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The ultimate guide to mastering Linux COMPANION WEBSITE
COMPANION WEBSITE
Find more information and links to Linux
Visit www.indesigncentral.com for addi- GRUMAN
NEGUS COMPANION WEBSITE
WRITTEN BY
distributions on the companion website: CHRISTOPHER NEGUS
tional tools, updates, resources, tips, and
This fully updated 10th edition of Linux Bible gives beginners and intermediate users www.wiley.com/go/linuxbible10e
alike the knowledge and skills to take Linux to the next level. With an emphasis on more.
command-line tools and a focus on the latest versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
Fedora, and Ubuntu, renowned Linux expert and bestselling author Christopher
Negus guides you step-by-step through detailed demonstrations and exercises

Linux
designed to provide you with a thorough understanding and working knowledge of
the Linux operating system. Linux Bible, 10th Edition also provides exam prep
materials for various Linux certifications.
Linux is at the heart of most technological advances in cloud computing and that
means you need a solid understanding of Linux to work effectively in tomorrow’s
data centers. The Linux basics you learn early on in the book are applied in later

Linux
chapters as the author demonstrates how to deploy Linux systems as hypervisors,
Start with any Linux
cloud controllers, and virtual machines, as well as manage virtual networks and
networked storage. system and advance ®
Linux Bible, 10th Edition shows you how to get and install Linux, begin using it, and
ultimately excel at administering and securing it. This book is also an excellent
to enterprise Linux
resource for software developers who wish to use Linux as a developer workstation. computing
The Linux Bible, 10th Edition shows you how to: • Use your favorite Linux
• Get started with Linux distribution to learn and
• Implement data center automation with Ansible
test your skills with Linux
command-line tools
• Access a shell and write simple shell scripts
• Simplify system administration with Cockpit • Learn professional system
• Secure Linux systems and networks
administration tasks using
Fedora 30, Red Hat Enterprise
• Configure various servers and troubleshoot common problems
Linux 8, Ubuntu 18.04, or
• Create Linux virtual machines that run on hypervisors and cloud platforms
other enterprise-ready Linux
• Learn containerization with Docker and Podman, including container orchestration systems
with Kubernetes and OpenShift
• Deploy Linux to the cloud

®
Christopher Negus has been teaching and writing about Linux
and UNIX for more than 25 years. He is an instructor and principal
technical writer for Red Hat, Inc., and the author of dozens of Linux
and UNIX books, including Red Hat Linux Bible (all editions), CentOS EXPLORE THE LATEST MASTER INSIDE TRICKS DISCOVER WHAT YOU
Bible, Fedora Bible, Ubuntu Linux Toolbox, Linux Troubleshooting Bible,
TOOLS AND FEATURES AND BEST PRACTICES NEED, WHEN YOU NEED IT
Linux Toys, and Linux Toys II.
www.wiley.com/go/linuxbible10
Cover Image: © iStockphoto.com/aleksandar velasevic

$60.00 USA TENTH EDITION

$72.00 CAN

SHELVING CATEGORY:
Computers/Operating Systems/Linux
READER LEVEL:
Beginning to Advanced
TENTH EDITION
The ultimate guide to mastering Linux COMPANION WEBSITE
COMPANION WEBSITE
Find more information and links to Linux
Visit www.indesigncentral.com for addi- GRUMAN
NEGUS COMPANION WEBSITE
WRITTEN BY
distributions on the companion website: CHRISTOPHER NEGUS
tional tools, updates, resources, tips, and
This fully updated 10th edition of Linux Bible gives beginners and intermediate users www.wiley.com/go/linuxbible10e
alike the knowledge and skills to take Linux to the next level. With an emphasis on more.
command-line tools and a focus on the latest versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
Fedora, and Ubuntu, renowned Linux expert and bestselling author Christopher
Negus guides you step-by-step through detailed demonstrations and exercises

Linux
designed to provide you with a thorough understanding and working knowledge of
the Linux operating system. Linux Bible, 10th Edition also provides exam prep
materials for various Linux certifications.
Linux is at the heart of most technological advances in cloud computing and that
means you need a solid understanding of Linux to work effectively in tomorrow’s
data centers. The Linux basics you learn early on in the book are applied in later

Linux
chapters as the author demonstrates how to deploy Linux systems as hypervisors,
Start with any Linux
cloud controllers, and virtual machines, as well as manage virtual networks and
networked storage. system and advance ®
Linux Bible, 10th Edition shows you how to get and install Linux, begin using it, and
ultimately excel at administering and securing it. This book is also an excellent
to enterprise Linux
resource for software developers who wish to use Linux as a developer workstation. computing
The Linux Bible, 10th Edition shows you how to: • Use your favorite Linux
• Get started with Linux distribution to learn and
• Implement data center automation with Ansible
test your skills with Linux
command-line tools
• Access a shell and write simple shell scripts
• Simplify system administration with Cockpit • Learn professional system
• Secure Linux systems and networks
administration tasks using
Fedora 30, Red Hat Enterprise
• Configure various servers and troubleshoot common problems
Linux 8, Ubuntu 18.04, or
• Create Linux virtual machines that run on hypervisors and cloud platforms
other enterprise-ready Linux
• Learn containerization with Docker and Podman, including container orchestration systems
with Kubernetes and OpenShift
• Deploy Linux to the cloud

®
Christopher Negus has been teaching and writing about Linux
and UNIX for more than 25 years. He is an instructor and principal
technical writer for Red Hat, Inc., and the author of dozens of Linux
and UNIX books, including Red Hat Linux Bible (all editions), CentOS EXPLORE THE LATEST MASTER INSIDE TRICKS DISCOVER WHAT YOU
Bible, Fedora Bible, Ubuntu Linux Toolbox, Linux Troubleshooting Bible,
TOOLS AND FEATURES AND BEST PRACTICES NEED, WHEN YOU NEED IT
Linux Toys, and Linux Toys II.
www.wiley.com/go/linuxbible10
Cover Image: © iStockphoto.com/aleksandar velasevic

$60.00 USA TENTH EDITION

$72.00 CAN

SHELVING CATEGORY:
Computers/Operating Systems/Linux
READER LEVEL:
Beginning to Advanced
TENTH EDITION
 Linux®
Bible
Tenth Edition
 Lin ®

BIBLE
Tenth Edition

Christopher Negus
Copyright © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN: 978-1-119-57888-8
ISBN: 978-1-119-57891-8 (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-119-57889-5 (ebk)
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As always, I dedicate this book to my wife, Sheree.
About the Author
Chris Negus is a principal technical writer for Red Hat, Inc. In more than a decade with Red
Hat, Chris has taught hundreds of IT professionals to become Red Hat Certified Engineers
(RHCEs), and he has written scores of documents on everything from Linux to virtualization
to cloud computing and containerization.
Before joining Red Hat, Chris wrote or co-wrote dozens of books on Linux and UNIX, includ-
ing the Red Hat Linux Bible (all editions), Docker Containers, CentOS Bible, Fedora Bible, Linux
Troubleshooting Bible, Linux Toys, Linux Toys III, and, nine editions of this Linux Bible. Chris
also co-authored several books for the Linux Toolbox series for power users: Fedora Linux
Toolboxx, SUSE Linux Toolboxx, Ubuntu Linux Toolboxx, Mac OS X Toolboxx, and BSD UNIX Toolboxx.
Before becoming an independent author, Chris worked for eight years with the organization
at AT&T that developed the UNIX operating system before moving to Utah to help contribute
to Novell’s UnixWare project in the early 1990s. When not writing about Linux, Chris enjoys
playing soccer, hanging out with his wife, Sheree, and spending what time he can with his
sons, Seth and Caleb.

vii
About the Technical Editors
Jason W. Eckert is an experienced technical trainer, consultant, and best-selling author in
the Information Technology (IT) industry. With 45 industry certifications, over 30 years of
IT experience, 4 published apps, and 24 published textbooks covering topics such as UNIX,
Linux, security, Windows Server, Microsoft Exchange Server, PowerShell, BlackBerry Enter-
prise Server, and video game development, Mr. Eckert brings his expertise to every class that
he teaches at triOS College in his role as the Dean of Technology. For more information about
Mr. Eckert, visit jasoneckert.net.
Derrick Ornelas is a senior software maintenance engineer at Red Hat, Inc. In his current
role as a product lead for Red Hat container technologies, including OpenShift Container Plat-
form and Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS, Derrick works to ensure both the supportability
and quality of Red Hat ’s products. Previously, he worked as a senior technical support lead
for Red Hat virtualization technologies, such as libvirt, KVM, and the Red Hat Virtualiza-
tion product.
During his 12 years at Red Hat, Derrick earned the Red Hat Certified Engineer and Red Hat
Certified Virtualization Administrator certifications, and he has applied his broad Linux
knowledge to architect, deploy, and maintain various hardware labs and applications.
Derrick ’s nearly two decades of Linux experience began while earning his BS in Computer
Science from Appalachian State University. As a devoted Linux supporter, he enjoys teaching
and assisting new Linux users both on and off the clock. When he’s not working on his
monitor tan, Derrick enjoys mountain biking, motorcycling, and backpacking with his
wife, Carolyn.

ix
 gm
W
hen I was hired at Red HHat ab bout a dozen years ago, I didn’t know that Red Hat
would grow to about seven
sev times its size, be bought by IBM for $34 billion, and (so
far) still maintain the spirit of openness and excitement that it had when I fi rst
signed on. Every day when I come to work, I interact with many of the greatest Linux and
cloud developers, testers, instructors, and support professionals in the world.
While I can’t thank everyone individually,
ually, I would like to salute the culture of cooperation
and excellence at Red Hat that serves to improve my own Linux skills every day. I don’t speak
well of Red Hat because I work there; I work at Red Hat because it lives up to the ideals of
open source software in ways that match my own beliefs.
That said, there are a few Red Hatters that I want to acknowledge in particular. At Red Hat,
I’m able to take on so many cool and challenging projects because of the freedom that I
receive from the people to whom I report. They include Michelle Bearer, Dawn Eisner, and Sam
Knuth. Sam, in particular, has had my back and encouraged my work for more than a decade.
In my daily work, I want to give a shout out to Red Hatters Scott McCarty, Ben Breard,
Laurie Friedman, Dave Darrah, Micah Abbott, Steve Milner, and Ian McLeod (container tools,
RHCOS, and OpenShift teams), and Tom McKay, Joey Schorr, Bill Dettelback, Richa Marwaha,
and Dirk Herrmann (Quay team). Finally, a special thank you to Vikram Goyal, who luckily
lives in Australia, so he is always available to bail me out when I blow up git in the middle of
the night.
When it comes to support for writing this book, I have had the luxury of two excellent tech-
nical editors: Jason Eckert and Derrick Ornelas. I didn’t know Jason before he took on this
role, but his broad experience with different Linux systems has helped call me out when I get
too Red Hat centric. Derrick, who I see almost every day, was asked to do this work because
of his attention to detail and deep understanding of how Linux works and what people need
to know to use it. Anyone reading this book will have a better experience because of the
work that Jason and Derrick have done reviewing it.
As for the people at Wiley, thanks for letting me continue to develop and improve this book
over the years. Thanks to Gary Schwartz, who applies constant, gentle pressure to keep me
working on this book at times when I had no spare cycles to work on it. When Gary ’s pressure
wasn’t enough, Devon Lewis would step in to paint a clearer picture about the importance of
deadlines. Thanks also to Margot Maley Hutchison from Waterside Productions for contracting
the book for me with Wiley and always looking out for my best interests.
Finally, thanks to my wife, Sheree, for sharing her life with me and doing such a great job
raising Seth and Caleb.
—Christopher Negus

xi
 at
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ xi
Introduction ............................
............................................................................................................ xxxv

Part I: Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1: Starting with Linux ....................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2: Creating the Perfect Linux x Desktop ................................................................27

Part II: Becoming a Linux Power Userr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Chapter 3: Using the Shell .............................................................................................61
Chapter 4: Moving Around the Filesystem .................................................................... 93
Chapter 5: Working with Text Files .............................................................................. 113
Chapter 6: Managing Running Processes ....................................................................... 131
Chapter 7: Writing Simple Shell Scripts ........................................................................ 147

Part III: Becoming a Linux System Administratorr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Chapter 8: Learning System Administration ................................................................. 167
Chapter 9: Installing Linux ......................................................................................... 195
Chapter 10: Getting and Managing Software ................................................................. 221
Chapter 11: Managing User Accounts............................................................................ 249
Chapter 12: Managing Disks and Filesystems ................................................................ 273

Part IV: Becoming a Linux Server Administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Chapter 13: Understanding Server Administration ........................................................ 307
Chapter 14: Administering Networking ........................................................................ 339
Chapter 15: Starting and Stopping Services .................................................................. 369
Chapter 16: Configuring a Print Server .........................................................................403
Chapter 17: Configuring a Web Server ........................................................................... 427
Chapter 18: Configuring an FTP Server ......................................................................... 455
Chapter 19: Configuring a Windows File Sharing (Samba) Server..................................... 475
Chapter 20: Configuring an NFS File Server ................................................................... 499
Chapter 21: Troubleshooting Linux .............................................................................. 523

Part V: Learning Linux Security Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Chapter 22: Understanding Basic Linux Security ........................................................... 565
Chapter 23: Understanding Advanced Linux Security .................................................... 599
Chapter 24: Enhancing Linux Security with SELinux ..................................................... 635
Chapter 25: Securing Linux on a Network ..................................................................... 663

xiii
Contents at a Glance

Part VI: Engaging with Cloud Computingg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

Chapter 26: Shifting to Clouds and Containers .............................................................. 693
Chapter 27: Using Linux for Cloud Computing ............................................................... 709
Chapter 28: Deploying Linux to the Cloud .................................................................... 729
Chapter 29: Automating Apps and Infrastructure with Ansible ...................................... 749
Chapter 30: Deploying Applications as Containers with Kubernetes ................................ 765

Part VII: Appendixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785

Appendix A: Media ..................................................................................................... 787
Appendix B: Exercise Answers ..................................................................................... 797

Index ........................................................................................................................ 863

xiv
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv

Part I: Getting Started 1

Chapter 1: Starting with Linuxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Understanding What Linux Is ................................................................................ 4
Understanding How Linux Differs from Other Operating Systems .............................. 6
Exploring Linux History ........................................................................................ 7
Free-flowing UNIX culture at Bell Labs ........................................................... 7
Commercial UNIX ......................................................................................... 9
Berkeley Software Distribution arrives .................................................. 9
UNIX Laboratory and commercialization ...............................................10
GNU transitions UNIX to freedom .................................................................11
BSD loses some steam ..................................................................................12
Linus builds the missing piece .....................................................................13
OSI open source defi nition ...........................................................................14
Understanding How Linux Distributions Emerged ...................................................16
Choosing a Red Hat distribution ...................................................................16
Using Red Hat Enterprise Linux ...........................................................17
Using Fedora ......................................................................................18
Choosing Ubuntu or another Debian distribution ...........................................19
Finding Professional Opportunities with Linux Today .............................................19
Understanding how companies make money with Linux .................................20
Becoming Red Hat certified ..........................................................................21
RHCSA topics ......................................................................................22
RHCE topics ........................................................................................23
Summary ............................................................................................................25
Chapter 2: Creating the Perfect Linux Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Understanding Linux Desktop Technology .............................................................28
Starting with the Fedora GNOME Desktop Live image ..............................................30
Using the GNOME 3 Desktop ..................................................................................31
After the computer boots up ........................................................................31
Navigating with the mouse ..................................................................32
Navigating with the keyboard..............................................................36
Setting up the GNOME 3 desktop ..................................................................38

xv
Contents

Extending the GNOME 3 desktop ...................................................................39

Using GNOME shell extensions..............................................................39
Using the GNOME Tweak Tool ...............................................................40
Starting with desktop applications ...............................................................41
Managing files and folders with Nautilus ..............................................42
Installing and managing additional software ........................................43
Playing music with Rhythmbox ...........................................................45
Stopping the GNOME 3 desktop .....................................................................46
Using the GNOME 2 Desktop ..................................................................................46
Using the Metacity window manager ........................................................... 48
Changing GNOME’s appearance ......................................................................49
Using the GNOME panels ..............................................................................50
Using the Applications and System menus ............................................51
Adding an applet ................................................................................51
Adding another panel .........................................................................52
Adding an application launcher ...........................................................52
Adding a drawer .................................................................................53
Changing panel properties ...................................................................54
Adding 3D effects with AIGLX ......................................................................54
Summary ............................................................................................................57
Exercises .............................................................................................................57

Part II: Becoming a Linux Power User 59

Chapter 3: Using the Shell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
About Shells and Terminal Windows ......................................................................62
Using the shell prompt ................................................................................63
Using a Terminal window .............................................................................63
Using virtual consoles .................................................................................65
Choosing Your Shell .............................................................................................65
Running Commands .............................................................................................66
Understanding command syntax ..................................................................67
Locating commands .....................................................................................70
Recalling Commands Using Command History ........................................................72
Command-line editing .................................................................................73
Command-line completion............................................................................75
Command-line recall ....................................................................................76
Connecting and Expanding Commands ..................................................................78
Piping between commands ...........................................................................78
Sequential commands ..................................................................................79
Background commands ................................................................................79
Expanding commands ..................................................................................80
Expanding arithmetic expressions ................................................................80
Expanding variables ....................................................................................80

xvi
 Contents

Using Shell Variables ............................................................................................81

Creating and using aliases ...........................................................................81
Exiting the shell .........................................................................................83
Creating Your Shell Environment .......................................................................... 84
Configuring your shell ................................................................................ 84
Setting your prompt ....................................................................................85
Adding environment variables .....................................................................87
Getting Information about Commands ...................................................................88
Summary ............................................................................................................90
Exercises .............................................................................................................90
Chapter 4: Moving Around the Filesystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Using Basic Filesystem Commands .........................................................................96
Using Metacharacters and Operators ......................................................................98
Using file-matching metacharacters ..............................................................98
Using file-redirection metacharacters ...........................................................99
Using brace expansion characters ............................................................... 101
Listing Files and Directories ............................................................................... 101
Understanding File Permissions and Ownership .................................................... 105
Changing permissions with chmod (numbers) .............................................. 106
Changing permissions with chmod (letters)................................................. 107
Setting default file permission with umask ................................................. 108
Changing file ownership ............................................................................ 109
Moving, Copying, and Removing Files .................................................................. 109
Summary .......................................................................................................... 111
Exercises ........................................................................................................... 111
Chapter 5: Working with Text Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Editing Files with vim and vi .............................................................................. 113
Starting with vi ........................................................................................ 115
Adding text...................................................................................... 115
Moving around in the text ................................................................ 116
Deleting, copying, and changing text................................................. 117
Pasting (putting) text ....................................................................... 118
Repeating commands ........................................................................ 118
Exiting vi ......................................................................................... 118
Skipping around in the file ........................................................................ 119
Searching for text ..................................................................................... 119
Using ex mode .......................................................................................... 120
Learning more about vi and vim ................................................................. 120
Finding Files ..................................................................................................... 120
Using locate to fi nd files by name ............................................................... 121
Searching for files with fi nd ....................................................................... 122
Finding files by name........................................................................ 123
Finding files by size .......................................................................... 124

xvii
Contents

Finding files by user ......................................................................... 124

Finding files by permission................................................................ 125
Finding files by date and time ........................................................... 125
Using ‘not’ and ‘or’ when fi nding files ................................................. 126
Finding files and executing commands ............................................... 127
Searching in files with grep ....................................................................... 128
Summary .......................................................................................................... 129
Exercises ........................................................................................................... 129
Chapter 6: Managing Running Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Understanding Processes .................................................................................... 131
Listing Processes ............................................................................................... 132
Listing processes with ps ........................................................................... 132
Listing and changing processes with top.....................................................134
Listing processes with System Monitor........................................................ 136
Managing Background and Foreground Processes.................................................. 137
Starting background processes ...................................................................138
Using foreground and background commands .............................................. 139
Killing and Renicing Processes............................................................................ 140
Killing processes with kill and killall .......................................................... 140
Using kill to signal processes by PID.................................................. 140
Using killall to signal processes by name ............................................ 141
Setting processor priority with nice and renice ........................................... 142
Limiting Processes with cgroups ......................................................................... 143
Summary ..........................................................................................................144
Exercises ........................................................................................................... 145
Chapter 7: Writing Simple Shell Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Understanding Shell Scripts................................................................................ 147
Executing and debugging shell scripts ........................................................ 148
Understanding shell variables .................................................................... 149
Special shell positional parameters .................................................... 150
Reading in parameters ...................................................................... 151
Parameter expansion in bash ............................................................. 151
Performing arithmetic in shell scripts......................................................... 152
Using programming constructs in shell scripts ............................................ 153
The ″if. . .then″ statements ............................................................... 153
The case command ............................................................................ 156
The ″for. . .do″ loop .......................................................................... 157
The ″while. . .do″ and ″until. . .do″ loops ........................................... 158
Trying some useful text manipulation programs .......................................... 159
The general regular expression parser................................................. 159
Remove sections of lines of text (cut) ................................................ 159
Translate or delete characters (tr) ...................................................... 160
The stream editor (sed) ..................................................................... 160

xviii
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