Hooke's law

Notation for this chapter

T-tensions-length of extension 7 -
natural
length of a spring X-modulus of
elasticity .

g 10
=

Hooke's law

For elastic
strings ,
force required to stretch the
string is directly proportional
extended
to
length by which the
string is -

TX x Or T = kx

- this constant varies different

materials and diso depends

natural
on the
length
of the
string .

Due between materials

varying
to K we use :

T =

(x) tells us now stretchable the material is .

We tend to use the constant" than k because i has the same

value whatever the

the
length of spring

lets consider light elastic end

a
,
string of
length 2m . One of the
giving
is attached to and other
a
ceiling the to a
particle of mass
lkg .

do find
If system is equilibrium and SON How we the
length of
:

at
string
.

the extended string .

1 Resolve
vertically that T=IgN

2 Using 1 =

Ax we solve forc 1
30(x) x 0 04m
=
= .

,
,

3 Add initial 04
value of
length (
to 2 +0 =

2 84m
i
.
.
.

Worked Ex 16 .
I

mass 2 8X 1!
3kg x 6
=
2m
=
=
:
.

1x
+ =

39 +(0 8)
=

1 7 75N
5g
=
=
-

,
 Hooke's law
>Problems encountering Springs
Springs can be modelled like
strings however they can also be compressed .

lets consider light natural

length
1 2m fixed horizontal for
a
spring to
of .

so it stands vertical .
Mass 4kg is placed ontop of the
spring
so that it

compresses by a distance cc . Given & =

45N .
How do we find see
I A

Lig
I
C

-
>Under compression the force exerted
by Spring is thrust not tension .

1 2m
.

Thrust=
I
4g
I
T
ag 067m
(e)
Thrust > 1
=

/s =
=

,
-
.

Worked Example 16 2 .

A
light spring of natural
length 1 6m
.
and X=4ON is attached to a floor at point A .

The other

end of the
spring is attached to a block) ,
of mass
2kg .
The same block is attached to

natural and x attached

a second light spring of length 1 2m 25N to
ceiling at point B
=
-
.

AB
-
=

4 Sm. find Ac.

B R(A) :
51 T2
=
Resolving vertically
2g
=
+

St
"
A

. 2m
determining -T =

A(x)
A
R upper
m L
4-
5m
(1 . 7 -
x) force
C I 7. M
7

T
25(1
R
x)
=

xm , 7

⑧
-

29N
.

I A
A
1
-
1 6 . M
. 2
determining lower
T2 I
-
A

forze
(2 x 102
.

1
A
Tz (x) +
=

25(17 x)
-
20
=
-

25(1 .
7 -
x) =

30x +
24

42 5-2511
.
=

30x1 +24

18 .
S =55x

x = 0 . 336 ! Al =
1 . 94m
,

ed
Example string ,
,
of natural
length ca ,
has mass of 1.sm attached to e

end The is in vertical and system is in equilibrium with the aid of

string plane
. a

horizontal
a force of
magnitude my .

If is stretched to find tension and X

Sting a
length Sa ,
in
string .

R() Tsino
Ix
Smg
:
1
i
=

/
. =

↑
o R(-) :
Tc0sO =
my
:. Tang :

1mg 1 5 1(a)
mg
= . =

3a 2a
"
Sino- x =

Y3 mgN
myme he

- > +

x 1 S
my
=

myN
.

I
myN
=

,
Hooke's law
Elastic Potential Energy
EPE Or elastic potential energy is
energy stored in an object when stretched
or compressed .

EPE
I
=

How to devive :

="
W
S
Fdx
Since W =
Exd .

F =
x and Since force is
being applied over a distance <2-x ,

!
ws n
Example :

consider a particle of mass

4kg is tied to a
light elastic strings . Top String
has Im X= 3gN and 2 1 and / 2gN
string
=

and bottom has = . 2m = .

Calculate EPE given that AB is 4m .

draw a
diagram to visualize

2011 51+
-

s
A
EPI
I
T
30(1 8 x)
lo
29
= -
=
=
.
.
-

im
2
I
A
a T,
(1 x) T, T2 40 54 -30x
=

34 5]
22x
8
+

40
- =
. = .
+

M I

30(1
R i =

. 8 -

x)
14gN -x
H
x =

I
A = 0 .
3
Ts 1 2 M
T
2
(x)
. =

worked Example 16 6 .
(from +b)

2a . SA
al
x 1 5a -x 1

3mg(1 135a)
P↳
7 mg (0
.

365
2 s , < >
2 ⑱
is EPE = -
.

T
A nn5a B La 3a

=1 .

28mga 3
/
R( - ) :
T1
=

T2

Smy(x)
-> =
(1 . 5 -

a
x2
10 5
3mgx =
.

mya-Amge
I - Sa

Smga-7mgs
Am
i - 10 .

7 10 3 a
myx mg
.
=

x ~
I 135a
 Hooke's law
Worked Example 16 8 -
(from tbs

(9/5a)"
R

T EPE 7 (879)2
mg+ 3mg Smg
=

mg
=

, +
2A
↳ ↳ a 6a
I
R
=my
T

mgat my
a

- Tz =

3 mg
~

8 N

N
1mg
39
a
+

1
I
A
for upper
string :

4mg =

(x, -

Lomga+ mag a

SmgN
⑧
- x =
, a
?
-
7
mya
for lower
swing
:

smg (c)
my
=

x
Ga
=

~Work
Energy Principle
In this section we will look at a system that is not in equilibrium .
We

energy (Ex) Potential work 185t due to resistance and

energy (Ep)
use Kinetic
, ,

elastic potential energy (EPE) to

analyse motion of objects .

consider attached
a
particle of mass
aky that is to a
light ,
elastic string
of natural
length 1 5m and X
4gN the
string is attached to
ceiling at
=

.
a

its other end The particle is allowed to rest in equilibrium before

being
.

pulled down a further 0 .

5m and then released .

lets
say we want to workout the speed of the
particle after it has

travelled 0 .
4m ↑ . For this we need to determine Ex ,
Ep and EPE at

start and finish .

·
For this we must first find initial .

Hooke's
using 4g 49(C)
law :. 75m
Kinitial
=

0
=

. .

Find Ep Ex and EDE

initially
·
.

initially Ep 0 Ex 0 EPE
-(0 3)
-9)
= =
=

, , I
. 75+0 .
=

221 53 .

·
Find findl Ep Ex and EDE
,

Ex =(2) (V)2 EPE=(12s 42

4
Ep 2gX0
2889]
= =

-0
.
=
.

, ,

By CoE

v
&g 85 to g
=
+
0 .

22 =
0 .

329

39ms"
V =

,
Hooke's law

a
Examp string of L =

2m
,
=

GON .
One end attached to
point A
a
a horizontal surface The other end is attached to
rough .

particle p of

Particle is
M =

3
kg .
is pulled horizontally so that p am .

as if el =
0 .
4 find speed of particle as it passes through A .

Ex =
0 EPE =
60 x 2
60
initially 2 x 2
=

am 2m
2 se S
P
A
I A
Ek I (3)/V EPE
+ :

Fe =
=
0
A

Fmax =
0 .

4 x 39= 12

12 x4 1185
Elost=
=

CoE 60
by 322+ 48
: =

v2 =

8 v
=

2/2ms- 1
,

3) Find initial acceleration

F =

ma SO T -
F =

3a

-(2)
->
12 3a
=

2
a 16m5
= -

with
Angular velocity elastic
string
->

lets consider a smooth horizontal disc radius A elastic

Ja
light string of
of
centre .

2 2a and x attached attached

=

a
3mg is particle mass to
point is
string
=
to .
m

on the opposite end .

Particle remains at rest relative to
surface of disc when the disc

angular speed
is
rotating about with we

If the particle is describing circles radius sa how can determine the

speed ?
, you angular

I use hookes law to Obtain T .

3
=

x
(30-2a) =

my

2
Using Newton's and law towards centre

T =
mrw2 Since a = ru

then
3
equating both expressions :

ong
=

M x 3a x wi

w2 rads"
Ia
=

,
Hooke's law equil .
-

equilibrium .

d
Example 16 10 .

A fixed disc A
smooth disc of radius 1 . 2m is to a horizontal
plane .
Centre of .

light elastic string ,

2
=
0- 8m and X =
1000 is attached to ,
other end is attached to

particle mass 0 .

5kg .
the
particle is
describing horizontal circles with constant w

given that the

particle is on the
point of falling off the edge of disc ,
find wr of

and
particle total energy in the system .

For EPE (0 4) 2
T
String 100
=x(1
=
= .

2-0 8
:

.
-

2 x 0 .
8

50N =
10]

R (c) miw" For particle V ww

:
T
=

: =

5
50
=

0 . 5 X 1 . 2 x W2 = 1 2 x . =

255
w =

530 rads- 9
3
Ek =

I (0 -
5)(2530)2
40]
Etotal
=

30] : =
30 + 10
=

Worked Example 16 11 .

A is inclined iso to horizontal A elastic

string is attached
slope light
at
rough the .
to

of the 2 2 4m A
=

the A X= 150N
top the
slope at
point string has and particle of mass
lky
. .
.

is attached other end of the The allowed

to the
string .

particle is to rest in
equil on the

slope with the

string tant.

a) Find extension of string 3) Particle is

pulled down a
further 0 3m and

a
.
.

2 I
T =

1x released .
Given es = 0 . 4 find distance of
particle
,

L
from A when it first comes to instantaneous rest .

R(Y) :

1xgsin 113)
=

x
2
-
=
2 M

At
.

low
0 414 A point :
Ex 0 =
G

-
=

,
p
.

x
EPE= (0 3 +0 04
T
0x
0 0414m but .

x
=
.
.

13

= 9 . 1598]

at
high point :

Ep = 0 EPE =
O

dx
but
Ep gsin(13)
=

2 . 588d

F 4 x
g(0s(13)
=

0 .
1 .

3 5637
=

work done against Friction =

(3 . 8657+ 2 . 588(d

(OE 4517d
using 9 1598 6
: =
.
.

d =
1 .

4197m

: 2 4 04/4 4197
test
=> .
+0 +
0 5-1
from
.

A
. .

=1 . 5217

*
1 . 52 m
,
Hooke's law
Worked Example 16 12 .

A attached end of elastic

particle of mass 2kg ,
is to one a
light ,

of 2 =
string Sm and X SON Other end attached
1 is to
point
=

.
.
a
,

on the The describes H-circles and 300

ceiling .

particle with
string tant to vertical .

Find ur of particle
.

~------------

R(A) T towards

*
F
1xx2 mrw2

so
:

centre : F
=

2 9 Sin (30) we

z=15wr
->
Tsin(30) =
2x 1 .

29 =
so =

2 465
w
xx
.

(0S(30)
1 . 3 2 47 rads- .

x 11
x 0 4M
,
=

3mg
L

Worked Example 16 . 13

A attached end of
particle p of mass 3m ,
is to one of a
light ,
elastic
string
and x the other end is threaded
I Sa smg of the string through small smooth
ring
= =

. a
,

S and second & attached end Particle describes

a
particle , ,
of mass 3m is to this . p A .

circles

with w w O distance below

stationary at za
=

a
remains ring
.

Find ext in
String and
We
For & :
R(P) T
mg
->
=

a Si

For p :
R(4) -> TSin& =

3mg
..
sinO=B
50
2a 300 I
al

Q
1
hooke's
I
using law :

Smg =
e
15 mg
Tr
P
O MIN
-

! e
35
=
⑧

a metres

L 3mg
For P :

RCe) +10sO 3m we
3a + COSOx
=

10s0
1
(3ma+
=
e
T
ma) x
=

maw
4mg I
=

400 =wh
1470

..
w 400
rads-
=

147 A