljikmf]6g x'G5 .
klxnf] :t/df l/;sf] aLp dfq /x]sf] x'G5, of] ;';'Kt cj:yf x'G5 . To;}n]
o;n] kmn lbb}g / o;n] xfgL klg ub{}g . bf];|f] :t/df OlGb|osf] dfWodåf/f
l/;n] OGwg k|fKt ub{5 / leq leq} l/; a9\b} -kl/p7\7fg_ hfG5 . of] :t/df
pQ]hs efjgf / ljrf/x¿sf] pTklQ x'G5 . z/L/df /fk / tfk a9\5 . t/
klg Tof] dgd} ;Lldt x'G5 . t]>f] :t/df dfq of] c:j:y, clgolGqt /
xfgLsf/s jflrs / zf/Ll/s k|ltls|of / sfo{sf] ¿kdf k|s6 x'G5, h;nfO{
xfdL ljikmf]6g -ljlQsDd_ klg eGb5f}F . of] l/;n] klxnf cfkm}nfO{ xfgL ub{5
. l/;n] klxnf cfkm"nfO{ hnfpF5 . cfkm\gf] g}lts Jojxf/df x|f; NofpF5 .
90
To;kl5 dfq o;n] j/k/sf JolQmx?nfO{ ;d]t gsf/fTds c;/ u5{{ . of]
l/;sf] ljsfzs|d a'em]kl5 dfq xfdL l/;sf] lg/f]w ug{ ;S5f}F .
$=! l/; / pd]/sf] ;DaGw
d]/f] cfdfn] eg] cg';f/ d ;fgf]df zfGt :jefjsf] lyPF . efO alxgLn] s'6]
klg d xft kmsf{plbgy]+F c/] . x'g t ;a} k|f0fLn] cfkm"eGbf ;fgf]nfO{ dfof
u5{g\ g} . d To:t} &÷* aif{sf] lyPF xf]nf, efOn] dnfO{ lxsf{Psf] ofb 5,
t/ klg d}n] s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfOg . ;fgf]df d]/f] Sn]z 5b} lyPg eGbf klg
x'G5 . dnfO{ c? s;}n] rnfP klg d ;x]/ a:y]F . d]/f] xh'/cfdfn] eGg'x'GYof],
of] nf6f] 5 . r~rntf klg 5}g eGg'x'GYof] . ddf Tof] a]nf l/; lyPg .
l/;sf cg'zox?dfq lyP . pd]/ a9\b} uPkl5 l/; klg qmdzM a9\b}uof] .
xfdL To:t} !)÷!@ jif{sf lyof}F xf]nf . Tof] a]nf xl8ofvf]nfsf] lsgf/df
Pp6f 7"nf] rp/ lyof] . xfdL ToxLF km"6an v]NYof}F . d uf]n lnP/ uf]nlsk/sf]
5]pd} k'u]sf] lyPF, uf]n nufpg tdtof/ lyPF . ToxLa]nfdf uf]n hf]ufpg
csf{] kl6\6sf ;fyLx? k|lt/Iff ul//x]sf lyP . d]/f] xftdf an nfu]sf] lyof]
jf lyPg, Tof] dnfO{ yfxf ePg . æx]G8an eof]Æ eg]/ csf]{kl6\6sf] Pshgf
;fyLn] an ;dfTg' eof] . d x]G8an ePsf] 5}g, lsg uf]n ;dft]sf] < eg]/
ufnL ug{ yfn]F . d cfkm" ;xL t/ csf{] ;fyL rflxF unt eGy]F . csf{] l6dsf
;fyL klg cfkm" ;xL t/ dnfO{ rflxF unt eGy] . d'v 5f]8f5f]8 eof] .
csf{]kl6\6sf Ps hgf ;fyLn] dnfO{ g/fd|f];+u d'v 5f]8\g'eof] . dnfO{ c;Xo
eof] . d}n] ;xg ;lsg . leqleq} d l/;n] r'/ ePsf] lyPF . cGTodf, Tof]
l/;sf] lj:kmf]6 eof] . ToxfF s'6fs'6 g} eof] . d}n] tL ;fyLnfO{ g/fd|f];+u
s'6]+F . cfwf 306f;Dd l/; d/]g . To;kl5 l/; la:tf/} sd x'b} uof] . a]n'sf
l5§} ;'tF], d sltv]/ lgbfP5', yfx} ePg . ef]nLkN6 ljxfg p7\bf rflxF d}n]
g/fd|f] sfd u/]5' eGg] nfUof] . ;fyLnfO{ a]sf/ s'6]5' h:tf] nfUof] . d}n]
;fyL;+u t'?Gt dfkmL dfu]F, ;fyLn] klg dnfO{ ;lhn} dfkmL lbg'eof] .
ef]nLkN6af6} xfdL b'a} k"j{jt\ ?kd} Pp6} 6Ldaf6 v]Ng yfNof}F . xfdL aLr
s'g} l/; /fu afFsL lyPg . xfdL b'O{ aLrsf] ldqtf clnslt klg 36]g, a?

91
cem df}nfpb} uof] . Tof] l/; d}qLdf ?kfGt/0f eof] . xfdL Pp6} l6dsf
km'6jn v]nf8L eof}F . xfdL b'a} ldNg] ;fyLdf ?kfGtl/t eof} .
pd]/ a9\b} uof] . pd]/ ;+u;+u} Sn]z klg a9\b} uof] . d To:t} #% aif{sf]
lyPF xf]nf, Onfddf km]l/ Pp6f km"6an Dofrdf To:t} ljjfb eof] . k|lt:kwL{
6Ldsf Ps ;fyLn] klxnf dnfO{ d'v 5f8\g' eof] . To;kl5 d}n] klg pgnfO{
d'v 5f]8]F . b'O{aLr ;fdfGo egfeg eof] . ;fyLx?n] dnfO{ w]/} k6s dfkmL
dfu eGbf klg d}n] dfkmL dflug . csf{] ;fyLn] klg slt g} ;Demfpbf klg
dfkmL dfu]gg\ . dfkmL dfUbf uNtL :jLsf/ x'G5 . cfkm" ;fgf] x'G5' h:tf]
nfUYof] . tL ;fyL;+u nfdf] ;do;Dd d]/f] af]nrfn g} ePg . ;fgf]df of]
eGbf lgs} 7"nf] emu8f ePsf] lyof], Toqf] s'6fs'6 g} ePsf] lyof], t/ klg
d}n] ;lhn} dfkmL dfu]F . pgn] klg ;lhn} dfkmL lbP . b'O{aLrsf] ldqtf cem
uf9f eof] . Tof] l/; d}qLdf ?kfGt/0f eof] . t/ lj8Dagf kl5Nnf] k6s
Toqf] 7"nf] emu8f klg ePsf] xf]Og, ;fdfGo egfeg dfq ePsf] xf] . t/
klg g d}n] dfkmL dfuF,] g ;fyLn] . pd]/;+u} d]/f] Sn]z lgs} afSnf] x'Fb} uPsf]
/x]5 . Tof]] l/; / cxÍf/n] dnfO{ kfFr jif{;Dd ;tfof] . l/;n] cfkm"nfO{ g}
;tfpg] /x]5 . leqleq} l/; a9\b} hfg] /x]5 . kfFr jif{kl5 dfq d}n] d'lZsnn]
dfkmL dfu]F . of] l/; eg]sf] uf]?sf]] l;ª h:t} /x]5 . xfd|f] 3/df Pp6f ;fgf]
dfn] afR5f] lyof] . Tof] ;fgf] x'Fbf To;sf] l;ª lyPg, l;ª cfpg] 7fpFdf
+;fgf sfnf bfu rflxF lyP . Tof] dfn] afR5f]nfO{ aRrfn] rnfP klg xfGb}gYof]
. p aRrfx?;+u v]NYof] . ax/ ePkl5 l;ª a9\b} uof] . a]nf a]nf Tof] ax/
l/;fpFYof], xfGg vf]HbYof] . c? a]nf rl//xGYof] . dfn] ax/af6 uf]? ePkl5
p;df w]/} l/; r9\of] . csf{] uf]?;+u h'w]/ l;ª /QmfDd] agfP/ cfpFYof] .
l;ª 3fOt] ePklg w]/}a]/ xf]Ssf xf]Ssf ul//xGYof] . clxn] d cfkm"lt/ kms{]/
x]bf{ d klg ToxL dfn] uf]? h:t} ePsf] /x]5' .
d To:t} %% aif{sf] lyPF xf]nf, hUufsf] ;Ldfgfsf] sf/0f l5d]sL;+u d]/f]
;fdfGo dgd'6fj eof] . aflx/ af]s|] af]nrfn ePklg leq stf xf] stf
c;Gt'li6 lyof] . egfeg klg ePsf] xf]Og, s'6fs'6 klg ePsf] xf]Og, t/
leqleq} l/;OjL a9\b} uof] . o;nfO{ kfnL efiffdf kl/p7\7fg elgG5 . d]/f]
l/;sf] /fk / tfk leqleq} a9\b} uof] . l/; e';sf] cfuf] h:t} leqleq} ;Nsb}}
92
hfg] /x]5 . d]/f] 3/df h]7f] 5f]/fsf] ljjfx lyof] . To;}n] pgnfO{ klg af]nfpmF
h:tf] nfUof] . t/ k'gM l/; cfOxfNof] . dnfO{ o;n] o:tf] ug{] < Hofg uP
klg af]nfpFlbg eGg] efj cfOxfNYof] . aflx/ aflx/ af]nfpmF af]nfpmF nfu]klg
leq leq dgd'6fj a9\b} uPsf] /x]5 . tL l5d]sL ldqnfO{ af]nfpg ;lsg .
ljjfxdf ;a} ;fyLefOnfO{ lgDtf lbPF, t/ d;+u dgd'6fj ePsf] Tof]
l5d]sLnfO{ eg] d}n] lgDtf] lbg ;lsg . p;+u d]/f] aflx/ aflx/ af]s|] af]nrfn
t lyof] t/ dg ;kmf lyPg . gfy] Û o;n] dnfO{ o:tf] u/]sf] 5, olt b'Mv
lbPsf] 5, o:tf] kmQ' cf/f]k nufof], d Hofg uPklg af]nfpFlbg eg]/ a;F] .
jxfFnfO{ af]nfOg . Wofg ;fwgfsf] a]nf of] s'/fn] dnfO{ lgs} b'Mv lbof], ToxL
s'/f dfq dgdf cfO/Xof] . Tof] lrq x6fpg d}n] lgs} nfdf] ;fwgf ug'{k¥of]
. To;kl5 sfG5f] 5f]/fsf] lajfx eGbf cufl8 g} d cfkm}n] d]/f] cxÍf/ tf]8\g'
k5{ eGg] r]t knfof]] . c?nfO{ gaf]nfP klg Tof] dflg;nfO{ rflxF af]nfpF5'
eGg] nfUof] . d}n] g} tL l5d]sL ;fyLnfO{ af]nfPF . ljjfxsf] ef]hsf] lgDtf]
klg lbPF . b'j}hgf Pp6} 6]jndf a;]/ vfgf vfof}F . jxfF klg o;n] af]nfof]
eg] af]nf}Fnf, gq d rflxF klxnf dl/uP klg af]lNbg eGg] cxÍf/ kfn]/
a:g'ePsf] /x]5 . d}n] af]nfpFbf s] lalu|G5 eGg] nfUof] / d}qLk"j{s af]nfPF .
Tof] l/; d}qLdf ?kfGt/0f eof] . ufpF ;dfhdf a;]kl5 l5d]sL;+u ;fdfGo
dgd'6fj / em}emu8f x'G5 g} . s]xL ;do;Dd dgleq stf xf] stf xflb{stf
x'b}g . l/;fPsf] ;fyL gaf]n] klg d rflxF ;a};+u af]N5' . Wofgsf] ;fy;fy}
;fd"lxs sfo{ / ;fd'lxs ef]hgn] To:tf] ;DaGwsf] dd{t +;+Def/ ubf]{ /x]5
. of] klg Sn]z sd ug{] ;fwgf g} /x]5 .
aRrfx? em}emu8f x'Fbf l5gd} ldN5g\ . kfgLdf sf]l/Psf] wsf{] h:t} t'?Gt}
x/fpF5 . lszf]/ cj:yfdf csf]{ lbgd} ldN5g\, of] rflxF afn'jfdf sf]/]sf]
wsf{] h:t} xf], ef]nL of k;L{kN6 g} d]l6G5 . jo:s cj:yfdf emu8f eP5
eg] s]xL dlxgfd} ldN5g\, of] rflxF df6f]df sf]/]sf] wsf{] h:t} xf], d]l6g s]xL
;do nfUof] . t/ kfsf] pd]/df em}emu8f t s], ;fdfGo dgd'6fj dfq eof]
eg] klg xfdLx? aiff{};Dd ldNg ;Sb}gf}F eGg] s'/f d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6
af]w eof] . of] rflxF 9'Ëfdf sf/]sf] wsf{] jf cIf/ h:tf] x'Fbf] /x]5 . aiff}{F;Dd
klg Tof] wsf{] d]l6g] /x]g5 . of] pgLx?sf] uNtL xf]Og . of] ;a} Sn]zsf
93
sf/0f g} ePsf] xf] . hlt pd]/ a9\b} uof], Tolt g} Sn]z a9\b} hfG5 . Sn]z
a9]kl5 leqleq} l/; a9\b} hfg] /x]5 / d]nldnfk x'g glbg] /x]5 . aRrfx?df
Sn]z sd x'G5 . t;y{ em}eu8f ePklg Ps}l5gdf ldN5g\ . pgLx?aLr
l/;OjL x'b}g . lszf]/ cj:yfdf clncln Sn]z aflSnb} hfG5 / s]xLlbg
kl5 dfq ldN5g\ . t/ kfsf] ePkl5 Sn]z emg\ g} aflSnb} hfFbf] /x]5 /
;fdfGo dgd'6fj ePklg aiff}{F;Dd leqleq} l/;OjL a9\b} hfg]/x]5 . P æo;n]
dnfO{ o:tf] ug{] <, kv\ g Û d klg o;nfO{ b]vfOlbG5'Æ eG5g\ . a]nf a]nf
ldNg sf]lz; u/]klg leqaf6 l/; pl7xfN5 / ldNg lbb}g / l/; emFflub}
hfG5 .
a"9fx? ldNg t aiff{}F;Dd nfUb5 . slt t 3/s} ;b:ox?;+u klg aiff{}F;Dd
klg ldNb}gg\ . pgLx? dgdf s'07f kfn]/ a:5g\ . hlt l/;OjL a9\5, Tolt
g} Sn]z a9]sf] k|df0f xf] . hlt d}qL a9\b} hfG5, Tolt g} dg z'4 ePsf]
hfgsf/L xf] . d}qL / s?0ff Wofgefjgf a9\b} uPkl5 Sn]zsf h/f lgh{/
x'G5g\ . l/;sf h/f km}lng g;s]kl5 la:tf/} la:tf/} s|f]w Ifo x'b} hfG5 .
cxÍf/ klg 36\b} hfG5 . t;y{ kfsf] pd]/df dg dfem\g clt h?/L 5 .
o;sf] nflu kfsf] pd]/df efjgfdoL k|1f / >'tdoL] k|1fsf] klg Tolts}
h?/L 5 .
;g\ @))@ lt/ x'g'k5{ . d :jf:Yo dGqfnodf sfd uyF{] . sfdsf] ;xhstf{sf]
?kdf a[l6; sfplG;naf6 Pshgf lbbL lj1sf] ?kdf sfd ug{ / ;xhLsf/0f
ug{ vl6P/ cfpg'ePsf] lyof] . tL lbbLsf] ;dGjosf] kf6f] t /fd|f] lyof], t/
ljifoa:t'sf] 1fg eg] Hofb} sdhf]/ . sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf xh'/ lj1 lbbL,
nf} of] sfd ug'{xf];\ eg]/ d}n] lnF8]l9kL s;]]F . lar/f lbbL d}n] ug{] xf]Og
efO, d}n] t ;xhLsf/0f dfq ug{] xf] eg]/ pDsg nfUg'ef] . d]/f] l/; r9\b}
uof], olt klg ghfGg] clg lj1 eP/ cfpg] eGg nfu]F . pgL klg s] sd,
tkfO{n] lbPsf] hfuL/ xf] / eGg yfNg'ef] . d;+u cfkm" w]/} hfGg] 5' eGg]
cxÍf/ klg lyof] . xfdL b'O{ aLr cxÍf/sf] sf/0f emu8f eof] . d]/f] l/;
emg\ emg} a9\of] . d}n] pgnfO{ s] s] eg]F, dnfO{ g} yfxf ePg . d]/f] hLp g}
y/y/ sfdL/x]sf] lyof] . dxfzfvf k|d'vn] eGg'eof], d]/f] cfFvf /ftf /ftf
ePsf lyP . cg'xf/ lgnf] sfnf] ePsf] lyof] c/]] . cf]7x? klg sfld/x]sf
94
lyP . d}n] ltgnfO{ æcfkm"nfO{ s]xL gcfpg], pN6} dnfO{ lj1 eP/ ysf{pg],
klVn;\ tFÆ eg] . ljr/f lbbL s]xLl5gd} lgl:sP/ hfg'eof] . Tof] a]nf d;+u
Sn]z a9L g} /x]5 . pgsf] sfd d}n] lsg ug{] xf] < lsg ;xof]u ug{] < pgsf]
sfd pgn] g} u?g\ eGg] efjgf lyof] . d;+u ;xof]uL efjgf slQ klg lyPg
. d logLeGbf hfGg] JolQm x"F eGg] 3d08 klg lyof]] . To;}n] emu8f eof] .
l/; HofldtLo t/Lsfn] a9\g] /x]5 / o;n] klxnf cfkm"nfO{ g} hnfpFbf] /x]5,
eGg] s'/f d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6 yfxf eof] . Tof] Sn]zn] dnfO{ cGwf] agfof]
. d g} hfGg] ;'Gg] x'F, c?nfO{ s]xL cfpb}g eGg] nfUYof]] . d ePg eg] of]
clkm; g} rNb}g eGg] nfUYof] . of] Sn]zn] dnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ;tfof] .
w]/} kl5 dfq d}n] uNtL u/]5' eGg] nfUof] / pgL;+u dfkmL dfu]F . dfkmL
dfu]kl5 dgleq pgL ;+u;+u} sfd u/f}F / pgnfO{ ;xof]u u/f}F eGg] d}qL
efjgf knfof]] . jxfFnfO{ k'g ;xof]u u/fF} u/f}F h:tf] nfUof] . t/ s] ug{] <
jxfFn] Tolta]nf a[l6; sfplG;n 5f]l8;Sg' ePsf] lyof] . dnfO{ g/dfOnf]
nfUof] . d}n] a]sf/df ufnL u/]5' h:tf] nfUof] . Tof] Sn]z x6fpg d}n] lgs}
nfdf] ;fwgf u/] .
ljkZogfsf] !) lbg] Wofgsf] a]nf d}n] u/]sf] Tof] ulNt emnemnL ;lDem/x]F .
ca To:tf] ulb{g eGg] efjgf cfO/Xof] . Wofg lzlj/sf] s]xL ;do kl5 d
;'/lIft dft[Tj sfo{s|ddf sfd ug{ yfn]F . b'O{hgf ;fyLx? d;+u sfd
ug'x{ 'GYof] . jxfFx?sf] ;~rf/ ;Lk rflxF /fd|f] lyof], t/ l/kf]6{ n]Vg] ;Lk rflxF
lgs} sdhf]/ . d]/f] l/kf]6{ n]Vg] ;Lk s]xL /fd|f], t/ ;dGjo ;Lk rflxF sdhf]/
. h] xf];\, xfdL tLg hgf ldNg] ;fyL lyof}F . pgLx? k|lt d]/f] d}qLefj lyof]
. tLghgf ;+u} vfhf vfg hfGYofF}, 3'Dg klg ;+u} hfGYof}F . ;'v b'Mvsf s'/fx?
Ps csf{;+u ;fF6\Yof}F . Tof] eGbf klg d ljkZogf Wofg a;]/ cfPsf] lyPF .
To;}n] xf]nf d]/f] Sn]z s]xL sd ePsf] lyof] . d cfkm\gf] sfd ;s]/ pgLx?sf]
klg l/kf]6{ n]lvlbGy]F . dnfO{ slQ klg l/; p7]g, emsf{] klg nfu]g . a?
;xof]u ug{ kfPsf]df v'zL kf] nfUof] . clxn] klg Tof] a]nfsf] d]/f] Jojxf/
;Dembf v'zLsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . d}n] dflysf b'a} sfd csf{s} nflu 5'6\ofPsf
sfd g} x'g\ . klxnf ToxL csf{sf] sfd ubf{ l/; p7\of], -lbbL;+u_ emu8f
k¥of] . Tof] Sn]z x6fpg d}n] nfdf] ;fwgf ug'{k¥of] . t/ Wofgkl5 rflxF ToxL
95
sfd -;fyL;+u_ ubf{ dleq d}qLefj kf] pTkGg eof] . clxn] d d/f] sfo{If]q
xf] ls jf xf]Og egL x]lb{g, sfd ul/xfN5' . tL ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf kfpFbf d]/f]
dgdf cfgGb cfpF5 . clxn] ;Dembf tL ;fyLx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ kfPsf]df
v'zL nfU5 . d}qL Wofgefjgf ;fy} d}qLk"0f{ afgL Aojxf/n] l/; 36fpg
;xof]u k'Ug] /x]5 eGg] d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ej / cg'e"ltaf6 l;4 eof] .
of] afx]s d}n] l/; s;/L 36fPF eGg] af/] d]/f cfkm\g} cg'ej / cg'e"ltx?
tnsf s]xL cg'R5]bdf k:s]sf] 5' .
$=@ d}qL Wofgefjgf
;fdfGotofM ;a} Wofgefjgfn] l/; sd ug{] /x]5 . d}n] d}qL Wofgsf] ;Lldt
cEof; u/]sf] 5' tfklg d k"/} l/;d'Qm ePsf] 5}g . t/ klg l/;sf] kl/p7\7fg
rflxF gx'g] /x]5 . emgSs l/; p7]klg leq stfaf6 xf] s'GgL, ætFnfO{ l/;
a9\b}5Æ eGg] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . To;kl5 d l/; lgoGq0f ug{ sf]lz; u5'{
. Wofgefjgf a9] kl5 ;Dk|hGo af]w x'g] /x]5 . To;kl5 la:tf/} l/; 36\b}
hfg] /x]5 . d}qL Wofgefjgfn] l/;nfO{ 36fpg d2t ug{] /x]5 . d Wofgdf
a:g'eGbf klxnf a:g] 7fpFdf s';g /fV5', 9f8 s]xLa]/ rnfpF5' clg 9f8
l;wf agfP/ a:5' . To;kl5 s/La % ldg]6 skfneftL u5'{, To;kl5 kfFr
ldg]6 hlt k|f0ffod u5'{ . s/Lj csf{] % ldg]6 d la:tf/} clUg ;fwgf u5'{
. Zjf; lnG5', #) ;]s]08 hlt Tof] Zjf;nfO{ /f]s]/ /fV5', k]6nfO{ leq /
aflx/ xNnfpF5' clg la:tf/} Zjf; kmfN5' . o;/L s/Lj kGw|| ldg]6 hlt d
of]u u5'{ . o;f] ubf{{ d]/f] Wofgdf jLo{tf a9\of] . lgGb|f / cfn:o nfu]g .
lygld4 x6\g] /x]5 . of] d]/f] lgtfGt JolQmut cEof; xf] . To;kl5 d s/La
#% ldg]6 hlt d}qL Wofgefjgfsf] cEof; u5'{ . of] uf]N8:6]G8{8 xf]Og, d]/f]
cfkm\g} ;fwgfsf] t/Lsf xf] .
To;kl5 s]xL ;do cfgfkfg ;ltsf] cEof; u5'{ . o;f] ubf{ Wofg Pslqt
ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] /x]5 . t}klg d]/f] dg a]nf a]nfdf Zjf;k|Zjf; eGbf
aflx/sf a:t' / 36gfdf eflu/xG5 . d d]/f] dg efUof] eg]/ lrQ b'vfplbg
. a? gemls{Osg dgnfO{ kmsf{P/ k'gM Zjf;k|Zjf;d} NofpF5' . dgsf] :jefj
g} efUg] xf] eG5' . d d]/f] dg;+u l/;fpFlbg . s/La !) ldg]6 hlt cfgfkfg
96
;lt u/]kl5 d d}qL Wofgsf] ;fwgf u5'{ . ;a}eGbf klxnf d s] cg'e"lt u5'{
ls dleq g} zflGt / d}qLsf] d'xfg 5 . t/ Tof] d'xfg aGb ePsf] 5 . To;}n]
of]] d'xfg vf]Nb}5' eGg] cg'e"lt u5'{ . To;kl5 d]/f] dgleq d}qLefj el/b}
uO/x]sf] 5 eGg] cg'e"lt u5{' . h;/L a]n'gdf k"0f{?kdf xfjf el/G5, To:t}
d]/f] z/L/e/L d}qL / s?0ff el/b} uPsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . To;kl5, klxnf d
cfkm}n] cfkm}k|lt d}qL efjgf k|bfg u5'{' .
lrq g+ ^ d}qLsf] k|;f/0f

ljZjsf ;a}
k|f0fLk|lt d}qL
efj
l5d]sLnfO{
d}qLefj

l/; p7]sf]
AolQmnfO{ d}qLefj

cfkm}nfO{
d}qLefj

d dgdg} eG5' ÆdnfO{ l/; gp7f];\, ddf å]if efjgf gcfcf];\ . dleq
O{iof{sf] efjgf gknfcf];\, dnfO{ dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s b'Mv gxf];\, dleq d}qL
/ zflGt k|jfx eO/xf];\Æ egL dgdg} tLg tLg k6s eG5' . To;kl5, d;+u
l/; p7]sf] dflg;nfO{ ;Dem]/, æTof] JolQmnfO{ l/; gp7f];\, p;sf] dgdf
å]if efjgf gcfcf];\ . p;df O{iof{sf] efjgf klg gknfcf];\, p;nfO{ dfgl;s
/ zf/Ll/s b'Mv gxf];\ . pmleq d}qL / zflGt k|jfx eO/xf];\æ egL dgdg}
tLg tLg rf]6L eG5' . To;kl5 l5d]sLnfO{ ;Dem]/ æpgLx?nfO{ l/; gp7f];\,
pgLx?df å]if efjgf gcfcf];\ . æpgLx?leq O{iof{sf] efjgf gknfcf];\Æ,
97
æpgLx?nfO{ dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s b'Mv gxf];\ . æpgLx?leq ;w} zflGt k|jfx
eO/xf];\Æ egL sfdgf u5'{ . To;kl5 “b]zleq / ljZjsf ;a} k|f0fLnfO{ l/;
gp7f];\, pgLx?sf] dgdf å]if efjgf gcfcf];\ . æpgLx?leq O{iof{sf] efjgf
gknfcf];\, æpgLx?nfO{ dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s b'Mv gxf];\ / æpgLx?leq ;w}
zflGt k|jfx eO/xf];\Æ egL efjgf u5'{ .
d l/;af6 d'Qm x",F d å]ifaf6 d'Qm x"F elGbg lsgls d clxn] g} cx{Tj k|fKt
ug{ ;lStg . gx'g] s'/fsf] lsg ;fwgf ug{] . d ;fwgfsf] k|f/lDes txd} 5'
. t;y{ l/; 36fpg' g} d]/f] xfnsf] nIo xf] . bL3{sflng nIosf] ljifodf
kl5 g} ;f]rf}+nf . ToxL a]nf d l/;d'Qm x'F egf}Fnf . o;/L d}qLefjgf ubf{
d]/f] z/L/af6 Tof] d}qL / s?0ffsf] pmhf{ lgisfzg eO{ -raditating_ tL
JolQmx?lt/ uO/x]sf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . To:t} tL JolQmaf6 klg d}qL / s?0ffsf]
pmhf{ dlt/ cfO/x]sf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . d]/f] Wofg pGgt -kfsf]_ eO;s]sf] 5}g
t;y{ d}qLWofgsf] k|efj cln sd g} 5 . t/ klg d]/f] l/; p7\g] :jefjdf
lgs} sdL cfof] . dnfO{ l/; g} p7\b}5 eGg] s'/fsf] dnfO{ t'?Gt hfgsf/L -
alert_ k|fKt x'G5 . To;kl5, l/;sf] kl/p7\7fg x'Fb}g .

$=# sd{ / sd{kmnsf] cEof;

sf7df8f}+sf] h8La'6Ldf xfd|f] ;fgf] 6x/f] lyof] . Pshgf efO Tof] 6x/f]
ef8fdf dfUg cfpg'eof] . “d;+u clxn] tLg dlxgfsf] clu|d ef8f ltg{] k};f
5}g bfO, t/ d;+u OdfGbfl/tf 5 . dnfO{ ef8fdf lbg'xf];\” egL jxfFn]
cg'/f]w ug'{eof] . d}n] ;f]r]F, To:t} xf], k};f ;w} s;};+u klg x'b}g . To;kl5
x'G5 egL ef8fdf lbPF . dlxgf d¥of] ef8f dfUof] csf{} dlxgf lbG5' bfO
eGg'x'G5 . csf{] dlxgf uof] ToxL pQ/ . csf{] dlxgf uof] ToxL pQ/ . cf7
dlxgf;Dd dlxg}lkR5] ef8f lng hfGy]F, t/ hlxn] klg l/Qf] xft . cGTodf
efO ;6/ 5f]8\lbg'xf]; eGg d afWo ePF . jxfF t d ;6/ klg 5f]8\lbg, ef8f
klg lbGg eGg yfNg'eof] . æhf s] u5{;\ u/, ;6/ rflxF 5f]8\lbgÆ eGg
yfNg'eof] . clxn] of] efOnfO{ e"t r9]sf] 5, kl5 s'/f u/f}Fnf egL d lgl:sPF
. d]/f] dg Hofb} lvGg eof] . csf{] tLg dlxgfkl5 km]l/ ef8f dfUg uPF . tL]
efO t l/;n] ps';d's'; eP/ a;]sf /x]5g\ . pgn] eg] æof] t]/f] ;6/ xf]Og,
98
of] t d]/f] ;6/ xf], tFnfO{ lsg ef8f ltg'{ < hxfF hxfF hfG5;\ hf, d ef8f
rflxF ltlb{gÆ eGg yfNg'ef] . dnfO{ t k/ k'Ug] u/L 3r]6\g'eof], ckzAb klg
af]Ng'eof] . d]/f] dg s]xL lvGg rflxF eof] t/ l/; rflxF a9]g . d df}g
/x]sf]n] c? JolQm klg of] df]/fsf] klg s]xL ulNt xf]nf eg]/ d'vfd'v ug{
yfn] . d rflxF ev{/ Wofgefjgfaf6 cfPsf] lyPF . ev{/} o'6\o'jdf k|1f>L
eGt]sf] sd{ / sd{kmnsf] wd{b]zgf ;'g]/ cfPsf] lyPF . pgLk|lt d}qLefj /fv]F
. pgnfO{ l/; gp7f];\ egL efjgf klg u/]F . dnfO{ Toqf] ufnL ubf{ emgSs
l/; t p7\Yof], t/ leq stfaf6 xf] s'GgL, tFnfO{ æl/; r9\b}5Æ egL] ;fjwfg
-Alert_ u/fOxfNof]] . Wofgefjgf a9]kl5 dnfO{ l/; p7\gf;fy dnfO{ l/;
r9\b}5 eGg] hfgsf/L eOxfNYof] . hfgsf/L kfpgf;fy d r'k nfUby]+ . l/;
a9\g kfPg . dnfO{ sd{ / sd{kmn t'?Gt dgdf cfOxfNof] . d]/} cs'zn
sd{sf sf/0f of] emu8f eof] . d]/f cs'zn sd{sf sf/0f d]/f] dfgdb{g eof]
eGg] nfUof] . o;sf] kmn d}n] g} ef]Ug'kg{] eof] . klxn]sf] sd{ x]/]F . d}n] klg
sfg'gsf] kfng u/fpg] lznlznfdf slt hgfnfO{ cGofok"j{s 3/af6 lg:sg
afWo agfPsf] lyPF eGg] em6\6 ofb cfof] . of] d]/f] cfkm\g} sd{sf] ljkfs xf]
eGg] af]w eof] . d}n] tL efO;+u k|ltafb ul/g . df}g g} a;]F .
j8fWoIfn] tkfO{;+u 3/sf] k|df0f 5 < eg]/ dnfO{ ;f]Wg'eof] . jxfFnfO{ klg
nfu]5 of] 3/ o;sf] xf]Og ls < To;a]nf of] ;+;f/df cs|f]wL eP/ afFRg
ufx|f] /x]5 eGg] af]w eof], d k|df0f b]vfpg afWo ePF . d]/f] cs'zn sd{sf
sf/0f g} Tof] efO km]nf k¥of] eGg] af]w eof] . tL efO x]/]kl5 d}n] d cfkm"lt/
x]/]F . d;+u klg nf]e 5, of] nf]e a9\b} uof] eg] d klg ToxL efO h:tf]
x'g]xf]nf eGg] nfUof] . ljr/fnfO{ nf]e a9]/ ef8f dfq} xf]Og, of] ;6/ g} x8Kg
kfP x'GYof] eGg] nfUof] xf]nf . pgLk|lt bof kf] knfP/ cfof] . l/; t sxfF
uof] sxfF uof] . Wofg ;+u;+u} d}qL / s?0ff ;DalGw wd{b]zgf ;'Gof] eg] l/;
sd x'g] /x]5 eGg] cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6 hfgsf/L eof] . clxn] ;Dembf, wGojfb
efO Û dnfO{ l/; sd ug{] ;fwgf ug{] df}sf k|bfg ug'{ ePsf]df .

99
$=$ ck|dfbLdf /xg] ;fwgf
d sf]6]Zj/af6 afns'df/Llt/ cfO/x]sf] lyP, af6f]df cfpFbf Pshgf /S;Ln]
dft]sf] dflg; e]l6P . pgnfO{ sf];+u l/; p7]sf] lyof] Sof/ Û dnfO{ ug{
;Dd ufnL u/] . dnfO{ Tof] h8\ofxf dflg;n] ufnL ubf{ v]/L slQ klg l/;
p7]g . a? s?0ff kf] pTkGg eof] . tL k|dfbsf dflg;nfO{ s;/L xf]zdf
Nofpg] xf]nf < Totflt/ kf] ;f]Rg yfn]F . ljr/f hfF8 vfP/ k|dfbdf 5g\,
p;+u lsg l/;fpg] < egL ;f]Rg yfn]F . s;/L pgnfO{ ;xL af6f]df nufpg]
xf]nf h:tf] nfUof] .
csf{] lbg, d 3/lt/ cfpb} lyPF, d]/f Pshgf l5d]sL klg uf8Laf6 pgsf]
3/lt/ cfpb}} lyP . af6fdf vfN6fv'N6L lyP / jiff{sf] kfgLn] tL vfN6fv'N6L
el/Psf lyP . pgL /km\tf/df uf8L rnfpb} lyP . tL ;fyLn] hfg]/ xf] jf
ghfg]/ xf], af6fsf] lxnf]kfgL ;a} d]/f] n'ufdf 5\oflklbP . tL ;fyL uf8L
lnP/ lx8\bf klxnf klg dnfO{ w]/} w'nf] 5\ofk]sf lyP . Tof] lbg t ;fx|}
g/fd|f] u/L dnfO{ lxnf]kfgL 5\oflklbP . ddf t'?Gt l/;sf] kf/f] r9\of] .
pgnfO{ ufnL ug{ yfn]F . pgL klg s] sd ækfgL g5\oflkg] eP cfkm\g} ufl8
lnP/ lx8\g' lgÆ . d]/f] s] uNtL, af6f]df kfgL el/Psf vfN8fv'N6L 5g\, clg
kfgL t 5\ofkLxflnG5 lg . tL ;fyL rflxF ;DklQn] dft]sf -k|dfb_ lyP . d
klg d]/f] :jfledfgn] dft]s} /x]5' . k|dfbd} /x]5' . clg t xfdL b'O{ aLr
g/fd|/L emu8f eof] .
To;kl5 d 3/d} lgoldt Wofgefjgf ub}{lyPF . d}n] Tof] a]nf d}qL Wofg
u/]sf] lyOg, s]jn sfofg'kZogf, j]bgfg'kZogf / lrQfg'kZogfsf] dfq
;fwgf ub{yF] . olt ubf{ klg l/; sd x'g] /x]5 . csf]{ lbg laxfg} Ujfsf{]lt/
hfFb}lyPF . km]l/ dnfO{ Pp6f uf8Ln] To:t} u/L lxnf]kfgL 5\oflklbof] . dnfO{
dleqsf] dlg6/n] eGof], æ;fjwfg, of] efO k|dfbdf 5, k|ltls|of gu/ .Æ d
r'krfk lx8]F, s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfOg . Wofgefjgf a9\b} uPkl5 dleqsf]
dlg6/n] t'?Gt hfgsf/L lbG5 . 36gf pxL xf] / ef]Stf klg d} xf], t/ klxnf
ToxL s'/fn] dnfO{ l/; p7\of] t/ kl5 rflxF p7]g . d]/f] l/; d}qLdf ?kfGt/0f
eof] .
100
s]xL lbg kl5sf] s'/f xf], dGqfnodf gofF ;lrjsf] axfnL eof] . d klg gofF
;lrjnfO{ awfO{ lbg uPF . w]/} dxfzfvf k|d'vHo"x?, ;x;lrjHo"x?n] awfO{
lbP/ uPkl5 d klg awfO{ lbpFm egL ;lrjHo"sf] sfo{sIfdf uP . jxfFn]
tkfO{ lsg cfpg'ePsf] egL ;f]Wg'eof] < d}n} æd ;]S;g clkm;/ x"F, xh'/nfO{
awfO{ lbg cfPsf]Æ eg] . æawfO{ 5 ;lrjHo", xh'/sf] ;]jfdf d klg xflh/
5'Æ eg]F . wGojfb Û eGg'x'G5 eGg] 7fg]sf] t, æhfjf] ;]S;g clkm;/ dnfO{
awfO{ lbg cfpg] <Æ o;nfO{ s;n] leq k7fof] egL lkP;+u s/fpg kf]
yfNg'eof] . d klg s] sd . xh'/ klg ToxL ;]S;g clkm;/af6} t a9'jf x'Fb}
x'Fb} ;lrj x'g'ePsf] xf]Og < Ps}rf6L ;lrj x'g'ePsf] t xf]Og xf]nf lg eg]F
. d klg k|dfbd} /x]5' . d}n] cgfjZos k|ltlqmof hgfPF . df}g a;]sf] ePklg
x'GYof] . ;lrjHo" t l/;n] r'/ x'g'eof], s';L{af6 h'?Ss} p7\g' eof] . jxfFsf]
cg'xf/ /ftf]lk/f] eof], dnfO{ lgs}a]/ ufnL ug'{eof] . jxfFsf xft y/y/
sfld/x]sf lyP, af]nL klg cln n/al/Psf] h:tf]] ;'g]F . ;/L ;/ d k'gM
xh'/sf] sfo{sIfdf cfpFlbg egL jxfFsf] sf]7faf6 lgl:sP/ lxl8xfn]F . jxfF
rflxF kb k|lti7fn] dft]sf JolQm x'g'x'bf] /x]5 . Tof] eGbf klg d;+u
;xgzLntf /x]g5 . d klg k|dfb d} /x]5', To;}n] t a]xf]zd} k|ltlqmof u/]F .
s]xLa]/kl5 dfq d a]sf/df l/;fP5' h:tf] nfUof] .
Wofgefjgf a9\b} uPkl5, l/; sd x'Fb} hfg] /x]5 . s'g}a]nf d :jf:Yo ;]jf
ljefudf sfd ub{} lyPF . dnfO{ sfdsf] lznlznfdf tfKn]h'Ë hfg] e|d0f—
cfb]z k|fKt eof] . ToxL e|d0f calwd} d]/f] a'jfsf] >f4 k/]sf] lyof], To;}n]
cfkm" hfg c;dy{ ePsf] s'/f lgb{]zsHo"nfO{ cg'/f]w u/]F . lgb{]zsHo"nfO{
vf]O{ s] nfu]5 Sof/ Û, dxflgb{]zsnfO{ æof] dfG5]n] d}n] eg]sf] dfGb} dfGb}gÆ
egL l;sfot ug'{eP5 . d dxflgb{]zsHo"sf] sf]7fleq k;]sf] dfq s] lyPF,
jxfF t s';L{af6 p7]/ af3n] emlD6P h:t} dnfO{ emlD6O{ ufnL ug{ yfNg'eof]
. s]xLl5gdf jxfFsf] cg'xf/ t sfnf] lgnf] eof] . jxfFsf] 6fpsf] y/y/ sfDg
yfNof], xft klg sfld/x]sf lyP . cfFvf klg /ftf /ftf eP . :jf;k|Zjf;
klg lgs} a9\of] . To;}klg df]6f] dflg;, jxfF t w]/} :jfF :jfF ug{ yfNg'eof],
l/;n] Zjf;k|Zjf; w]/} a9fof] . l/;n] jxfFnfO{ cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf lnof] .
dnfO{ rflxF jxfFsf] ufnLn] s]xL c;/ u/]g, a? jxfFnfO{ g} s]xL kf] x'G5 ls
101
eGg] kL/ nfUof] . s;/L jxfFsf] l/; emf/f}F < eGg] dfq nfUof] . l/;n] ;fdfGo
cj:yfdf ul/g] sfdsf] 7Ls pN6f] ug{ l;sfpg] /x]5 eg] Wofgefjgfn]
To;sf] pN6f] ug{ l;sfpg] /x]5 . dnfO{ rflxF pgLk|lt l/; xf]Og, bof nfu]/
cfof] . jxfF k|dfbdf x'g'x'G5 . d}n] t jxfFnfO{ 5f]/fn] h:t} x]/rfx ug'{k5{
h:tf] nfUof] . d}n] xfF:b} eg] æxh'/ n8\g' ef] eg] p7fpg] d g} xf]Æ, c? sf]xL
cfpFb}g, 8fS6/ ;fx]j Û gl/;fO{ alS;of];\ . jxfFsf] l/; s]xLl5gdf sd eof]
. jxfFnfO{ d}n] eg]sf] o;n] dfg]g eGg] nfu]5 . jxfFn] ;f]Wg'eof] æefO, tkfO{
lsg tfKn]h'Ë ghfg' ePsf] < d}n] egF] æa'jfsf] >f4 5 8fS6/ ;fx]jÆ .
xh'/n] hf eGg'x'G5 eg] d >f4 5f]8]/ hfG5' lg t . l5gd} jxfFsf] l/; sd
eof] . dfkm ug{xf];\ efO eGg'eof] . d}n] rflxF lrof dufPF . b'a}n] ;+u;+u}
lrof lkof}F . xfd|f] ldqtfdf Ifo ePg, a? a9f]Q/L eof] . d]/f] cfkm\g}
cg'ejaf6 af]w eof], l/; cfPsf] a]nf xf]zdf /xg' kg{] /x]5 / d}qLk"0f{
Jojxf/ ug'{kg{] /x]5 . jxfF;+u} lrof lkpFbf xfdL b'O{aLr ldqtf emg} a9\of]
. l/; d}qLdf ?kfGt/0f x'Fbf d lgs} v'zL eP .
cl3Nnf] k6s ;lrjHo"n] dnfO{ To:t} ufnL ug'{ePsf] lyof], t/ Tof] a]nf
d}n] cgfjZos k|ltlqmof u/]F, d]/f] dgdf l/; p7\of], d}n] g} b'Mv kfPF . t/
kl5NNff] k6s dxflgb]{zsHo"n] To:t} ufnL ubf{ dnfO{ l/; p7]g, a? Tof]
l/; t d}qLdf ?kfGt/0f eof] . ufnL vfg] JolQm d g} xf], ufnL klg p:t}
p:t} xf], klxnfsf] ufnLn] dnfO{ l/; p7\of] t/ kl5 rflxF ToxL l/; d}qLdf
?kfGt/0f eof] . l/;nfO{ d}qLdf abNg' kg{] /x]5 .
Pslbg d gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf] uLt ;'Gb} eft ;fu;AhL ksfpb} lyPF . /]l8of]sf]
uLt ;'Gbf;'Gb} ;AhL 89]sf] yfx} kfOg . d uLtd} n7\7 eP5' . d klg uLtsf]
k|dfbd} t /x]5' lg . ;AhL t k"/} 89]5 . xf]zdf ePsf] eP ;AhL 89]/ sfnf]
x'g] lyPg . d klg uLtsf] k|dfbd} /x]5' . sf]xL /S;Lsf]] k|dfbdf, sf]xL
;DklQsf] k|dfbdf, sf]xL kbsf] k|dfbdf clg sf]xL rflxF uLtsf] k|dfbdf .
;a} k|dfb} k|dfbdf /x]5f}F .
dnfO{ yfxf lyof], klxnf] dflg; /lS;n] lgs} dft]sf] lyof] . k|dfbdf ePsf]
dflg;;+u lsg af]Ng] eg]/ 5f]l8lbPF . d Tof] a]nf xf]zdf lyPF . Tof] dflg;k|lt
102
ddf å]ifefjgf knfPg . To;/L g} Tof] uf8L bf}8fP/ lxnf] kfgL 5\ofKg] bf]>f]
dflg; klg ;DklQn] dft]sf] /x]5 eg]/ 5f]l8lbPsf] eP klg t x'GYof] lg Û
olb To:tf] ;fr]sf] eP l/; p7\g] lyPg . t]>f] JolQm kb k|lti7fn] dft]sf]
/x]5 egL k|To'Q/ gu/L r'krfk lxF8]sf] eP jf 5f]8]/ lxF8]sf] eP l/; p7\g]
lyPg . d klg k|dfbd} /x]5' . gq tL k|dfbdf /x]sf dflg;;+u lsg k|ltlqmof
uy{]F . pQ/ cfkm"lt/ x]bf{ ldNbf] /x]5 . dnfO{ t s]jn HfFf8sf] k|dfb dfq}
yfxf /x]5 . d klg kbn], k};fn] / cledfgn] dft]s} dflg; /x]5' . To;}n] t
dflysf dxfg'efjx?;+u emu8f ug{ k'uF] . pgLx? rflxF k|dfbdf clg d rflxF
xf]zdf 5' eGg] e|d /x]5 . d xf]zdf ePsf] eP å]if efj cfpg] g} lyPg,
k|To'Q/ ug{] lyOg, Tof] ;AhL 89\g] klg lyPg . d klg a]xf]zd} /x]5' .
Wofgefjgfdf a:bf xf]zdf /xg] afgLsf] ljsfz x'g] /x]5 . Wofgsf] sf/0f
Wofgdf ga;]sf] a]nfdf klg xf]zd} /xg] cfbt a:g] /x]5 . d Wofg ga;]sf]
a]nf klg Wofgd} a;] h:t} x'G5' / xf]zdf 5' ls 5}g egL cfkmF}lt/ x]5'{ .
o;/L d;+u l/;fPsf JolQmx? d]/f] nflu cToGt d"Nojfg aGg'eof], h;n]
dnfO{ ;fFRr} g} w}o{ / IfflGtsf] cEof; ug{] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{eof]] . l/;nfO{
d}qLdf abNg] ;'gf}nf] df}sf k|bfg ug'{eof] . of] w}o{sf] cEof;n] cs|f]wL x'g]
afgL a:g] /x]5 . e/;s d}qLefj k|bz{g ug{] / g;s] l/;sf] Hjf/ef6fnfO{
zfGt x'g w}o{k"j{s kv{]/ a:g' kg{] /x]5 . l/; cfkm}F zfGt x'g] /x]5 . of]
s|f]wn] dnfO{ s] ul//x]sf] 5, eg]/ cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ cjnf]sg ug'{kg{] /x]5 .
;s] d}qL / g;s] k|ltlqmof gu/L a:g] xf] eg]] ToxL s|f]w cfkm} d}qLdf
?kfGt/0f x'g] /x]5 eGg] s'/f cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6 1fg eof] .
$+=% k/dfy{ x]g{] ;fwgf
d ev{/ ev{/ a'4 zf;gdf cfPsf] lyPF . gofF ;fw'n] w]/} v/fgL 3:5 eg]
em}F d klg a'4wd{sf] ;fwgf sd, t/ wd{sf] jsfnt rflxF w]/} uy{]+F . s;}n]
a'4wd{sf] lj/f]w u/] d t'?Gt k|ltjfb ul/xfNy]F . tLy{ofqfsf] qmddf d
n'lDjgLdf lyPF . ToxLa]nf tflnjfgn] ad ljikmf]6 u/L ax'd"No a'¢d"l{t{x?
Wj:t agfPsf] ;dfrf/ ;'g]F . >Ln+sfn] tL d"l{t{x? vl/b ug{] k|:tfj klg
k7fPsf] /x]5, t/ tflnjfgLn] tL d"lt{x? ad ljikmf]6 u/L Wj:t agfO{ 5f8]
103
. dnfO{ Hofb} l/; p7\of] . Po/kf]6{df cfpb} ubf{ To;sf] ;fd"lxs k|ltjfb
ug'{k5{ eGb} ;fyLefO;+u s/fpFb} lyPF . l/; a9]kl5 :j/ klg lgs} 7"nf] x'Fbf]
/x]5 . cg'xf/ /ftf] kL/f] x'g] /x]5 . To;} t e}/xjfsf] tftf], To;df l/;
r9]kl5 t d]/f] z/L/e/L kl;g} kl;gf eof] . ToxLa]nf Pshgf dxf:ylj/
eGt] c? b'O{ hgf leIf'sf;fy e}/xjf Po/kf]6{df cfOk'Ug' eof] . d bf}8b}
uP/ tL dxf:ylj/;+u lj/f]wsf] sfo{s|dsf] s'/f ;'gfPF . dnfO{ cfz lyof],
jxfF d]/f] s'/fdf ;xdt e} xfdLnfO{ lj/f]w ug{ yk pmhf{ k|bfg ug'{x'G5
eGg]df . t/ jxfFn] t s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfpg' ePg . d qmf]wdf 5' eGg] s'/f
jxfFn] d]/f] cg'xf/ b]Vg]] ljlQs} t'?Gt yfxf kfpg'eof] xf]nf . t/ klg jxfFsf]
d'v cfs[ltdf s'g} kl/jt{g cfPg . d]/f] s'/f jxfFn] ;'g]sf] g;'g] em}F ug'{eof]
. ddf eg] l/; a9\b} uof] / dxf:ylj/ h:tf] dflg; k|ltjfb ug'{kg{] lsg
r'k nfUg'ePsf] xf]nf h:tf] nfUof] . sf7df8f}F cfP/ ;fg} ePklg lj/f]wsf
sfo{s|ddf d ;/Ls ePF .
ljkZogf Wofgsf] lgoldt ;fwgfn] Wofg gePsf] a]nf klg k|1lKt -b]lvg]_
;To gx]/]/ k/dfy{ -gb]lvg]_ ;To x]g{] afgLsf] ljsfz x'g] /x]5 . laxfg
a]n'sfsf] lgoldt Wofgsf] ;fwgf / ;fKtflxs wd{b]zgf klg ;'g]F . Tof]
36gfsf] s/Lj @) jif{ kl5 Psflaxfg} ljho efOn] k'gM To:t} Wj:t agfPsf]
a'4d"lt{ km];a'sdf kf]i6 ug'{ePsf] lyof] . w]/} ;fyLx?n] clt s8f k|ltlqmof
lbPsf] kfPF, h:tf] d aL; aif{ klxnf ug{] uy]{F . ;fyLx?af6 wdfwd pQ]hs
k|ltls|ofx? k|fKt eO/x]sf lyP . kf]i6 x]gf{;fy klxn] t dnfO{ klg l/; g}
p7\of], t/ af]w e} uof] ls o;n] dnfO{ g} xfgL ub{5 . cem k/dfy{ ;To
a'em\bf t Tof] d"lt{ s]jn ?k dfq xf], s]jn k[YjL wft' dfq xf] . d}n] s'g}
k|ltlqmof hgfOg . of] s]jn 9'Fufsf] ?k dfq xf], k[YjL wft' dfq xf], lsg
lj/f]w ug{] < k/dfy{df x]bf{ To;df j]bgf 5}g, ;+1f 5}g, ;+:sf/ 5}g, lj1fg
5}g . ;+If]kdf eGg'kbf{ To;df hLjg 5}g . Aoy{df lsg l/;fpg] <
a'4sf] d"lt{ d]/f] nflu s?0ffsf] ;|f]t xf] . a'4d"lt{ b]Vbf -k|tLTo_ d]/f] dgdf
d}qL / s?0ff -;d'Tkfb_ pTkGg x'G5 . a'4sf] d"lt{ b]Vbf -k|tLTo_ d]/f] dgdf
a'4sf u'0fx?sf] :d/0f x'G5 -;d'Tkfb_ . d a'4d"lt{ b]Vgf;fy jxfFsf
nf]sf]ksf/L u'0fx?sf] :d/0f u5'{ . cfkm" klg a'4 h:t} gl/;fpg] :jefjsf]
104
x'g kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfU5 . Tof] eGbf klg a'4d"lt{x? g} d]/f] nflu d}qL,
s?0ff / k|1fsf v'Nnf lstfa x'g\ . Tof] nf]6; km"nsf kqx? b]Vg] lalQs}
d]/f] dgdf s?0ff efj pTkGg x'G5 . a'4d"lt{ b]v]kl5 d s]xL a]/ Psf]xf]l/P/
Tof] d"lt{ x]l//xG5'' . dnfO{ Tof] d"lt{n] cfgGb -;d'Tkfb_ k|bfg u5{ . d]/f]
nflu Tof] d"lt{ krf;f}F xhf/ zAb ePsf] slxNo} gRofltg] 1fgsf] v'Nnf
lstfj xf] . vf]O{ lsg xf] s'GgL < ToxL d"lt{ b]Vbf tflnjfgsf] lrQdf qmf]w
pTkGg eof], Tof] klg vKg} g;Sg] u/L . cf/Dd0f Pp6} a'4 d"lt{ xf], t/
dgdf pTkGg x'g] efj rflxF x/]sdf km/s km/s . s|f]w a:t'df xf]Og, dgdf
x'g] /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] .
cem crDdsf] s'/f rflxF n'lDjgLs} Pp6f ufpFdf caf}¢ ;Dk|bfosf c1fgL
dflg;nfO{ klg ToxL a'4sf] d"lt{ b]Vbf -k|tLTo_ s|f]w pTkGg -;d'Tkfb_ eP5
. pgLx?n] klg a'4d"lt{ Wj:t agfP5g\ . k|tLTo jf cf/Dd0f ToxL a'4d"lt{
xf], t/ x/]ssf] ;d'Tkfb rflxF km/s km/s . tflnjfgnfO{ Tof] d"lt{ b]Vbf qmf]w
pTkGg eof] eg] dnfO{ rflxF d}qL / s?0ff . c? s;}nfO{ c1fgtf . k|1f
geP/} t l/; p7\of] lg . cf/Dd0f Pp6} -a'4d"lt{_ xf] t/ d]/f], ljho efOsf]
/ jfnkf]i6 k9\g] ;of}+ dflg;sf] dgdf pTkGg ePsf] efj rflxF km/s km/s
. Tof] a'4d"lt{ eGbf klg Tof] cf/Dd0f b]Vbf dgdf pTkGg ePsf] efj / k|efj
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . Tof] km'6fOPsf] d"lt{ x]bf{ ljho efOsf] dgdf å]if -efj_,
pTkGg eof] t/ d]/f] dgdf å]ifefj cfPg -cefj_, a? tL c1fgL caf}¢
AolQm ;Dembf d]/f] dgdf d}qL / s?0ff efj pTkGg eof] . a'4d"lt{ cfFvfdf
7f]lSsPsf] -k|tLTo_ Pp6} xf], t/ ;d'TkGg rflxF k|To]sdf km/s km/s . oL
;a} efj / k|efjnfO{ :jLsfg'{ g} qmf]w lgjf/0f ug'{ xf] .
a'4d"lt{ dxTjk"0f{ xf]Og, a'4d"lt{ b]Vbf dgdf pTkGg x'g] efj, cefj, k|efj
/ :jefj rflxF dxTjk"0f{ xf] . b]lvg] a'4d"lt{ eGbf dgdf pTkGg x'g] gb]lvg]
efj dxTjk"0f{ xf] . klxnf, a'4d"lt{ Wj:t ePsf] ;dfrf/ ;'Gbf -k|tLTo_ dnfO{
a]:;/L l/; p7\of] -;d'Tkfb_ t/ csf]{ k6s rflxF ToxL ;dfrf/ ;'Gbf dgdf
l/; p7]g, a? s?0ff -;d'Tkfb_ kf] cfof]] . dnfO{ hfgsf/L eof], l/; a:t'df
xf]Og, p;sf] b[li6df 5 . a:t'k|lt lsg qmf]w lg Û b[li6df e|d ePkl5 To:t}
xf] . cfFvfdf /ftf] r:df nufOlbPkl5 p;n] ;a} /ftf] g} b]V5 . sfkm/sf]
105
lj/f]w ug'{k5{ eGg] ;d'lQ ;Ton] tflnjfgLx?nfO{ lx+;|s agfof] . ToxL lx+;|s
JolQmnfO{ k|of]u u/L tflnjfgLn] a'4d"lt{x? Wj:t agfP . elgof] ls h;n]
hlt a'4d"lt{x? Wj:t agfpF5, plt g} p;sf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f a9\5 . clg
t a'4d"lt{x? Wj:t agfpF5g\ lg . lx+;f ug{] cfbt ePkl5 p;n] ToxL d"lt{
Wj:t agfP em}F u/L dflg;nfO{ klg Wj:t agfpg] /x]5g\ . hlt Wj:t ug{
;S5, Tolt g} p;sf] wfld{s / ;fdflhs k|lti7f a9\5 . Tof] k|lti7fn]
p;nfO{ Ifl0fs cfgGb k|bfg ub{5 . ljr/f tL c1fgL tflnjfgsf]] s] bf]if Û
sf/0f geP sd{ x'Fb}g, pgLx?df Sn]z aflSnP/ uPsf] 5 . clg t o:tf
sfd u5{g\ lg . clxn] Tof] 36gf ;lDembf pgLx?k|lt l/; p7\b}g, a? bof
kf] hfU5 . pgLx?nfO{ 1fgL agfpg kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfU5 . s;/L pgLx?sf]
Sn]z x6fpg] eGg]lt/ ;f]Rb5' . Tof] p7]sf] l/; t d}qL / s?0ffdf ?kfGtl/t
x'g] /x]5 .
s]xL lbgkl5 Pshgf ;fyLn] sf7df8f}Fdf agfPsf] ;'Gb/ a'4d"lt{ / kfFry/sf
;d'bfon] lgdf{0f u/sf] ?k, d'b|f, lzNk / z}nL yf]/} gldn]sf] a'4d"lt{ aLr
t'ngf ub{} o:tf] klg a'4d"lt{ x'G5 < eGb} gsf/fTs l6Kk0fL ;lxt km];a'ssf]
leQfdf b'O{ t:jL/x? /fVg' ePsf] /x]5 . sf7df8f}Fsf w]/} ;fyLx?n] l/;n]
cleJoQm u/]sf kf]i6x? klg k9]F . tL kf]i6x? k9\bf dnfO{ l/; p7]g . a?
pgLx?sf] c1fgtfk|lt d]/f] dgdf s?0ffefj kf] pTkGg eof] . 1fg ePkl5
l/; t d}qLdf ?kfGt/0f x'g] /x]5 . d]/f] nflu tL b'a} lrq ;dfg dxTjsf
lyP . ljr/f kfFry/sf dflg; ToxL a'4d"lt{ x]/]/ slt v'zL 5g\ t/
sf7df8f}sf ;fyLx? rflxF a]v'zL . sf7df8f}sf ;fyLx?n] km];a's e/L
ufnLsf] jif{f g} u/] . kfFry/sf dflg;nfO{ rflxF ToxL lnDa" lnDa" b]lvg]
a'4d"lt{n] w]/} v'zL Nofof] eg] c?nfO{ s] sf] 6fpsf] b'MvfO lg Û ?k, d'b|f,
lzNk / z}nL d"lt{sf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx? x'g\ . t/ Tof] eGbf klg d"lt{ b]Vbf
pgLx?sf] dgdf pTkGg x'g] efj rflxF clt dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . d}n] rflxF
tL b'a} a'4d"lt{df s'g} km/s kfOg . ;d'lQdf x]bf{ b'a} d"lt{n] d]/f] dgdf d}qL
/ s?0ff hufpF5g\ . hfg] >Lv08, ghfg] v'kf{sf] laF8 . km]l/ k/dfy{df x]bf{
b'ad
} f j]bgf, ;+1f, ;+:sf/ / lj1fg 5}g . hLjg 5}g . k/dfy{df x]bf{ b'a}
9'Ëf -k[YjL wft'_ t x'g\ lg . ;Dos\ b[li6n] x]bf{ b'a} d"lt{af6 s?0ff / d}qL
106
efjgf cfpF5 . Wofgefjgf a9\b} uPkl5 tL c1fgL dflg; b]Vbf l/; xf]Og
a? bof hfu]/ cfpFbf] /x]5 . l/; t d}qLdf ?kfGtl/t x'bf] /x]5 . oxfF l/;sf]
abnf l/; x'g'kg{]df d}qLefj kf] pTkGg eof] . ljkZogf Wofgefjgfsf]
cEof; ubf{ b]lvg] a:t'df eGbf gb]lvg] a:t'df dg hfFbf] /x]5 . Tof] gb]lvg]
dxTjk"0f{ s'/f rflxF d]/f] dgdf pTkGg x'g] efj, cefj, :jefj / k|efj x'g\
. afXo a:t' xf]Og . Tof] d"lt{ x]bf{ dgdf pTkGg x'g] dflysf rf/ efjgf
a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . ljkZogf Wofgefjgfsf] ;fwgfn] k/dfy{df x]g{
l;sfpbf] /x]5 . k/dfy{df x]g{] afgLn] Wofgefjgf gePsf] a]nf klg ToxL
afgLdf a:g l;sfpg] /x]5 . klxnf Tof] aLeT; a'4d"lt{ b]Vbf d]/f] dgdf
klg yf]/} l/; pTkGg eof] . t/ dnfO{ l/; r9\b}5 eGg] hfgsf/L eof]] .
clxn] k/dfy{sf] ?kdf Tof] a'4d'lt{ x]bf{ t s]jn k[YjLwft' xf] lg . cem l;wf
?kdf eGbf t Tof] 9'Ëf g xf] . To;df ?k dfq 5, hLjg 5}g . Tof] 9'Ëf
km'6fpbf lsg ljYyfdf Tolt qmf]w ug'{ lg . d c;+u ePF . To;}n] klxnf]
k6s a'4d"lt{ km'6fPsf] ;dfrf/ ;'Gbf dnfO{ lgs} l/; p7\of], t/ bf]>f] k6s
ToxL ;dfrf/ ;'Gbf dnfO{ l/; p7]g . a? pgLx?sf] c1fgtfk|lt d}qL /
s?0ff hfUof] .
klxnf v;L sf6]sf] b[io d]/f] cfFvfdf 7f]lSsbf d]/f] dgdf b'vb j]bgf pTkGg
x'GYof] . dnfO{ Tof] v;Lsf] Hofb} dfof nfUYof] . clg Tof] v;L sf6\g] dflg;
b]Vbf rflxF l/; p7]/ cfpFYof] . d kL8f vKg g;sL ?Gy]+ klg . t/ df;'
lsGg cfPsf d h:t} c? dflg;x? rflxF ToxL sf6]sf] v;Lsf] df;' b]Vbf
v'zL x'Gy] . pgLx?df ;'vb ;Dj]bgf hfUYof] xf]nf . pgLx? v'zL lyP . Tof]
v;L sf6\g] s;fO{ b]v]/ klg pgLx? v'zL x'Gy], sf/0f p;n] pgLx?nfO{
dgk/]sf] df;'sf] cfk"lt{ ul/lbGYof] . cf/Dd0f a:t' ToxL xf], t/ dgdf pTkGg
x'g] efj rflxF km/s km/s . df;'sf] b[io eGbf JolQmsf] dgdf pTkGg x'g]
efj rflxF dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . d]/f] dgdf å]if clg df;' lsGg cfPsf ;fyLx?sf]
dgdf /fu, c? s;}df rflxF df]x pTkGg eof] . To;kl5 d}n] Tof] df;' /
s;fO{k|lt å]ifefj /flvg . b]lvg] a:t'eGbf -k|1lKt_ dgdf pTkGg x'g] efj
-gb]lvg]_ a'em\g' k5{ . 1fg eof], ;a}sf] dgdf pTkGg ePsf] efjnfO{ ;Ddfg
ug'{ g} Sn]z gfz ug'{ xf] .
107
l;b|fsf] uGw d]/f] gfsdf 7f]lSsbf dnfO{ vKg} g;Sg] u/L ugfpYof] . dnfO{
Tof] uGwk|lt l/; p7\Yof] . t/ ToxL l;b|f lsGg uPsf dflg;x?nfO{ rflxF
Tof] l;b|fsf] uGw gfsdf 7f]lSsbf v'zL x'Gy] . l;b|f a:t' Pp6} xf], uGw klg
Pp6} xf], t/ uGw gfsdf 7f]lSsP/ To;af6 pTkGg ePsf] efj rflxF x/]s
dflg;df km/s km/s . t;y{ a'4 zf;gdf a:t' s] xf] < eGbf klg dgdf
s:tf] efj pTkGg eof]< Tof] rflxF dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
3/df d / >LdtLsf] aLr a]nfa]nf ;fdfGo em}emu8f / jfbljjfb eO/xGYof]
. slxn] d}n] nufpg] sk8fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ t slxn] d]/f]] vfg]s'/fnfO{
lnP/ . d z/L/ g} s]xL xf]Og < of] ef8fdf lnPsf] z/L/ xf] eGy]F . k'0o
;lsPkl5 of] z/L/ t 5f]8\g' k5{ eGy]F . sk8f rflxF nfh 9fSg] a:t' dfq
xf] eGy+]F . To;}n] h] e]6\of] ToxL nufO{ lbGy]F . h'g n'uf nufP klg eOuof]
lg eGy]F . d]/f] >LdtLdf rflxF of] /+u /fd|f], Tof] g/fd|f] eGg] dfGotf lyof] .
d rflxF s] sf] n'uf /fd|f / g/fd|f lg eGy]F . d]/f] 5f]/f / >LdtLnfO{ rflxF
aflx/ lx8\bf gofF n'uf g} nufpg' kg{], 3/df rflxF cln k'/fgf] n'uf nufP
klg x'G5 eGg] ;d'lQ ;To kfn]/ a;]sf lyP . cl:t klg kf6L{df hfFbf h'g
n'uf nufPsf] lyof], cfh klg ToxL n'uf nufpg' eP5 egL >LdtLn]] ufnL
uly{g\ . aflx/ lx+8\bf klg 5f]/f / >LdtLn] æoL a"9fn] k'/fgf] n'uf nufP/
xfd|f] a]OHht u/]Æ eg]/ dnfO{ s/fO/xGy] . slt 7fpFdf t dnfO{ n}hfb}gy]
. dnfO{ rflxF /fd|f] g/fd|f] eGg] lyPg, h] e]l6of] ToxL nufpg] uy]{F . ;a} n'uf
dnfO{ /fd|} nfUy] . n'uf kmf]x/ ePg / o;n] lr;f] / tftf]af6 arfof] / nfh
9fSof] eg] eOuof] lg h:tf] nfUYof] . n'uf d}n] nufpg] xf], ltdLx?nfO{ s]
dtna eGy]F . 3/df n'ufsf] / vfgfsf] lgx'Fdf ;;fgf em}emu8f eO/xGy] .
dnfO{ æd 7Ls / c? a]7LsÆ h:tf] nfUYof] . d]/f] >LdtLdf rflxF ljjfxsf]
a]nf bf}/f, ;'?jfn / sf]6 g} nufpg' kg{] / dlGb/ hfFbf /ftf]] g} nufpg' kg{]
dfGotf lyof] . d]/f] nflu rflxF ;a} n'uf /fd|f, ;a} /+uk|lt ;dfg wf/0ff lyof]
. To;}n] pgLx?sf] s'/fdf d k|ltjfb ub{y]F . d]/f] z/L/sf] / n'ufdf ltdLx?sf]]
lgoGq0f lsg < eGy]F . n'ufs} lgx'Fdf ;;fgf em}emu8f eO/xGYof] . 3/df /
dgdf zflGt vnalnGYof] .

108
dnfO{ vfg]s'/fdf klg dL7f] / gdL7f] eGg] lje]b lyPg . ;kmf / :j:Yos/
eP eOuof] lg h:tf] nfUYof] . 5f]/fn] rflxF Æof] nf]eL a"9f] ;w} lrp/f dfq
vfG5Æ eGYof] . k};f vr{ x'G5 eg]/ ahf/sf] vfg]s'/f vfg dfGb}g eGYof] .
dnfO{ rflxF lrp/f vfFbf Uofl:6s x'b}gYof], Tof] d]/f] nflu cf}+ifwL g} lyof] .
d}n] vfg] xf], dnfO{ oxL dL7f] nfU5, oxL vfG5', ltdLx?sf] s] lauf/ u/]F <
eg]/ k|ltjfb uyF{] . xfdLaLr vfgfdf klg em}emu8f eO/xGYof] . 3/df zflGt
vnalnof] . d cfkm" 7Ls c? a]7Ls eGy]F .
zLnsf] kfng / Wofg ;fwgfsf] ljsfz;+u} sd af]Ng] afgL a:g] /x]5 .
e/;s cfo{df}gdf a:g] cfbtn] Wofg gePsf] a]nf klg df}gtf g} ?lrs/
nfUbf] /x]5 . clg ædÆ 5}g eGg] ;fwgf u/]F . To;kl5 >LdtLn] h] elGyg\
d}n] ToxL dfGg yfn]F . nfh gdfgL eGbf, d}n] >LdtLdf z/0fudg u/]F . xfn
d cfkm"n] s'g} lg0f{o ulb{g, >LdtLhLn] h] eGg'x'G5 d ToxL dfG5' . d]/f]
cfkm\gf] eGg] s]xL 5}g eGg] nfU5 . o;f] ubf{ em}emu8f aGb eof] . o;af6
k|ltlqmof ug{], cgfjZos afbljjfb ug{] sfd klg aGb x'g] /x]5 .+ z/L/ /
n'ufdf s] sf] ts{ < clxn] >LdtLhLn] h:tf] /++usf] h'g n'uf nufpg'xf];\
eGg'x'G5\, ToxL nufOlbG5' . lsg em}emu8f ug{] < vfg]s'/f klg h] lbG5g\,
ToxL vfOlbG5' . t]nd} tf/]sf] vfhf lbP eg] klg vfG5' . a? Tof] vfhfn]
k]6 b'vfof] eg] ;x]/ a:5' t/ k|ltjfb ulb{g . d k|foM k|ltlqmof ulb{g .
e/;s df}gtfd} a:g sf]lz; u5'{ . pgLx?n] eg]sf] dflglbof], eOuof] lg .
o;f] ubf{ dgdf l/; p7\g] /x]g5 / em}emu8f klg x'g] /x]g5 . o;f] ubf{
;fwgf klg cufl8 a9\g] /x]5 . of] d]/f] lgtfGt JolQmut cg'ej xf] .
bf];|f] r/0fdf 5/l5d]ssf dflg;x?n] klg h] eG5g\ ToxL dfgL lbP eOxfNg]
/x]5 . d a'l4i6 g} ePklg 6Lsf nufpg cfpFbf 6fpsf] lbg yfn]F, af]nfPsf]
k"hfdf uOlbg], k'/f0fsf k|jrg klg ;'lglbg yfnF] . ljYyfdf lsg k|ltlqmof
ug'{ < h:tf] nfU5 . t/ Tof] ;'g]sf] s'/f d]/f] cfkm\gf] cg'e"lt;+u d]n vfof]
eg] cfr/0fdf Nofp5' geP 5f]l8lbG5' . cgfjZos ts{ ljts{ ulb{g . o;f]
ubf{ 5/l5d]sL;+u klg ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ eof] . ;Dk|bfox?sf] aLrdf
cgfjZos jfbljjfb ug{ 5f]8]F . o;f] ubf{ pgLx?;+u l/; klg p7]g, a]sf/df

109
em}emu8f klg ePg . ;a} Pp6} kl/jf/sf ;b:o xf}F eGg] efjgf knfpbf]
/x]5 . of] g} cfWoflTds ;fwgfsf] ;j{wd{ ;defj klg xf] .
$=^ IfflGtsf] ;fwgf
Wofg efjgfdf a:of] ls l5d]sLsf] 3/df 7"nf] cfjfhdf uLt aHbYof], af6fdf
s's'/x? e'Sby], df]6/ / df]6/;fOsnsf] cfjfh cfpFYof], z+vWjlg aHbYof] .
h;n] ubf{ d]/f] Wofg Pslqt ug{ sl7g x'GYof] . uLt ;'Gbf, s's'/ e'Sbf, d]/f]
lrQdf å]ifefjgf hfUYof] . laxfgsf] 8'nfOdf lgl:sof], uf8Lsf] sfnf] w'Fjfsf]
d'Znf] d]/f] gfs}df cfOk'UYof]], Tof] a]nf klg d]/f] dgdf å]ifefjgf g} cfpFYof]
. ofqf ug{ lgl:sof], ;8s cg'zf;g pNnª\3g ug{] JolQmx? b]Vbf d]/f]
dgdf å]ifefjgf g} cfpFYof] . s'g} sfo{qmddf uof], cltly / ;xefuLx?
;dodf gcfpbf klg å]ifefjgf g} cfpYof] . >LdtL;++u st} aflx/ hfg
vf]Hof], slxNo} ;dodf tof/ gx'g] . To;f] ubf{ klg d]/f] dgdf å]ifefjgf g}
pTkGg x'GYof] . vfgf vfg a:of], ha/h:tL vfgf ykLlb+bf klg dgdf
å]ifefjgf g} pTkGg x'GYof] . ;fyLx?;+usf] e]63f6df uof], vfnL /lt/fufTds
/ å]ifsf s'/f dfq ;'Gg kfOg] . ;fyLx? /fhgLlt1 / sd{rf/LnfO{ ufnL dfq
ug'{x'GYof] . Tof] ;'Gbf klg lbUbf/ nfUYof] . clg sd{rf/L ;fyLx? vfnL
sfdjf;gfsf s'/f dfq uy{] . ;/sf/L sfo{fnodf uof] cgfjZos emGem6
dfq nufpg] . a]n'sf ;'Tg uof] >LdtLn] 3'/]/ dnfO{ ;'Tg} ufx|f] x'g] . ljxfg
p7]b]lv a]n'sf ;'Tg] a]nf;Dd d]/f] dgdf å]if g} å]ifefj dfq pTkGg x'GYof] .
d}n] d]/f] dgnfO{ k|b'lift dfq ubf{] /x]5' eGg] d]/f] cfkm\g} b}lgsLaf6 af]w eof]
. clg sxfFaf6 zflGt kfpg] <
Wofgefjgfdf a:bf g} ;xg] afgL a:g] /x]5 . 3'F8f, v'6\6f / 9f8df ePsf]]
kL8f ;x]/ a:g] afgL ePkl5 Wofgefjgfdf gePsf] a]nf klg ;xgzLn eOg]
/x]5 . cgfTdf af]w ePkl5 oL s'/fx? d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eg]/
x]g{] afgL a:g] /x]5 -k|efj_ . l5d]sLn]] ahfpg] uLt, ;8ssf s's'/sf] e'sfO,
uf8Lsf] cfjfh, w'Fjfsf] d'Znf], kmh'n ukm ug{] d]/f ;fyLx?, ;8s lgod
kfng gug{] ldqx?, s'g} klg d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5}gg\ . oL ;a} cfpF5g\ /
hfG5g\ klg . g t d}n] å]if ubf{ tL a:t'x? x6\g] x'g\, g /fu ubf{ /lx/xg] .
110
d}n] a]sf/df /fu / å]if ubf{] /x]5' eGg] af]w eof] . dnfO{ PsfGt :yndf
Wofg ug{ kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUYof] . km]l/ of] ;+;f/df afwf c8rg t hxfFklg
cfOxfN5 lg . k|of]uzfnfdf /flvPsf] a:t' em}+ afXo a:t'nfO{ k"0f{ lgoGq0fdf
/fVg s;/L ;Dej x'G5 / < d t s], 7"nf leIf'x? ;d]t oL s'/faf6 k"0f{
d'Qm x'g'x'Gg .
Wofgsf] a]nf ;8sdf s's'/ e'Sbf klxn] d]/f] dgdf å]ifefj pTkGg x'GYof],
clxn] rflxF s's'/ e'Sbf s?0ffefj pTkGg x'G5 . lar/fx? Û ef]sn] s/fPsf
xf]nfg\ h:tf] nfU5 . vfg kfPsf] eP e'Sg] lyPgg\ xf]nf h:tf] nfU5 . 7"nf]
cfjfhsf] uLt ah]sf] ;'Gbf klxn] å]if hfUYof] clxn] rflxF d'lbtf / d}qLefj
. cfxf Û of] uLt ;'g]/ d]/f] l5d]sL ;fyL slt v'zL x'g'x'G5 xf]nf, d}n] lsg
Tof] v'zL vf]:g] eg]/ d l;sfot ulb{g . a? jxfF v'zL ePsf] ;'Gbf d klg
v'zL x'G5' . yf]/} ;Xof] eg] 7"nf] v'zL kfOg] /x]5 . o;f] ubf{ c? klg v'zL,
d cfkm"klg v'zL .
>LdtLn] aflx/ hfg l9nfO ubf{ klg d clxn] l/;fplbg, a? cfkm\gf] d]sck
x]b{} pgL v'zL ePsf] b]Vbf d klg v'zL x'G5' . ca t c?sf] v'zL x]bf{ cfkm"
cem a9L v'zL x'g] afgL a:of] . ;8s lgod kfngf gug{] dflg; b]Vbf klxn]
/f]if k|s6 x'GYof], clxn] d}qL / s?0ff . ljr/f k|fOe]6 clkm;df sfd ug{]
dflg; xf]nf, clkm; hfg 9Lnf ePsf] xf]nf, ;dodf gk'Ubf xflh/ ug{
kfpg'x'Gg . tna g} sfl6G5, clg 3/vr{ / 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] kmL s;/L ltg{' lg
< h:tf] nfU5 . ;w} d}qL / s?0ff efj dfq cfpg] /x]5 . d}n] tL ;a} afXo
a:t'x? / 36gfx?nfO{ :jLsf/ u/F] . To;kl5 t d]/f] dgdf l/; xf]Og, d}qL
/ s?0fffefj dfq pTkGg eof] .
d]/f] 3/sf] cufl8kl6\6sf] 3/d} wfdL a:g'x'G5 . laxfg ;a]/} 9\ofª\u|f] /
em\ofD6f ;lxt 7"nf] cfjfhdf kmnfSg' x'G5 . klxnf klxnf Tof] cfjfh ;'Gbf
d]/f] dgdf klg å]ifefj g} cfpFYof] . Wofgefjgf a9\b} uP kl5 Tof] å]if t
d}qLdf ablng] /x]5 . ;/, o;sf] 9\ofª\u|f] / em\ofD6fn] 6f]n g} czfGt eof],
xh'/n] g7f]s eGg'xf];\ g egL ;fyLx?n] cg'/f]w ug'{eof] . Tof] 9\ofª\u|f] /
em\ofD6fsf] e/df ljr/f Tof] wfdLsf] xftd'v hf]l8Psf] 5 . Tof] dfq xf]Og,
111
Tof] wfdLnfO{ x6fOof] eg] tL lj/fdL klg pkrf/af6 jl~rt x'G5g\ .
sd;]sd dgf]j}1flgs ?kdf dlxnf / aRrfsf] pkrf/ t eof] lg . cfjfh
Pp6} xf], d]/f l5d]sLsf] dgdf Tof] cfjfhn] å]ifefjgf hufof], t/ d]/f] dgdf
rflxF d}qL / s?0ff . To;kl5 d}n] ;a} lsl;dsf cfjfhnfO{ :jLsf/F] . cfjfh
/fd|f] g/fd|f] x'g] /x]g5, of] t d]/f] ;+:sf/sf] kqsf] sf/0f pTkGg x'g] efj
/x]5 .
z+vd"naf6 afns'df/Llt/ cfpFbf d}n] af6f]df :jf:Yo cg';Gwfgsf] Pp6f
kmd{ b]v] . ddf cWoog cg';Gwfgdf cAan 5' eGg] cledfg lyof] . s]sf]
cg';Gwfg x'g] /x]5 < egL a'em\g d]/f v'6\6f Tot}lt/ ;f]lemP . s] ljifosf]
cg';Gwfg ug'{x'G5 egL ;f]Wbf ToxfFsf Pshgf ljBfjfl/lw u/]sf ldqn]
:jf:Yo ljifosf] eg]kl5 d]/f] rfv emg\ a9\of]] . d klg cfkm\gf] l8u|Lsf]
k|dfbd} /x]5' . clg t cgfjZos k|Zg ;f]wL tL ;fyLsf] 1fg dfkg ug{ yfn]F
. ljr/f jxfFnfO{ t cfwf/e"t s'/f klg yfxf /x]g5 . PSsf;L dnfO{ l/;
r9\of], olt klg ghfGg] s]sf] cg';Gwfgstf{ lg Û eg]5' . ddf cxÍf/ w]/} g}
/x]5 . pgL klg s] sd, sfd g bfd cfP/ dnfO{ hfFRg] tkfO{ sf] xf] <
eGg yfn] . dnfO{ em6\6 ;Dk|hGo eof] / ddf cledfg a9\b}5 / l/; r9\b}5
eGg] af]w eof] . yfxf x'gf;fy d}n] uNtL u/]F eGg] af]w eof] . d}n] tL
;fyLl;t dfkmL dfu]F . t/ klg tL ;fyLsf] l/; /f]lsPg . pgsf] cg'xf/ e/L
kl;gf cfof] . cfFvf /ftf /ftf eP . d'v /ftf]lk/f] eof] . ddfly ufnLsf]
jif{f g} eof] . tL ;fyL l/; sd ug{ k6s k6s kfgL lkpFy] . slxn] jNnf]
5]p t slxn] kNnf] 5]p hfGy], t/ klg l/; sd ePsf] lyPg . jxfFdf
leqleq} l/; a9\b} uof] .
dnfO{ rflxF tL ;fyLn] lk6\5g ls eg]/ yf]/} 8/ klg nfUof] . h] xf];\, lk6fO{
rflxF vfg'k/]g . ;/, daf6 uNtL eof]], dfkm kfpFm egL k'gM lalGt u/]F . kfgL
vfFbf jxfFsf] l/; 36\5 ls eg]/ d}n] kfgL ;f/]/ lbPF . pgLk|lt d}qLefj klg
/fv]F . dnfO{ rflxF jxfFnfO{ s]xL x'g] xf] ls eGg] 8/ klg lyof]] . bof hfUof]
. pgsf] dl:tis3ft x'G5 ls eg]/ 8/fPsf] klg lyPF . Psl5g kl5 csf{]
Ps ;fyL cfOk'Ug' eof] . jxfFn] w]/} ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ u/]kl5 aNn jxfFsf] l/;
s]xL 36\of] . jxfF;+u t]>f] k6s dfkmL dfuL d ljbf ePF . d cfkm};+u klg
112
dfkmL dfu]F . leqleq} ca dnfO{ o:tf] cledfg / l/; gp7f];\ eg]F . pgL
dfq xf]Og, d klg k|dfbd} /x]5' . To;}n] t d}n] cgfjZos k|Zg u/]F . d]/f]
cxÍf/ k|bz{g u/]F eGg] af]w eof] . t/ l5gd} d xf]zdf cfPF . To;kl5 d
5}g eGg] ;fwgf cem a9fPF .
$=& ;fdflhs ;+hfndf ;do s6f}lt
klxnf klxnf l6eL x]bf{ d Ps csf{nfO{ ufnL unf}h u/]sf ax; sfo{qmd
lgoldt ?kdf x]g{] ub{y]F . ;dfrf/df klg /fhgLlts g]tfsf] efif0f ;'Gg]
ub{y]F . g]tfn] hlt hf]8n] ufnL u/]sf] ;'Gy]F TotL g} d v'zL x'Gy]F . tL cd's
g]tfsf] efif0f stf 5 egL vf]hL vfhL x]y{]F . ;fdflhs ;+hfn x]bf{ dnfO{
cfgGb nfUYof], sf/0f ToxfF ufnLsf] aiff{ eO/x]sf x'Gy] . d tL kf]i6x?
gla/fO{sg k9y]F . hlt rf]l6nf] ufnL u/]sf] b]Vy]F] Tolt g} d v'zL x'Gy]F .
;fdflhs ;+hfndf ;[hgzLn s'/f, s?0ff, d}qL / k|]dsf s'/f t w]/} sd
dfq kf]i6 x'Gy] . yf]/} dfq pkrf/sf] nflu ckLn / cgfyfnosf] nflu
;xof]usf] cg'/f]w / bfgsf lj1fkgx? k9\g] cj;/ k|fKt ub{y]F . ufnL u/]sf
sfo{qmd hlt x]¥of] Tolt g} å]if a9\g] /x]5 . cfkm"n] klg hfgLghfgLsg
k|ltlqmof uy{]F . Tof] lqmof / k|ltlqmofn] t emg} /fu / å]if a9fpg] /x]5 .
d]/f] dgdf Sn]z emg\ emg\ a9\b} uof] . l6eLsf ax; sfo{qmdn] klg dleq
l/; a9fpg] /x]5 . csf{]tkm{ zflGt / d}qL efjgf rflxF qmdzM x/fpFb} hfg]
/x]5 .
Psk6s t o:tf] ;Dd eof] ls Pp6f km];a'ssf] kf]i6nfO{ lnP/ xfdL >Ldfg
/ >LdtLaLr em}emu8f g} x'g uof]] . Sn]z a9]kl5 cfkm" 7Ls / c? a]7Ls
nfUg] /x]5 . cfkm"n] n]v]sf] km];a's :6f6; 7Ls / c?n] n]v]sf] rflxF] a]7Ls
x'g] /x]5 . la:tf/} d}n] a'em]F, km];a'ssf lqmof k|ltlqmofn] dnfO{ cGwf] agfpg]
/x]5 . o;n] t dnfO{ cd's kf6L{sf] sfo{stf{ agfof] / d kf6L{sf] cGw
;dy{s l;kfxL aGg k'uF] . d s'g} cd's kf6L{sf] lj?4 af]Ng] / e}emu8f ug{]
emf]n] sfo{stf{ kf] aGg k'u]F5' . d klg hfgL ghfgL cd's kf6L{sf] lj?4
ufnL ub{} uPF . clg cfkm\gf] kf6L{sf ;a} sfdsf] cGw ;dy{g ub{} uPF .
To:t}, cd's wd{sf] cGweSt ag]F . d]/f] dgdf /fueGbf klg å]ifs} 5fnx?
113
a9L cfP, lsgls d ufnL u/]sf km];a's kf]i6 / l6eL sfo{qmd g} a9L x]y{]F=.
h:tf] x]¥of] -unt ;"rgf_ To:t} Sn]z a9g] /x]5,. d la:tf/} cd's kf6L{sf]
cGweQm ePF . Tof] kf6L{n] h] u/]klg dnfO{ 7Ls nfUg], clg csf{] kf6L{n]
ToxL sfd u/] a]7Ls nfUg yfNof] . d ghfgLsg g} k|dfbL eO;s]sf] /x]5' .
d]/f] Pshgf ;fyLn] dnfO{ leIf' a'43f]ifåf/f lnlvt æljz'4Ldfu{Æ lbg'ePsf]
lyof], Tof] lstfjnfO{ d}n] Wofg lbP/ k9]F . eGt] u'?dfsf] wd{b]zgf klg
lgoldt ?kn] ;'Gg yfn]F . ljkZogf Wofgefjgf kl5 d 3/d} lgoldt Wofg
ug{ yfn]F . ToxL Wofgsf] a]nf g} d k|dfbL ePsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] .
To;kl5, d}n] unt ;"rgf -input_ lng] /x]5' / To;af6 /fu å]if g} a9fpg]
/x]5' eGg] af]w eof] . To;kl5, d}n] l6eLsf tL å]if a9fpg] sfo{qmd /
;dfrf/ x]g{ aGb ul/lbPF . ;dflhs ;~hfndf a;]/ /fu / å]if a9fpg]
jfnkf]i6x? x]g{] sfd klg aGb ul/lbPF . Tof] ;donfO{ bfg, Wofg / 1fg
k|aw{g ug{ pkof]u ug{ yfn]F . s]jn ;fdflhs ;~hfndf cfPsf d[To'sf
;dfrf/ k9\g] / >4f~hnLx? kf]i6 ug{ yfn]F . o;f] ubf{ clgTo af]w x'g]
/x]5 . ghfg] ef]nL s] x'G5 < a? cfh} bfg lbg kfP x'GYof], 1fg afF8\g kfP
x'GYof] h:tf] nfUg yfNof] . clgTo af]w ePkl5 d}qL / s?0ff pTkGg x'g]
/x]5 . ;fdflhs ;+hfndf latfpg] ;donfO{ cfWoflTds lstfj k9\g] / n]Vg]
sfddf nufpg yfn]F . o;f] ubf{ dgdf ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsfz x'g]
/x]5 . d]/f] dgdf d}qL / s?0ff efjsf] la:tf/} a9f]Q/L eof] .
$=* Ifdfofrgf / Ifdfbfgsf] cEof;
Ifdfsf ljlwx? pkof]u u/]/ xfdL l/;, qmf]w, ck/fw / nHhfhgs
ljrf/x?af6 dg z'4 ug{ ;S5f} . o:tf ljlwsf] lgoldt cEof;n] xfdLnfO{
cGttM cfkm\gf] dgsf]] cj:yf dx;'; ug{ l;sfpF5 . klxnf ;;fgf uNtLdf
Ifdf lbg ;'? ug'{k5{ . To;kl5 la:tf/} cEof; a9fpb} hfFbf 7"N7"nf cs'zn
sd{nfO{ Ifdf lbg ;S5f}F . xfdL;Fu Ifdf lbg] cEof; g} sd 5, lsgls uNtL
ug{]nfO{ b08 lbg'kg{] s'/f dfq ;dfhaf6 l;s]sf 5f}F . Ifdfbfg lbg l;s]sf]
g} 5}gf} . km]l/ xfdLdf Ifdf sdhf]/sf] xltof/ xf] eGg] unt ljZjf; 5 .

114
Ifdf lb+bf sdhf]/ eOG5 eGg] 5 . t/ d]/f] 5f]6f] cg'ejdf rflxF Ifdf lbg'
eg]sf] cfkm" alnof] x'g' xf] . cfkm"df jLo{tf a9fpg' xf] .
Ifdfsf] pmhf{ /x:odo 5 . Ifdf s]jn OR5fsf] sfo{ xf]Og, of] ckl/xfo{
pksf/L sfo{ xf] . of] cfWoflTds pmhf{ ;d]t xf] . cxÍf/sf] sf/0f xfdL
c?nfO{ Ifdf lbg] lg0f{o ub{}gf}F, a? abnfsf] s'/f u5f{}F . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn]
klg c?af6 Ifdf kfpb}gf}F, a? abnf g} kfpF5f}F . Pp6f cfFvfsf] abnf b'O{6f
cfFvf eGg] xf] eg] ;+;f/ g} cGwsf/ x'G5 . s|f]wn] cem a9L s|f]w g} pTkGg
u5{ . xfdL dfgj xf}F, t;y{ xfd|f] sfo{ s|f]wnfO{ d}qLdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ xf] .
xfdL Ifdfsf] gbLdf k|jflxt x'g' eg]sf] xfdL cfgGbdf aUg' h:t} xf] . xfdL
;r]t dgnfO{ ;xL cj:yfx¿ l;h{gf u/L lg›f nufpg ;S5fF}, t/ xfdL
cfkm"nfO{ lgbfpg afWo kfg{ ;Sb}gf}F .
k|ydtM s;}nfO{ Ifdf lbFbf Tof] JolQm nfeflGjt x'G5 / d}n] rflxF u'dfpF5'
eGg] dfGotf g} unt /x]5 . d]/f] xsdf 7Ls pN6f] eof] . Ifdf kfpg] eGbf
d Ifdf lbg] a9L nfeflGjt ePF . s;}nfO{ Ifdf lbFbf d}n] cfWoflTds pmhf{
k|fKt u5'{, h'g pmhf{n] c?af6 d}n] klg Ifdf kfpF5' . d}n] c?nfO{ Ifdf lbg'
eg]sf] d}n] c?af6 Ifdf kfpg' xf] . cfkm"n] Ifdf glbg], clg cfkm" rflxF Ifdf
dfUg] unt cfbt xf] . d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejdf klg d}n] c?nfO{ hlt Ifdf
lbPF, Tof] eGbf a9L c?af6 d}n] Ifdf kfPF . To;}n] Ifdf lbg' eg]sf] Ifdf
kfpg' xf] . clxn] d cfkm" v'zL x'g Ifdf lbG5' . c?nfO{ v'zL u/fpg d Ifdf
lbO/x]sf] cg'e"lt ulb{g . csf{] JolQm slt v'zL eof] < Tof] p;n] cg'e"lt
ug{] s'/f xf] . dnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g] s'/f xf]Og . d olt dfq eGg ;S5' ls
o;n] bf]>f] kIfsf] klg lxt u5{ . k~r:sGw a'em] kl5 dnfO{ yfxf eof],
l5gd} l/; cfpF5 / l5gd} hfG5 klg . Tof] l/; efjgf cfPsf] a]nf dfq
Tof] dflg;n]] cs'zn sd{ u¥of] . l5gd} Tof] l/; uof] klg . clxn] p;n]
s'zn sd{ u5{ eg] p;nfO{ Ifdf lsg glbg] < To;}n] p;nfO{ Ifdfbfg
lbg'k5{ . s'g}klg dflg;sf] dgdf ;w} l/; dfq cfpFb}g . Tof] dflg;sf]
dgdf d}qLefj klg cfpF5 . ToxL d}qLefjnfO{ k|aw{g ug{ Ifdf lbg'k5{ .
km"ngb]jL hf] rDan3fF6LsL 8/nfUbL 8fs' lyOg\, pgnfO{ klg ;dfhn] Ifdf
lbof] . pgn] cfkm\gf] ck/fw :jLsf/ u/L a'4wd{sL pkfl;sf aGg k'lug\ .
115
t;y{, Ifdf lbg 9Lnf ug'{ x'b}g . of] o:tf] pmhf{ xf], h;n] lbg] / lng] b'a}nfO{
kmfObf lbG5 . d}n] c?nfO{ Ifdf lbFbf d]/f] l/;, å]if sd eof] . csf]{ zAbdf
eGbf d]/f] Sn]z lgs} 36\of] .
$=( df}gtfdf /xg] cEof;
å]ifsf] d"n sf/0f eg]sf] cfkm\gf] af]nL g} xf] . af]nLsf] sf/0f g} dxfef/t
h:tf] o'4 eof] . xfdL u[x:yLdf a:g] dflg;x? klg rflxg] grflxg] af]n]/
g} 3/kl/jf/ / l5d]sdf em}emu8f x'G5 . hlt w]/} af]Ng] / c?sf] s'/f ;'Gg]
afgL u5f}{F, Tolt g} w]/} em}emu8f x'g] u5{ . hlt df}g /xG5f}F, Tolt g} dgdf
cfgGb nfU5 . af]Ng] / ;'Gg] sfdn] dgnfO{ rflxg] eGbf a9L ;lqmo agfpg]
/x]5 . sd af]Nbf d]/f] af]nLn] sd;]sd c?nfO{ t rf]6 k'¥ofPg . WofgeGbf
aflx/ d}n] k"/} cfo{df}g t kfng ug{ ;lsg, t/ d]/f] af]Ng] afgLdf w]/} sd
eof] . rflxg] eGbf a9L af]Ng] afgL aGb eof] . o;af6 d]/f] l/; klg sd
eof] . d]/f] cg'ejdf af]Ng sd ePkl5 c?sf] s'/f ;'Gg] afgL cfkm} sd x'g]
/x]5 . Wofg efjgf a9\b} uPkl5 Wofg ga;]sf] a]nfdf klg df}gtf a9\g]
/x]5 .

116
 cWofo kfFr

cxÍf/

k"j{hGdsf] cljBf / ;+:sf/sf] sf/0f hGd]sf] If0fb]lv g} xfdLdf cxÍf/sf]

ljsf; x'g yfN5 . d / d]/f] egL klxrfg hgfpg] ;a} s'/fn] cxÍf/ g}
hufpF5g\ . d]/f] gfd, hft, ?k -cg'xf/_, /fli6|otf, s'n, bhf{, kbjL, cf:yf
-wd{, ;Dk|bfo_, kf]zfs cflb ;a}n] cxÍf/ g} a9fpF5g\ . oL ;a}n] xfd|f]
cfkm\gf] klxrfg agfpF5g\ . oL ;a} hfgsf/L lj1fg dfkm{t k|fKt u5f{} / tL
klxrfg ;+sng ub{} To;nfO{ ædÆ æd]/f]Æ / ædnfO{Æ df kl/0ft u5{f}+F .
cxÍf/ o:tf] cj:yf xf], h;n] xfd|f] dgnfO{ ;'GofpF5 . o;n] bhf{sf], wgsf],
hgsf], lzIffsf], ansf], ?ksf], dfg÷kbjLsf] jf:tljstf eGbf d dflysf]
cj:yfdf 5' eGg] efg u/fpF5 . o;n] c?sf] cgfb/ ug{ nufpF5 . o;af6
cxÍf/ ug{] JolQmn] rflxF Ifl0fs ;Gt'li6 / v';Lsf] cg'e"lt ub{5 . t/
cxÍf/n] klxnf cfkm\gf] clg la:tf/} c? JolQmsf] nflu b'Mvsf] cfwf/ ;[hgf
ub{5 .
a'4wd{sf cg';f/ b'Mvsf] d"n sf/0f c1fgtf xf] . of] eg]sf] g}
jf:tljstfk|lt xfd|f] unt b[li6sf]0f xf] . a'4wd{df ;a} s'/f clgTo 5 .
csf]{ t/Lsfn] eGbf xfdL hlt klg k|f0fLx? 5f}, ;a} hGd5fF}, s]xL ;do;Dd
oxfF /xG5f}F, clg xfdL ;a} d5f{{}F . k|f0fL dfq xf]Og, k|f0f gePsf a:t' h:tf]
ls kxf8, gbL, tnfpm ;a}sf] cGTo x'G5 . t/ klg xfd|f] z/L/ dfq d5{,
xfd|f] cfTdf rflxF db{}g eG5f}F . ToxL cfTdfnfO{ d klqm/fV5', clg eG5', d
cd/ 5' . ToxL ædÆ g} cxÍf/ xf] .+ cfTdf g} cxÍf/ xf] . cxÍf/sf] bdg
u/L gfz ug'{ g} cgfTdf a'em\g' xf] . cgfTdf a'em\g' g} cxÍf/ gfz ug'{ xf] .

117
of] b]Vg / cg'ej ug{ g;lsg] cl:tTjxLg ædæ sf] xfdL bf; xfF} . xfdLn]
cfTdfnfO{ hf]ufpg], /Iff ug]{ / v';L kfg]{ k|of; ug]{ tl/sf g} cxÍf/ xf] .
/fu, å]if eGbf klg cxÍf/ x6fpg sl7g 5 . dflg;x? wg ;DklQ, 5f]/f5f]/L
;a} 5f]8]/ ;Gof; wf/0f u5{g\, t/ klg pgLx?n] cxÍf/ rflxF gfz ug{
;ls/x]sf x'Fb}gg\ . d}n] olt lstfa n]vF] . d]/f olthgf lziox? 5g\ . d}n]
olt hgfnfO{ a'4zf;gdf NofPF . d dxf:ylj/, d ;+3gfos, d]/f] cWoIftfdf
olt ljxf/ ag] . d}n] olt b]z 3'd]sf] 5' . d kfnL efiffsf] lj1, o:t} o:t}
. k|j|lht ePsfsf] t of] ult, clg d h:tf] u[x;]jLsf] t emg\ s] xfnt .
eujfg a'4n] eGg'x'GYof], d ltdLx?nfO{ b'Mv d'Qm ug{ ;lStg, s]jn b'vd'Qm
x'g] af6f] dfq atfpg ;S5' . t/ leIf'x?df cxÍf/ a9]kl5 jxfFn] eGg'eof]—
æx] leIf'x? xf] Û ltdLx?n] cxÍf/ Pp6f dfq gfz ug{ ;Sof} eg] d}n]
ltdLx?nfO{ b'Mvaf6 d'Qm u/L lgjf{0f k'¥ofpg] lhDdf lng ;S5' .Æ a'4n]
o;sf/0f of] eGg'ePsf] xf] ls cxÍf/ gi6 ug{ ;s]kl5 lgjf{0f k|fKt ug{
Tolt sl7g x'Fb}g . o;af6 of] a'em\g ;lsG5 ls cxÍf/ x6fpg' Hofb} sl7g
sfd xf] .
s;};+u s'g} ljifodf t'ngf ug'{ g} cxÍf/ xf] . ha xfdL cfkm}FnfO{ dxTjk"0f{
7fG5f}F, ToxfF uj{sf] dxz'; x'G5 . cxÍf/sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ d cfkm"nfO{ c¿;Fu
t'ngf ub{} cfkm" c¿eGbf dflysf] b]vfpg rfxGyF] . d ;a}eGbf cUnf] 5', d]/f]
prfO{ ^ lkm6 ! O{Gr 5 . o;f] eGg'sf] tfTko{ c? rflxF k'8\sf x'g\ eGg' xf]
. ha d c?nfO{ sd;n clg cfkm"nfO{ cAan eGg] u5'{, Tof] g} cxÍf/ /x]5
. d c¿ eGbf /fd|f] 5', c?eGbf 1fgL 5' egL ;f]Rg' g} cxÍf/ xf] . s;};Fu
cfkm\gf] t'ngf ug'{ g} cxÍf/ xf] . h'g;'s} p2]Zon]] u/f];\, cfkm"nfO{ c¿
s;};Fu t'ngf ubf{ cfkm"nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ agfpg], cfkm"nfO{ 7"nf] agfpg], cfkm"n]
cfkm}nfO{ hfGg] agfpg] / dkfO{ agfpg] eGg] efjgf cfpg] /x]5 . Tof] g}
cxÍf/ xf] . ædÆ dxTjk"0f{ eGg' g} cxÍf/ xf] . ædÆ cfkm" xf]Og, c? dxTjk"0f{
5g\ eGg] xf] eg] cxÍf/ sd x'G5 . ædÆ g} 5}g eGg] xf] eg] cxÍf/ x'Fb}g .
d]/f] cfkm\gf] eGg' g} cxÍf/ xf] . d]/f] gfd, d]/f] ;DklQ / k};f, d]/f] of]Uotf,
d]/f] dfg, d]/f] bhf{, d]/f] lje"if0f, d]/f] pd]/, d]/f 5f]/f gflt eGg' ;a} cxÍf/
g} x'g\ .
118
cxÍf/sf] d"n ;|f]t eg]s} d]/f] 5fnfsf] /+u, ;DklQ, k};f, kb, k|lti7f / s[lt
x'g\ . kb jf dfgsf]] sf/0f d dGqL, d ;lrj, d ;x;lra, d sfo{sf/L
k|d'v, d RfflxF ufpFsf] ;'Aaf, lhDd'jfn, d'lvof cflb ;a} cxÍf/ g} x'g\ .
d]/f] cg'xf/ uf]/f] 5 eGg' g}} cxÍf/ xf] . cxÍf/ a9\b} uPkl5 d cfkm\gf]
kl/ro lb+bf g} d 8f= kmnfgf] eGy]F . ;Daf]wg ubf{ c?n] 8fS6/ eGg' t n
7Ls} xf] . cfkm}n] cfkm"nfO{ 8fS6/ eGg k'u]F . ef}lts b'lgofFdf dfq xf]Og,
cfWoflTds If]qdf klg oqtq cxÍf/ g} cxÍf/ kfOG5 . d kl08t, d
cUudxfkl08t, d 6'Ns', d l/Dkf]5], d dxfof]uL, d ;+3gfos, d dxf:ylj/,
cflb cflb . ha ;a} a'4, wd{ / ;+3sf] z/0fdf uPkl5 s] afFsL /Xof] / Û
d kmnfgf], d of] :t/sf] leIf', d cfrfo{ eGg' g} a]sf/ s'/f xf] . leIf' cfkm}df
;a}eGbf dflyNnf] cj:yf xf]], Tof] g} sfkmL 5 . cem pgLx?sf nflu a:g]
s'zL{ km/s, vfg] 6]an km/s ug'{ g} cxÍf/ xf] . lje]b ug'{ g} cxÍf/ xf] .
dflg;x?nfO{ juL{s/0f ug'{ klg cxÍf/ g} xf] . nf}, c?n] t eg] 7Ls} 5, d
cfkm}Fn] of] x'F eGg' g} cxÍf/ -Sn]z_ a9]sf] k|df0f xf] . af:tjdf ædÆ g} 5}g
eg] æd of]]Æ æd Tof]Æ eGg' g} a]sf/ s'/f xf] .
%=! cxÍf/ 36fpg] ;fwgf
d u/La x'Fbf a? Tolt 8/fPsf] lyOg, t/ x'g]vfg] ePkl5 cxÍf/ a9\5 ls
eg]/ 8/fPsf] 5' . u/La x'Fbf vfg, nufpg / a:gsf] nflu b'Mv lyof] . v'a}
d]xgt ul/GYof] . t/ klg dgdf Ps lsl;dsf] cfgGb cfpFYof] . clxn] klg
d wgL ePsf] xf]Og . t/ klg vfg, nufpg / a:gsf nflu sl7gfO 5}g .
cfWoflTds kydf nfu]kl5 cfkm"df k|r'/tf 5 eGg] af]w x'Fbf] /x]5 . To;}n]
d wgL 5' eg]sf] dfq x'F . wg w]/} eP/ xf]Og . klxn] dnfO{ cxÍf/ a9\5 ls
eGg] 8/ lyPg . t/ clxn] dnfO{ d]/f] cxÍf/ a9\5 ls eGg] 8/ 5 . cfkm\g}
3/ 5, uf8L 5, Ps b'O{ 7fpFdf hdLgsf 6's|fx? klg 5g\, k9]n]v]sf] klg 5'
egL n]Vbf g} dnfO{ cxÍf/ a9\5 ls eGg] 8/ nfU5 . cxÍf/ s;/L a9\bf]
/x]5 eGg] af/]df d]/f cfkm\g} s]xL cg'ejx? tnsf] cg'R5]bx?df j0f{g u/]sf]
5' .

119
Psk6s d Pp6f kf6L{df hfg] tof/Ldf lyPF . d]/f] Ps hgf l5d]sL ldqn]
d;+u} kf6L{df hfg uf8Ldf lnkm\6 dfUg'eof] . xfdL] 3/af6} # hgf hfFb}lyof}F
. jxfFx? b'O{hgf x'g'x'GYof] . jxfFx?nfO{ uf8Ldf c6fpg ufx|f] x'GYof]] . d}n]
xh'/x? b'O{hgf x'g'x'G5 . Pshgf ;Dd t c6fpg'x'G5 . csf{] Pshgf rflxF
c6fpg'x'Gg egL hjfkm lbPF . jxfFx?n] vfFbv'b u/]/ hfpmF g ;/ eGb}
x'g'x'GYof] . d}n] jxfFx?nfO{ n}hfg c;dy{tf hgfPF . s]xLl5g kl5 ddf cxÍf/
r9]5 eGg] af]w eof] . lxhf] cl:t;Dd a;df sf]lrP/ lxF8]sf] d, cfh csf]{
;fyL vfFbv'b eP/ hfG5' eGbf klg glnO cfPF eGg] af]w eof] . tTsfn
dnfO{ af]w eof] dleq cxÍf/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
To:t}, Psk6s d]/f] ufpFaf6 d]/f] Pshgf ldq sf7df8f}df cfpg'ePsf] lyof]
. ufl8df dnfO{ cgfdgu/;Dd k'¥ofO{lbg'xf];\ g efO egL dnfO{ cg'/f]w
ug'{eof] . dnfO{ cxÍf/ r9]5 ls Sof xf] æg]kfn oftfoftdf hfg'xf];\ g ;/,
cgfdgu/ k'¥ofO{lbOxfN5 lgÆ eg]5' . d]/f] Tof] lbg st} hfg] sfd klg
lyPg, 8|fOe/nfO{ eg]sf] eP jxfFnfO{ k'¥ofO{ lbOxfNYof] . dnfO{ af]w eof] —
ddf uf8Lsf] cxÍf/ r9]5 . c? cxÍf/eGbf uf8Lsf] cxÍf/ l56f] r9\g] /x]5
eGg] d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6 af]w eof] . d]/f] cfkm\g} cg'ejaf6 yfxf eof]
s';L{sf] eGbf klg uf8Lsf] cxÍf/ a9L x'g] /x]5 .
To:t}, Ps k6s d rfdn lsGg k;ndf uPsf] lyPF, k;n]n] sd;n rfdn
b]vfpg' eof] . dnfO{ /fd|f] rfdn b]vfpg'xf];\ egL xfn]5' . d t k|dfbd}
/x]5' . kl5 em;Ë ePF . ddf wgsf] cxÍf/ klg la:tf/} r9]5 eGg] hfgsf/L
eof] . To:t}, cfkm\gf efOx?nfO{ Ps k6s eg]5' æof] ;DklQ ;a} d}n]
sdfPsf] t xf] lgÆ . dnfO{ ghflgbf] t/Lsfn] cxÍf/ a9\b} uO/x]sf] yfxf
eof] . To;kl5 d}n] d]/f] e"tsfn x]/F] .
xfd|f] h]7f] 5f]/f ;fgf] lyof], hGdlbgsf]] laxfg p;n] d;+u rsn]6 lsGg] k};f
dfUof] . d;+u p;nfO{ lbg] k};f lyPg . w]/} l9lk u/]/ cfdf;+u klg k};f
dfUof] . pgL;+u klg k};f eP kf]] lbg' lg Û, 5f]/fn] emu8f u¥of], t/ klg
k};f lbg ;lsPg . 5f]/fsf] hGdlbg dgfpg s;nfO{ dg x'Fb}g / < 5f]/fn]
w]/} dfu u/]klg k};f lbg ;lsPg . 5f]/f] :s"n g} uPg, lbg e/L /f]P/ 3/d}
120
a:of] . d / d]/L >LdtL klg s]xLa]/ ;+u} /f]of}F / lbge/L dg lvGg agfP/
a:of}F . clxn] dnfO{ vfg nufpg s'g} cefj 5}g . cfkm\g} 3/, hUuf hdLg
5, uf8L 5, w]/} kfl/>lds kfpg] sfd klg 5 . 5f]/fx?sf] sdfO klg /fd|f]
5 . t/ dnfO{ cxÍf/ a9\5 ls eGg] 8/ 5 . ToxL cxÍf/ a9\5 ls eg]/
Tof] h]7f] 5f]/fn] Tof] a]nf nufPsf] k'/fgf] /ftf] :jL6/ dfofn] cem};Dd
b/fhdf /fv]sf] 5' . clxn] klg Tof] k'/fgf] :jL6/ a]nf a]nf lgsfn]/ x]5'{ /
ctLtsf] cfkm\gf] cfly{s cj:yf emnemnL ;DemG5' . Tof] x]g{] lalQs} 5f]/fnfO{
rsn]6 lslglbg g;s]sf] cfkm\gf] u/Lj cj:yf ;DemG5', . rfdn lsGg] k};f
gePsf] s'/f ;DemG5' / efjljXjn x'G5' . o;n] d]/f] cxÍf/nfO{ lg/f]w u5{
. cefjsf] :d/0f ug{' klg cxÍf/ 36fpg' xf] .
d x/]s xKtfdf ;s] b'O{lbg / g;s] Pslbg ;fj{hlgs a;df lxF8\5' . o;/L
;fj{hlgs a;df lxF8\bf ddf cxÍf/ p7\g kfpFb}g / ufpF ;dfhsf ;'vb'vsf
s'/fx? klg ;'Gg kfpF5' . b"/b/fhsf ufpFsf] syf Joyfn] d]/f] x[bodf s?0ff
el/lbG5 . d]/f] nflu Tof] ;fj{hflgs a; v'Nnf ljZjljBfno xf] . hxfF d
gofF gofF s'/fx? l;S5' . ;fdflhs e]nfdf klg d cfkm\gf] uf8L glnO{ a;df
hfG5' . d]/f ;fyL h:tf 5g\, d To:t} x'g] sf]lz; u5'{ . >LdtL / 5f]/fx?
æof] nf]eL a"9f] vfnL a;df lxF8\5Æ eG5g\ t/ d s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfplbg .
;/f;/ cufl8 a9\5' . a? Tof] a; r9]/ arfPsf] k};f d cgfy u/Lasf]
nflu bfg lbG5' . d]/L >LdtLn] 5fqfaf;df a:bf Pp6f :6Lnsf] ;fgf] 8]SrL
/ 8f8', kGo" b'a}sf] sfd ug{] Pp6f ;fgf] kGo" lsg]sL /lx5g\ . ljjfxaf6
cfpFbf d]/L >LdtLn] Tof] 8]SrL / kGo" ;fy} lnP/ cfPsL lyOg\ . xfdL ToxL
8]SrLdf klxnf /; ePsf] ;AhL ksfpYofF} / a6'sfdf vGofpYof}F, To;kl5
To;}df eft ksfpYof}F . d]/f] ;Dkltsf] gfddf ToxL 8]SrL / Pp6f k'/fgf]
cNd'lgodsf] kfgL Nofpg] ufu|L lyof] . cem} klg d}n] tL b'O{nfO{ lxkmfhft
u/]/ /fv]sf] 5' . b}lgs h;f]] d tL efF8f x]5'{ / d]/f] ctLt ;DemG5' . d]/f
5f]/fx?n] æof] sjf8LnfO{ lbg'xf];\Æ eG5g\ . t/ d kmfNg lbGg . d]/f] nflu
t oL ;fdfgx? cxÍf/ 36fpg] cf}+ifwL x'g\ . d]/f] cxÍf/ a9\5 ls eg]/ x/]s
lbg d efG;fsf]7fdf tL efF8f s]xLa]/ lgofn]/ x]g{] u5'{ . d]/f] ctLt x]5'{ /
cfkm\gf] w/ftn dxz'; u5'{ . of] klg d]/f] nflu ;fwgf xf] .
121
cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] sfd ubf{ d lgs} k};f kfpF5' . t/ ;/sf/L sn]hdf
k9fpFbf rflxF Hofb} yf]/} k};fdfq k|fKt x'G5 . d]/L >LdtLn] elG5g\ “Tolt
hfaf] k};fsf] nflu k9fpg Tolt 6f9f lsg hfg'x'G5 < lsg Tolt b'Mv ug'{x'G5
<” dnfO{ Tof] k9fpg] sfo{n] d]/f b'Mvsf lbgdf dfl;s ()÷ ?k}of cltl/Qm
cfo ePsf] d]/f] ctLt ;Demg k'U5' -;+1f_ . d d]/f] oyfy{ w/ftndf pleg
vf]H5' . To;}sf/0f ddf cxÍf/ a9\g kfpb}g . km]l/ Tof] ;/sf/L sn]hdf
u/Lasf 5f]/f5f/L k9fpg kfpFbf dnfO{ v'zL nfU5 . d}n] klg To:t} cefj
g} cefjsf] cfly{s cj:yf ePsf] a]nf ;/sf/L sn]h k9]sf] k'/fgf] ofb klg
cfpF5 -;+1f_ . pgLx?nfO{ b]Vbf dnfO{ v'zL nfU5 . d cfkm" v'zL x'g ;/sf/L
sn]hdf k9fpg hfG5', k};f sdfpgsf nflu xf]Og . ;/sf/L sn]hdf k9fpg
hfFbf d]/f] cxÍf/sf] pkrf/ klg x'G5 / dgdf cfgGb klg nfUb5 . ToxfF
k9fpg hfFbf d]/f] cg'xf/ g} pHofnf] x'G5 .
%=@ z/0fudgsf] ;fwgf
zlgjf/sf] lbg d Aof]d s';'d a'4 laxf/df Wofg ;fwgf ug{ / wd{b]zgf
;'Gg uPsf] lyPF . ToxfF u'?n] d}qL Wofgefjgf u/fpg' eof] . Wofgefjgf
kl5 u'?n] wd{b]zgf lbg'eof] . d}n] b'a} ;q /fd|/L k"/f u/] . To;kl5 u'?n]
cleif]s glnO{ u'Xo1fg lbg ldNb}g . To;}n] æxh'/n] ah|ofg k/Dk/fg'';f/
cleif]s -bLIff_ lng'k5{Æ eGg'eof] . d}n] tTsfn k|ltjfb u/F], d y]/jfbL
a'4zf;gdf cfPsf] aiff}+ eO;Sof], lsg k'gM gofF cleif]s lng] < eg]/
cgfjZos ts{ k]z u/F] . y]/afbL x'g'df dnfO{ rflxg] eGbf a9L uj{ lyof] .
dleq y]/jfbL ePsf] cxÍf/ a9\b} uPsf]] /x]5 . csf{]tkm{ d leq ah|ofgk|lt
å]if efjgf klg /x]5 . To;}n] t ah|ofg cg';f/ cleif]s -bLIff_ lnGg egL
d 3/ kmls{PF . d}n] g cleif]s kfPF, g 1fg g} . 3f6f dnfO{ g} eof] . d
1fgk|fKt ug{] df}sfaf6 jl~rt eP . csf{] xKtfsf] Wofgefjgf kl5 ddf
cxÍf/ a9]/ uO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f af]w eof] . of] cxÍf/n] dnfO{ g} 3f6f
eof] eGg] af]w eof] . d]/f] cxÍf/sf] sf/0f d u'Xo1fgaf6 jl~rt ePF .
To;kl5 a'em]F, lsg k|To]s lbg s'g} klg sfo{ ug'{eGbf klxn] pkf;s /
pkfl;sfn] lq/Tgsf] z/0fdf k/]sf]] xf]nf < egL ;f]Rg yfn]F . Ps k6s
122
lqz/0fdf uPkl5 k'luxfNg], lsg lbgd} b'O{ tLg ;qdf d lqz/0fdf hfG5' <
egL k6s k6s eGg nufPsf] xf]nf eGy]+ . d of] z/0fudgnfO{ klg sd{sf08
g} xf] eGy]F . of] klg elQm g} /x]5 eGy]F .
eGt] u'?dfn] klg k6s k6s z/0fudgsf] sf/0f dnfO{ atfpg'ePsf] lyPg
. d]/f] cfkm\g} Wofgefjgf / ;fwgf kl5 dnfO{ af]w eof]— z/0fudg cxÍf/
gi6 ug{] ;fwgf /x]5 . s]jn sd{sf08 dfq xf]Og /x]5 . d]/f] cfkm\g} nfdf]
Wofgefjgfkl5 dfq dnfO{ of] af]w eof] . of] lqz/0fudg klg Pp6f ;fwgf
/x]5 . ;a} a'4, wd{ / ;+3sf] z/0fdf ;'Dk]kl5 s] sf] ædÆ / æd]/f]Æ lg .
k|To]s ;qdf tLg k6s a'4sf], tLg k6s wd{sf] / tLg k6s ;+3sf] z/0fdf
hfG5' eGbf æd eGg] 5}gÆ d eg]sf] em'6f] xf] eGg] af]w x'g] /x]5 . la:tf/}
cgfTdf efj a9\g] /x]5 . To;}n] eGt] u'?dfn] gu/fP klg d lbgdf k6s
k6s lqz/0fdf hfG5', lsgls d}n] d]/f] cxÍf/ 36fpg' 5 . ædÆ / æd]/f]Æ
eGg] efjgf x6fpg' 5 . nfdf] ;fwgfkl5 d]/f] dgdf æd]/f]Æ 5'6\6} cl:tTj
5}g eGg] efj pTkGg eof] . t/klg s]xL If0f kl5 g} km]l/klg ædÆ / æd]/f]Æ
eGg] efjgf cfOxfN5 . ToxL /x]5 u[x;]jLsf] sdhf]/L . d cgfufdL xf]Og,
To;}n] a]nf a]nfdf ædÆ / æd]/f]Æ eGg] efjgf cfpg' klg :jfefljs g} xf]
h:tf] nfU5 . z/0fudgn] d, d]/f] / dnfO{ eGg] efjgf la:tf/} gi6 ug{]
/x]5 . lxhf]cfh d lbgdf k6s k6s lqz/0fdf hfG5' . h'g;'s} ofg xf];,
h'g;'s} dlGb/, ljxf/ of u'Daf lsg gxf];\, d cleif]s lng lxrlsrfpFlbg
lsgls of] d]/} nflu xf] . d k6s k6s z/0fudg u5'{ / cxÍf/ 36fpg
sf]lz; u5'{ . o;n] dnfO{ a'4ofgL x'g ;xof]u ug{] /x]5 . Tof] z/0fudgsf]
zlQm eOGh]n d / d]/f] eGg] 5}g eGg] af]w x'G5 . t/ s]xL ;dokl5 k'gM
d, d]/f] eGg] efjgf cfOxfNg] /x]5 . æd]/f] 5f]/f] 1fgL 5Æ . æd]/L >LdtL
/fd|L l5g\ Æ, æd]/f] v]tdf olt wfg kmNof]Æ . Æolt w]/}n] d]]/f] lstfa k9]Æ
cflb cflb . ædÆ g} ædÆ s]jn cxÍf/ g} cxÍf/ dfq . km]l/ klg leqb]lv
g} æd lqz/0fdf hfG5'Æ eg]/ dg dg} elg/xG5' .
Tolt dfq xf]Og, clejfbg ubf{ klg d æeujfg z/0f eG5'Æ . ;w} eujfg
z/0f, eujfg z/0f eGbf d]/f] 5'6\6} cl:tTj 5}g eGg] af]w x'G5 . o;f] ubf{
d]/f] cledfg lgs} g} 36]/ uof] . eujfg z/0f eGg' clejfbg dfq xf]Og,
123
of] t cxÍf/ 36fpg] ;fwgf xf] . of] d]/f] lgtfGt JolQmut cg'e"lt xf] .
xh'/x?nfO{ s:tf] nfU5 dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . s]xL geP klg eujfg z/0f t
eGg ;lsG5 lg . oL cg'ej / cg'e"ltx? xh'/x?;+u ldNg klg ;S5g\
gldNg klg ;S5g\ . lsgls z/0fudgaf6 pTkGg x'g] efj x/]s JolQmdf
km/s km/s x'G5 . dnfO{ h:tf] x'G5, xh'/nfO{ To:t} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . s[kof
of] ;fwgf u/]/ t x]g'{xf];\, yf]/} ePklg cxÍf/ 36fpg ;xof]u ldN5 .
%=# clejfbg ug{] ;fwgf
klxnf d cfkm"eGbf dflysf JolQmnfO{ gd:sf/ uy{]+F, t/ cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{
gd:sf/ ub}{ ulb{gy]+ . Pp6} kbdf klg d eGbf h'lgo/ /x]5 eg] d gd:sf/
ulb{gy]+ . ;fgfnfO{ rflxF dgdg} of]eGbf d 7"nf], o;nfO{ d}n] lsg gd:sf/
ug]{ lg < eGy]F . :s"ndf k9fpg hfFbf w]/} ljBfyL{n] dnfO{ gd:sf/ ub{y] .
af6f]df lx8\bf klg w]/} cleefjsn] dnfO{ gd:sf/ g} ub{y] . d]/f] gfs a9]/
l3/f}nf hq} x'GYof] . clkm;df hfFbf jf af6f] lx+8\bf c? dflg;n] dnfO{
gd:sf/ ubf{ d v'zL x'Gy]F . clg lrg]sfn] gd:sf/ gubf{ rflxF b'MvL .
deGbf d'lgsf] s'g} ;fyLn] dnfO{ gd:sf/ u/]g eg] o;n] lsg gd:sf/
u/]g < egL ;f]lr/xGy]+F . ddf cxÍf/ olt ;Dd a9]5 ls, Pslbg t dnfO{
slthgfn] gd:sf/ u5{g\ eg]/ uGtL ug{yfn]F . cxf] Û d t 7"nf] dflg;
eP5', cfh olt hgfn] dnfO{ gd:sf/ u/] eGg] cg'e"lt x'GYof] . clxn] Tof]
;Dembf d cfkm}nfO{ nfh nfU5 . Tof] a]nf dleq cxÍf/n] h/f ufl8;s]sf
/x]5 . hlt w]/}n] dnfO{ gd:sf/ uy]{ Tolt g} d v'zL x'Gy{]F . Tof] v'zL klg
Ifl0fs lyof] . d cem a9L gd:sf/sf] cfz uy]{F .
klxnf klxnf lrg]sf 5/—l5d]sLn] gd:sf/ gubf{ dnfO{ b'Mv nfUYof] . clxn]
rflxF pgLx?n] gd:sf/ ubf{ dnfO{ b'Mv nfU5 . of] gd:sf/n] st} d]/f]
cxÍf/ t a9fPg < h:tf] nfU5 . t;y{ pgLx?n] ug'{eGbf klxnf d g}
pgLx?nfO{ gd:sf/ ug{ yfN5' . s;}n] dnfO{ gd:sf/ g} u/]5g\ eg] klg of]
dnfO{ u/]sf] xf]Og, d]/f] sfonfO{ u/]sf] xf] egL To;df gd'l5g yfn]F .
7"nfnfO{ dfq xf]Og, d ;fgfnfO{ klg gd:sf/ u5'{ .

124
pkfnLsf] syf k9]kl5 dnfO{ klg cxÍf/ r9]5 eGg] 1fg eof] . To;kl5 d
cfkm}lt/ x]bf{ t d cxÍf/sf] xflQdfly dfq xf]Og, cxÍf/sf] w'/Ldfly g}
rl9;s]sf] /x]]5' . To;kl5 d}n] 6]s' c:ktfndf sfo{/t Pshgf sfof{no
;xof]uL bfOnfO{ gd:sf/ ug{ yfn]F . jxfF Hofb} OdfGbf/ / ;xof]uL x'g'x'GYof]
. tL bfOnfO{ b]Vbf dnfO{ >4f hfUYof] . b]Vg] lalQs} d jxfFnfO{ gd:sf/ uy{]F
. jxfFnfO{ gd:sf/ ubf{ jxfFsf] OdfGbf/Ltf, gd|tf / ;xof]uL u'0fx? ddf
;/f];\ eGg] sfdgf x'GYof] . JolQm sfof{no ;xof]uL eP/ s] eof] t < jxfFsf]
u'0f d]/f eGbf lgs} dflysf lyP\, To;}n] d jxfFnfO{ gd:sf/ uy{]+F . w]/}
;fyLx?n] of] dfG5] af}nfP5 ls Sof xf] < ælkognfO{ gd:sf/ ub{} lx8\5Æ
eGg nfu] . d}n] c?n] h];'s} eg'g\, eGb} u?g\, d rflxF cxÍf/ 36fpg
gd:sf/sf] ;fwgfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5' eGy]F . t/ ToxL c:ktfndf /x]sf
lgb{]zsnfO{ rflxF d gd:sf/ ub{} ulb{gy] . of] nf]eL kfkL dflg;nfO{ d lsg
gd:sf/ ug]{ < eGy]+ . jxfFk|lt rflxF d]/f] dgdf å]ifefjgf lyof] . clg jxfFnfO{
gd:sf/ ubf{ d klg To:t} nf]eL kfkL x'g] x"F ls eGg] 8/ klg nfUbYof] .
To;kl5, d}n] cfkm"lt/ x]bf{ d klg t nf]e kfkL JolQm g} /x]5' eGg] af]w
eof] . jxfF / ddf s]jn nf]esf] l8u|L dfq km/s /x]5 . To;kl5, d}n]
jxfFnfO{ klg gd:sf/ ug{ yfn]F . To;kl5 d}n] d]/f] :jfledfg / OdfGbfl/tfsf]
cxÍf/nfO{ klg 5f]l8lbPF . nf]e / kfk ;5{ eGg] dfGotf klg 5f]l8lbPF . d]/f]
bhf{sf] cxÍf/nfO{ klg 5f]l8lbPF . d]/f] ljåQfsf] cxÍf/nfO{ klg 5f]l8lbPF .
d]/f] 1fgsf] cxÍf/nfO{ klg 5f]l8lbPF . d}n] clws[t txdf k|a]zsf] df}sf kfPF
. gq d klg sfof{no ;xof]uLd} ;Lldt x'Gy]F xf]nf . df}sf kfP/ d}n] k9\g
n]Vg kfPF, gkfPsf] eP d klg 3/dflysf] vs{df ufO{a:t' x]/]/ a:y]F xf]nf .
To;kl5 d af6f]df e]6]sf ;a} ;fyLx?nfO{ gd:sf/ ug{ yfn]+F . of] /fd|f] Tof]
g/fd|f], of] wdL{, Tof] kfkL eGg klg 5f]8]F . c?lt/ x]g{ 5f]8F] . cfkm}lt/ x]g{
yfn]F . tn ;d'bfodf a;]/ sfd ug{] ;fyLx?nfO{ jxfFsf] sfdsf] k|;+zf ub{}
gd:sf/ ubf{ tL ;fyLx? klg v'zL x'g'eof], ;fy} dleq klg v'zLsf] cg'e"lt
eof] . o;n] sfof{nosf] sfo{k|ultdf klg lgs} ;'wf/ eof] . ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
s'/f, of] ;fwgfn] d]/f] cxÍf/ lgs} sd eof] .

125
lxhf]cfh ljxf/ hfFbf d pkfl;sf / pkf;snfO{ b]Vg] lalQs} æeujfg z/0fÆ
eG5' tfsL c?n] dnfO{ clejfbg gu?g\ . d]/f] cledfg ga9f];\ eGg] sfdgf
x'G5 . af6f]df e]l6Psf c? w]/} ;fyLx?nfO{ klg d gd:sf/ u5'{ . o;af6
d]/f] cxÍf/ w]/} g} 36]/ uPsf] 5 . sfo{qmddf klg d d~rdf al:tg .
lsgls Tof] klg d]/f] nflu Ps lsl;dsf] æpRrf;gÆ g} xf] . d zLnsf]
e/;s /Iff u5{' . Tof] d~r klg cledfg a9fpg] lqmofsnfk g} xf] . a?
bz{ssIfdf a:bf dnfO{ cfgGb nfU5 .
%=$ ;]jf
;fyLx?n] cfof]hgf u/]sf ef]hsf] lgDtf]df hfFbf 7"nf dflg;n] h'7f efF8f
p7fPsf] lj/n} dfq b]lvGYof] . 7"nfa8fn] lsr]gaf6 vfgfsf Kn]6x? NofP/
lgDtfn'nfO{ afFl8lbg] u/]sf] klg lj/n} dfq b]lvGYof] . d klg o:tf sfd
rflxF tnsf dflg;n] ug{] xf] eGg] dfGotf kfn]/ a;]sf] lyPF . d}n] g} cfof]hgf
u/]sf] ef]hdf klg d h'7f efF8f af]Sbf hft g} hfG5 ls h:tf] uyF]+ . 7"nf
dflg;n] h] ub{y], d To;s} gSsn uy{F]+ . klxnf klxnf d st} kj{, ;ef,
;df/f]xdf hfFbf h'7f] efF8f / lrofsf] lunf; hxfFsf] ToxL 5f]l8lbGy]F . 3/df
t emg\ Tof] c?n] vfPsf] h'7f ef8f dfHg] t k/} hfcf];\ dnfO{ 5'g klg l3g
nfUYof] . d}n] o:tf] sfd ug{] xf]Og, d t 7"nf] dflg; x'F eGg] dnfO{ 3d08
x'GYof] . vfgf vfg]a]nf klg 7"nf dflg; s'g 6]jndf a;]sf 5g\ eg]/ d x]g{]
uy{]F, clg ToxL 6]andf uO{ pgLx?;+u} ukm ub}{ vfgf vfGy]F . 8|fOe/ /
sfof{no ;xof]uL;+u ;+u} vfgf vfg t k/} hfjf];\, pgLx?sf] 5]pmdf ;d]t
a:b}gy]F . d cfkm"nfO{ 5'6\6} u|xaf6 cfPsf] dflg; h:tf] 7fGy]F . d]/f] cxÍf/
a9]/ r'nLd} k'u]5 .
Wofgefjgf / wd{b]zgf ;'Gbf ;]jfsf] dxTj af]w x'bf] /x]5 . JolQm d g} xf],
klxnf h'g h'7f efF8f p7fpg] / ef8f dfem\g] sfo{nfO{ d 3[0ff ub{y]F, lxhf]cfh
ToxL sfo{nfO{ cxÍf/ 36fpg] cEof;sf] ?kdf ug{ kfpFbf v'zL nfU5 . efF8f
dfem\bf d]/f] dg klg dflemPsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . efF8f 6lNsbf d]/f] dg klg
s~rg eof] eGg] cg'e"lt x'G5 . ;fyLefO aLrsf] ;DaGw klg dflemP h:tf]
NffU5 . h'7f Kn]6 p7fpFbf d]/f] cxÍf/ 3l6/x]sf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . 8|fOe/ /
126
sfo{fno ;xof]uL;++u ;++u} vfgf vfFbf k|]d / d}qL al9/x]sf] af]w x'G5 . Wofg
g} gePsf] j]nf klg d]/f] z/L/af6 d}qLsf] pmhf{ tL 8|fOe/ / sfo{fno
;xof]uLlt/ uO/x]sf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . To:t} pgLx?af6 klg dnfO{ d}qLsf]
pmhf{ k|fKt eO/x]sf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . o;n] cfWoflTds dfq xf]Og, ef}lts
sfo{bIftfdf ;d]t ;'wf/ cfpg] /x]5 . Tof] eGbf klg xfdL ;a} Pp6}
kl/jf/sf ;b:o xf}F eGg] cg'e"lt x'g] /x]5 . lxhf]cfh vfgf vfg] a]nfdf
8|fOe/ / sfof{no ;xof]uLx? sxfF 5g\ eg]/ x]5'{ clg pgLx?;+u a;]/
cfgGbn] vfgf vfG5' . o;f] ubf{ d]/f] dgdf k|]d / d}qLsf] ;+rf/ x'G5 . h'g
s'/f d hlt ;DemG5' Tolt g} dnfO{ cfgGb nfU5 . Tof] v'zLsf] k|jfx -flow_
w]/} nfdf] ;do ;Dd /lx/xG5 . d]/f ;fyLx? d;+u vfgf vfFbf hlt v'zL
x'g'x'G5, Tof] eGbf d bf]Aa/ v'zL x'G5' . ;fwgf a9\b} uPkl5 sf] 7"nf] < sf]
;fgf] < s]xL lje]b x'Fb}g /x]5 . ;a} ;dfg nfU5 . a"9f a"9Lx?, aRrfx? /
cgfynfO{ sxfF ;]jf ug{ kfOG5 eg]/ vf]Hb5' . tL tKsf / ;d"xsf dflg;nfO{
;]jf ug{ kfpFbf dnfO{ v'zL nfU5 .
klxnf rkL{ cfkm} ;kmf ug{] t s'/} 5f]8f}F, 6\jfOn]6 uGxfof] eg]/ >LdtLnfO{
lsg ;kmf gu/fPsf] < egL s/fpy]F . lxhf] cfh cfkm\gf] 6\jfOn]6 cfkm} ;kmf
ug{ yfn]sf] 5' . o;f] ubf{ klg dnfO{ cfgGb nfUb5 . Tof] kmf]x/ 6\jfOn]6
;kmf ePsf] b]Vbf cfgGb nfU5 . d]/f] dg klg ;kmf ePsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 .
kmf]x/ b]v]/ l3g nfUb}g . a? d]/f] z/L/e/L t kmf]x/ g} kmf]x/ 5, s] l3g
ug'{ < h:tf] nfU5 . lsg aflx/sf] kmf]x/nfO{ l3g ug'{ lg < km]l/ of] t dg
;kmf agfpg] ;fwgf xf] h:tf]] nfU5 .
%=% cfkm}Flt/ x]g{] ;fwgf
w]/} klxnfb]lv d]/f] dgdf ;Gof; lng]] ;f]rfO cfO/xGYof] . d nfdf] ;dob]lv
cfWoflTds u'?sf] vf]hLdf lyPF . Pshgf ;fyLn] Nff]sGynLsf] dlGb/df
Pshgf ;fw' x'g'x'G5, jxfFn] tkfO{nfO{ ;xL cfWoflTds dfu{ b]vfOlbg
;Sg'x'G5, . tkfO{nfO{ d'lQmsf] dfu{df nufpg ;Sg'x'G5 egL ;Nnfx lbg'eof]
. ;fyLsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ d jxfFnfO{ e]6g uPF . s/La ;o aif{ k'Ug nfu]sf
Pshgf a"9f ;fw' dlGb/sf] aflx/ æTof] jLlk o:tf] km6fxf, p:tf] km6fxfÆ
127
eGb} ufnL ub{}{ dlGb/sf] j/k/ lxl8/x]sf] b]v]F . d]/f] ;fyLn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf]
;fw' jxfF xf] ls xf]Og < egL jxfFsf] gfd y/ ;f]wF] . gfd y/ ldNof] . To;kl5
jxfFsf] hGd sxfF ePsf] xf] eg]/ s] ;f]w]sf] dfq lyPF, jxfFn] d ;Kt/Lsf]
@)) la3f hldgsf] hldGbf/ x'F eg]/ kl/ro lbP . jLlk / d agf/;df ;+u}
a:Yof}F . Tof] jLlkn] dnfO{ wf]sf lbof] . p;n] o:tf] g/fd|f] u¥of]{, p:tf] g/fd|f]
u¥of]{, wd{ dfg]g, k/Dk/f dfg]g eg]/ ufnL ug{ yfNg'eof] . Tof] wd{ gdfGg]
km6fxf xf] eGg yfNg'eof] . To;kl5 d}n] jxfFsf 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] s'/f dfq s]
;f]w]sf] lyPF . Pp6f gflt ljZjljBfnodf k|f]km];/ 5, csf{] lgb{]zs 5, csf{]
gflt 8fS6/ 5, elthf] klg 8fS6/ 5 . Tof] elthf] 8fS6/ rflxF :jf:Yo
ljefudf lgb{]zs 5 eGg yfNg'eof] . kl/jf/sf w]/} ;b:ox? zlgaf/sf] lbg
ufl8 lnP/ dnfO{ e]6\g cfpF5g\ eGg'eof] . xh'/n] ;Gof; wf/0f u/]sf]
sltaif{ eof] af < egL s] ;f]w]sf] lyPF . afn] 9fF6\g'eof], ;Gof; wf/0f u/]sf]
%)cf}F aif{ eof] eGg'eof] . oltsf jif{;Dd klg jxfFnfO{ hldGbf/sf] cledfgn]
5f]8]g5 . 9fF6 sd{n] klg 5f]8]g5, æjLlksf] ;fyL x'ÆF eGg] cxÍf/n] klg
5f]8]g5 . ;Gtfgsf] /fu / cxÍf/n] klg 5f]8]g5 . wd{sf] cxÍf/n] klg
5f]8]g5 . æwd{ gdfGg] jLlkÆ eGg] å]ifefjgfn] klg 5f]8]sf] /x]g5 . æd 7"nf]
;fw' x'FÆ eGg] cxÍf/n] klg 5f]8]g5 . oltsf jif{;Dd ;fw' x'Fbf klg jxfFnfO{
;DklQsf] /fun] klg 5f]8]g5 . nfdf] ;fwgf ubf{ klg jxfFsf] cxÍf/, /fu /
å]if 36]sf /x]g5g\ . jxfFnfO{ s]xL egf}F ls gegf}F eGg] wd{;+s6df k/]+ . nf}
hf Û h] k5{ k/f];\ Û oL afnfO{ s]xL t eGg} k¥of] h:tf] nfUof]] . æaf Tof]
jLlknfO{ ufnL ug{] sfd klg 5f]8\g'xf];\ . ;DklQsf] cxÍf/ klg 5f]8\g'xf];\,
;Gtfgsf] /fu klg 5f]8\g'xf];\, ;fw'sf] cxÍf/nfO{ klg 5f]8\g'xf];\ . logn]
tkfO{nfO{ dg{] a]nfdf xfgL u5{g\ . tkfO{nfO{ ;'ultdf hfg lbb}gg\Æ, egL
ToxfFaf6 ljbf eP .
To;kl5 d]/f] ;Gof; lng] OR5f klg x/fof] . Tof] 36gfkl5 d cfkm"n]
cfkm"nfO{ x]bf{ yfxf eof] — cxf] Û d klg c?nfO{ d]/f] olt hldg 5 eGy]+F .
d]/f] 5f]/f] OlGhlgo/ 5 eGy]F . csf{] 5f]/f cd]/Lsfdf 5 eGy]F+ . clg zLnkfng
gug{] a'l4i6nfO{ d km6fxf eGy]F . a'l4i6 eGg] clg zLn klg kfng gug{] <
eGy]F . cs'zn sd{ ug{] < lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{] < df5f df;' ;]jg ug{] < bfg
128
glbg] < Wofg gug{] < ;dflwdf ga:g] < egL d c?nfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofpg]
argx? af]Ng] /x]5' eGg] af]w eof] . jxfF;+u Ps lsl;dsf] cxÍf/ lyof],
clg d;+u rflxF cs}{ lsl;dsf] . d;+u klg ;DklQ / ;Gtfgsf] /fu g} /x]5
. cflv/ d;+u klg cxÍf/ g} cxÍf/ /x]5 . oL jrgx?n] klxn] d]/f] cxÍf/
g} hufpg] /x]5g\, To;kl5 oL jrgx?n] c?nfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofpg] /x]5g\ eGg]
af]w eof] . To;kl5 d cfkm"n] klg c?nfO{ rf]6 k'Ug] arg af]lNbg egL
;+sNk lnPF . lj:tf/} d}n] wg, hg, ljåQfsf] cxÍf/ sd u/]F .
d pd]/n] h]7f] ePklg gftfn] d]/} pd]/ ;d"x eGbf tnsf dflg;nfO{ d}n]
sfsf / xh'/af eGg'kYof]{ . cfkm"eGbf sfG5f] dflg;nfO{ sfsf / xh'/af
eGg'kbf{ dnfO{ b'Mv nfUbYof] . sltnfO{ t d ;fOgf] gnufO{ s]jn cfkm\gf
s'/f o:tf] p:tf] dfq eGy]F . sfsf / xh'/af eGg'kg{] cfkm"eGbf sfG5f]
dflg;nfO{ e]6\g gk/] klg x'GYof] h:tf] nfUbYof] . tL sfsf xh'/afn] dnfO{
xf]RofP/ / 3f]r]/ af]Ng] ug'{x'GYof] . o;f] ubf{ dnfO{ emg\ b'Mv nfUYof] .
cfkm"eGbf ;fgf]nfO{ xf]Rofpg' k5{ eGg] dfGotf lyof] . gd|tfk"j{s af]n] s]
lau|GYof] / h:tf] nfUbYof] . c?n] cfkm"nfO{ b'Mv x'g] sfd ubf{ d cfkm"n]
rflxF s] ul//x]sf] 5' egL cfkm"lt/ x]g{ yfn]F . d klg cfkm"eGbf gftfdf ;fgf]
dflg;nfO{ To;/L g} xf]RofP/ af]Ng] ubf{] /x]5' h;/L dnfO{ c?n] ub{y] .
;fdfGotofM xfdL c?sf] cxÍf/ b]V5f}F t/ cfkm\gf] cxÍf/ rflxF b]Vg] /x]g5fF}
. cfkm}lt/ x]bf{ cfkm"leq klg cxÍf/ b]lvg] /x]5 . Tof] a]nf dnfO{ ;fgf] egL
xf]RofP/ / 3f]r]/ af]Nbf dnfO{ b'Mv x'GYof] . t/ clxn] ToxL cfkm"k|lt ul/Psf]
b'Jo{jxf/ ;Dembf -;+1f_ dnfO{ v'zL nfU5 . sd;]sd d]/f] cxÍf/ t a9]g
h:tf] nfU5 . tL dflg;sf Jojxf/n] klg d]/f] cxÍf/ 36fpg cf}ifwLsf] sfd
u¥of] . ;fgf] / gd| x'g] afgLsf] ljsfz eof] . klxnf d lsg o:tf] gftfdf
hGd]5' h:tf]] nfUYof] . clxn] ;Dembf wGo Û d o:tf] ;fgf] gftf kg{]df hGd]5'
h;sf] sf/0f d]/f] cxÍf/ a9\g ;s]g eG5' . yf]/} ;do lgl:sof] ls d
cfkm}FnfO{ x]g{] u5'{ . cxÍf/ a9\b}5 ls eg]/ ;r]t /xG5' . o;af6 d]/f] xf]zdf
/xg] afgLsf] ljsfz klg eof] .

129
%=^ s[ltsf] cxÍf/ 36fpg] ;fwgf
d JolQmut ljj/0f -Biodata_ agfpFbf klg slt k]h eof] egL x]b{} cem
ljj/0f yKb} uy{]+F . hlt ljj/0f nfdf] x'GYof] Tolt g} d v'zL x'Gy]F . JolQmut
ljj/0fdf vl/bf/ n]Vbf cfkm"nfO{ n3'tfef; x'GYof] eg] pk;lrj kb n]Vbf
dxQfef; x'GYof] . cem :jf:Yo cy{zf:qL n]Vbf dnfO{ cfgGb nfUbYof] .
cfkm\gf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] ;"rL agfpFbf klg pRr >]0fLdf pQL0f{ n]Vbf
cfkm"nfO{ uj{ nfUYof] eg] tNnf] >]0fLdf pQL0f{ n]Vbf rflxF n3'tfef; . cfkm\gf
k|sfzgsf] ;"rL hlt nfdf] x'GYof] Tolt g} cledfg a9\bf] /x]5 . a9L
lhDd]jf/Lsf] kb n]Vbf cledfg a9\Yof] / Ifl0fs v'zL sf] cg'e"lt x'GYof] .
d;+u s[ltsf] cxÍf/ w]/} lyof] . ;fyLx?nfO{ d}n] olt lstfa n]v]F, olt d]/f
n]v /rgf /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o hg{ndf 5flkP eGy]F . x/]s lbg slt hgfn]
d]/f] lstfa 8fpgnf]8 u/]5g\ eg]/ OG6/g]6 kf]6{ndf x]y{]F . hg{ndf 5flkPsf
d]/f cg';Gwfgsf n]v slt hgfn] p4/0f -citation_ u/]5g\ eg]/ lbglbg} x]y{]+F
. p4/0f a9]sf] b]Vbf dxQfsf+Iff emg\ g} a9\Yof] . t/ klg Ifl0fs v'zLsf]
cg'e"lt x'GYof] . s[ltsf] nf]en] s[ltx¿sf] ljj/0f /fVg yfn]F . hlt ljj/0f
a9\Yof] Tolt g} dxQfsf+Iff klg a9\Yof] . oL Pd= lkmn= / ljBfjfl/lwsf
k|df0fkqn] t gd|tf l;sfpg' kYof{,] t/ logLx?n] cxÍf/ dfq a9fP5g\ .
logLx?n]] Toqf] cledfg a9fpFbf klg d rflxF yfxf g} kfpFb}gy]+F . d a]xf]zd}
/x]5', d]/f] cxÍf/ ;w} a9]sf] a9\o} uof] .
k9]sf] l8u|L n]Vbf klg cxÍf/ g} a9\g] /x]5 . d}n] lk=Pr=l8= k9]sf] 5' eGg]
cxÍf/ cfof] . gfdsf] cufl8 8f= n]Vg yfn]F . s;}n] d]/f] gfdsf]] cufl8 8f=
gn]Vbf dnfO{ lvGgtf af]w x'GYof] . s;}n] tkfO{ geg] klg cfkm} dkfO{ eGg]
;Dd ePF . s;}n] d]/f] gfdsf] cufl8 8f= n]Vbf d Ifl0fs v'zL x'Gy]F . d
lelhl6ª k|f]km];/ dfq lyPF, t/ klg s;}n] d]/f] gfdsf] cuffl8 k|f=8f= n]vL
lb+bf dnfO{ Ifl0fs v'zL nfUYof] . o:tf] n]Vg ldNb}gYof], t/ klg d r'k
nfUy]F, o:tf] gn]v eGb}gy]F . olt;Dd d]/f] cxÍf/ a9]5 eGg] dnfO{ yfxf g}
lyPg . d klxnfb]lv g} cfWoflTds lstfa k9\y]F . cxÍf/ v/fa xf] eGg]
yfxf lyof] . d c?nfO{ cxÍf/ a9fpg] sfd g} ulb{g eGy]F, t/ oyfy{df x/]s
130
lbg d cxÍf/ a9fpg] sfo{ dfq ug{] /x]5' . d c?sf] cxÍf/ b]Vy]F t/
cfkm"leq emfFluPsf] cxÍf/ rflxF b]Vb}gy]F . cfkm\g} dgleq al9/x]sf] cxÍf/
rflxF cfkm"nfO{ yfxf x'g] /x]g5 . d c?nfO{ of] s:tf] cxÍf/L dflg; /x]5
eGy]F, t/ cfkm"lt/ rflxF x]g{ la;{Gy]F . cxÍf/nfO{ dnhn ubf{ a9\b} a9\b} olt
;Dd k'u]5 ls d}n] Ps k6s l/;r{ ;]ldgf/df dnfO{ 8fS6/ egL lsg
;Daf]wg gu/]sf] egL pb\wf]lifsfnfO{ d'v} kmf]/]/ eg]F . d]/f] cxÍf/n] 8fF8f
sfl6;s]5 eGg] s'/f ToxLa]nf em6\6 ofb eof] .
bhf{sf] cxÍf/ klg lgs} v/fa /x]5 . aflx/ aflx/ d bhf{;hf{ s]xL klg
xf]Og eGy]F, t/ leq leq rflxF ;lrj, ;x;lrj x'g kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUYof]
. 7"nf] 6]jn b]Vbf klg ;lrj ePF eg] t d klg oqf] 6]jnsf] k5fl8 a:g
kfp5' egL dgdg} ljrf/ ub{y]F . ;lrjsf] / ;x;lrjsf] /a/ :6fDk b]Vbf
klg d]/f] gfdsf] tn slxn] Tof] :6fDk nfU5 eGg] nfUbYof] . clkm;df /x]sf]
g]dKn]6df cfkm\gf] gfd / bhf{ b]Vbf klg v'zL nfUYof] . ;lrj / ;x;lrjn]
/ftf] d;Ln] tf]s cfb]z ePsf] lr7\7Lkq k9\bf klg d}n] slxn] Tof] /ftf]
d;Ln] n]Vg kfpg] xf]nf eGg] nfUbYof] .
/fli6|o kj{sf] a]nf lghfdlt, k|x/L tyf ;}lgssf 5ftLdf em'08\ofPsf tSdf
tyf dfgkbjL b]Vbf dg xif{n] ljef]/ x'GYof] . d}n] klg To:tf] tSdf nufpg
kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUYof] . d]/f cfFvf ltg} lghfdlt, k|x/L tyf ;}lgssf
5ftLdf hfGy] . d}n] rflxF s]xL gu/L kfpg] @% jif{] bL3{;]jfkbs dfq kfPsf]
lyPF . ToxL klg 3/ cfpFbf af6}df x/fof] . oqf] jif{ ;]jf u/]/ kfPsf] tSdf
af6}df x/fpFbf b'v nfUof] . w]/} vf]hF], st} kfOg . d}n] hlt g} /fd|f] sfd
u/]klg s'g} tSdf, dfg, lae"if0f kfOg eg]/ dg lvGg agfP/ a:y]F . dnfO{
leqleq} cfkm\gf xflsdk|lt å]if efjgf hfUYof] . tSdf, lje"if0fn] cxÍf/
hufpF5 eGg] yfxf g} lyPg .
d}n] /fli6|o tyf cGt/fli6|o :t/df k|fKt u/]sf] tflndsf k|df0fkqx? kmfon
kmf]N8/df /fVy]F . k|df0fkqx? kN6fO{ kN6fO{ x]bf{ dg Ifl0fs cfglGbt x'Yof] .
sltj6f cGt/fli6|o k|df0fkq eP5g\ eg]/ ulGt klg uy{]F . cxf] Û ;]jfsfnLg
tflnddf rflxF æk|ydx? dWo] klg k|ydÆ eP5' Û eGb} bf]¥ofO{ t]x¥ofO{ k9\y+]F
131
. cxf] Û of] ljifosf] tflnd t d}n] yfOn}08af6 kfPsf], Tof] rflxF hd{gLaf6,
clg of] rflxF :k]gaf6 lnPsf] k|df0fkq cflb cflb . cfkm} x]b{} cfkm} dVv .
o;n] cxÍf/ a9]/ r'nLdf k'u]sf] dnfO{ kQ} ePg . d k|dfbdf /x]5' .
d}n] :s"n sn]h k9\bf k|fKt u/]sf k'/:sf/sf k|df0fkqx? klg kmfOn
kmf]N8/df ;'/lIft ?kn] /fVy]F . sltj6f k'/:sf/ /x]5g\ eg]/ k6s k6s
kN6fP/ ulGt ub{y]F . cxf] Û xflh/L hjfkmdf k|yd, jfbljjfbdf rflxF bf]>f],
t/ ;flxTodf rflxF ;w} ;fGTjgf dfq . km'6andf d Psk6s pkljh]tf
6Lddf ;Lldt b]Vbf dg lvGg x'GYof] . yfxf gkfO{sg dnfO{ cxÍf/n] leqleq}]
ufFhL ;s]5 . d]/f] Sn]z lgs} g} afSnf] eO;s]sf] /x]5 . s'g} ;ef, ;]ldgf/df
klg d~rdf a:bf 7"nf] dflg; eP5' eGg] efg x'GYof] . pb\3f]ifsn] sltv]/
dnfO{ d~rdf af]nfpF5g\ eg]/ ;'lg/xGy]F . ;xefuLx?n] cfkm"nfO{ ;Daf]wg
u/]sf] ;'Gbf v'zL / ;Daf]wg gubf{ b'MvL x'Gy]F .
Wofgefjgfsf] ;fwgf kl5 cx+sf/ s]xL sd x'g] /x]5 . lq/Tgz/0f -a'4, wd{
/ ;‹_ df uPkl5 d]/f] cfˆgf] cl:tTj -cxÍf/_ z"Go x'g] /x]5 . ;a} a'4,
wd{ / ;‹sf] z/0fdf uPkl5 s] sf] ædÆ / æd]/f]Æ lg . ædÆ / æd]/f]Æ ;a}
e|d -illusion_ dfq /x]5 . ædÆ 5}g eGg] cEof;n] d]/f] hLjgdf w]/} k|efj
kf¥of{] . of] cEof;n] s]xL ;dosf] nflu d]/f] qmf]w, nf]e / c1fgtf ;dfKt
eof] . t/ lqz/0fsf] k|efj x'Fbf;Dd dfq, Tof] af]w x'g] /x]5 . ;a} a:t' /
36gf g} e|d /x]5 . s] sf] ædÆ lg eGg] nfU5 < jf:tjdf d eg]sf] g} ;To
xf]Og . d eg]sf] s] xf] < d]/f] z/L/ xf] < xf]Og . d]/f] 5fnf xf] < xf]Og . d]/f
OlGb|ox¿ x'g\ < xf]Ogg\ . d]/f] 6fpsf] xf] < xf]Og . d]/f] 5fnf xf] < xf]Og .
d]/f] a'l¢ xf] < Tof] klg xf]Og . d]/f] ?k xf] < Tof] klg xf]Og . d]/f] ;+1f xf] <
Tof] klg xf]Og . ;Demf}F eGof] lal;{xfN5' . d]/f] ;+:sf/ xf] < Tof] klg xf]Og
. ;+:sf/sf kq gag"g\ eGof] agLxfN5g\ . d]/f] lj1fg xf] < Tof] klg xf]Og .
w]/} s'/f hfgf}F eGof], hfGb} hflGbg . d]/f] j]bgf xf] t < Tof] klg xf]Og .
b'Mvb j]bgf gcfpmg\ eGof], cfOxfN5g\ . ;'vb j]bgf ghfpmg\ eGof] uOxfN5g\
. d]/f] :jefj xf] < Tof] klg xf]Og . d]/f] dg xf] < xf]Og . d]/f] b[li6sf]0f /
ljrf/ xf] < Tof] klg xf]Og . lsgls, oL ;a} kl/jt{g eO/xG5g\ . tL ;a}
d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5}gg\ . ædÆ 5}g eGg] af]w x'Fbf a8f] cfgGb x'Fbf] /x]5 .
132
jf:tadf ædÆ eGg' g} cx+sf/ /x]5 . Tof] g} dGb ljif /x]5 . h'g ljif nfu]sf]]
w]/}kl5 dfq d}n] yfxf kfPF .
lgoldt Wofgefjgf kl5 d]/f] Sn]z s]xL 36]5g\ Sof/ Û d]/f] e|fds b[li6 s]xL
;kmf x'Fb}uof] . To;kl5, d]/f] ;f]rfO{d} kl/jt{g cfpg yfNof] . klxnf a9'jf
gx'Fbf dnfO{ b'Mvsf] cg'e"lt x'GYof], w]/} ;fyL ;x;lra yf]/} ;lra eP, t/
d rflxF hxfFsf] txL x'Fbf a8f g/fd|f] nfUbYof] . cfhsn rflxF Tof] a9'jf
gePsf]df d v'zL 5' . sd;]sd d]/f] cxÍf/ t a9]g . d hgtfaf6 6f9f
hfg' klg k/]g . ;lrj ;x;lrj ePsf] eP dGqfnodf hfg'kYof{] xf]nf .
dGqL;+u s'/f gldNg ;SYof], cem e|i6frf/df d'l5g' k/]g eg]/ v'zL nfU5
. a9'jf gePsf] s'/f clxn]] d hlt ;DemG5' -;+1f_, Tolt g} dnfO{ cfgGb
nfu]/ cfpF5 . klxnf cfkm"n] Pp6f klg tSdf gkfpFbf dnfO{ lgs} b'Mvsf]
cg'e"lt x'GYof], clxn] rflxF tSdf gkfPsf]df dnfO{ ax't cfgGb nfu]/ cfpF5
. Tof] tSdfn] g ef]s d]l6G5, g t ltvf{ g} . g t nfh g} 9fSg sfd nfUg]
. s]jn cx+sf/ dfq a9fpg] . klxnf :s"n sn]hdf xflh/Lhjfkmdf klxnf],
bf]>f] ePsf k|df0fkqx? a8f] lxkmfht;+u /fVy+]F . tL k|df0fkqx? x]bf{ dgdf
Ifl0fs cfgGb cfpYof] . clxn] rflxF ToxL k|df0fkqsf] /f; b]Vbf dnfO{ b'v
af]w x'G5 . cxf] Û oL k|ltikwf{{n] d]/f] Sn]z / cxÍf/ g} a9fP5g\ h:tf] nfU5
. To;}n] w]/} k|df0fkqx? t vfnL l;l; k'/fgf] sfuhjfnf;+u cfn' ;fF6]/ vfPF
. klxnf pb\3f]ifsn] d~rdf af]nfO{ Aofh / vfbf nufO{lb+bf dnfO{ cfgGb
nfUbYof] . lxhf]cfh rflxF dGrdf hfg dg nfUb}g . tn} xft p7fP/
;efxndf xflh/ hgfpF5' . o;f] ubf{ dnfO{ cfgGb nfU5 . d d~rd} uPklg
bz{snfO{ clejfbg u/L l5gd} tn bz{sbL3f{df cfOxfN5'' . o;f]ubf{ dnfO{
cfgGb nfU5 . tn a;]sf ;fyLx?;+u d]/f] ldqtf a9\of] . Tof] eGbf klg d]/f]
cxÍf/ a9]g egL d v'zL x'G5' .
bf]>f] ;fwgf eg]sf] cfkm\gf] ag]sf] JolQmTj eTsfpg] -deconstruction_ xf] .
lsgls ToxL JolQmTj g} cxÍf/ xf] . klxnf Tof] JolQmTj agfpg] -
construction_ sfd ubf{ d v'zL x'Gy]F . clxn] rflxF Tof] JolQmTj eTsfpg]
sfd ubf{ dnfO{ v'zL nfU5 . klxnf ædÆ eGg kfpFbf v'zL nfUYof], clxn]
Wofgefjgf kl5 rflxF ædÆ eGg] cfof] eg] b'Mv nfU5 . WofgdUg eP/ x]bf{
ædÆ eGg] s]xL klg xf]Og /x]5, s]jn dgn] agfPsf] sfNklgs laDj -
133
construct_ dfq /x]5 . d]/f] lbOPsf] gfd g} em'6f] xf] eg] Tof] gfdsf] cfwf/df
lbOPsf z}lIfs l8u|L, l8Knf]df, bhf{, s[lt / ;Ddfg ;a} em'6f x'g\ eGg] nfUg
yfNof] . oL cxÍf/ x'g\ eGg] af]w ePkl5 lstfasf] k5fl8sf] kfgfdf JolQmut
ljj/0f -bio-data_ h:tf] ls gfdy/, z}lIfs l8u|L, l8Knf]df, bhf{, s[lt /
;Ddfg ;a} /fVg 5f]8F] . ;a} a:t' / 36gf g} e|d /x]5, s]sf] s[lt lg <
clxn] s[ltk|lt /fu 5}g . t/ aflx/ /fu 5}g eGof], leq stf xf] stf -
cg'zodf_ /fu 5b}5 . aflx/–aflx/ dfq x6]sf] /x]5 . d, d]/f] / dnfO{ eGg'
g} e|d /x]5 . t/ klg d]/f] lstfa slt hgfn] p4/0f u/]5g\, sltn] 8fpgnf]8
u/]5g\ egL d lbglbg} x]y{]F . t/ leq stfaf6 xf] s'GgL, ;fjwfg -alert_ sf]
;"rgf k|fKt x'GYof] . To;kl5, d p4/0f x]g{] sfd aGb ub{y]F .
a'4, wd{ / ;‹sf] z/0fdf k/]kl5 d, d]/f] / dnfO{ eGg] efjgf klg lj:tf/}
x/fpg] /x]5 . lrQdf cfpg] nf]e, å]if, df]x klg l5gl5gdf kl/jt{g x'Fbf
/x]5g\ eGg] s'/f d]/f] cfˆg} cg'e"ltaf6 hfgsf/L eof] . d]/f] dg slxn] nf]eL
t slxn] cnf]eL x'G5 . s[ltsf] k|sfzg ubf{ gfd rflxG5, To;}n] clxn]
5ßgfd n]V5' . Tof] 5ßgfd n]Vbf klg lqz/0f g} k|of]u u5'{, gfd slxn]
a'4z/0f, slxn] wDdz/0f / slxn] ;+3z/0f n]V5' . o;f]ubf{ æd, d]/f]Æ hlt
5g\ ;a} z/0fudg ul/;s]F eGg] af]w eof] . Tof] 5ßgfd klg nfdf] ;do;Dd
/fVof] eg] cxÍf/ g} a9\g] /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . t;y{, lbOPsf] gfd klg
kl/jt{g ul//xG5'Ù tfls Tof] cxÍf/ gagf];\ . Tof] 5ßgfd klg d]/f] xf]Og
eGg] :d/0f ul//xG5' . d]/f] cfˆg} lstfa k9\bf klg of] d]/f] lstfa xf]Og
eG5' . lsgls, Tof] a]nfsf] d, clxn]sf] d xf]Og . Tof] d]/f] lstfj xf]Og eG5'
. ;a} a:t' / 36gf g} e|d /x]5, s] sf] s[lt lg < clxn] s[ltk|lt /fu 5}g .
t/ aflx/ /fu 5}g eGof], leq stf xf] stf -cg'zodf_ /fu /lx/x]sf] x'g]
/x]5 . aflx/–aflx/ dfq x6]sf] /x]5 . d, d]/f] / dnfO{ eGg' g} e|d /x]5 .
dnfO{ nfUYof] – d]/f] cxÍf/ 36\Øf], ca 5}g xf]nf eGyF], t/ Ps lbg crfgs
d]/f] af]nL lgl:sof], æd :jf:Yo cy{zf:qL x'F .Æ dnfO{ t'?Gt yfxf eOuof],
d]/f] dgdf cxÍf/sf h/fx? leqleq} df}nfpFb} 5g\ . km/s olt 5, klxnf
cxÍf/ cfPsf] yfxf kfpb}gy]F eg] clxn] Wofgsf] k|efjsf] sf/0fn] dnfO{
t'?Gt} cxÍf/ a9\b}5 eGg] hfgsf/L -alert_ eOxfN5 . clg d ;ts{ x'G5' .
134
klxnf lstfasf] e"ldsf n]lvlbg 7"nf k|fWofks / k|lz4 eGt]x?nfO{ cg'/f]w
ub{y]F . tL ljåfg JolQmn] d]/f] k|z+;f u/]sf] k9\bf dnfO{ v'zL nfUYof] .
lstfasf] e"ldsf eg]sf] klg k|z+;fsf zAbx? dfq t /x]5g\ . Tof] klg
lj1fkg t /x]5 lg . o;n] klg cxÍf/ g} a9fpg] /x]5 . of] a'em]kl5 d}n]
e"ldsf /fVg] sfd klg aGb u/]F . To:t}, k':ts ljdf]rg klg s]jn k':ts
laqmL ug{ / n]vssf] k|z+;f ug{] sd{sf08 /x]5 . o;n] klg cxÍf/ g} a9fpg]
/x]5 eGg] a'em]kl5 Tof] k':ts ljdf]rg ug{] sd{sf08 klg 5f]l8lbPF . klxnf,
d]/f] k':tssf] ;dLIff n]lvlbg'xf];\ g egL ;fyLx?nfO{ cg'/f]w ub{y]F . clxn]
1fg eof] Tof] klg lj1fkg g} /x]5 . To;sf/0f k':ts ;dLIff n]Vg] sfd
klg aGb eof] .
klxnf c+u]|hLdf k':ts n]Vbf cfkm"nfO{ 7"nf] dflg; ePsf] h:tf] efg x'GYof]],
/ w]/} lstfa c+u|]hLd} n]vF] klg . kl5 dfq dnfO{ yfxf eof] of] efiffn] klg
cxÍf/ g} a9fpg] /x]5 . To;kl5 sgLs'yL u/]/ c+u|hLdf lstfa n]Vg klg
5f]l8lbPF . ljZjsf c? dflg;n] a'e\mgnfos ljifoa:t' /x]5 eg] a? d
g]kfnLd} n]vL c?nfO{ cg'jfb ug{ lbG5' . o;f] ubf{ d]/f] cxÍf/ a9]g .
%=& :jcWoog
d]/f] cfWoflTds ofqf Tolt nfdf] 5}g . d}n] dfly g} eg]F lg, d ef}lts
cy{zf:qdf bLlIft JolQm ;w} ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cefj g} cefj b]v]sf] /
;'g]sf] dflg; . ;wF} k};f, kb / k|ltikwf{ dfq hfg]sf] dflg;, s;/L
cfWoflTds 1fglt/ nfuF] < k':tsn] cWoflTds af6f]df nfUg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
/x]5 . d klg cfWoflTds k':ts k9]/ g} ;fwgf ug{ yfn]sf] AolQm x'F .
zf:qLo lzIff -kl/olt_ klg lgs} g} pkof]uL x'g] /x]5 . o;n] cfWoflTds
dfu{nfO{ b]vfpg] /x]5 . To;kl5 t Tof] af6f] lx+8\g] cEof; ug{ kfOg] /x]5
. of] zf:qLo lzIffaf6} dleq cxÍf/ 5 eGg] s'/fsf] af]w eof] . olb zf:qLo
lzIff gePsf] eP cEof; -k|ltklQ_ x'g] lyPg . Tof] eGbf klg 1fgsf] s'g}
kl/lw g} 5}g . aif{f}{ cufl8b]lv d}n] cfWoflTds k':tsx? kl9/x]5' t/ klg
;fwgf gug]{ xf] eg] Tof] 1fg To;} x/fP/ hfg] /x]5 . clxn] rflxF d c?lt/
gx]/L cfkmF}lt/ x]g{ yfn]sf] 5' . d s] x'F < eGg] la:tf/} a'em\b}5' . o;/L d s]
135
x'F egL ;f]Rg yfn]kl5 cxÍf/ sd x'g] /x]5 . d eg]sf] g} 5}g /x]5, s]jn
k~r:sGw -?k, j]bgf, ;+1f, ;+:sf/ / lj1fg_ dfq /x]5 . d]/f] z/L/ klg
s]jn k[YjL, cfk, t]h / jfo' dfq /x]5 eGg] hfgsf/L ePkl5 cxÍf/ cfkmF}
sd x'g] /x]5 .
%=* clgTosf] ;fwgf
clgTo / cgfTdfsf] af/]df d]/f] klxn]sf] lstfad} w]/} JofVof / ljZn]if0f eO{
;s]sfn] of] lstfadf w]/} n]lvPsf] 5}g . km]l/ lxhf]sf] d / cfhsf] d km/s
x'F . Ps ldg]6 cufl8sf] d / Ps ldg]6 kl5sf]] d km/s x'F . knkndf d]/f]
k~r:sGw kl/jt{g eO{/xG5, d x/]s ;]s]08df kl/jt{g eO/x]sf]5' . To;s}
sf/0f lrQdf klg kl/jt{g eO/xG5 eGg] s'/f a'em]kl5 cxÍf/ 36fpg
;xof]u k'Ug] /x]5 . slxn] d;+u cxÍf/ sd x'GYof] clg slxn] rflxF a9L .
l5g l5gdf cxÍf/ klg kl/jt{g eO/xg] /x]5 . /fu / å]if klg l5g l5gdf
kl/jt{g eO/xg] /x]5g\ . d c?df cfl>t 5' . s'g}klg a:t', 36gf /
dflg;sf] 5'6\6} cl:tTj 5}g eGg] ;fwgf ul/of] eg] klg cxÍf/ 36fpg
;xof]u k'Ug] /x]5 . d}n] of] sfd u/F] eg]sf] klg e|d /x]5 . O—k':tsfnodf
d]/f] kx'Fr gePsf] eP lstfa n]Vg klg ;Sg] lyOg . Wofg s]Gb| ghLsdf
gePsf] eP Wofgefjgf x'g] lyPg . eGt] u'?df gx'g' ePsf] eP jxfFsf]
wd{b]zgf o'6\o'jaf6 ;'Gg ;Sg] lyOg, d]/f] 1fgsf] e08f/ klg ;fgf] x'g] lyof]
. To;}n] d c? a:t' / 36gfdf cfl>t 5' . d]/f] 5'6\6} :jtGq cl:tTj 5}g
eGg] af]w x'Fbf cxÍf/ sd x'g] /x]5 . d]/f] of] ef}lts ;DklQ klg clgTo xf],
1fg klg clgTo xf], d]/f] s[lt klg clgTo xf] eGg] af]w ePkl5 cxÍf/ cfkm}F
sd x'g] /x]5 .
%=( cgfTdfsf] ;fwgf
cfTdf g} cxÍf/sf] ;|f]t /x]5 . t;y{ cxÍf/ x6fpg] xf] eg] cfTdfjfbL
lrGtg x6fpg' k5{ . d :jtGq 5' eGg' cxÍf/ xf] eg] d c?df cfl>t 5'
eGg] af]w x'g' cxÍf/ 36fpg' xf] . d g} 5}g eGg' cxÍf/ x6fpg' xf] . d]/f]
eGg' g} +Tof] a:t' d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5 eGg' xf] . d]/f] z/L/ d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5
t < Tof] klg 5}g . d]/f] ufnf rfp/L gk?g\ eGof], kl/xfN5g\ . bfFt gem?g\
136
eGof], eml/xfN5g\ . lj/fdL gxf]pmF, eGof] lj/fdL klg eOxflnG5 . a"9f] gxf]pFm
eGof], a"9f] eOxflnG5, oL ;a} d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5}gg\ . d]/f] z/L/df cfpg]
;Dj]bgf klg d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5}g . b'Mvb j]bgf gcfpmg\ eGof], cfOxfN5g\ .
;'vb j]bgf ghfpmg\ eGof], uOxfN5g\ . j]bgf l5gl5gdf kl/jt{g e} /xG5g\
. tL klg d]/f] lgoGq0fdf 5}gg\ . ;+1f klg d]/f] cwLgdf 5}g . yfxf kfPsf]
s'/f glal;{pFm eG5', l5gd} la;L{xfN5'Ù . snd /fv]sf] 7fpF glal;{pFm eG5',
lal;{xfN5' . yfxf kfpg] / la;{g] e}/xG5 . lj5f]8sf kL8f lal;{pFm eG5',
la;{g ;lSbg . w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd o;n] dnfO{ ;tfO /xG5 . of] klg d]/f]
lgoGq0fdf 5}g . ;+:sf/sf gofF kqx? gag"g\ eGof], algxfN5g\ . ag]sf
kqx? eTsfpg vf]Hof], eTsb}gg\ . ;+:sf/ t emg\ d]/f] cwLgdf x'g] s'/}
ePg . ;+:sf/sf kqx¿ klg aGg] / eTsg] eO/xG5 . lj1fg klg d]/f]
lgoGq0fdf 5}g . of] klg aGb} / lau|b} u5{ . slxn] hfGg] t slxn] ghfGg]
x'g] u5{ . ;f/f k~r:sGw g} d]/f lgoGq0fdf 5}gg\ . clg e|dsf sf/0f d /
d]/f] eG5' . d]/f] cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf 5}g eGg] af]w x'g' g} d]/f] a'emfOdf
cgfTdf xf] .

137
 cWofo 5

O{iof{

;/n zAbdf O{iof{nfO{ æljrlnt ug]{ efjgf / dgf]j[lQÆ elgG5 . O{iof{ ePsf]
a]nf xfdLn] Ps cy{df cfkm"dflysf] lgoGq0f u'dfpF5f}F . lsgeg] xfd|f] dgdf
ljrlnt u/fpg] efjgfx? / dgf]j[lQx? pTkGg eO;s]sf x'G5g\ . t/ Tof]
a]nf xfdLnfO{ tL ljrlnt u/fpg] efjgfx? g} 7Ls nfU5g\ . To;kl5,
O{iofn] xfdLnfO{ cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf lnG5 . xfdL hfgL ghfgL cs'zn sd{
u5f}{F, clg kl5 k5'tfpF5f}F . ha xfdL s'g} a:t' jf s'g} JolQm;Fu tflgG5fF},
jf l/;fpF5f}F jf O{iof{n' x'G5f}F, Tof]a]nf xfd|f] dgn] ;Gt'ng u'dfpF5 . O{iof{{
dgsf] o:tf] cj:yf xf], h'ga]nf xfd|f] dgn] dfgl;s zflGt u'dfpF5 . O{iof{
ljifx¿ dWo] ;a}eGbf vt/gfs ljif /x]5 . xfd|f] ufFplt/ O{iof{nfO{ cfFvf
nfUg', cfFvf aNg' eG5g\ . c?sf] pGglt / k|ultdf 8fxf / O{iof{ ubf{ xfdL
cfkm}nfO{ xfgL x'G5 . O{iof{ ubf{ xfd|f] cfkm\gf] dgdf ljsf/ hDdf x'G5,
To;kl5 dgn] kfk lrtfpF5 . clg Tof] JolQmdf unt pTk|]/0ff hfU5 t/
p;nfO{ Tof] unt pTk]|/0ff hfu]sf] yfxf g} x'Fb}g . To;kl5, dgn] O{iof{ u/]sf]
a:t' k|fKt ug{] of]hgf agfpF5 . O{iof{ u/]sf] a:t' kfpg pm h'g;'s} sd{ ug{
klg kl5 kb}{g . p;n] s'zn / cs'zn s]xL b]Vb}g . ToxL eP/ O{iof{s} sf/0f
rf]/L, 8s}tL, anfTsf/ / xTof h:tf cfk/flws sfo{ x'g hfG5 . o;af6
JolQmsf] cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f / ;Ddfg klg gi6 x'G5 . t;y{ O{iof{ klg
vt/f Sn]z xf] . of] Sn]znfO{ x6fpg h?/L 5 . x'g t d;+u pGgt ;fwgfx?
5}gg\ lsgls d klg ;fdfGo pkf;s x'F, t/ klg d}n] s;/L] O{iof{ x6fpg
;fwgf u/]F Tof] xh'/x? ;dIf /fVg rfxG5' .
^=! t'ngf gug{]
kxf8df x'Fbf xfd|f] eL/s'gf]] v]t lyof] . bz}Fsf] ci6dLsf lbg xfdL Tof] v]tdf
ls/f km6]ª\u|fsf nflu bxLlrp/f 5g{ hfGYof} . wfgsf afnf xfjfn] xNnfpFbf
138
tL wfgsf afnf ns{]sf] dnfO{ a8f] /dfOnf] nfUbYof] . To;sf] 5]pmdf v8\u
k|;fb sfsfsf] xfd|f] hq} csf{] v]t lyof] . jxfFsf] v]tdf kx]+nk'/ eO{ kfs]sf
wfg b]Vbf dnfO{ dg leqleq} O{iof{ knfP5 Sof/ Û hlt x]y{]F, Tolt jxfFsf]
v]tsf wfgsf afnf nfdf b]VyF] . clg xfd|f v]tsf afnf rflxF clns 5f]6f
b]Vy]F . d w]/}a]/ tL wfgsf afnfx? x]/]/ ;do latfpFy]F . lrQ ga'em]/ Pslbg
sfsfnfO{ ;f]w]F– sfsf, tkfO{ / xfd|f] v]t ;+u} /f]k]sf], dn aLp klg Pp6}
xf], xfd|f] wfgsf afnf rflxF 5f]6f, clg tkfO{sf rflxF lsg nfdf ePsf <
æxf]Og xf] elth, d t tkfO{sf wfgsf afnf kf] nfdf b]V5' tÆ jxfFn] eGg'eof]
. jxfFsf cfFvfn] klg csf{s} wfgsf afnf nfdf b]v]5 .
d+;L/df wfgsf] bfFO{ ubf{v]/L klg jxfFsf] wfgsf] /f; 7"nf], clg xfd|f] rflxF
clns ;fgf] b]v]F . wfg ebf{ t b'a} v]tdf kGw| kGw d'/L eof] . d 5Ss k/]F
. wfgsf afnf d]/f] cfFvfdf 7f]lSsbf ;xL rIf'lj1fg g} ag]sf] xf] . t/
cfFvfdf b]Vg] dg pTkGg x'Fbf rflxF d]/f] lrQdf klxnfb]lv /x]sf] O{iof{sf]
sf/0f d]/f cfFvfn] csf{sf] wfgsf] afnf nfdf clg d]/f wfgsf afnf rflxF
5f]6f b]v+F] . ToxL sf/0fn] csf{sf] wfgsf] /f; rflxF 7"nf] b]v]sf] xf] . olb d]/f]
lrQdf O{iof{ gePsf] eP b'a}sf wfgsf] /f; ;dfg b]lvGy] . cem :ki6?kdf
eGbf ;xL a:t' b]lvg] lyof] . tL a:t' oyfe"t b]lvg] lyP . clxn] Wofgefjgf
ubf{ dnfO{ af]w eof] d]/f] lrQdf ghflgbf] t/Lsfn] O{iof{ a;]sf] /x]5 . To:t}
v8\u k|;fb sfsfsf] lrQdf klg O{iof{ g} /x]5 . O{iof{ ePs}n] g]kfnLdf
elgG5, æafnLgfnL csf{sf] /fd|f], t/ 5f]/f5f]/L rflxF cfkm\gf /fd|f .Æ To:t}
csf{] pvfg 5 —æ>LdtL jf >Ldfg klg csf{sf /fd|f]Æ . elgG5 csf{sf]
/fd|f] b]Vg] lalQs} cfFvf aNg] /x]5g\ . csf{sf] enf] x]g{ g;Sg] . cfkm}nfO{
dfq ;a} /fd|f s'/f rflxg] . ToxL Sn]zsf] sf/0f g} rf]/L, xTof / anfTsf/
h:tf cs'zn sd{ x'g k'U5g\ . clg To;sf] ljkfs :j?k of] hLjgdf dfq
geP/ csf{] hGddf klg b'Mv ef]Ug'k5{ .
x/]s JolQmdf O{iof{n' :jefj x'G5 . of] s;}df sd / s;}df a9L x'G5 . d;+u
klg O{iof{ lyof] . Wofg, bfg / 1fgsf] ;fwgfsf] sf/0f d]/f] O{iof{ ug{] afgLdf
lgs} kl/jt{g cfof] . clxn] klg d O{iof{d'Qm t 5}g, t/klg O{iof{df w]/} g}
lu/fj6 cfof] . oxL dlxgfdf xfd|f] af/Ldf ds} kfs]sf 5g\ . kNnf] l5d]sLsf
af/Ldf klg ds} kfs]sf 5g\ . d c?sf] ds}af/Llt/ x]b{} x]lb{g . Wofgefjgfsf]
139
k|efjsf sf/0f cfkm"lt/ x]g{] cfbt a;]kl5 af/L klg cfkm\g} dfq x]g{] afgL
a:g] /x]5 . d b'O{ ds}af/Lsf] aLrdf t'ngf ulb{g . To;n] d]/f] dgdf O{iof{
pTkGg xF'Fb}g . klxnf d]/f] dgdf csf{sf] afnL x]bf{ dgdf O{iof{ -bf}d{g:o_
pTkGg x'GYof] eg] clxn] ToxL csf{sf] afnL x]bf{ d]/f] dg v'zL x'G5 -
;f]dg:o_ . slxnsfxLF c?sf] af/Ldf cfFvf kl/xfn] klg To:tf] O{iof{ x'b}g .
a? lar/fn] slt d]xgt u/]/ ds} uf]8]sf] lyof], 3f]uf /fd|} nfu]5g\, aRrfx?n]
xl/of ds} vfg kfpg] eP h:tf] nfU5 . klxnf ToxL afnL x]bf{ O{iof{efj
cfpFYof] eg] clxn] rflxF ToxL afnL x]bf{ s?0ff efj cfpF5 . ;xL ;fwgf
u¥of] eg] O{iof{ t s?0ff / d'lbtfdf ?kfGt/0f x'g] /x]5 .
xfdL ;+u;+u} sfd u/]sf ;fyL dWo] s]xLn] tSdf / lje"if0f kfpFbf tL
;fyLx?nfO{ aflx/ aflx/ t awfO{ 5 ldq, tkfO{sf] ;xL d"NofËg eof] eg]/
d d';'Ss xfF:y]F, t/ pgsf] 5ftLdf tL tSdf / lje"if0f b]Vbf rflxF leq leq}
dnfO{ klg O{iof{ nfUbYof] . tL; jif{ sfd u/]/ klg Pp6f klg tSdf kfpg
;lsg eg]/ dg lvGg agfP/ a:y]F . d]/f ;'k/efOh/k|lt klg å]ifefjgf
hfUYof] . O{iof{ / å]if ;+u;+u} pTkGg x'g] /x]5 .
To;kl5 d cfWoflTds k':tsx? k9\g / tL k':tsdf n]lvPsf ljifodf
lrGtg dgg ug{ yfn]F . t/ Wofgefjgf rflxF u/]sf] lyOg . ;fyLx?;+u a]nf
df}sfdf tL k9]sf ljifoa:t'df d 5nkmn ug{] uy{]F . s]xL jif{kl5 Ps} Aofrsf
;fyLx? dWo] w]/}hgf ;fyLx? pk;lrjsf] kbdf kbf]Gglt x'g'eof] clg d
nufotsf s]xL ;fyLx? rflxF Tof] df}sfaf6 jl~rt eof}F . d]/f] cfkm\gf]
kbf]Gglt gx'Fbf s]xL g/dfOnf] nfUof], t/ tL kbf]Gglt k|fKt ePsf ;fyLnfO{
b]Vbf rflxF d]/f] dgdf s'g} O{iof{ pTkGg ePg . a? pgLx?sf] k|ultdf d]/f]
dg v'zL eof] . sd;]sd d]/f ;fyLx?n] of] df}sf kfpg' eof], /fd|} eof] eGg]
nfUof] .
Wofgefjgfsf] lgoldt cEof;kl5 O{iof{df pNn]vgLo ?kdf x|f; cfpg] /x]5
. d;+u} sfd u/]sf Pshgf ldq :jf:Yo ;DalGw o'=P;=P=cfO=l8=sf] Pp6f
7"nf] k|f]h]S6sf] k|d'v ePsf] s'/f ;'Gbf dnfO{ clnslt klg O{iof{ ePg a?
tL ldqnfO{ e]6fF} e]6fF} h:tf] nfUof] . xfdLx?sxfF a9'jf x'g]n] ef]h v'jfpg]
rng 5 . cem ef]h slxn] v'jfpg] < eg]/ ;fyLx? s/fpg yfN5g\ . t/
140
Wofgefjgf kl5 t To:tf ;fyLnfO{ Ps 5fs ePklg vfgf v'jfpmF v'jfpFm
h:tf] nfUg] /x]5 . Ps k6s kbf]Gglt ePsf Pshgf ldqnfO{ d}n] g} ;+u}
vfgf vfg] k|:tfj u/]+ . jxfFn] klg ;lhn} :jLsfg'{ eof] . xfdL b'a}hgfn]
ljutsf ;'vb'Mv ;f6\b} ;+u} vfgf vfof}F . n x} ;fyL, of] k6ssf] vfgfsf]
k};f rflxF d lt5'{ x} Û egL v'zLn] k};f lt/]F . tL ;fyLsf] k|ult b]Vbf d]/f]
dg lgs} v'zL -k|df]b_ eof] . yf]/} k};fdf w]/} v'zL lsGg d ;kmn ePF .
c?n] k|fKt u/]sf] 1fgsf] klg O{iof{ nfUbf] /x]5 . d]/f] ;fyLsf jif{df @—#
j6f cg';GwfgfTds n]vx? cGt/fli6|o hg{ndf 5flkGy] . t/ d]/f] n]v rflxF
@—# aif{sf cGt/fndf aNntNn Pp6f 5flkGYof] . d pgsf / d]/f n]vaLr
t'ngf uy]{F . km]l/ 1fgsf b[li6sf]0fn] t jxfFsf s[ltx? rflxF cAan, clg d]/f
rflxF 7Ls 7Ls} . jxfF;+u s]xL k|f]h]S6df ;+u} sfd klg u/]F, t/ klg jxfFsf]
Tof] ljZn]if0f ug{] / cg';GwfgfTds l/kf]6{ n]Vg] ;Lk g} w]/} /fd|f] . jxfFsf]
1fg / lzNk b]Vbf d]/f] dgdf O{iof{ nfUYof] .
d}n] d'lbtf Wofgefjgfsf] ;fwgf u/]sf] 5}g . s]jn cfgfkfg / ;ltk7\7fg
Wofgefjgf dfq u5'{ . clxn] d]/f] O{iof{ ug{] cfbt z"Go t ePsf] 5}g t/
z"Gosf] ghLs k'u]sf] 5 . sf/0f d / jxfFsf n]vaLr d clxn] t'ngf ulb{g
. d]/f s[lt gf:kflt clg jxfFsf rflxF cfFk . cfFk / gf:kflt aLr t'ngf x'Fb}g
. km]l/ b'a}sf] 1fgsf] bfo/f g} km/s km/s . ha d}n] t'ngf ug{ 5f8]F, tab]lv
tL ;fyLsf] k|sfzgsf] km]xl/:t x]bf{ dnfO{ O{iof{ nfUb}g, a? v'zL nfU5 .
klxnf klxnf d kmnfgfsf] 5f]/fn] olt sdfof], d]/f]n] rflxF s]xL u/]g, ;w}F
3/df dfq} a:5 . kmnfgfsf] af/Ldf oqf] sf]jL kmNof], d]/f]df rflxF kmn]g .
kmnfgfsf] 5f]/f 8fS6/ eof] d]/f] rflxF k;ndf sfd u5{ . d]/f ;fyLx? ;lrj
/ ;x;lrj eP, d eg] zfvf clws[t d} ;Lldt 5' eGy]F . kmnfgf] ;fyLn]
g]kfnL ;flxTosf !) j6f k':ts n]lv;Sof], d}n] eg] Pp6f sljtf;Dd
n]v]sf] 5}g . kmnfgf] ;fyLn] gofF uf8L lsGof], d]/f] rflxF !% aif{ k'/fgf] v6]/f]
. 3/leq klg efOn] b'O{ v]t /f]kL ;Sof], d}n] eg] Pp6f dfq . kmnfgfn] ^)
d'7f aLp sf8L ;Sof], d}n] eg] #) d'7f dfq . af6f] lx+8\bf klg d]/f ;fyL
dfly a/—lkknsf] rf}tf/Ldf k'lu;s], d eg] km]bLd} 5' . d]/f] ;fyLsf]
ægfOssf]Æ a|f08]8 h'Qf, clg d]/f] rflxF ToxL g]kfnL uf]N8:6f/ . ;'Tg] a]nfdf
141
klg kmnfgfsf] To:tf] dxFuf] knª, clg d]/f] rflxF oxL k'/fgf] vf6 cflb cflb
t'ngf dgdf cfO/xGYof] . d]/f] cfkm\gf] lbge/sf] lqmofsnfk x]bf{ laxfg
p7]b]lv glgbfP;Dd t'ngf g} t'ngf dfq ug{] /x]5' . o:t} dflg; aLr t'ngf
ub{} ub{}{ d}n] d]/f] b}lgsL latfPsf] /x]5' . t'ngf ubf{ hfg]/ xf];\ of ghfgL,
s]jn O{iof{ dfq hufpg] sfd u/]sf] /x]5' eGg] af]w eof] . dgdf Sn]z g}
Sn]z dfq hDdf u/]sf] /x]5' eGg] af]w eof] .
x/]s dflg;sf cg'xf/ km/s km/s x'G5g\ . k[YjLsf s/La cf7 va{ dflg;
dWo] s;}sf] klg sf]xL;+u cg'xf/ ldNb}g . pgLx? aLrsf] afgL—Aof]xf]/f klg
ldNb}g, an / a'l4 klg ldNb}g . x/]s dflg;sf] k|lt;lGw lj1fg klg km/s
km/s aGg] ub{5 . s;}sf] klg csf{] JolQm;+u ldNb}g . To;}n] PsnfO{ csf{];+u
t'ngf ug'{ g} a]sf/ xf] eGg] dnfO{ af]w eof] . o;/L t'ngf ubf{ of t cxÍf/
of O{iof{ a9\g] /x]5 . w]/} h;f] cj:yfdf O{iof{ / 8fxf g} a9\g] /x]5 . To;kl5
d}n] t'ngf ug{] sfd aGb ul/lbPF . xfdL cfFk / :ofpsf] t'ngf u5f}F, cfFk
cfFk} xf] / :ofp :ofp g}, b'a}sf] t'ngf x'Fb}g . d;+u Tolt al'4 5}g t/
Odfgbf/Ltf 5 . csf{] ;fyL;+u d]/f] eGbf a9L a'l4 5, t/ OdfGbfl/tf rflxF
sd . Tof] ;fyLsf] a'4Ln]] d]/f] OdfGbfl/tfsf] k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;St}g / d]/f]
OdfGbfl/tfn] pgsf] a'4Lsf] k|lt:yfkg klg ug{ ;St}g eGg] 1fg eof] . xfdL
b'O{ aLr t'ngf x'g ;St}g . olb O{iof{ x6fpg' 5 eg] t'ngf ug{] afgL aGb
ug'{kg{] /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] . cfkm"df h] 5 To;}df ;Gtf]if / cfgGb dfGg'
kg{] /x]5 . cfkmF}n] cfkm"nfO{ x]g{ l;Sg' kg{] /x]5, c?lt/ x]g{] xf]Og eGg] klg
af]w eof] . t'ngfn] c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{ x'g] /x]5 . t'ngfn] nf]e, O{iof{ /
cxÍf/ a9fpg] /x]5 . o;n] d]/f] dgdf Sn]z lbg k|ltlbg al[4 x'g] /x]5
eGg] klg cfkm\g} cg'ej / cg'e"ltaf6 af]w eof] .
^=@ d'lbtfsf] cEof;
ha d cfkm" 3/ kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf sdhf]/ ePsf] dxz'; u5'{ ta d leq
O{iof{ a9\g yfN5 . d cfkm" 8/fPsf] cj:yfdf klg O{iof{ a9\g yfN5 . d
cfkm}n] c?;+u t'ngf ubf{ jf k|ltikwf{ ubf{ cfkm" tn k/]sf] cj:yfdf klg
O{iof{ a9\g] /x]5 .

142
d'lbtf eg]sf] :jfy{ljxLg v'zL xf] . o;nfO{ ;xfg'e"ltk"0f{ v'zL klg elgG5
. c?sf] ;':jf:Yo, k|ult, pGglt / ljsfzdf cfkm" v'zL x'g' g} d'lbtf xf] .
d'lbtfn] k/f]ksf/L / ;fdflhs sfo{nfO{ klg hLjGt /fVg ;xof]u k'U5 .
d'lbtf / s?0ff b'a} c?sf] nflu eGbf cfkm\g} nflu xf] . c?sf] kL8f / xTof
b]Vbf d]/f] dgdf s?0fefjsf]] pTklQ x'G5 / Tof] kL8faf6 d'Qm ug{ cfkm\gf]
tkm{af6 ;Sbf] k|oTg u5'{ eg] Tof] s?0ff xf] . c?sf] pGgltdf cfkm" v'zL
x'g' rflxF d'lbtf xf] . of] rflxF c?sf] k|ult / v'zL b]Vbf cfkm" emg\ a9L v'zL
x'g] a|Xdljxf/ xf] . s?0ff / d'lbtf b'a}n] Ps csf{nfO{ ;xof]u -interface_
ub{5g\ . d'lbtf lgM:jfyL{ efjgf xf] . O{iof{ d'lbtfsf] æ6f9fsf] zq'Æ xf] .
d'lbtf / O{iof{ Ps} k6s pTkGg x'g ;St}gg\ . To;}n] O{iof{ x6fpg'5 eg]
d'lbtfsf] ;fwgf a9fpg'k5{ . d'lbtf a9fpg d}n] u/]sf s]xL cEof;
tkfO{x?sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu tn k|:t't u/]sf] 5' .
la=;+= @)@) ;fnlt/ g];'d :s"ndf dg axfb'/ nfdf gfd u/]sf Pshgf
k|wfgfWoks x'g'x'GYof] . jxfFn] w]/} dflg;nfO{ lzIff k|bfg ug'{eof] . jxfFn]
s/La $) jif{ Tof] :s"ndf k9fpg' eof] . c:yfoL u'Daf :yfkgf ug'{eof] /
w]/}nfO{ u'kmf a:g] df}sf klg k|bfg ug'{eof] . w]/}nfO{ a'4lzIff klg k|bfg
ug'{eof] . jxfFn] kl5 k|fOe]6 k9]/ P;Pn;L klg kf; ug'{eof] . d]/f] jxfFk|lt
c;Ld >4f lyof] . jxfFsf] k|ult x]bf{ ddf 8fxf xf]Og, a? v'zL pTkGg x'GYof]
. jxfFsf] gfddf s]xL u/f}F eGg] nflu/xGYof] . jxfFsf] k|ult x]bf{ cfkm"nfO{ v'zL
nfUbYof]F . s]xL gePklg jxfFsf] hGdhoGtL dgfcf}F eg]/ xfdL ljBfyL{
;fyLx? ldn]/ Pp6f ;+:yf :yfkgf u¥of}F . elnan k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf u/L
jxfFsf] gfddf k'/:sf/ lbg yflnof] . vf]O lsg xf] < dnfO{ dg axfb'/ ;/sf]
gfd lnFbf g} d]/f] dgdf cfgGb nfUb5 . d]/f] dgdf >4f / d'lbtf ;+u;+u}
pTkGg x'G5 . Tof] sfo{n] jxfFsf kl/jf/df hlt v'zL Nofof], Tof]eGbf a9L d
v'zL ePF . Tof] sfo{n] dnfO{ dfq xf]Og, ;f/f ufpFd} v'zL / cfgGbsf] ;+rf/
eof] . Pshgf ;fyLnfO{ of] k|:tfj ;'gfPsf] t d]/f] afaf / xh'/afn] Tof]
:s"n agfpg Tof]eGbf a9L of]ubfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] kf] eGg'eof] . d]/f] afsf]
gfddf lsg gagfPsf] < egL k|ltk|Zg ug'{eof] . d}n] a'lemuPF, tL ;fyLdf
8fxf /x]5 .

143
d]/f] 6f]ndf Pshgf (! aif{sf 8Ëf]n af x'g'x'G5 . jxfF pd]/, bhf{, cfWofTd,
/ ef}lts 1fg tyf ;DklQdf klg d eGbf w]/} dfly x'gx'G5 . of] pd]/df
klg jxfF cfkm\Gff] sfd cfkm} ug'{x'G5 . k'0osfo{ h:tf] bfg / k/f]ksf/ ug{
jxfF ;w} cl3 ;g'{x'GYof] . jxfFn] a'4d"lt{x? bfg ug'{eof] . jxfFdf lxGb" / af}4
aLr ;defj 5 . jxfF;+u d]/f] s'g} gftf lyPg . jxfF;+u d}n] lng'kg{] klg
s]xL lyPg . g t d}n] jxfFnfO{ s]xL lbg' g} lyof] . s'g} :jfy{ klg lyPg .
t/ klg vf]O{ s] sf/0fn] xf] < jxfFk|lt d]/f] lgs} 7"nf] >4f 5 . lgM:jfy{ efjn]
jxfFsf] nflu s]xL u/fF} eGg] efjgf knfof] . d'lbtf a9\b} uPkl5 la:tf/}
c?sf] v'zL x]g{ dg nfUbf] /x]5 . c?sf] v'zL x]bf{ cfkm" cem a9L v'zL eOg]
/x]5 . jxfFsf] cfWoflTds / ef}lts of]ubfgsf] k|z+;f ubf{ jxfF v'zL x'g'eof]
. clg jxfF v'zL x'Fbf d cem a9L v'zL eP . jxfFsf] Tof] :j0f{dxf]T;j dgfpFbf
jxfFdf cfPsf] v'zL jxfFsf kl/jf/ x'b} xfdL ;a} 6f]naf;Ldf ;+rf/ eof] .
elgG5, k'0o cg'df]bg ePkl5 Tof] c? w]/}hgfdf km}lnG5 . geGb} To:t} eof]
. Tof] sfo{kl5 etfe'Ë ePsf] 6f]ndf klg Pstfsf] efjgf knfof] . ;fyLefO
aLr klg ldqtf a9\of] . d'lbtfsf] aLpm d leq la:tf/} a9\b} uO/x]sf] cg'e"lt
eO/x]sf] 5 . ToxL sf/0fn] d}n] zflGt / cfgGb -kmn_ k|fKt ul//x]sf]5' .
d'lbtfn] w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd kmn lbg] /x]5 .
vf]6fËdf a:bf Pshgf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L x'g'x'GYof] . jxfF Hofb} ldng;f/
/ OdfGbf/ JolQm x'g'x'GYof] . nlntk'/df hGd]sf jxfFn] Tof] b'u{d lhNnf uP/
^ jif{ eGbf a9L ;]jf ug'{eof] . Ps k6s rfdnsf] s'kg cfkm} afF8\g' k¥of]
eg]/ ufpFdf hfFbf Pshgf dflg; l;l8of] b]v]/ efu] . l;l8of]n] xfdLnfO{
;dfpF5 egL tL /fzg lng cfPsf dflg; efu]sf /x]5g\ . jxfFn] o:tf]
7fpFdf sn]h vf]Ng kxn ug'{ eof], JolQmut ;xof]u klg ug'{eof] . rrf{df
cfpg grfxg] jxfF v'?v'? sfd rflxF ul//xg'x'GYof] . jxfF;+u d]/f] s'g} gftf
klg lyPg . jxfF;+u d}n] lng'kg{] klg s]xL lyPg . g t d}n] jxfFnfO{ s]xL
lbg' g} lyof] . ToxfF s'g} :jfy{ ufFl;Psf] klg lyPg . t/ klg vf]O{ s] sf/0fn]
xf] < jxfFk|lt d]/f] lgs} 7"nf] >4f lyof] . jxfFsf] k|ult x]bf{ d]/f] dgdf clnslt
klg O{iof{ hfu]g, a? lg:jfy{ efjn] jxfFsf] nflu s]xL u/f}F eGg] efjgf
knfof] . d}n] jxfFnfO{ clegGbg ub{}5' eg]F . kl5 jxfFn] dnfO{ clegGbg
rflxb}g, d}n] s] g} u/]sf] 5' / eGg'eof] . csf{] xKtf xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] af/]
144
hfgsf/L lng'eof] . d}n] :ki6 ?kn] elglbPF— tkfO{;+u s]xL lng' klg 5}g,
tkfO{nfO{ s]xL lbg'kg{] klg 5}g . tkfO{nfO{ v'zL ug{ eGbf klg d cfkm" v'zL
x'gnfO{ clegGbg ug{ nfu]sf] x'F xh'/ eg]F . d]/f] s'/f ;'g]/ jxfF 5Ss kg'{eof]
. vf]O{ s] nfUof] jxfFn] :jLs[lt hgfpg'eof] . kl/jf/ / Oi6ldqsf aLr
jxfFnfO{ 3/d} uP/ ;Ddfg ul/of] . jxfF / kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox? v'zL
x'g'eof] . axfFx? v'zL ePsf] b]Vbf d]/f] dg jxfFx?sf] eGbf cem a9L v'zL
eof] . vf]O{ s] ePsf] xf] < cfhsn d c? v'zL ePsf] b]Vbf emg} a9L v'zL
x'G5' . cfkm"n] kfpFbf eGbf c?n] kfpFbf d]/f] dg xif{ ljef]/ x'G5 . d}n] ;xL
a'emF] ls unt, Tof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . of] ;a}] d'lbtfsf sf/0f g} a9\b} uPsf]
xf] h:tf] nfU5 . d]/f] dg lxhf]cfh c?sf] ;'v / cfgGb x]g{ dg k/fpF5 .
d]/f l5d]sLdf w]/}h;f] g]jf/x? lyP . pgLx?sf] 3/df xKt}lkR5] ef]h x'GYof]
. d]/f] dg cln a9L nf]eL g} /x]5 . dnfO{ rflxF oL df]/fx?n] slt ef]h
vfPsf] h:tf] nfUbYof] . slt cGg kmfn]sf] h:tf] nfUYof] . w]/} kl5 dfq a'em]F
– of] ef]hn] ;dfhnfO{ afFw]/ /fVg] /x]5 . ldqtf a9fpg ;xof]u ug{] /x]5
. d}qLefj k|jw{g ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] /x]5 . vfgf vfP/ k|;Gg ePsf
dflg;x?sf] cg'xf/ b]Vbf dgdf 5'6\6} cfgGb nfUbf] /x]5 . lxhf]cfh dnfO{
of] s'/fsf] af]w ePsf] 5 . lxhf]cfh s'g} ;fyLsf] kbf]Gglt eof] eg] tL
;fyLnfO{ ef]h v'jfpg'xf];\ g elGbg . a? d cfkm} jxfFnfO{ zfsfxf/L ef]hg
v'jfpF5' . s;}n] /fli6|o jf cGt/fli6|o k'/:sf/ lht]sf] /x]5 eg] klg tL
;fyLnfO{ ef]h v'jfpmF v'jfpFm nfU5 . tL ;fyLx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] ;kmntf
b]Vbf d]/f] dg k|km'Nn x'G5 . pgLx? v'zL ePsf] b]Vbf d]/f] dg cem a9L
v'zL x'G5 .
^=# l;wf—gh/ ug{]
@)$% ;fnlt/ k|x/L tflnddf x'Fbf k|lzIfsn] xfdLnfO{ l;wf—gh/sf] cEof;
u/fpg'x'GYof] . Wofgefjgfsf] a]nf Tof] k'/fgf] cEof;sf] ofb cfof] . dfly
klg gx]g{] / tn klg gx]g{] Tof] cEof; cfWoflTds ;fwgfdf sfd nfUg] b]v]F
. cfkm";+u c?sf] t'ngf ugf{;fy ls t cfkm"df O{iof{ a9\5 ls t cxÍf/ .
cfkm"eGbf tn x]¥of]{ eg] nf} ;fyLx? t olt tn 5g\ t/ d rflxF oltdfly
k'u]5', d 7"nf] clkm;/, 7"nf] Jofkf/L, 7"nf] s[ifs ePF eGg] nfUbf] /x]5 .
145
o;af6 cfkm"df cxÍf/ a9\g] /x]5 . cfkm"eGbf dfly x]¥of] eg] nf} ;fyL t
ToxfF k'lu;Sg'ef] d eg] hxfFsf] txLF . cfkm"eGbf bfofFsf / afofFsf dflg;x?
x]bf{ klg k|ltikwf{ / k|ltåGb g} a9\g] /x]5 . logLx?n] dnfO{ lhT5g\ ls
h:tf] nfU5 . cfkm"lt/ dfq x]¥of] eg] Wofg cfkm}Fdf s]lGb|t x'g] /x]5 . c?sf]
lrof] rrf{] u¥of] eg]] dgdf O{iof{ a9\g] /x]5 . oL tLg Sn]z -O{iof{, k|ltåGb
/ cxÍf/_ x6fpgsf nflu l;wf gh/ ug{] cEof; cfWoflTds If]qsf] nflu
klg lgs} kmfObfsf/L x'g] /x]5 .
l;wf gh/ / l;wf 6fpsf] eof] eg] Psfu| x'g ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug] /x]5 . d]/f]
cfkm\gf] cg'ejdf Wofgsf] a]nf 6fpsf] lgx'l/of] eg] cfnZotf a9\g] /x]5,
lgGb|f nfUbf] /x]5 -lygld4_, csf{] tkm{ d'G6f] *%—() l8u|L eGbf dfly uof]
eg] jf a9L 7f8f] eof] eg] r~rntf a9\g] / dg a9L efUg] /x]5, d'G6f]
c/l/g] hf]lvd x'g] /x]5 . To;}n] l;wf gh/ Wofgefjgfsf] nflu pkof]uL x'g]
/x]5 . of] d]/f] lgtfGt JolQmut cg'ej xf] . d}n] of] s'/f k|x/L / ;]gfaf6
cfpg'ePsf ;fyLx?nfO{ klg eGg] u/]sf] 5' . t/ jxfFx? rflxF Tof] cg'zf;g
sfod /fVgsf nflu u/fpg' x'Fbf] /x]5 . jxfFx?df of] ;fwgfn] s:tf] c;/
u¥of], Tof] dnfO{ yfxf ePg . t/ dnfO{ eg] l;wf gh/n] cxÍf/ / O{iof{
36fpg lgs} ;xof]uL aGof] .

146
 cWofo ;ft

pkSn]z

pkSn]z eg]sf] gsf/fTds dfgl;s cj:yf xf] . oL Sn]zn] Wofgsf] qmddf

afwf k'¥ofpF5g\ . pkSn]z eg]sf] dfgl;s cz'4tfx¿ x'g\ . xfdL ;a}n]
;s];Dd rfF8f] oL afwf c8rgx¿ klxrfg ug{ / x6fpg h?/L x'G5 . olb
xfdLn] oL afwf c8rgx¿nfO{ l5§} lrGof}F eg] ltgLx¿n] sd dfq xfgL
u5{g\ . olb lognfO{ ;dodf lrGg ;lsPg eg] lgs} 7"nf] xfgL -c;/_ u5{g\
. eujfg a'4n] eGg'ePsf] h:t} — dfgf}+ xfdL;Fu kfgLn] el/Psf] srf}/f 5,
h;df xfdL cfkm\g} k|ltljDa x]g{ rfxG5f}, cfkm\g} dgsf] jf:tljs k|s[lt x]g{]
k|of; u5f}}{F . Tof] cfkm\g} k|ltljDa x]g{] k|lqmofdf b]xfosf afwf c8rgx¿
cfpF5g\ .
OlG›ohGo OR5f -sfdfR5Gb_ eg]sf] /Ën] el/Psf] kfgLh:t} xf], h;n] xfd|f
cg'e"lt / wf/0ffnfO{ /+uLg agfpF5 . o;n] dgnfO{ cem a]ujfg agfpF5 .
dgdf nf]e nfnrf cem a9fpF5 . xfdL a:t' / 36gfnfO{ oyf?kdf gb]vL
kf]ltPsf] /Ësf] cfwf/df dfq b]V5f}F . /+uLg rZdfaf6 tL 36gfx? b]V5f}F .
o;af6 dg e|ldt x'G5 . bf]>f], 3[0ff jf l/; -Jofkfb_ eg]sf] pdfn]sf] kfgL
h:t} xf] h;af6 klxn] cfkm} hNg] hf]lvd x'G5 . clg dfq o;n] c?nfO{
hnfpF5 . t]>f], lygld4 o:tf] kfgL xf] h;n] WofgefjgfnfO{ cufl8 a9\g
lbb}g, Wofg ug{] dflg;df cfn:otf hufpF5 . rf}yf], a]r}gL / kZrfQfk t]h
xfjfn] aufPsf] kfgL h:t} xf], h;n] xfdLnfO{ cufl8 / k5fl8 aufpF5, kf/
nfUg lbb}g . xfdL kfgLsf] e'd/Ldf k/]sf] dflg; em}+ j/Lk/L 3'D5f}F, kf}l8P/
aflx/ cfpg ;Sb}gf}F . clg kfFrf}F, z+sf rflxF o:tf] wldnf] -lxnf] ldl;Psf]_
kfgL h:t} xf] . o;n] xfd|f] b[li6nfO{ c:ki6 agfpF5 . xfdLnfO{ o;n] s'lx/f]sf]
sfu h:t} agfpF5 . of] zf:qLo 1fg klg pkof]uL /x]5 . oL dflysf afwf
c8rgx¿nfO{ x6fpgsf nflu xfdLn] lgDg efjgf ug'{k5{ .

147
wDdfg'kZogf eg]sf] dgdf pTkGg x'g] wd{x? x]g'{ xf] . dgdf sfdjf;gf 5
ls 5}g < Tof] x]g'{ xf] . dg r~rn 5 ls 5}g < Tof] x]g'{ xf] . dgdf cN5L
nfu]sf] 5 ls 5}g < Tof] x]g'{ xf] . lgb|f nfu]sf] 5 ls 5}g < Tof] x]g'{ xf] .
dgdf z+sf pkz+sf 5 5}g < Tof] x]g'{ xf] . dgdf l/; / 8/ 5 ls 5}g <
Tof] x]g'{ xf] . of] afx]s k~r:sGwnfO{ Wofgsf] a]nf cfkm}n] af]w u/L o;sf]
clgTo / cgfTdf :jefjnfO{ cfkm}n] hfGg' xf] .
oL kfFr lgj/0fx?n] xfd|f] dgnfO{ k|b'lift agfpF5g\ . ha;Dd dg cz'4
x'G5, Wofg ug]{ JolQmn] s'g} klg zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s k|lqmof dx;'; ug{
;Sb}g . ha dg Psfu| x'G5, ta dfq dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s k|lqmofsf] /fd|/L
cjnf]sg x'g ;S5 / Wofgefjgfdf k|j]zof]Uo x'G5 . Wofg ug]{ s|ddf kfFr
afwfx¿ dWo] ha s'g} Ps afwf pTkGg x'G5, ta To;sf]] af/]df ;r]t
x'g'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, d 3/df Wofgefjgf ubf{ kNnf] sf]7fdf ah]sf]
gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf] dL7f] uLt ;'G5' . d]/f] dg ToxL uLtlt/ tflgG5 . d]/f]
dg Wofgefjgflt/ hfFb}g . dnfO{ dL7f] uLt ;'lg/xg dg nfU5 . d
Wofgefjgf ub{}5' eGg] g} lal;{P/ ToxL uLtdf ?dlnG5' . Tof] uLt ;'Gg
rfxg' eg]sf] sfdfR5Gb jf a'em\g] efiffdf OlG›ohGo OR5f xf] . To;}n] 3/df
u/]sf] Wofgefjgfsf] k|efjsfl/tf s]xL sd x'g] /x]5 eGg] af]w ePsf] 5 .
ha;Dd d jLo{tf a9fpb}gy]+ / dgnfO{ alnof] agfpg ;lSbgy]F, ta;Dd
Tof] uLtn] dnfO{ afwf cj/f]w uYof]{ . Tof] uLtsf] no / cfjfh cfO/xGYof]
. slxn] slxn] d a]xf]zd} Tof] uLt ufO/xGy]F, Tof] dnfO{ yfxf g} x'b}gYof] .
d]/f] dg l:y/ / alnof] ePkl5 -jLo{tf_ Tof] uLt ;'Gg] OR5f x/fpg] /x]5 .
of] d]/f] Wofgsf] zq' xf] eGg] a'em]kl5 rflxF uLtk|ltsf] /fu x/fpg] /x]g5 .
To;kl5, of] uLtsf] sf/0f d]/f] dgnfO{ xlNng lbGg eGg] d}n] s8f c7f]6 -
determination_ u/]F . lj:tf/} Tof] uLtlt/ d]/f] dg tflgg 5f8\of] .

d klxnf klxnf Wofgefjgf ug{ hfFbf d]/f] z/L/ n7\7 x'GYof]], cN5L nfUYof],
lj:tf/} lgb|f klg nfUYof] . v'6\6f b'Vg' eGbf t a? n7\7 kg'{ 7Ls xf] h:tf]
nfUYof] . cfkm" n7\7 kbf{ dnfO{ v'zL nfUYof] . Tof] a]nf o;n] Wofgefjgf
lauf5{ eGg] s'/f dnfO{ yfxf g} lyPg . ha yfxf kfPF, To;l5 rflxF n7\7
x'g'eGbf t a? v'6\6f b'v]sf] g} hflt h:tf] nfUof] . sd;]sd d]/f] xf]z t

148
lalu|Pg . xf]zdf /xgs} nflu Wofgefjgf u/]sf], xf]z g} gePkl5, Tof] Wofg
g} ePg h:tf] nfUof] .
To:t} Jofkfbn] klg Wofgefjgfdf afwf k'¥ofpg] /x]5 . Wofgsf] a]nf d]/f]
dgdf w]/} hgfk|lt d}qLefj dfq knfof], l/; knfPg . a? klxnf klxnf
Wofgefjgf ubf{ d]/f] 9f8 / v'6\6f b'v]/ v'6\6} sfd nfUb}g ls eg]/ 8/ /
lrGtf rflxF nfUYof] . v'6\6f b'Vbf Jofkfb -å]if_ efjgf klg cfpFYof] .
Wofgefjgfsf] a]nf c?k|lt rflxF dnfO{ l/; p7]g . To;}n] Tof] Jofkfbsf]
cg'ej / cg'e"lt rflxF d}n] n]Vg ;lsg .
d Wofgefjgf ubf{ub{} emsfpg yfn]5' . v'6\6fsf] b'vfO{ vKg'eGbf t a? lg›f
nfu]s} /fd|f] eg]/ d dVv ky]{F . sd;]sd Tof] lgGb|fn] t dnfO{ cfgGb lbG5
eg]/ d emsfO{ emsfO{ Wofgefjgf uy{]F . w]/}kl5 dfq of] Wofgefjgfsf] zq'
xf] eGg] a'em]kl5 d emsfpg 5f8]F . emsfPsf] a]nf d]/f] 6fpsf] em's]sf] x'GYof]
. d'l:snn] 6fpsf] l;wf agfof], s]xLl5gdf km]l/ em'lsxfNYof] . ha dnfO{
lg›f nfUYof], ta dnfO{ ;'vb / b'vb ;Dj]bgf s]xL yfxf x'b}gYof] . dgdf
/fu, å]if s] hfUof], Tof] klg yfxf x'Fb}gYof] . g9fF6L eGbf cN5L / cfn:otf
jf lg›f d]/f] Wofgsf k'/fgf ldq lyP . tL ldqnfO{ aNn aNn zq' lsQfdf
k7fPsf] 5' . t}klg a]nf a]nf tL ldqn] dnfO{ b'Mv lbG5g\ . lgGb|f nfu]kl5
xf]z x'g] s'/} ePg, xf]z gePkl5 Sn]z 36fpg] s'/} ePg . Sn]zaf6 cs'zn
sd{ x'g] g} eP / d}n] ljkfs ef]Ug} kg{] g} eof] . ha;Dd d cfn:o / lg›fsf]
jf:tljs k|s[ltnfO{ a'‰g ;lStg, ta;Dd d oxL lygld4d} ?dlnb} hfg]
/x]5' eGg] af]w eof] . lxhf]cfh, ha dnfO{ lg›f nfUb}hfG5, ta d d]/f]
cEof;nfO{ yk s8f ug{yfN5' . d xf]zdf /xgsf nflu 6fpsf]nfO{ em'Sg
lbGg . cfFvfnfO{ yf]/} vf]n]/ x]5{' -3'F8f;Dd ;Dd b]lvg] u/L_ . o;f] ubf{ dnfO{
lgGb|f nfUb}g . d d]/f] dgnfO{ yk ;lqmo / ;ts{ agfpg yfN5' . jf:tadf
jLo{tf sd eP/ g} lgGb|f nfUg] /x]5 . t;y{ Wofg lbP/ -attentive_ /
pmhf{jfg eO{ lrQsf] cjnf]sg ug{]u5'{ . Wofgefjgf ubf{ jLo{tf / lygld4
aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{kg{] /x]5 . jLo{tf a9\of] eg] lygld4 36\g] /x]5 .
t/ jLo{tf rflxg] eGbf a9L a9\of] eg] of] dg a9L r~rn] x'g] /x]5, dg
a9L efUg] /x]5 . ;dflwdf a:g sl7g x'g] /x]5 . p4Rr eg]sf] g} dg a]r]}g
eO{ ljrlnt x'g' xf] / s's'Rr eg]sf] rflxF kZrfQfk xf] . oxfF p4Rrsf] cy{
149
dgsf] Jofs'ntf, dgsf] r~rntf, dgsf] e6\sg] :jefj xf] . dg a9L] efUg]
cj:yf xf] . ha d]/f] dgn] Wofgsf] a]nf Zjf; jf ;Dj]bgfdf Wofg lbg'sf]
;§f cGo s'g} s'/fsf] af/]df ;f]Rb5, Tof] a]nf d]/f] dgdf a]r}g x'GYof] . Tof]
g} p4Rr /x]5 . cEof;sf] ;'?df dnfO{ dg ef}tfl/Psf] klg yfxf lyPg .
dnfO{ nfUbYof] d]/f] Wofg Tof]] a:t'df a;]sf] 5 . t/ c? a:t'df dg ef}tfl/g'
klg Wofg lalu|g' /x]5 . d]/f] Tof] a]nf xf]z sd ePsf] /x]5 . Tof] p4Rr
s's'RrnfO{ x6fpgsf nflu d}n] Zjf; k|Zjf;nfO{ a9L ;r]ttfsf ;fy x]/F] .
ha d]/f] Zjf; k|Zjf;sf] cjnf]sg sdhf]/ x'GYof], ToxL a]nf d]/f] dg a9L
r~rn] x'GYof] / dg a9L Aofs'n x'GYof] . dg a9L efUYof] . ha dnfO{ d]/f]
dg ef}tfl/Psf] 5 eGg] af]w x'GYof], km]l/ klg d cfgfkfg a9fpFy]F / dg
ef}tfl/gaf6 hf]ufpy]F .
kfFrf}+ afwf ljlrlsRrf jf z+sf xf] . dnfO{{ a'4, wd{, ;+3 / ljkZogf
Wofgefjgfdf k"0f{ ljZjf; 5 . To;}n] d]/f] dgdf z+sf rflxF 5}g . d;+u
Wofgefjgfdf >4f ePs}n] d]/f] dgdf ljlrlsRrf gu0o dfq 5 . dnfO{
Wofgefjgfsf] s'g} kIfdf zÍf pTkGg eof] eg] Tof] s'/fnfO{ Wofgk"j{s
cjnf]sg u5'{, lrGtg dgg u5{', cfkm}F pQ/ vf]Hglt/ nfU5' / cfkm}
cfr/0fdf k|of]u u5'{ . To;af6} d pQ/ k|fKt u5'{ . clxn];Dd eGt] /
cfrfo{Ho"nfO{ vf;} ;f]Wg' k/]sf] 5}g . d]/f] dgdf s'g} z+sf pTkGg ePsf]
klg 5}g . eGt] / cfrfo{Ho";+u ;f]Wg' eGbf cfkm} hfGg] k|lqmof ckgfpg'
/fd|f] xf] . o;af6 cfkm\g} k|1f hfUg] /x]5 . ;fk6L lnPsf] 1fg Tolt sfd
nfUb}g .

ejt' ;Aa d+und\

150