HISTORY UNIT 7 INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

STUDY MATERIAL

01. What were the major challenges faced by India when she got independence ?
Flow of refugees - Integration of Princely States - Formation of the Constitution and the
First General Election - Linguistic Reorganisation of States
02. Analyse the intensity of refugee problem ? How did our nation face the Refugee Problem ?
- Influx of refugees from India to Pakistan and vice versa
- Around 10 million people travelled as refugees bare foot, trains and bullock carts
- Communal riots broke out in various places such as Calcutta, Bihar, Noakhali, Delhi, Punjab, etc
- Thousands of people were killed and women were attacked
- The rehabilitation efforts and affirmative actions of the government solved the problem
03. Point out the circumstances that led to the integration of Princely states ?
- There were around 600 princely states in pre- independent India.
- They have the options to join either India or Pakistan or to be independent.
- But some states such as Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagarh resented
04. How did India solve the problem “ Integration of Princely states” ?
- Sardar Vallabhai Patel and V.P Menon prepared an instrument of accession.
- Following the diplomacy of the Government and popular protests majority of the
princely states joined.
- The remaining also integrated in to the Indian Union through conciliation talks and military
interventions
05. Prepare a short note about “ Formation of the Indian constitution and Successful completion of
the First General Election “ ?
- In 1946, the Constituent Assembly was formed with Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the Chairman.
- It appointed a Drafting Committee with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as Chairman
- The Constitution came in to effect on 26 January 1950 and India was declared a Republic.
- The First General Election was held in 1951-1952
- This free and fair election was a success of Indian democracy.
06. Analyse the circumstances that led to the linguistic reorganization of States?
- There were many princely states with people speaking different languages.
- There were demands from different parts of India for the formation of states on the basic of
languages.
- In 1920 the Nagpur session of INC resolved to form its state committees on the basis of language
- Agitation for states based on language widespread.
- Potti Sriramalu, died after 58 days of fasting for the formation Andhra Pradesh for Telugu people
- Andra Pradesh came in to existence in 1953 for Telugu speaking people
07. How did we solve the problem of the linguistic reorganization of States?
- A committee for state's reorganisation formed with Fazal Ali as Chairman and N.H Kusru,
K.M.Panikkar as members
- Parliament Passed the States Reorganisation Act in 1956
- Thus 14 states and 6 Union territories came in to effect.
08. Point out different fields in which free India made notable achievements ?
Economic sector - Science and technology - Space research - Education
Cultural achievements - Formulation of foreign policy
09. Point out our advancement in economic sector ?
- Mixed Economy - Centralized Economic Planning
- The Planning Commission Of India - The Five Year Plans
- India adopted series of plans and schemes aiming at economic development of the country.
- India adopted mixed economy which is a combination of socialist & capitalist system
- India adopted Centralised economic planning and established Planning Commission of India.
- The Planning Commission was formed under the Chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1950
 - It adopted the Five Year Plan aiming economic growth of the nation
- The Five Year Plan helped alleviate poverty, flourish agriculture and industrial sectors, improve
education and generate new energy sources.
- Major dams like Bhakra Nangal were constructed
- Irrigation facilities boosted agricultural production in India
- On 2 October 1952, Govt. started 55 projects aiming at better facilities for infrastructure, farming
& livestock development.
10. Tabulate iron and steel industries which established with the help of foreign countries ?
- Bhiai : Soviet Union - Bocaro : Soviet Union - Rourkela : Germany - Durgapur : Britain
11. Identify the largest multi purpose hydro electric projects in India and the second highest dam in
the world that established by Nehru in 1952 ? - Bhakra Nangal Project
12. List out our achievements in science and technology ?
- Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru India established many research institutions for the
progress of Science & Technology.
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
- Many Indian Institutes of Technologies (IITs)
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Head : Homi Jahangir Bhabha
- Indian Atomic Energy Commission Head :H. J. Bhabha
- Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) Founder: Vikram Sarabhai
- Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) established 1969
- The first rocket-launching station in India was established in Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram.
- Aryabhatta (First Satellite) launched (1975)
- India bravely contributed two stalwarts of Indian science: H J Bhabha & S.N. Bhatnagar,
- Agni and Prithwi are the missiles developed by India under Dr. Raja Ramanna and Dr. A.P.J.
Abdul Kalam (Missile Man of India)
- India launched Chandrayan (First lunar mission) on 2008
- Mangalyan the space mission of India to Mars is the Indian-made space shuttle that covered the
longest distance in space.
- Several agencies that develop satellites, They are: • National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
• Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
- India made tremendous progress in the field of medical science, biomedical engineering,
genetics, biotechnology, health science, marine technology, information technology, atomic
energy and transportation.
13. Analyse progress in the field of Education ?
14. Point out the features of National Policy on Education -1986 ?
- Focusing on primary and continuing education
- Launching Operation Blackboard Programme to universalise primary education and to improve
infrastructure facilities in schools
- Starting Navodaya Vidyalayas in every district - Encouraging girl's education
15. Point out our achievements in the field of culture ?
16. Who is the chief architect of the foreign policy of India ? Nehru
17. What are the main principles of Indian Foreign policy ?
18. Name the rulers who signed in panchsheel principles ? NEHRU & CHOU EN – LAI
19. What are Panchsheel Principles ?

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