CRUDE OIL DESALTING

The desalting of crude oil is a process that does not have a high profile, but is vital to the
operation of the modern-day petroleum refinery. Desalters provide more protection to
costly refinery equipment than any other single piece of process hardware. Refining
Process Services and Ondeo Nalco Energy Services have developed this program to
provide an in-depth yet practical review of both the art and science of crude oil desalting.
Maintaining smooth operation of crude oil desalting units is both critically important and
quite difficult. Since there are so many significant variables to control, desalter operation
must constantly be adjusted to maintain optimum performance with the ever-changing
sources of crude oil.

The program's content is both comprehensive and wide-ranging. Sessions begin with a
discussion of the fundamentals of the desalting process including crude oil quality impact,
the operating variables, key equipment, various design options and the major process
variables. Once the fundamentals are established, discussion moves into the topics of unit
operations, monitoring, and process troubleshooting. An experienced group of industry
professionals has been assembled for the presentation of this program. The speakers are
Mr. Maury Goode of Howe-Baker Engineers, Ltd., Mr. Richard Pearson, an industry
consultant, and Mr. Gregg McAteer of Ondeo Nalco Energy Services, L.P.

Program participants will have the opportunity to obtain a broad working knowledge of
desalter operations, to gain insight into advancements in the field, and to interact with
others working in this area. The program is ideal for personnel involved in refinery process
engineering, plant operations, and technical service. Process engineers from design and
construction companies as well as those providing services to the refining industry should
also find this program beneficial.

PROGRAM OUTLINE

1. BENEFITS OF CRUDE OIL DESALTING

¾ Economic Impact on Downstream Units
¾ Desalting Performance Benchmarks

2. IMPACT OF CRUDE OIL QUALITY ON

DESALTER PERFORMANCE
¾ Impact of Crude Oil Density, Viscosity, and Asphaltenes
¾ Crude Oil Impurities: Water, Salt and Solids
¾ Impact of Organic Acids
¾ Desalting Heavy and Opportunity Crudes
3. FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL DESALTING
¾ Wash Water Addition
+ Rate and Wash Water Quality
¾ Mixing/Contact
+ Mix Valves
+ Static Mixer
¾ Coalescence
+ Stoke's Law and Electrical Voltage
¾ Performance Control Variables
¾ Dehydration Efficiency vs. Salt Removal Efficiency

4. TYPES OF APPLICATIONS
¾ Single-Stage Dehydrator
¾ Single-Stage Desalter
¾ Two-Stage Desalter
¾ Three-Stage Desalter
¾ Typical Operating Conditions and Performance

5. DESALTER COMPONENTS
¾ Process Vessel
¾ Distribution System
¾ Electrodes
¾ Transactor
¾ Special Headers

6. DESALTER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

¾ Factors Determining Vessel Size
¾ Factors Determining Number of Stages
¾ Factors Determining Transactor Size
¾ Power Consumption

7. COMMERCIAL DESALTER DESIGNS

¾ Howe-Baker
¾ Petreco
¾ Other

8. FACTORS THAT AFFECT DESALTER OPERATION

AND PERFORMANCE
¾ Crude Oil Feed Rate and Quality
¾ Temperature/Viscosity/Density Relationships
¾ Electrical Field Intensity
¾ Wash Water Rate, Quality and Flow Configuration
¾ Emulsion Formation (Pumps, Exchangers, Valves, Mixers)
¾ Control of Water Level and Emulsion Layers
¾ Demulsifier Technology and Addition Rate
¾ Mud Washing and Brine Recycle

9. TROUBLESHOOTING THE DESALTER

¾ Oily Effluent
¾ Poor Dehydration and/or Desalting
10. OTHER ELECTROSTATIC TREATING APPLICATIONS
¾ FCC Feed Desalting
¾ Distillate Treating

PROGRAM SPEAKERS

Maury Goode, P.E., is a Product Development Engineer for Howe-Baker Engineers, Ltd.,
Tyler, Texas. He is responsible for the process and equipment design for Howe-Baker's
Separation Technologies Division, which includes crude oil dehydration and desalting
equipment. He has held a variety of engineering positions in the areas of oil and gas
exploration and production, control systems engineering, project management, process
design, technical sales, and system troubleshooting. Mr. Goode recently authored a paper
on crude oil desalting. He holds a BS degree in petroleum engineering from Texas A&M
University and has over 17 years of experience in the hydrocarbon processing industry.

Gregg McAteer is Worldwide Crude Unit Business Manager for Ondeo Nalco Energy
Services, L.P., Sugar Land, Texas. He is responsible for marketing and strategic planning
of the company's refinery process chemical programs used in refinery crude units. Other
responsibilities include program performance benchmarking and new technology
development. Mr. McAteer holds a BS degree in petroleum engineering from Texas A&M
University and has over 14 years experience in the hydrocarbon processing industry.

Richard Pearson is a consultant to Ondeo Nalco Energy Services, L.P. For 33 years he
was employed by Nalco Chemical Company in various field positions including Regional
Technical Manager. Since his retirement in 1990, he has assisted in refineries in 31
countries and the U.S. as a refinery process chemical consultant. These assignments have
included technical audits, customer seminars, and problem solving. His primary areas of
experience are crude oil desalting and recovered oil emulsion, and the practical applied
chemistry of crude unit corrosion control. He holds a BS degree in engineering from Penn
State University.