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A D VA N C E D
N A N O M AT E R I A L S F O R
P O L L U TA N T S E N S I N G
A N D E N V I R O N M E N TA L
C ATA LY S I S
A D VA N C E D
N A N O M AT E R I A L S F O R
P O L L U TA N T S E N S I N G
A N D E N V I R O N M E N TA L
C ATA LY S I S
Edited by
QIDONG ZHAO
Elsevier
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ISBN: 978-0-12-814796-2
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ix
x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xi
xii PREFACE
1.1 Introduction
Hollow micro and nanomaterials are a special class of func-
tional nanomaterials, defined as architectures with void space
surrounded by a shell [1,2]. Over the past two decades, the syn-
thesis of different hollow structures has become a hot research
topic and attracted tremendous research efforts.
Before 1998, most hollow materials were of spherical shape
and synthesized by using spray-drying or gas-blowing techniques
[3]. However, these methods only culminated in the simple
sol gel approaches for coating gold (Au) and (silver) Ag nano-
particles with silica [4,5] before 1998 with Caruso’s work on col-
loidal templating synthesis of hollow spheres [6]. The emerging
approaches enabled a more versatile synthesis paradigm for fab-
ricating hollow structures based on hard-templating ways.
Currently, various novel self-templated or template-free synthetic
approaches based on different mechanisms have been developed
such as galvanic replacement, controllable thermal transforma-
tion, ion exchange, and inside-out Ostwald ripening to tailor the
structural features of hollow nanostructures. Encouragingly, a
myriad of hollow nanostructures with hierarchical architectures,
polyhedral morphologies, multicompositions, and multishells
have been successfully constructed through rationally designed
strategies involving these mechanisms (Fig. 1.1).
Advanced Nanomaterials for Pollutant Sensing and Environmental Catalysis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814796-2.00001-0
© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1
2 Chapter 1 HOLLOW MICRO- AND NANOMATERIALS: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS
Figure 1.1 Schematic illustration showing various hollow structures: (A) hollow
spheres, boxes, and tubes; (B) multishelled hollow spheres, boxes, and tubes;
and (C) yolk-shell, cube-in-box, and wire-in-tube structures. Reprinted with
permission from X.J. Wang, J. Feng, Y.C. Bai, Q. Zhang, Y.D. Yin, Synthesis, properties, and
applications of hollow micro-/nanostructures. Chem. Rev. 116 (2016) 10983 11060.
Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.
1.2.3 Morphology
Until now, multishelled hollow structures are mostly spheri-
cal in morphology [62 66]. Well-defined, nonspherical,
Chapter 1 HOLLOW MICRO- AND NANOMATERIALS: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS 9
Im östlichen Nyansa-Gebiet.
Katoto und Mwansa. — Ukerewe. — Ukara. — Der Baumann-Golf. — Gefechte in
Mugango. — Die Schaschi-Länder. — Ngoroïne. — Ikoma. — Kämpfe in Ututwa.
— Ntussu. — Meatu. — Munyihemedis Niederlassung. — Zur Nyarasa-Steppe. —
Der Salzfluss Simbiti. — Die Elephantenjäger. — Die Weiber der Karawane. —
Usmau und Usukuma. — Mwansa.
Ruderblatt, Ukerewe.
Ukara.