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About the Author
J. N. Reddy, Ph.D., is the Oscar S. Wyatt Endowed Chair Professor, a
Distinguished Professor, and a Regents Professor of Mechanical Engineering
at Texas A&M University. He is a highly cited researcher with an h-index of
100 (per Google Scholar) and the author of 21 books and over 650 journal
papers. Dr. Reddy is known worldwide for his significant contributions to the
field of applied mechanics for more than 40 years through the authorship of
widely used textbooks on linear and nonlinear finite element analysis,
variational methods, composite materials and structures, and continuum
mechanics. His pioneering work on the development of shear deformation
theories that bear his name in the literature, the Reddy third-order plate
theory and the Reddy layerwise theory, has had a major impact and led to
new research developments and applications. Some of his ideas on shear
deformation and on penalty finite element models of fluid flows have been
implemented in commercial finite element computer programs like
ABAQUS, NISA, and HyperXtrude. Dr. Reddy is a Fellow of all major
professional societies of engineering (ASME, AIAA, ASCE, AAM, ASC,
USACM, IACM), and has received top mechanics medals from these and
other societies (ASME Medal, Raymond D. Mindlin Medal, Theodore von
Karman Medal, John von Neumann Medal, William Prager Medal, O. C.
Zienkiewicz Medal). He is a Member of the U.S. National Academy of
Engineering and a Foreign Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering,
Indian National Academy of Engineering, and Brazilian National Academy
of Engineering. For additional details, visit http://mechanics.tamu.edu.
That which is not given is lost.
Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as
permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or
stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission
of the publisher.

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To my teachers and students everywhere,
who taught me all that I know.
Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Symbols and Conversion Factors

1 General Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Mathematical Model Development
1.3 Numerical Simulations
1.4 The Finite Element Method
1.4.1 The Basic Idea
1.4.2 The Basic Features
1.4.3 Some Remarks
1.4.4 A Brief Review of the History of the Finite Element Method
1.5 The Present Study
1.6 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading

2 Mathematical Preliminaries and Classical Variational Methods

2.1 General Introduction
2.1.1 Variational Principles and Methods
2.1.2 Variational Formulations
2.1.3 Need for Weighted-Integral Statements
2.2 Some Mathematical Concepts and Formulae
 2.2.1 Coordinate Systems and the Del Operator
2.2.2 Boundary Value, Initial Value, and Eigenvalue Problems
2.2.3 Integral Identities
2.2.4 Matrices and Their Operations
2.3 Energy and Virtual Work Principles
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Work and Energy
2.3.3 Strain Energy and Strain Energy Density
2.3.4 Total Potential Energy
2.3.5 Virtual Work
2.3.6 The Principle of Virtual Displacements
2.3.7 The Principle of Minimum Total Potential Energy
2.3.8 Castigliano’s Theorem I
2.4 Integral Formulations of Differential Equations
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Residual Function
2.4.3 Methods of Making the Residual Zero
2.4.4 Development of Weak Forms
2.4.5 Linear and Bilinear Forms and Quadratic Functionals
2.4.6 Examples of Weak Forms and Quadratic Functionals
2.5 Variational Methods
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 The Ritz Method
2.5.3 The Method of Weighted Residuals
2.6 Equations of Continuum Mechanics
2.6.1 Preliminary Comments
2.6.2 Heat Transfer
2.6.3 Fluid Mechanics
2.6.4 Solid Mechanics
2.7 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading

3 1-D Finite Element Models of Second-Order Differential Equations

3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Preliminary Comments
3.1.2 Desirable Features of an Effective Computational Method
3.1.3 The Basic Features of the Finite Element Method
3.2 Finite Element Analysis Steps
3.2.1 Preliminary Comments
3.2.2 Discretization of a System
3.2.3 Derivation of Element Equations: Finite Element Model
3.3 Finite Element Models of Discrete Systems
3.3.1 Linear Elastic Spring
3.3.2 Axial Deformation of Elastic Bars
3.3.3 Torsion of Circular Shafts
3.3.4 Electrical Resistor Circuits
3.3.5 Fluid Flow Through Pipes
3.3.6 One-Dimensional Heat Transfer
3.4 Finite Element Models of Continuous Systems
3.4.1 Preliminary Comments
3.4.2 Model Boundary Value Problem
3.4.3 Derivation of Element Equations: The Finite Element Model
3.4.4 Assembly of Element Equations
3.4.5 Imposition of Boundary Conditions and Condensed
Equations
3.4.6 Postprocessing of the Solution
3.4.7 Remarks and Observations
3.5 Axisymmetric Problems
3.5.1 Model Equation
3.5.2 Weak Form
3.5.3 Finite Element Model
3.6 Errors in Finite Element Analysis
3.6.1 Types of Errors
3.6.2 Measures of Errors
3.6.3 Convergence and Accuracy of Solutions
3.7 Summary
Problems
 References for Additional Reading

4 Applications to 1-D Heat Transfer and Fluid and Solid Mechanics

Problems
4.1 Preliminary Comments
4.2 Heat Transfer
4.2.1 Governing Equations
4.2.2 Finite Element Equations
4.2.3 Numerical Examples
4.3 Fluid Mechanics
4.3.1 Governing Equations
4.3.2 Finite Element Model
4.4 Solid and Structural Mechanics
4.4.1 Preliminary Comments
4.4.2 Finite Element Model of Bars and Cables
4.4.3 Numerical Examples
4.5 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading

5 Finite Element Analysis of Beams and Circular Plates

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Euler–Bernoulli Beam Element
5.2.1 Governing Equation
5.2.2 Discretization of the Domain
5.2.3 Weak-Form Development
5.2.4 Approximation Functions
5.2.5 Derivation of Element Equations (Finite Element Model)
5.2.6 Assembly of Element Equations
5.2.7 Imposition of Boundary Conditions and the Condensed
Equations
5.2.8 Postprocessing of the Solution
5.2.9 Numerical Examples
5.3 Timoshenko Beam Elements
 5.3.1 Governing Equations
5.3.2 Weak Forms
5.3.3 General Finite Element Model
5.3.4 Shear Locking and Reduce Integration
5.3.5 Consistent Interpolation Element (CIE)
5.3.6 Reduced Integration Element (RIE)
5.3.7 Numerical Examples
5.4 Axisymmetric Bending of Circular Plates
5.4.1 Governing Equations
5.4.2 Weak Form
5.4.3 Finite Element Model
5.5 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading

6 Plane Trusses and Frames

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Analysis of Trusses
6.2.1 The Truss Element in the Local Coordinates
6.2.2 The Truss Element in the Global Coordinates
6.3 Analysis of Plane Frame Structures
6.3.1 Introductory Comments
6.3.2 General Formulation
6.3.3 Euler–Bernoulli Frame Element
6.3.4 Timoshenko Frame Element Based on CIE
6.3.5 Timoshenko Frame Element Based on RIE
6.4 Inclusion of Constraint Conditions
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Lagrange Multiplier Method
6.4.3 Penalty Function Approach
6.4.4 A Direct Approach
6.5 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading
7 Eigenvalue and Time-Dependent Problems in 1-D
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Equations of Motion
7.2.1 One-Dimensional Heat Flow
7.2.2 Axial Deformation of Bars
7.2.3 Bending of Beams: The Euler–Bernoulli Beam Theory
7.2.4 Bending of Beams: The Timoshenko Beam Theory
7.3 Eigenvalue Problems
7.3.1 General Comments
7.3.2 Physical Meaning of Eigenvalues
7.3.3 Reduction of the Equations of Motion to Eigenvalue
Equations
7.3.4 Eigenvalue Problem: Buckling of Beams
7.3.5 Finite Element Models
7.3.6 Buckling of Beams
7.4 Transient Analysis
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Semidiscrete Finite Element Model of a Single Model
Equation
7.4.3 The Timoshenko Beam Theory
7.4.4 Parabolic Equations
7.4.5 Hyperbolic Equations
7.4.6 Explicit and Implicit Formulations and Mass Lumping
7.4.7 Examples
7.5 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading

8 Numerical Integration and Computer Implementation

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Numerical Integration
8.2.1 Preliminary Comments
8.2.2 Natural Coordinates
8.2.3 Approximation of Geometry
 8.2.4 Parametric Formulations
8.2.5 Numerical Integration
8.3 Computer Implementation
8.3.1 Introductory Comments
8.3.2 General Outline
8.3.3 Preprocessor
8.3.4 Calculation of Element Matrices (Processor)
8.3.5 Assembly of Element Equations (Processor)
8.3.6 Imposition of Boundary Conditions (Processor)
8.3.7 Solution of Equations and Postprocessing
8.4 Applications of Program FEM1D
8.4.1 General Comments
8.4.2 Illustrative Examples
8.5 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading

9 Single-Variable Problems in Two Dimensions

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Boundary Value Problems
9.2.1 The Model Equation
9.2.2 Finite Element Discretization
9.2.3 Weak Form
9.2.4 Vector Form of the Variational Problem
9.2.5 Finite Element Model
9.2.6 Derivation of Interpolation Functions
9.2.7 Evaluation of Element Matrices and Vectors
9.2.8 Assembly of Element Equations
9.2.9 Post-computations
9.2.10 Axisymmetric Problems
9.3 Modeling Considerations
9.3.1 Exploitation of Solution Symmetries
9.3.2 Choice of a Mesh and Mesh Refinement
9.3.3 Imposition of Boundary Conditions
 9.4 Numerical Examples
9.4.1 General Field Problems
9.4.2 Conduction and Convection Heat Transfer
9.4.3 Axisymmetric Systems
9.4.4 Fluid Mechanics
9.4.5 Solid Mechanics
9.5 Eigenvalue and Time-Dependent Problems
9.5.1 Finite Element Formulation
9.5.2 Parabolic Equations
9.5.3 Hyperbolic Equations
9.6 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading

10 2-D Interpolation Functions, Numerical Integration, and Computer

Implementation
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Interpolation Functions
10.1.2 Numerical Integration
10.1.3 Program FEM2D
10.2 2-D Element Library
10.2.1 Pascal’s Triangle for Triangular Elements
10.2.2 Interpolation Functions for Triangular Elements Using
Area Coordinates
10.2.3 Interpolation Functions Using Natural Coordinates
10.2.4 The Serendipity Elements
10.3 Numerical Integration
10.3.1 Preliminary Comments
10.3.2 Coordinate Transformations
10.3.3 Numerical Integration over Master Rectangular Element
10.3.4 Integration over a Master Triangular Element
10.4 Modeling Considerations
10.4.1 Preliminary Comments
10.4.2 Element Geometries
 10.4.3 Mesh Refinements
10.4.4 Load Representation
10.5 Computer Implementation and FEM2D
10.5.1 Overview of Program FEM2D
10.5.2 Preprocessor
10.5.3 Element Computations (Processor)
10.5.4 Applications of FEM2D
10.5.5 Illustrative Examples
10.6 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading

11 Flows of Viscous Incompressible Fluids

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Governing Equations
11.3 Velocity–Pressure Formulation
11.3.1 Weak Formulation
11.3.2 Finite Element Model
11.4 Penalty Function Formulation
11.4.1 Preliminary Comments
11.4.2 Formulation of the Flow Problem as a Constrained
Problem
11.4.3 Lagrange Multiplier Model
11.4.4 Penalty Model
11.4.5 Time Approximation
11.5 Computational Aspects
11.5.1 Properties of the Matrix Equations
11.5.2 Choice of Elements
11.5.3 Evaluation of Element Matrices in the Penalty Model
11.5.4 Post-computation of Stresses
11.6 Numerical Examples
11.7 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading
12 Plane Elasticity
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Governing Equations
12.2.1 Plane Strain
12.2.2 Plane Stress
12.2.3 Summary of Equations
12.3 Virtual Work and Weak Formulations
12.3.1 Preliminary Comments
12.3.2 Principle of Virtual Displacements in Vector Form
12.3.3 Weak-Form Formulation
12.4 Finite Element Model
12.4.1 General Comments
12.4.2 FE Model Using the Vector Form
12.4.3 FE Model Using Weak Form
12.4.4 Eigenvalue and Transient Problems
12.4.5 Evaluation of Integrals
12.4.6 Assembly of Finite Element Equations
12.4.7 Post-computation of Strains and Stresses
12.5 Elimination of Shear Locking in Linear Elements
12.5.1 Background
12.5.2 Modification of the Stiffness Matrix of Linear Finite
Elements
12.6 Numerical Examples
12.7 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading

13 3-D Finite Element Analysis

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Heat Transfer
13.2.1 Preliminary Comments
13.2.2 Governing Equations
13.2.3 Weak Form
13.2.4 Finite Element Model
13.3 Flows of Viscous Incompressible Fluids
13.3.1 Governing Equations
13.3.2 Weak Forms
13.3.3 Finite Element Model
13.4 Elasticity
13.4.1 Governing Equations
13.4.2 Principle of Virtual Displacements
13.4.3 Finite Element Model
13.5 Element Interpolation Functions and Numerical Integration
13.5.1 Fully Discretized Models and Computer Implementation
13.5.2 Three-Dimensional Finite Elements
13.5.3 Numerical Integration
13.6 Numerical Examples
13.7 Summary
Problems
References for Additional Reading

Index
Preface to the Fourth Edition

The most important step in the analysis of any system or component thereof
is an understanding of its functionalities (i.e., knowing the goal of the study),
identification of the domain and its material constitution, stimuli placed on
the system, and boundary conditions. Consistent with the goal of the study,
one selects an appropriate mathematical model (i.e., set of equations that
govern the response of the system). The selection of a realistic mathematical
model is directly connected to the ability to convert it into a numerical model
which preserves the physical features that the mathematical model embodies
and enables us to systematically evaluate various parameters of the system.
Numerical simulations aid the selection of designs and manufacturing
processes in such a way as to maximize the reliable functionality of products
and minimize the cost of production, distribution, and repairs.
Mathematical models are developed using laws of physics and
assumptions concerning a system’s behavior. Courses taken during their
studies on continuum mechanics, materials science, experimental methods,
and dynamical systems, among others, provide engineers with the theoretical
background needed to formulate suitable mathematical models and
understand the behavior of some simple systems. On the other hand, courses
on numerical methods prepare them to see how the mathematical models are
translated into engineering solutions. In addition, in cases where physical
experiments are prohibitively expensive, numerical simulations are the only
alternative, especially when the phenomena are governed by differential
equations with variable coefficients, to evaluate various design and
manufacturing options. It is in this context that a course on the finite element
method proves to be very useful.
The present book, Introduction to the Finite Element Method, first
published in 1984, is an introduction to the method as applied to linear, one-
and two-dimensional problems of engineering and applied sciences. The
method is introduced via a number of commonly encountered differential
equations that arise in various specialties of science and engineering. One of
the main features of the book is that the method is presented in its most
general form (i.e., not as a method only for structural engineers) so that
engineers and scientists from all disciplines can understand the steps involved
in converting differential equations into a suitable set of algebraic equations
among variables of interest. In doing this, simple explanations of both the
physics involved and mathematics needed are given priority over problem
complexity. Another strong feature of the book is to make the reader think
about and understand the material, rather than memorize and “plug and
chug.” Various editions of the book have been adopted by many academic
institutions in the United States and around the world, and it has been used by
a countless number of students, engineers, and researchers for three
generations.
The present edition closely resembles its immediate previous edition. The
main changes are the addition of material on work and energy methods in
Chapter 2, additional explanation in Chapter 3 on how to set up element
equations using physical principles but without differential equations,
additional examples of heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and solid mechanics
problems in Chapter 4, applications to circular plates in Chapter 5, expansion
of the material on trusses and frames in Chapter 6, and expanded material on
viscous flows, elasticity, and 3-D finite elements in Chapters 11, 12, and 13,
respectively. In the present edition, the chapter on plate bending is omitted
because it is an advanced topic for a first course (and there is more than
enough material to cover in a first course). Every chapter has undergone
changes in terms of explanation, examples, and exercise problems. The book
is largely self-contained, and it may be used as a textbook for a first course
on the finite element method at undergraduate and graduate levels. A
solutions manual has also been prepared for the book, and it is available from
the publisher to certified teachers who adopt the book as a text. Fortran and
MATLAB source codes used in the book (FEM1D and FEM2D) and their
executable programs with example data files are available, free of charge,
from the author’s website, http://mechanics.tamu.edu.
Since the publication of the first to the third editions, many users of the
book have communicated their compliments as well as errors they found, for
which the author thanks them. All of the errors known to the author have
been corrected in the current edition. Manuscript of this edition was
proofread by Archana Arbind, Parisa Khodabakhshi, Jinseok Kim, Namhee
Kim, and Michael Powell; the author is grateful for their help and
constructive comments. The author also thanks the following professional
colleagues, among many others, for their friendship, encouragement, and
constructive comments on the book over the years:

Hasan Akay, Purdue University at Indianapolis

David Allen, Texas A&M University, College Station
Narayana Aluru, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Marcilio Alves, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Marco Amabili, McGill University, Canada
Ronald Averill, Michigan State University
Ted Belytschko, Northwestern University
K. Chandrashekara, Missouri University of Science and Technology
A. Ecer, Purdue University at Indianapolis
Antonio Ferreira, University of Porto, Portugal
Somnath Ghosh, Johns Hopkins University
S. Gopalakrishna, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Antonio Grimaldi, University of Rome II, Italy
Norman Knight, Jr., Clemson University
Filis Kokkinos, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece
A. V. Krishna Murty, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
R. Krishna Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
H. S. Kushwaha, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India
K. Y. Lam, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
J. K. Lee, Ohio State University
K. M. Liew, City University of Hong Kong
C. W. Lim, City University of Hong Kong
Franco Maceri, University of Rome II, Italy
C. S. Manohar, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Antonio Miravete, Zaragoza University, Spain
J. T. Oden, University of Texas at Austin
Alan Palazzolo, Texas A&M University
P. C. Pandey, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Glaucio Paulino, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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 BEG-INNISH

Bring Kateen-beug and Maurya Jude

To dance in Beg-Innish,
And when the lads (they’re in Dunquin)
Have sold their crabs and fish,
Wave fawny shawls and call them in,
And call the little girls who spin,
And seven weavers from Dunquin,
To dance in Beg-Innish.

I’ll play you jigs, and Maurice Kean,

Where nets are laid to dry,
I’ve silken strings would draw a dance
From girls are lame or shy;
Four strings I’ve brought from Spain and France
To make your long men skip and prance,
Till stars look out to see the dance
Where nets are laid to dry.

We’ll have no priest or peeler in

To dance in Beg-Innish;
But we’ll have drink from M’riarty Jim
Rowed round while gannets fish,
A keg with porter to the brim,
That every lad may have his whim,
Till we up sails with M’riarty Jim
And sail from Beg-Innish.
 EPITAPH
After reading Ronsard’s lines from Rabelais

If fruits are fed on any beast

Let vine-roots suck this parish priest,
For while he lived, no summer sun
Went up but he’d a bottle done,
And in the starlight beer and stout
Kept his waistcoat bulging out.

Then Death that changes happy things

Damned his soul to water springs.
THE PASSING OF THE SHEE
After looking at one of A. E.’s pictures

Adieu, sweet Angus, Maeve, and Fand,

Ye plumed yet skinny Shee,
That poets played with hand in hand
To learn their ecstasy.

We’ll stretch in Red Dan Sally’s ditch,

And drink in Tubber fair,
Or poach with Red Dan Philly’s bitch
The badger and the hare.
 ON AN ANNIVERSARY
After reading the dates in a book of Lyrics.

With Fifteen-ninety or Sixteen-sixteen

We end Cervantes, Marot, Nashe or Green:
Then Sixteen-thirteen till two score and nine,
Is Crashaw’s niche, that honey-lipped divine.
And so when all my little work is done
They’ll say I came in Eighteen-seventy-one,
And died in Dublin.... What year will they write
For my poor passage to the stall of night?
TO THE OAKS OF GLENCREE

My arms are round you, and I lean

Against you, while the lark
Sings over us, and golden lights, and green
Shadows are on your bark.

There’ll come a season when you’ll stretch

Black boards to cover me:
Then in Mount Jerome I will lie, poor wretch,
With worms eternally.
 A QUESTION

I asked if I got sick and died, would you

With my black funeral go walking too,
If you’d stand close to hear them talk or pray
While I’m let down in that steep bank of clay.

And, No, you said, for if you saw a crew

Of living idiots pressing round that new
Oak coffin—they alive, I dead beneath
That board—you’d rave and rend them with your teeth.
 DREAD

Beside a chapel I’d a room looked down,

Where all the women from the farms and town,
On Holy-days and Sundays used to pass
To marriages, and christenings, and to Mass.

Then I sat lonely watching score and score,

Till I turned jealous of the Lord next door....
Now by this window, where there’s none can see,
The Lord God’s jealous of yourself and me.
 IN GLENCULLEN

Thrush, linnet, stare and wren,

Brown lark beside the sun,
Take thought of kestril, sparrow-hawk,
Birdlime and roving gun.

You great-great-grand-children
Of birds I’ve listened to,
I think I robbed your ancestors
When I was young as you.
I’VE THIRTY MONTHS

I’ve thirty months, and that’s my pride,

Before my age’s a double score,
Though many lively men have died
At twenty-nine or little more.

I’ve left a long and famous set

Behind some seven years or three,
But there are millions I’d forget
Will have their laugh at passing me.

25, ix, 1908.

 EPITAPH

A silent sinner, nights and days,

No human heart to him drew nigh,
Alone he wound his wonted ways,
Alone and little loved did die.

And autumn Death for him did choose,

A season dank with mists and rain,
And took him, while the evening dews
Were settling o’er the fields again.
 PRELUDE

Still south I went and west and south again,

Through Wicklow from the morning till the night,
And far from cities, and the sights of men,
Lived with the sunshine, and the moon’s delight.

I knew the stars, the flowers, and the birds,

The grey and wintry sides of many glens,
And did but half remember human words,
In converse with the mountains, moors, and fens.
 IN MAY

In a nook
That opened south,
You and I
Lay mouth to mouth.

A snowy gull
And sooty daw
Came and looked
With many a caw;

“Such,” I said,
“Are I and you,
When you’ve kissed me
Black and blue!”
 ON A BIRTHDAY

Friend of Ronsard, Nashe, and Beaumont,

Lark of Ulster, Meath, and Thomond,
Heard from Smyrna and Sahara
To the surf of Connemara,
Lark of April, June, and May,
Sing loudly this my Lady-day.
 WINTER
With little money in a great city

There’s snow in every street

Where I go up and down,
And there’s no woman, man, or dog
That knows me in the town.

I know each shop, and all

These Jews, and Russian Poles,
For I go walking night and noon
To spare my sack of coals.
 THE CURSE.
To a sister of an enemy of the author’s
who disapproved of “The Playboy.”

Lord, confound this surly sister,

Blight her brow with blotch and blister,
Cramp her larynx, lung, and liver,
In her guts a galling give her.

Let her live to earn her dinners

In Mountjoy with seedy sinners:
Lord, this judgment quickly bring,
And I’m your servant, J. M. Synge.
TRANSLATIONS FROM
PETRARCH
 SONNETS FROM “LAURA IN
DEATH”

LAURA BEING DEAD, PETRARCH

FINDS TROUBLE IN ALL THE
THINGS OF THE EARTH
Life is flying from me, not stopping an hour, and Death is making
great strides following my track. The days about me and the days
passed over me, are bringing me desolation, and the days to come
will be the same surely.
All things that I am bearing in mind, and all things I am in dread of,
are keeping me in troubles, in this way one time, in that way another
time, so that if I wasn’t taking pity on my own self it’s long ago I’d
have given up my life.
If my dark heart has any sweet thing it is turned away from me, and
then farther off I see the great winds where I must be sailing. I see
my good luck far away in the harbour, but my steersman is tired out,
and the masts and the ropes on them are broken, and the beautiful
lights where I would be always looking are quenched.
 HE ASKS HIS HEART TO RAISE
ITSELF
UP TO GOD
What is it you’re thinking, lonesome heart? For what is it you’re
turning back ever and always to times that are gone away from you?
For what is it you’re throwing sticks on the fire where it is your own
self that is burning?
The little looks and sweet words you’ve taken one by one and written
down among your songs, are gone up into the Heavens, and it’s late,
you know well, to go seeking them on the face of the earth.
Let you not be giving new life every day to your own destruction, and
following a fool’s thoughts for ever. Let you seek Heaven when there
is nothing left pleasing on the earth, and it a poor thing if a great
beauty, the like of her, would be destroying your peace and she living
or dead.
 HE WISHES HE MIGHT DIE AND
FOLLOW LAURA
In the years of her age the most beautiful and the most flowery—the
time Love has his mastery—Laura, who was my life, has gone away
leaving the earth stripped and desolate. She has gone up into the
Heavens, living and beautiful and naked, and from that place she is
keeping her Lordship and her rein upon me, and I crying out: Ohone,
when will I see that day breaking that will be my first day with herself
in Paradise?
My thoughts are going after her, and it is that way my soul would
follow her, lightly, and airily, and happily, and I would be rid of all my
great troubles. But what is delaying me is the proper thing to lose me
utterly, to make me a greater weight on my own self.
Oh, what a sweet death I might have died this day three years to-
day!