PYQ(2010-2023)

1st Professional MBBS
WBUHS
Previous Year Questions
(2010-2023)
1st Professional MBBS Examination
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
Compiled by:
Priyadarshini Das (@priyaadarshinii)
Senjuti Pal (@_ crackkkhead _)
Nabaroop Chakraborty (@iam_nabaroop___)
Tamajeet Ghosh (@tamoo.___)
Shouvik Maity (@maity_shouvik)
@medelulu -Students of SMCH
-MEDelulu
ANATOMY
SYLLABUS
FIRST PAPER SECOND PAPER
● Abdomen ● Head and Neck

● Thorax ● Brain
● Superior Extremity ● Inferior Extremity
● General Histology ● General Anatomy
● A.E.T.C.O.M ● Genetic
-MEDelulu
Referred From VISHRAM SINGH(4TH EDITION)
SUPERIOR EXTREMITY
GROUP-A(12/15 MARKS)
1.Describe the intrinsic muscles of the hand. What is total claw hand?[10+2]
[2014] Page 145,149
2.Name the nerve involved in the fracture of the medial epicondyle of the
humerus. Describe the course and distribution of the nerve beyond the
elbow. Mention sensory and motor disabilities following the nerve
injury.[1+6+5] [2013] Page 179,180
3.Enumerate the ligaments of shoulder joint. How is the stability of the joint
maintained? Mention the nerve supply of the joint. Discuss the mechanism
of elevation of arm above the head. Which type of dislocation is common
and why? [2+2+2+4+2] [2016] Page 75-79
4. Describe the brachial plexus under the following headings: roots, trunks,
divisions and cords. What do you mean by Erb's point? Add a note on
Klumpke’s paralysis. [6+3+3] [2015] Page 54,55
5. What are the palmar spaces? Describe the thenar muscles with their
nerve supply and actions. [3+9][2017] Page 153,145
6. a) Describe wrist joint under following headings: [2+2+3+2+3][2019]
i)Type of joint ii)Ligaments iii)Movements & muscles. iv)Applied importance.
Page 160,16
7. Describe the shoulder joint under the following headings : bony parts,
contributing ligaments, movements permissible and the respective
muscles involved. Briefly state the nerve supply of the joint.
[1+3+2+4+2][2011 supple] Page 73
8. A patient has reported with fracture of surgical neck of humerus :
(i) Which nerve is susceptible to injury?
(ii) What is the origin and distribution of the nerve?
(iii) Mention the effects of injury of the nerve.[2+5+5][2012 supple] Page 171
9. Regarding radio-carpal joint, discuss under the following headings:

i)Bones participating ii)Ligaments iii)Movements. What is Colles fracture?
[4+4+3+1][2015 supple] Page 160,163
10. Write in brief the movements of the shoulder joint with muscles
assisting such movements. What is the common dislocation seen in
shoulder joints and what structure(s) is/are vulnerable in such
dislocation? [6+3+3][2018]
-MEDelulu
11.A twenty five year old girl was taken to hospital emergency for profuse bleeding from
deep cut injury on the medial side of the front of wrist. Emergency doctors repaired
affected structures and saved life. Considering the situation, answer the following
questions.
i) Which artery is injured?
ii) Mention the course and branches o f the artery in the forearm. Name the
structures in front of wrist joint.[2+3+4+6][2023-Feb] Page 11
12.A fifty year old man fell down from the stairs resulting in severe pain in the right
shoulder.He was taken to the orthopaedic opd on examination, he was seen to support his
right elbow with his left hand. The right shoulder revealed loss of normal rounded contour
and loss of cutaneous sensation in the lower half deltoid region. Any kind of movement
around the shoulder was very painful. Explain the condition from the knowledge of anatomy.
What is the the cause of loss of normal contour of the shoulder? Why is there loss of
cutaneous sensation in the lower half of the deltoid region? Enumerate the ligaments of
shoulder joint. How is the stability of the joint maintained? Discuss the mechanism of
elevation of the arm above head. Which type of dislocation of shoulder is common and why?
[2+2+1+3+2+3+2][2023-Nov] Page 75
GROUP-B(7/10 MARKS)
1.A man presents with neuromuscular disability following the fracture of the
surgical neck of the humerus. Give a brief account of the nerve affected for
its close relation to that part of the bone. From your anatomical knowledge,
mention the motor and sensory defects that may arise. [5+2][2010][2015]
Page 171,71
2.Enumerate the intrinsic muscles of the hand. What are the palmar
spaces? What is whitlow?[3+2+2][2019] Page 145 ,153,155
3.An elderly lady suffering from carcinoma of breast presents retraction of
nipple and dimpling of the skin and breast. State its reason from your
knowledge of anatomy. Write a brief note on lymphatic drainage of breast.
[2+5][2010 supple] Page 43
4.Give an outline of lymphatic drainage of the female breast. Explain Peau
d'orange. Malignancy of which quadrant is more dangerous and why?
[4+1+1+1][2012 supple] Page 43,44
5.Midpalmar space and its importance. [7] [2013 supple] Page 153
6.Radial nerve in radial groove. [7][2016 supple] Page 173,174
7.Describe an axillary group of lymph nodes with their drainage area. What
is an axillary tail? [5+2][2017 supple] Page 53
8.Describe the formation of brachial plexus from roots to cords. Which nerve
is known as a musician's nerve? Describe claw-hand deformity and ulnar
paradox briefly. [3+1+3][2017 supple] Page 54-56
9.What is pronation and supination? In which joint pronation and supination
occurs? Give its axis of movement. Describe the muscles involved.
[2+1+1+3][2018] Page 136
10.Name the nerve that is injured in fracture of surgical neck of the
humerus. What is the origin and the effects of injury to the nerve?
[1+4+2][2019 supple] Axillary Nerve
-MEDelulu
11.Give a short description of the structures passing underneath the flexor

retinaculum of hand and write down the effects of the median
nerve.[5+5][2023-Feb]
12. Write down the lymphatic drainage and blood supply of mammary
gland.[5+5+][2023-Feb]
GROUP–C(3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1.Anatomical snuff box [2014] Page 157
2.Cephalic vein [2013] Page 87
3.Quadrangular and triangular spaces [2012][2019 supple]
4.Clavipectoral fascia [2010] Page38
5.Painful arc syndrome [2014] Page 80
6.Supinator muscle [2010 supple]
7.Flexor retinaculum of hand [2011 supple]
8.Carpal tunnel Syndrome [2014 supple] Page 141
9.Midpalmar space [2016 supple] Page 153
10.Erb’s palsy [2018 supple] Page 56
11.Clavipectoral fascia [2013 supple]
12.Claw hand [2019 supple] Page149
GROUP–D(3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Clavicle is a modified long bone. [2013][2018 supple][2020 New
Regulation] PAGE10
2. Injury to the radial nerve in the cubital fossa will not cause wrist drop.
[2012] PAGE 175
3. Injury to the long thoracic nerve causes winging of the scapula. [2012]
PAGE 16
4. Upper end of the humerus is an example of a compound epiphysis.[2010]
5. Fracture of shaft of humerus causes wrist drop. [2017] PAGE 174
6.A patient comes to doctor with a complaint of pain and swelling of palm
following history of a pin prick in the tip of little finger. [2010 supple]
7.Infection of pulp space of little finger is more dangerous than that of index
finger. [2011 supple] PAGE 154
8. First metacarpal is a modified phalanx. [2011 supple]
9. Shoulder joint is dislocated inferiorly. [2013 supple] PAGE 79
10.Winging of scapula. [2015 supple][2016 supple][2018 supple] PAGE 16
11. Anatomical basis of Peau d’orange appearance and retraction of nipple
in case of carcinoma of breast. [2016 supple] PAGE 44
12. Pulp space infection may lead to avascular necrosis of terminal phalanx. [2018 supple]
PAGE154
13. Basilic vein is preferred to cephalic vein in cardiac catheterization.
[2018][2020 New Regulation] PAGE 88
14.In scaphoid fracture, proximal segment undergoes avascular necrosis.
[2018] PAGE 29
-MEDelulu
15.) Enlargement of central group of axillary lymph nodes in cancer breast

may be associated with pain along medial side of arm.[2023-Feb]PAGE 44
INFERIOR EXTREMITY
1. Name the bones forming the knee joint. Describe the locking and
unlocking movements of knee joint. [2+10][2014] Page 424, 432
2. What are the muscles exposed after cutting the Gluteus Maximus? Page
347
3. Name the nerves supplying these muscles. What are the actions of these
muscles on hip joint? [3+4+5][2012] Page 373
4. Following an automobile injury a person lost the adductor movement of
his leg. Describe the injured nerve under following headings: origin,
branches and distribution. [3+4+5][2011] Page 453
5. Describe the hip joint under the following headings: i)Formation
ii)Movements and their axes iii)Muscles responsible iv)Applied
[2+2+4+4][2016 supple] Page 368-375
6. Name the different arches of the foot. How are medial and lateral
longitudinal arches formed? Describe the factors maintaining the medial
longitudinal arch of the foot. Describe pes planus (flat foot) deformity in
short. [4+2+2+2+2][2017 supple] Page 418,419,422
7. Describe the hip joint under the following headings: i)Ligaments of the
joint ii)Muscles producing different movements iii)Blood supply.
[3+6+3][2018 supple]Page 368-375
8. What is the type and subtype of hip joint? Name four ligaments of the hip
joint. What are the active movements permitted in the hip joint? What are
the axes of these movements and which muscles are responsible? What
is the cause of avascular necrosis of the head of femur?
[2+2+2+4+2][2019 supple] Page 368-375
9. A person was admitted to a hospital with deep perforated injury with
profuse bleeding from gluteal region due to accidental fall on a sharp
object. Name any four muscles present under gluteal region. Mention
nerve supply and action on hip joint of such four muscles. ) What are the
structures passing through lesser sciatic foramen? i) What is positive
trendelenburg sign? [4+(2+4)+3+2][2023-Feb]
-MEDelulu
GROUP-B(7/10 MARKS)
1.Describe the factors maintaining the longitudinal arches of the foot. What
are the disadvantages of flat feet? [5+2][2013] Page 419,422
2.A bus conductor is having prominent veins in the leg during standing
position. What are the superficial veins present in the leg? What are the
origin, termination, tributaries of the short saphenous vein? What is varicosity
of leg veins? [2+4+1][2011] Page 446,447
3.A factory worker presents with swollen painful inguinal lymph nodes
following an uncared wound at the medial side of ankle. Explain the
complication from your anatomical knowledge. Write a brief note on inguinal
lymph nodes. [2+5][2010] Page 450
4.Footballers more commonly get injury to the semilunar cartilages of knee
joint. Mention the reason using your knowledge of anatomy. Write a brief
note on intra-articular structures of knee joint. [2+5][2010 supple] Page
430,424
5.Describe the joints involved in the inversion and eversion of foot. What is
the axis of these movements? What do you mean by Talipes?[5+1+1][2011
supple] Page 439,440,392
6.Give an account of the semilunar cartilages of the knee joint. Which
cartilage is more prone to tear? Why is the other one relatively immune to
injury? [4+1+2][2012 supple] Page 429
7.What are the factors which prevent dislocation of patella? What do you
mean by Q-angle? What is unhappy triad of knee joint? [3+2+2][2015 supple]
Page 430,433
8.Describe the perforating veins of the lower limb. Add a note on varicose
veins. [5+2][2016 supple] Page 446,447
9.Factors maintaining medial longitudinal arch of the foot. [7][2019 supple]
Page 419
10.Describe the knee joint under the following headings: i)Enumerate 4
ligaments ii)Locking and unlocking mechanism iii)Muscles producing
movements of knee joint iv)Unhappy triad [2+4+2+2][2020 New Regulation]
Page 426-433
11.What is venous ulcer? Write in short the venous drainage of lower limb.
[3+7][2020 New Regulation] Page 443
12.A footballer sustains injury to the meniscus of the knee joint during a
game. Which meniscus is torn more frequently ? Why is it commonly torn?
What is the 'unhappy triad' of the knee joint? Explain locking and unlocking
of the knee. What is physiological valgus angle of the knee joint?[
1+2+1+5+1][2023-Feb]
13.A male baby is presented with varicosity of veins in lower limb.
i)Name the superficial veins draining the lower limb.
ii)What is the fate of these veins?
iii)Name the main tributaries of their superficial vein.[2+2+6][2023-Nov]
GROUP-C(3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1. Femoral sheath.[2013][2018] Page 326
-MEDelulu
2. Deltoid ligament.[2011] Page 436

3. Popliteus muscle.[2010][2017 supple][2018 supple]
4. Hamstring group of muscle.[2019] Page 358
5. Iliofemoral ligament [2010 supple] Page 369
6. Adductor canal [2011 supple] Page 330
7. Spring ligament [2012 supple][2018] Page 419
8. Deltoid ligament. [2013 supple] Page 436
9. Lumbar plexus. [2018] Page 318
10. Arteria dorsalis pedis [2019 supple] Page 482
GROUP-D(3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Foot drop after the fracture of the neck of the fibula. [2011][2020 New
Regulation] Page 457
2. Peroneus longus muscle has effects on both longitudinal and transverse
arches of foot.[2010] Page 420,421
3. Tear of medial meniscus are more frequent than of lateral meniscus of
knee joint. [2019][2017 supple] Page 429
4. Following fracture neck of femur, an old man develops avascular necrosis
of head of the bone. [2010 supple]
5. All hamstrings are not true hamstrings. [2011 supple] Page 356
6. Injury at neck of fibula results in foot drop. [2011 supple][2016 supple]
Page 457
7. Epiphyses around the knee are important medicolegally. [2013 supple]
8. Soleus is known as the peripheral heart. [2019 supple][2020 New
Regulation] Page 447
9. Foot drop may occur following injury to Peroneal nerve.[2023-Feb]
10. Ankle sprain usually occurs when the foot is plantar flexed.[2023-Nov]
THORAX
1. Describe the transverse pericardial sinus with its development. What is its
clinical importance? [8+2+2][2014] Page 263-265
2. Give an account of pleura. Mention its nerve supply. What is the site of
choice for insertion of needle to drain pleural fluid and why [6+3+3][2013]
Page 233, 237
3. Pleura: types, nerve supply, reflections/recesses, applied importance.
[2017]Page 233-237
4. Write an account of the venous drainage of the thoracic wall. What is the
fate of sinus venosus? [9+3][2019] Page 226
-MEDelulu
5. Describe the collateral circulation in superior vena caval obstruction.

What is azygos vein? Describe its origin, tributaries, termination and
applied anatomy. [4+2+2+2][2011 supple] Page 289,308
6. Give an account of the subdivisions of different parts of parietal pleura
with their nerve supply. Mention the relations of its mediastinal and
cervical parts. What are open and tension pneumothorax? Why is the
pain of pleural pathology mistaken as pain of acute abdomen?
[4+4+2+2][2017 supple] Page 233-238
7. Give an account of the Diaphragm under the following headings: i)Origin
ii)Major openings iii)Nerve supply iv)Clinical importance [4+4+2+2][2018
supple] Page 199,200
8. Describe the interior of right atrium of heart. Discuss the development of
interventricular septum. [7+5][2018] Page 270
9. Describe the diaphragm under the following headings: i)Origin ii)Major
openings iii)Nerve supply Page 199, 200
10. Effect on thoracic diameters during inspiration [3+3+2+4][2019
supple] Page 229
11. What are broncho-pulmonary segments? Enumerate the
bronchopulmonary segments of the left lung. Draw a labelled diagram
illustrating the segments. Mention the vascular supply of the segments
along with clinical significance. [2+4+4+2+3][2020 New Regulation] Page
251-253
12.An elderly man complains of frequent chest pain on excretion and is advised to have
coronary artery angiogram.
i) Give the usual pattern of coronary arterial supply of the heart.
ii) How inter atrial septum is developed ? What are the congenital anomalies of the
septum? Iii) What is the primary defect in Fallot’s tetralogy? [7+4+3+1][2023-Feb]
GROUP-B(7/10 MARKS)
1. Give the development of atrioventricular septum. A pin pricked to the
right side of the septum reaches which part of the heart? [5+2][2014]
2. Describe the coronary arterial supply of heart. What is coronary
dominance? [6+1][2012] Page 279,280
3. A young patient with repeated vomiting and reflux on examination
was diagnosed with diaphragmatic hernia. Explain the condition from your
anatomical knowledge. Give the origin, insertion and nerve supply of
diaphragm. [2+5][2011]Page 197-201
4. A patient with history of cough, fever and breathlessness was
diagnosed to be a case of pleural effusion. Give a brief account of pleura
with its recesses and nerve supply. [2010] Page 336,237
5. Name the different parts of the pleura. Give the nerve supply and
development of pleura. What is the clinical importance of
costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura? [2+3+2][2019] Page 233,236,237
6. A child with atrial septal defect is detected to have patent foramen
ovale. From your knowledge of embryology, explain the defect. Write a brief
note on development of inter-atrial septum. [1+6][2010 supple]
-MEDelulu
17. A baby is born with patent ductus arteriosus. What is ductus arteriosus?
State the branches of ascending aorta with clinical significance.
[2+2+3][2011 supple] Page 292,290
8. Give a brief account of development of inter-atrial septum. What is
probe-patency of foramen ovale? [5+2][2012 supple]
9. A patient suffers from aspiration pneumonia. What are the
bronchopulmonary segments involved in aspiration pneumonia? What
do you mean by broncho-pulmonary segment? [2+5][2013 supple] Page
251
10. What is angina pectoris? How does it differ from myocardial infarction?
Name the artery of sudden death. [3+2+2][2014 supple] Page 280,LAD
11. What are the different parts of the conducting system of the heart? What
is the applied anatomy of it? [5+2][2016 supple] Page 277,278
12. What is typical intercostal space? What are the contents of intercostal
spaces? Describe intercostal arteries. [2+1+4][2018] Page 221,224
13. Development of IVC. [7][2019 supple]
14. Mention origin, course and branches of left coronary artery. What do
you mean by coronary dominance? [2+2+3+3][2020 New Regulation]
Page 279,280
15. A 45 year old female, known case of SLE (autoimmune disease) is on immune
suppressants for last 2 years, presented with cough and breathlessness, no fever. Chest
radiography showed right sided pleural effusion and the physician planned for
thoracocentesis (removal of fluid).
i) What would be the preferred site for this procedure and why?
ii) Write in brief about subdivisions and innervation of parietal pleura.
Iii) What are embryonic sources of the different layers of pleura? Iv)
What is pulmonary ligament and its function?[2+2+4+2][2023-Nov]

1. Central tendon of diaphragm. [2015] Page 198-200
2. Bronchopulmonary segments of left lung.[2016] Page 251
3. Ligamentum arteriosum. [2014][2016 supple] Page 292
4. Nerve supply of apical pleura. [2014] Page 237
5. Inlet of thorax. [2013] Page 195
6. 1st intercostal nerve. [2012] Page 222
7. Left coronary artery. [2010] Page 279
8. Broncho-pulmonary segments. [2016] Page 251
9. S.A. Node. [2019] Page 278
10. Tracheo-oesophageal fistula. [2012] Page 303
11. Transposition of great vessels.[2011]
12. Costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura [2010 supple] Page 236
13. Intercostal nerve [2011 supple] Page 279
14. Ligamentum arteriosum [2012 supple] Page 292
15. Arch of aorta [2013 supple] Page 290
16. Root of the lung [2016 supple] Page 244
17. Azygos vein [2018 supple][2020 New Regulation] Page3 08
-MEDelulu
18. Fallot’s tetralogy. [2018][2019 supple]

19. Coronary sinus. [2018] Page 281
20. Posterior intercostal veins [2019 supple] Page 226
GROUP-D(3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY

1.Central tendon of thoraco-abdominal diaphragm is blending with the basal
part of fibrous pericardium. [2014][2018][2020 New Regulation]
2.Type of respiration in infants is abdominal, whereas thoracic in adult
females and thoraco-abdominal in adult males. [2012] PAGE 195
3. Segments 2 and 6 of lungs are sites of lung abscess. [2011]
4. Entry of foreign body is common to the right bronchus. [2011] PAGE 248
5. Intercostal nerves other than 3 rd to 6th are-atypical. [2010] PAGE 222
6. The 2nd intercostal nerve is an atypical nerve. [2019] PAGE223
7. Complete paralysis of the diaphragm is not achieved when phrenic
nerve
is intersected in the neck region. [2011 supple]
8. Second intercostal nerve is atypical. [2013 supple]
9. Pericardiocentesis. [2014 supple] PAGE 265
10. Phrenic avulsion at the root of the neck may produce alarming
hemorrhage. [2017 supple]
11. Lung abscess is more common in the right lung. [2019 supple][2020
New Regulation]
ABDOMEN
GROUP–A(12/15 MARKS)
1.Give a brief note on ureter. Mention its microscopic structure &
development. In which clinical condition pain may extend from loin to groin
involving ureter? [5+2+2+4][2013] Page 164,167,168
2.A young married lady with the history of missed period, suddenly
collapsed with sharp lower abdominal pain & was diagnosed ruptured
tubal pregnancy. What is the commonest site of tubal pregnancy and its
fate? Mention the parts of this tube, blood supply, histological structure
and development. [2+3+2+3+2][2012] Page 250,249
3.A 50 years old man was brought to OPD with a complaint of swelling at
the midline of anterior abdominal wall over an operative scar. Swelling was
diagnosed as incisional hernia through the rectus sheath. A) Give its
formation at different levels.
B) What are the contents of the rectus sheath?
C) Define the sheath.
Why is median incision not preferred over the anterior abdominal wall?
[2+5+3+2][2011] Page 35,36,39,40
-MEDelulu
4.An old man suffering from carcinoma of prostate with metastasis in

vertebra. From your anatomical knowledge explain this complication.
Discuss briefly the capsules, lobes, and relations of the prostate gland.
Add a note on the interior of the organ. [2+6+4][2010] Page 242, 238-240
5.Prevaginal examination of an elderly lady suffering from pelvic
inflammatory disease reveals collection of fluid in the pouch of Douglas.
Write a note on this pouch and peritoneal as well as visceral relation of the
uterus. Give a brief account of the supports to this organ.[3+4+5][2010]
Page 83,256,258
6.Describe the formation of rectus sheath. Name the contents of the
sheath. What is the function of tendinous insertions and at which level are
they present? [6+3+1+2][2016] Page 35-37
7.Describe the shutter mechanism of inguinal canal and mention the
anatomical differences between oblique and direct inguinal hernias.
[6+6][2015] Page 46,48
8.Describe the internal features of anal canal with epithelial lining of each
division. Why is the pectinate line called watershed line of anal canal?
What is the importance of Hilton’s line? Mention the development of anal
canal.Define internal hemorrhoids and mention their common sites.
[4+2+2+2+2][2017] Page 269,272
9.What is anteversion and anteflexion of uterus? Give an account of the
ligamentous, muscular and visceral supports of uterus. What is prolapse of
the uterus? Describe lymphatic drainage of uterus in short and mention its
importance. [2+4+2+3+1][2019] Page 252,259,256
10.Ultrasonographic study of a patient with acute pain at right renal angle
showed a calculus in the kidney of the same side. Define renal angle.
Discuss briefly the coverings and posterior relations of kidney. Mention the
vascular segments of kidney. [2+8+2][2010 supple] Page 162,155,156
11. A man suffering from cirrhosis of liver gets hematemesis due to portal
venous obstruction. State the reason of this complication from your
knowledge of anatomy. Discuss briefly the portal venous system of liver
with a note on its clinical anatomy. [2+10][2010 supple] Page 108,107
12. A 70 yrs old man develops deep jaundice and is diagnosed to be
suffering from carcinoma of head of pancreas. Explain why jaundice
appeared in the above case. Enumerate the components of extrahepatic
biliary apparatus. Describe the relations of bile duct with a note on its
development. [2+2+6+2][2011 supple]Page 128,108,112
13. A man of 65 yrs complains of difficulty in micturition and occasional
hematuria. On clinical examination and further investigation, he was
diagnosed to have malignancy of prostate. Give a brief account of lobes,
capsule, glandular architecture of prostate and the role of its various
drainage in bony metastasis. [3+3+3+3][2012 supple] Page 238-240,242
14. Mention the parts, surfaces with relations, arterial supply and
musculature of stomach. Why is gastric triangle important clinically?
[2+4+2+2+2][2013 supple] Page 91,89
15. Bouts of hematemesis in a patient suffering from cirrhosis of liver was
diagnosed to be due to obstruction of portal venous system. Describe
-MEDelulu
portal vein under the following headings: formation, relations,

development an sites of portocaval anastomosis. [2+3+3+4][2013 supple]
Page 128-131
16. Describe the second part of duodenum under the following headings:
i)Features on its luminal surface ii)Relations iii)Blood supply. What is
duodenal cap? [4+4+3+1][2015 supple] Page 117,121
17. Describe the internal features of the lumen of rectum with special
reference on the Houston’s valves. What is the peritoneal relations of the
organ? What are the different curves seen here? What is anorectal sling?
[6+2+2+2][2016 supple] Page 265,266,264
18. Describe pancreas under the following headings: i)Parts with blood
supply ii)Development with anomalies iii)Histology [4+4+4][2017 supple]
18. Mention the gross anatomy of portal vein. What are the different sites
of portocaval anastomoses? What is internal rectal piles? [5+5+2][2018
supple] Page128-131
19. Describe different parts of male urethra in detail. What are
hypospadias? [9+3][2018] Page 231,234
20. Give the presenting parts and relations of ovary. Give a brief
account of development of ovary. Draw a labelled diagram of Graafian
follicle. [5+4+3][2019 supple] Page 246-249
21.An young male suffered a road traffic accident and came to the emergency. On clinical
examination, he was in a state of shock with severe pallor, tense abdomen, patchy
ecchymosis on the left hypochondrium with fracture lower ribs on the left side. He was
immediately shifted for emergency laparotomy.
i) What is the provisional underlying cause of this clinical condition?
What is the blood supply of the affected organ?
iii) What are the important ligaments attached to the affected organ?
iv)What is the source of development of the affected organ and the
ectopic sites where they may be found?
v)Post operatively he was found at high blood glucose level. What
maybe the cause of this condition?[1+6+4+3+2][2023-Nov] Page 98
GROUP-B(7/10 MARKS)
1. Describe the common bile duct in short. What is the importance of Calot
’s triangle? [5+2][2014][2016] Page 112,113
2. What are the anatomical factors that prevent the gastro-esophageal
regurgitation? Give an account of histological structures of oesophagus.
[4+3][2013] Page 85-87
3. Give an account of uterine cervix. Mention its lymphatic drainage.
[4+3][2013] Page 252-256
4. Describe the histology of classical hepatic lobule. What is liver acinus?
[5+2][2012] Page 108
5. Why is ischio-rectal abscess very painful when abscess is superficial?
Write boundaries and contents of the fossa. [1+4+2][2012] Page 219-221
-MEDelulu
6. Name the false ligaments of the liver. State within which mesogastrium
development of liver takes place and what are the remnants of it. Write
from which part of gut, liver bud develops? [4+1+1+1][2011] Page
105,108,71
7. Name the parts of the large intestine with their corresponding length in
adults. Describe the structures of large gut with diagrams.[2.5+4.5][2011]
Page 137-139
8. A teenage girl suffering from acute appendicitis got an initial attack of
pain around umbilicus, which was finally localized in right iliac fossa.State
the anatomical reasons of pain in the areas. Give an account of positions
of vermiform appendix.[3+4][2010] Page 142-144
9. Describe the interior of anal canal along with its histological structure.
[4+3][2015]
10.Describe the cervix uteri. What is its clinical importance? [5+2][2016]
Page 252-256
11.Describe the lymphatic drainage of stomach. Why does Virchow’ s lymph
nodes get enlarged in carcinoma of stomach? [5+2][2017] Page 92
12. Compare the relations of the anterior surface of both the kidneys. Give
outlines of development of metanephric kidneys. [4+3][2019] Page
157,160
13. A child with inguino-scrotal swelling was diagnosed to be a case of
congenital hydrocele due to patency of whole processus vaginalis. From
your anatomical knowledge, explain this. Add a note on processus
vaginalis. [3+4][2010 supple] Page 61
14. A patient develops diabetes mellitus after splenectomy. Explain the
cause of development of diabetes in this case. Describe the ligaments
of spleen. [2+5][2011 supple] Page 96,98
15. On inspection of a newborn male baby, the right scrotal sac was found
to be empty and was diagnosed as anomalies of descent of testis. Write
a brief note on the descent of testis. Explain ectopic testis. [5+2][2012
supple] Page 65
16. Supports that prevent uterine prolapse. [7][2013 supple]
17. Name the contents of spermatic cord. Mention the beginning,
Termination, histological structure and source of development of vas
deferens. [3+1+1+1+1][2013 supple] Page 45
18.Describe the ligaments of spleen. Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate
microstructure of spleen. [5+2][2015 supple] Page 94-98
19.Describe ischio-rectal fossa and its applied importance. [5+2][2015
supple] Page 219-221
20.Blood supply of stomach with its applied importance. [5+2][2016 supple]
Page 91
21. Write the blood supply of suprarenal gland. Draw and label the
histological structure of the gland. [3+4][2018 supple] Page 170,171
23. Define hernia with types of inguinal hernias. Name the structures
forming the boundaries of inguinal canal. [2+5][2018 supple] Page 48-50
24. Give an account of formation and tributaries of portal vein. Discuss in
brief the development of portal vein.[4+3][2018] Page 128-130
-MEDelulu
25. Embryology and histology of pancreas. [4+3][2019 supple] Page

126,127
26. Compare the relations of anterior surfaces of the kidneys. Write a note
on development of metanephric kidney. [5+5][2020 New Regulation]
Page 156,157
27. Write briefly the lymphatic drainage of stomach. Draw a diagram and
mention the clinical importance of lymphatic drainage of stomach.
[5+2+3][2020 New Regulation] Page 92
28. Draw and label the histological structure of spleen and lymph node.
Compare there histological features.[4+4+2][2023-Nov]

1. Ovarian fossa on lateral pelvic wall. [2013,‘07] Page 245,246
2. Epiploic foramen. [2012,‘11] Page 82
3. Umbilical cord. [2012] Page 25
4. Left renal vein. [2011] Page 159,160
5. Inter-vertebral disc.[2010,‘08]
6. Physiological umbilical hernia.[2010] Page 26
7. Mackenrodt’ s ligament. [2012] Page 259
8. Perineal body.[2019] Page 218
9. Internal trigone of urinary bladder.[2014] Page 228
10. Broad ligament of uterus.[2014] Page 254
11. Prostatic part of male urethra.[2015] Page 232
12. Caput medusa. [2015] Page 130
13. First part of duodenum [2010 supple] Page 116
14. Bile duct [2012 supple] Page 112
15. Lesser omentum [2015 supple] Page 74
16. Ligamentous supports of uterus. [2017 supple] Page 258
17. Spermatic cord [2018 supple] Page 45
18. Deep inguinal ring [2019 supple] Page 44
19. Meckel’s diverticulum [2019 supple] Page 137
20. Polycystic kidney [2019 supple] Page 161
21.Umbilical cord[2023-Feb] Page 25

1. Varicocele of testis is common. [2014] Page 62
2. Carcinoma of head of pancreas may produce jaundice. [2014][2016
supple] Page 128
3. A newborn baby presents with imperforate anus. [2013]
4. Pain of appendicitis is referred to umbilicus. [2013][2016 supple] Page
144
5. Cholecystitis causes pain in right shoulder. [2011] Page 113
-MEDelulu
6. Urinary fistula at the level of umbilicus in a newborn baby. [2011] Page

26
7. A patient is detected to have horse-shoe shaped kidney. [2010] Page
161
8. A patient of cirrhosis of liver presents with “Caput Medusa” [2010] Page
130
9. Appendix of testes is embryologically diferent from appendix of
epididymis. [2017]
10. Pleural sac may be accidentally opened during exposure of kidney from
the back. [2017] Page 160
11. Newborn baby passes urine through umbilicus. [2016] Page 26
12. Pubic tubercle is important landmark for femoral and inguinal hernia.
[2016] Page 49
13. In prostatic carcinoma, X-ray of lumbosacral vertebrae is to be advised.
[2016] Page 242
14. Dropping of the kidney is not followed by suprarenal gland. [2016] 15.
Inner layer of myometrium acts as a living ligature of uterus during
menstruation & parturition. [2015] Page 157
16. Carcinoma of head of pancreas may cause Jaundice. [2019] Page 128
17. Appendix is said to be abdominal tonsil. [2019][2020 New Regulation]
Page 144
18. On rare occasion, cecum and vermiform appendix may not be present in
the right iliac fossa. [2010 supple]
18. A male baby was diagnosed to be a case of ectopic testis when he was
detected to have one side of scrotum empty. [2010 supple] Page 65
19. Ureteric colic causes radiating pain from loin to groin. [2012 supple]
Page 161,162
20. Pectinate line in anal canal is known as the watershed line. [2012
supple]
22. Formation of polycystic kidney. [2012 supple][2018 supple] Page 161
23. Umbilical urinary fistula occurs in a newborn baby. [2013 supple] Page
26
24. Peritoneal infection from exterior is more common in females. [2013
supple] Page 235
25. Physiological umbilical hernia. [2015 supple]
26. Extravasation of urine following rupture of urethra extend upto axilla.
[2015 supple] Page 233
27. Caput Medusa. [2016 supple]
28. Renal colic radiates from loin to groin. [2017 supple] Page 161,162
29. Inflammation in ovary may present with low back pain. [2018 supple]
Page 248
30. Low back pain in prostate carcinoma. [2018] Page 242
31. Which ureter is more prone to injury in cervical cancer in women and
why? [2018] Page 259
32. Unilateral hydronephrosis may occur following hysterectomy.[2023-Feb]
33. Vermiform appendix is said to be abdominal tonsil.[2023-Feb] Page 144
-MEDelulu
34. Cancer of prostate may metastasise to vertebral column.[2023-Nov]
HEAD AND NECK

1.A man suffering from hypertension, bleed from Litle’ s area of nose. Give
an account on the formation, arterial supply, nerve supply, and lining
epithelium of the nasal septum with a note on Little’s area.
[4+2+2+2+2][2012]Page 248
2.Following thyroidectomy, a patient may develop hoarseness of voice.
Explain the statement. Give a brief account of intrinsic muscles of larynx
and their action on Rima glotidis. [2+10][2012]Page 217,219
3.A child came to the OPD with a complaint of injury to the external ear. On
examination, a perforation was found in the tympanic membrane. Discuss
the gross anatomy, arterial supply, and nerve supply of tympanic membrane
& external auditory canal .[3+1+2+3+1+2][2011]Page 260,261
4.A person with history of inability to close his mouth immediately after
yawning. What is the anatomical basis of it? Describe the muscles and
ligaments related to the anatomical site affected. [2+5+5][2011]
5. Following an operation of right parotid gland, a patient develops
weakness of facial muscles of that side. State the relations of the affected
cranial nerve with respect to the parotid gland. Give a brief account of the
functional components, intracranial course and distribution of the nerve.
[2+10][2010]
6. A patient is brought to the physician presenting right sided ocular signs
of ptosis, strabismus, diplopia and a loss of accommodation as well as
the light reflex with contralateral hemiplagia. From your anatomical
knowledge, explain the lesion. Give a brief account of the cranial nerve
affected. [2+10][2010]
7. Describe cavernous sinus under the following headings:
A) General informations;
B) Structures passing through the sinus;
C) Tributaries;
D) Communications. [2017][3+3+3+3]
8. Describe the parotid gland on following headings: [2+2+3+2+3][2019]
i) Covering. Ii) Relation iii) Nerve supply iv)
Arrangement of structures passing through gland. V)
Frey’s Syndrome.PAGE 111-115
9. A man develops ‘Black eye’ within 48 hours of a lacerated injury of
scalp. From your knowledge of anatomy, explain this complication. Discuss
briefly the layers of scalp with a note on its blood supply, nerve supply and
applied anatomy. [2+10] [2010 supple] PAGE 48,49,50
10. A child suffering from repeated throat infection presents with
discharge of pus through ear. Explain this consequence from your
-MEDelulu
knowledge of anatomy. Discuss briefly the middle ear cavity and add a note
on its applied anatomy. [2+10] [2010 supple]PAGE 262-264
11. Following diphtheria,a child suffers from nasal regurgitation of food.
Give an explanation of the above statement. Give a brief account of the
muscles of the soft palate alongwith their applied anatomy. [2+10][2011
supple] PAGE 208
12. A child suffering from acute tonsillitis complains of pain in the ear.
Explain it anatomically. Mention position, relations, blood supply, nerve
supply and development of palatine tonsil. [2+2+3+2+2+1] [2012 supple]
PAGE 203,204,205
13. A patient is brought to a surgeon with parotid tumor. Describe the
parotid gland under the following headings: (i) Capsule, (ii) Relations, (iii)
Structures within, (iv) Nerve supply, (v) applied anatomy.
[1+5+1+3+2][2013 supple]
14. Mention the boundaries, contents and communications of middle ear.
What is hyperacusis? [4+4+3+1][2013 supple]Page 262-264
15. Name the functional components of facial nerve. Give the effect of
injury of the facial nerve at internal auditory meatus. [3+9][2014 supple]
16. What is Waldeyer’s ring? Describe the palatine tonsil with its relations,
blood supply and nerve supply. Why is pain in tonsillitis referred to
middle ear? [2+7+3][2016 supple]Page 198,203,
17. Enumerate the muscles of the tongue. Describe the nerve supply of
tongue on embryological basis. What are the features of hypoglossal
nerve palsy? Write the structure of taste bud. What is ankyloglossia?
[2+3+3+2+2][2017 supple]
18.Describe the location, coverings, relations, nerve supply and
microanatomy of the parotid gland. [2+2+3+2+3]
19.Enumerate muscles of soft palate. Give their origin, insertion, nerve
supply and functions. What is Passavant’s ridge? [2+8+2][2018]Page 208
20.Describe the palatine tonsil under the following headings:
1. Location
2. Relations
3. Histology
4. Blood supply
5. Development [1+3+3+3+2][2019 supple]Page 203
21.A patient develops hoarseness of voice following thyroidectomy
operation. Explain hoarseness of voice anatomically. Mention nerve supply
of intrinsic muscles of larynx. [5+2+8][2020 New Regulation]
22. Following an operation of right parotid gland, a patient develops
weakness of facial muscles of that side. State the relations of the affected
cranial nerve with respect to the parotid gland. Give a brief account of the
functional components with nuclei, branches and distributions of- the
nerve. Enumerate the features of LMN type of palsy of the nerve with
explanation.[3+(2+2+2)+6][2023-Nov]
-MEDelulu
GROUP-B(7/10 MARKS)
1. Name the paranasal air sinuses. Mention the factors which help to
drain out the contents of the maxillary air sinus. Why are these sinuses
developed around the nose? [2+3+2][2014] PAGE 252-253
2. Mention the muscles of pharynx. Give their nerve supply. What is
Kilian’s dehiscence? [3+2+2][2014] PAGE 198-199
3. Enumerate the paired venous sinuses in skull. Write brief note on
cavernous sinus. [3+4][2013]
4. Fishbones badly stuck in pyriform fossa of pharynx was removed
with prolonged effort causing laceration of tissue. Give boundaries of
pyriform fossa, its sensory nerve supply and possible deleterious effects of
tissue damage. [2+2+2][2013] PAGE 197
5. Describe the development of tongue. Correlate the nerve supply of
tongue with its development. [4+3][2012] PAGE 184-190
6. An old man presents an ulcer along the margin of tongue which was
diagnosed as carcinoma of the tongue. Which groups of lymph nodes are
likely to be enlarged? Discuss briefly the lymphatic drainage of tongue.
[2+5][2011] PAGE 189-190
7. A patient with increased intracranial tension presents with medial
squint/strabismus. Explain the reason for medial squint. Give a brief
account of the anatomy of the structures involved. [2+5] [2011] PAGE 326
8. During surgical operation of thyroid gland, a surgeon must be careful
to avoid injury to some nerves. Mention the components, distribution and
effect of lesions of these nerves. [2+3+2][2010] PAGE 219
9. Enumerate the extra-ocular muscles with their nerve supply and
functions. [4+3][2017] PAGE 276
10. Nerve supply of the tongue with developmental explanation. What is
tongue tie? [6+1][2019] PAGE 186,190
11. A man gets cavernous sinus thrombosis due to uncared infection of
dangerous area of face. Mention the tributaries and communications of
cavernous sinus. From your knowledge of anatomy explain the complication
of the case mentioned. [2+5][2010 supple]
12. Mention the coats of eyeball. How is aqueous humor formed,
circulated and drained? Name the refractive media in the eye. [3+2+2][2011
supple] PAGE 284
13. Enumerate the muscles of soft palate and their nerve supply. What
are the different forms of cleft palate and how are they formed? [7+5][2012
supple] PAGE 211,208
14. Name the paranasal air sinuses. Where do they drain? Describe
maxillary air sinus. [2+2+3][2012 supple] PAGE 252
15. A boy presents with a cystic swelling on the anterior border of
sternocleidomastoid since birth. What can be the possible reasons?
16. Mention derivatives of first two branchial arches. [1+3+3][2013
supple]
17. Rima Glottidis. [7][2014 supple] PAGE221
18. Describe the nerve supply of anterior 2/3rd of tongue. [7][2014 supple]
PAGE 190
-MEDelulu
19. Name the paranasal air sinuses. Give their nerve supply and opening.
Why are they situated around the nose? [2+3+2][2016 supple] PAGE 252
20. Enumerate the peripheral parasympathetic ganglion in the head and
neck region. Add a brief note on ciliary ganglion. [2+5][2016 supple]
PAGE 140,150,281
21. Mechanism of phonation. [2017 supple] PAGE 221
22. Describe extra-cranial course and distribution of facial nerve. What are
the features of Bell's palsy? [5+2][2017 supple][2018] PAGE 331,332
23. Describe the medial wall of middle ear cavity. [7][2017 supple] PAGE
264
24. Boundaries of orbit with clinical importance. [7][2018 supple] PAGE 273
25. Name the pharyngeal arches with examples. [7][2018 supple]
26. Describe the external auditory meatus with clinical significance.
[5+2][2019 supple] PAGE 259
27. Name the muscles of tongue with their nerve supply. What is lingual
tonsil? [6+4][2020 New Regulation] PAGE 186-190
28.A person is unable to close his mouth after yawning (wide opening of
the mouth.What is this condition called? What is the cause? Give the
mechanism of depression of mandible at the temporo mandibular joint.
What is the functional range of opening of the mouth ?[1+2+6+1][2023-
Feb] PAGE 145,146
29. a) A child was brought to ophthalmology OPD for constant watering of one
eye.
i) Explain the anatomical causes of this symptom.
ii) Enumerate the structures forming lacrimal apparatus.
iii) Prepare a flow chart of the secretomotor pathway to lacrimal gland.[2+4+4][2023-Nov]
PAGE 64-66

1. Branchial cyst.[2013]
2. Otic ganglion.[2013][2017 supple][2018] PAGE 140
3. Temporo-mandibular joint.[2013]. PAGE 141
4. Dangerous area of face.[2013][2020 New Regulation] PAGE 61
5. Ciliary ganglion.[2012] PAGE 281
6. Lacrimal apparatus.[2012] PAGE 64
7. Tympanic membrane.[2012] PAGE 260
8. Ansa cervicalis.[2012] PAGE 92
9. Inlet of larynx.[2011] PAGE 219
10. Development of soft palate[2011] PAGE 210
11. Spine of sphenoid.[2011] PAGE 21
12. Thyroglossal duct.[2010] PAGE 159
13. Middle meatus of nose.[2010] PAGE 249
14. Circulation of aqueous humor.[2010] PAGE 289
15. Ciliary body.[2004][2016] PAGE 286
16. Pyriform fossa with clinical importance.[2014] PAGE 197
-MEDelulu
17. Muscles of the first branchial arch with their nerve supply.[2014][2017]
18. Dangerous area of scalp.[2014][2016] PAGE 49
19. Styloid apparatus.[2014, 2011 supple, 2013 supple, 2016 supple] PAGE
238
20. Spinal accessory nerve.[2017] PAGE 337
21. Speech area of brain.[2015] PAGE 381,382
22. Structure and nerve supply of tympanic membrane.[2015] PAGE 260-
261
23. Rima Glottidis.[2016][2018][2019 supple] PAGE 221
24. Nasolacrimal duct.[2016] PAGE 66
25. Cavernous sinus with connections.[2019] PAGE 316-317
26. Structure of cornea.[2019] PAGE 285
27. Ciliary ganglion.[2019] PAGE 281
28. Sensory innervations of face.[2019] PAGE 57
29. Meckel's cartilage [2010 supple][2019 supple]
30. Naso-lacrimal duct [2010 supple] PAGE 66
31. Nerve supply of tongue [2010 supple] PAGE 190
32. Lingual thyroid [2011 supple] PAGE159
33. Movements of temporomandibular joint [2011 supple][2016
supple]PAGE 141-145
34. Anterior chamber of eyeball. [2012 supple] PAGE 289
35. Buccinator muscle. [2012 supple] PAGE 56
36. Cervical sinus [2012 supple]
37. Bell's palsy [2012 supple] PAGE 58-59
38. Horner's Syndrome [2013 supple] PAGE 58-59
39. Auditory tube [2013 supple] PAGE 259
40. Circulation of aqueous humor [2013 supple] PAGE 289
41. Canal of Schlemm [2014 supple]PAGE 289
42. Otic ganglion [2014 supple] PAGE 140
43. Little's area of epistaxis [2014 supple][2017 supple] PAGE 248
44. Cornea [2016 supple] PAGE 258
45. 1st pharyngeal arch [2017 supple]
46. Sinus of Morgagni [2019 supple] PAGE 200-201
47. Cleft Palate [2019 supple] PAGE 211
48. Oblique muscles of the eyeball[2023-Feb]PAGE 276

1. Pain is referred to the middle ear in ulcer of posterior part of the tongue.
[2014] PAGE 190
2. A patient having fracture of sphenoidal spine complains of loss of taste
sensation at a later date. [2014] PAGE 21
3. Inflammation of parotid gland is very painful. [2014][2016 supple]
PAGE111
4. In tonsilitis, pain is referred to the middle ear. [2013][2015] PAGE 266
5. Superior parathyroids are inferior in position [2013,’11] PAGE 161
-MEDelulu
6. Optic disc in eye-ball is known as blind spot. [2013,‘06] PAGE 289

7. Postero-inferior part of tympanic membrane is chosen for myringotomy.
[2013] PAGE 262
8. Macular vision is generally spared in lesion/thrombosis of posterior
cerebral artery. [2012][2016 supple][2018 supple]
9. Optic nerve cannot regenerate after injury. [2012][2017 supple] PAGE
324
10. A patient of pituitary tumor suffers from bitemporal hemianopia.[2014,’
10][2016] PAGE 321
11. Layer of loose connective tissue of scalp is known as dangerous area of
scalp.[2010,’08] PAGE 49
12. Repeated throat infection, if neglected, may cause mastoiditis.
[2010,'08] PAGE264
13. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around right subclavian artery
while the left one rounds the ligamentum arteriosum.
[2008][2016][2018]
14. Parotiditis is very painful. [2017] PAGE 116
15. Syringing of external ear may sometimes cause vaso-vagal attack of the
patient. [2016]
16. Increased intra-cranial pressure may cause medial squint. [2015]
17. Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle acts as safety muscle of larynx.
[2015][2020 New Regulation] PAGE 219
18. Dry mouth in fracture of spine of sphenoid. [2019] PAGE 21
19. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer than the right. [2010
supple][2012 supple]
20. Ectopic thyroid gland [2010 supple] PAGE 160
21. All muscles of - (i) soft palate except tensor palatini PAGE 209
(ii) pharynx except stylopharyngeus PAGE 201
(iii) larynx , except cricothyroid, is supplied by cranial part of
accessory nerve. [2010 supple] PAGE 219
22. Region of vallate papilla is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve. [2011
supple]
23. Syringing of external auditory meatus may cause coughing and fatal
cardiac failure. [2011 supple]
24. Cellulitis of dangerous area of face may be followed by cavernous sinus
thrombosis. [2012 supple] PAGE 61
25. Hyperacusis due to lesions of intrapetrous part of the facial nerve. [2012
supple][2018 supple] PAGE 265
26. In chronic sinusitis, accumulation of infected material is more common
in maxillary air sinus. [2013 supple]
27. A tumor at the level of foramen cecum of tongue reveals thyroid follicles
in isotope scan. [2013 supple]
28. Syringing of external auditory meatus may cause cardiac arrest. [2013
supple]
-MEDelulu
29. Thyroid swelling moves up and down with deglutition. [2014

supple][2018] PAGE 155
30. Surgical removal of palpebral part of lacrimal gland is equivalent to the
removal of the whole gland. [2014 supple]
31. Superior parathyroid is developmentally inferior. [2014 supple] PAGE
161
32. Cadaveric position of Rima Glottidis. [2016 supple] PAGE 219
33. Patient after thyroidectomy complains of hoarseness of voice. [2017
supple] PAGE 159
34. Trauma over forehead may produce black eye. [2017 supple]
35. Inferior parathyroid is developmentally superior. [2017 supple] PAGE
161
36. . Inflammation of tubal tonsil gives rise to difficulty in hearing. [2018
supple]
37. Weber's Syndrome is also called as crossed Oculomotor
Paralysis[2023-Feb] PAGE 362
38. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer than right.[2023-Feb]
39. The composite development of tongue is confirmed by studying the
sensory innervation.[2023-Nov] PAGE 190
40. Thyroid enlargement fails to rise above thyroid cartilage and it moves up
and down with deglutition.[2023-Nov] PAGE 155
NEUROANATOMY
1. Give the arterial supply of the superolateral surface of the brain. What is
macular sparing? [10+2][2014] Page 397
2.What is arterial circle of Willis? Describe the arterial supply of
superolateral surface of cerebral hemisphere. [5+7][2016] Page 394,395,39
3.Enumerate the white fibres in the brain. Describe the internal capsule
under the following headings:Parts with relations, fibres passing through
different parts and blood supply. What is stroke? [2+3+4+2+1][2017] Page
382,383,384
4.A man suffers from bitemporal hemianopia as a result of pituitary tumor.
Give an account of the visual pathway. State the reason of bitemporal
hemianopia. [10+2][2012 supple] Page 324,325
5.What are the white fibres of the brain? Describe corpus callosum in short.
[3+9][2014 supple] Page 382,383
6.Describe the extent and boundaries of different parts of the lateral
ventricle of the brain. Where and how is its third content formed?
[10+2][2016 supple] Page 385, 375
-MEDelulu
7.What are the different types of white fibres in the brain? How is internal
capsule formed? Write in brief different parts of internal capsule with clinical
importance and arterial supply.[3+2+3+4+3][2020 New Regulation]
GROUP-B(7/10 MARKS)
1. CT scan of the brain of a patient suffering from cerebro-vascular
accident shows a lesion in the internal capsule of the brain. State why
this part is called “Internal Capsule” . Mention the different fibres
passing through the internal capsule. Add a note on its blood supply.
[1+3+3][2010] Page 383-385
2.Describe the walls and communications of 3rd ventricle. What is
noncommunicating type of hydrocephalus? [4+1+2][2016] Page
375,353
3.Describe the floor of the 4th ventricle with proper diagram. [7][2017]
9. What are the different parts of cerebellum? Mention their blood
supply.
What is cerebellar ataxia? [4+2+1][2015]Page 369,366,368
4.Draw a labelled diagram of the section of Midbrain at the level of superior
colliculus. What is Weber's syndrome? [5+2][2019]PAGE 362
5.Write a note on internal capsule of brain with its blood supply. What is
hemiplegia? [5+2][2012]PAGE 384,385
6.Central branches of Circle of Willis are examples of end arteries explain.
Write a note on formation, branches and clinical anatomy of
Circle of Willis. [1+6][2010 supple]
7.A patient is presented with supranuclear type of facial nerve palsy after
cerebro-vascular accident. What is supranuclear type of facial nerve palsy?
Mention the functional areas of brain supplied by anterior cerebral artery.
[2+5][2011 supple]PAGE 397,385
8.Describe with a suitable diagram the features of a transverse section of
midbrain at the level of superior colliculus. [7][2013 supple]PAGE362
9.Blood supply of superolateral surface of cerebrum. [7][2018 supple]
10.Name the ventricles of the brain. Write down the boundaries and
communications of the third ventricle. What is
hydrocephalus?[2+5+2+1][2023-Feb]

1. Thalamic nuclei. [2011]Page 372
2. Boundaries and communications of 3rd ventricle of the brain. [2010]Page
375
3. 3.Blood supply of spinal cord. [2017]Page 303
4.Speech area of brain. [2015][2018 supple]Page 381,382
5.Motor neurons of spinal cord [2010 supple]
6.Corpus callosum [2011 supple]Page 383
7.Circle of Willis [2014 supple]
8.Fornix [2017 supple]Page 392
9.Medial medullary syndrome [2017 supple]Page 357
-MEDelulu
10.Third ventricle of brain [2018 supple]

11.Pia mater of spinal cord [2018 supple]Page 294
GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Patient with pituitary tumor suffers from bitemporal hemianopia.
[2016][2018] PAGE 321
2. Increased intra-cranial pressure may cause medial squint. [2015] Page
278,328
3. In anterior spinal artery syndrome there is bilateral loss of pain and
temperature sensation but conscious proprioceptive sensations are
intact.[2015]Page 303
4. Increased pressure of CSF in subarachnoid space is easily diagnosed
by ophthalmoscopic examination of the eyes. [2017][2016 supple]
5. Ischemic damage to anterior limb of internal capsule may affect recent
memory tracing.[2019]
6. Abducens nerve palsy is a common manifestation of increased
intracranial pressure. [2019][2019 supple]
7. Obliquity and length of the spinal nerve roots increase progressively
from above downwards. [2016]Page 295
8. Sparing of macular vision in posterior cerebral artery occlusion. [2011
supple]
9. Argyll-Robertson pupil. [2012 supple]
10. Lumbar puncture is done at the level of L3 -L4 interspinous
space. [2016 supple]Page 294,295
11.Optic disc of the eye is called blind spot. [2018 supple]Page 296
12.Lesion of Hypothalamus can lead to Diabetes Insipidus.[2023-Feb]
13.Injury to fourth layer of scalp may result in black eye.[2023-Feb] PAGE
49
14.Tumor of inferior parietal lobule may lead to sensory aphasia.[2023-Nov]
GENERAL ANATOMY,
EMBRYOLOGY & GENETICS
GROUP-B (7/10 MARKS)
1. Describe the development of placenta in short. What is placenta previa?
[2+5][2014]
1. What is metaphysis of a growing bone? Give its importance. [2+5][2014]
2. Mention the main structural characteristics of a synovial joint. Classify
synovial joint with example of each type. [3+4][2012]
3. Describe the histology of a classical Hepatic lobule with a diagram.
What is liver acinus?[5+2][2019]
4. Define long bone. Describe the different parts of young long bone.
-MEDelulu
Describe the blood supply of long bone. [1+3+3][2016]

5. Describe the formation of secondary mesoderm with formation of extra-
embryonic coelom. [7][2011 supple]
6. Enumerate the layers of placental barrier chronologically and mention its
clinical significance. [5+2][2017 supple]
7.Enumerate structural classification of joints. Write different types of fibrous joints
with appropriate examples. [5+2][2018 supple]
8.What is intra-embryonic mesoderm? What are the derivatives of IEM? Name any 3
structures derived for IEM. Name the derivatives of intra-embryonic
coelom.[2+3+3+2][2023-Nov]
GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1. Difference b/w transitional and stratified squamous epithelium. [2014]
2. Capacitation. [2014]
3. Placental barrier. [2013]
4. Non-disjunction. [2013]
5. Epiphyseal cartilage. [2012] 6. Down’ s syndrome. [2011,‘04][2018
supple]
7. Klinefelter’s syndrome. [2011][2020 New Regulation]
8. Plasma cell. [2010,‘05]
9. Notochord. [2007][2016]
10. Sarcomere. [2016]
11. Karyotyping. [2016][2018 supple]
12. Blastocyst. [2015] 13. Turner’ s syndrome. [2015]
14. Laws of ossification. [2015]
15. Translocation. [2019]
16. Blastocyst. [2019]
17. Classification of glands with one example of each.[2019]
18. Epiphysis [2010 supple]
19. Neural crest cells [2010 supple][2015 supple]
20. Placental barrier [2011 supple]
21. Turner Syndrome [2011 supple]
22. Metaphysis [2011 supple][2016 supple]
23. Blastocyst [2012 supple]
24. Transitional epithelium [2012 supple][2018]
25. Down's Syndrome [2012 supple]
26. Intervertebral disc [2014 supple]
27. Klinefelter's Syndrome [2015 supple]
28. Umbilical cord [2015 supple]
29. Plasma membrane [2015 supple]
30. Somites [2016 supple]
31. Barr body. [2016 supple]
32. Histology of lymph node [2016 supple]
33. Hyaline cartilage [2017 supple]
34. Sex-linked inheritance [2017 supple]
-MEDelulu
35. Derivatives of neural crest. [2017 supple]

36. Sesamoid bone. [2018]
37. Pivot joint [2019 supple][2020 New Regulation]
38. Neuroglial cells [2019 supple]
39. Test for ovulation [2023-Nov]
GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Osteoclast. [2014]
2. Double Barr body in Klinefelter’ s syndrome.[2012,'11, '19]
3. Monozygotic twins are identical while dizygotic twins are
nonidentical.[2012][2020 New Regulation]
4. An elderly female (38yrs) gave birth to a baby who is examined to have
a rounded-face, epicanthic folds and characteristic single palmar crease
(Simian Crease) on the palm. Explain the genetic cause of the event.
[2011]
5. Annular pancreas. [2016]
6. Lysosomes are called suicidal bags of the cell. [2012 supple]
7. Ectopic pregnancy. [2015 supple][2017 supple]
8. Capacitation is necessary for fertilization. [2017 supple]
9. Monozygotic and dizygotic twins. [2019 supple]
10. Conceptus is not rejected by mother.[2023-Nov]
MCQ [2023]
1.Musculotendinous cuff is formed by all muscles except

a) Supraspinatus. b)Teres major. c) Infraspinatus. d) Teres minor.
2. Posterior mediastinum provides passage to all structures except
a) Oesophagus. b)Trachea. c) Descending thoracic aorta. d) Azygos.
3. Radial bursa is the synovial sheath enclosing the tendon of
a) Flexor carpi radialis. b) Flexor pollicis longus. c) Extensor carpi radialis
longus. d) Extensor carpi radialis bravis.
4. Clavipectoral fascia is pierced by all of the following structures except
a) Cephalic Vein. . b) Thoracoacromial artery. c) Medial pectoral nerve. d
Lymph vessels from breast.
5. All of the following structures form the boundary of triangle of auscultation
except
a) Trapezius. b)Rhomboideus. c) Latissimus dorsi. d) Medial border of
scapula.
6. The Ascending aorta gives origin to
a) Brachiocephalic Artery. b) Rt. Common carotid artery. c) Rt subclavian
artery. d)Left coronary artery.
7. All are the constituents of pelvic diaphragm except
a) Levator Ani. b Obturator internus. c) Coccygeus. d) Pelvic fascia.
8. All are the tributaries of internal iliac vein except
a) Uterine vein. b) Vaginal vein. c) Obturator vein. d)Umbilical vein.
-MEDelulu
9. Length of vas deferens is about

a) 15 cm. b) 25 cm. c) 35 cm. Y45 cm.
10. Caecum is supplied by
a) lleocolic artery. b) Middle colic artery. c) Left colic artery. d) Right.colic
artery.
11. Regarding patella all of the following except one is correct
a) The patella is a sesamoid bone lying within the quadriceps tendon.
b)Patella fracture should always be treated with surgical resection.
c)Lower horizontal fibres of the vastus medialis prevent lateral displacement
of the patella.
d) Congenital recurrent dislocations of the patella are caused by
underdevelopment of the lateral femoral condyle.
12. All of the followings are the sources of development of diaphragm
except
a) Septum transversum.
b) Pleuro-pericardial membranes.
c) Ventral mesentery of the oesophagus.
d) Muscular components of the body wall.
13. Regarding Androgen insensitivity syndrome find the false statement
a) Formerly called testicular feminization.
b) Occurs in patients who have a 46XY chromosome complement but have
the external appearance of normal females.
c) This disorder results from a lack of androgen receptors or failure of
tissues to respond to receptor dihydrotestosterone complexes.
d) This syndrome is a Y-linked recessive disorder.
14. Auditory tube opening inside nasopharynx is present
a) 1.25 cm behind the inferior nasal concha.
b) 2.5 cm behind the inferior nasal concha.
c) 1.25 cm behind middle nasal concha.
d) 2.5 cm behind middle nasal concha.
15. Regarding Basal ganglia which one is false
a) Masses of grey matter.
b) Situated within cerebral hemisphere (Telencephalon) at the level of
Diencephalon.
c)It is made up of Corpus striatum (Caudate nucleus+Lentiform Nucleus),
Claustrum, and Amygdaloid body.
d)Essential constituent of pyramidal system.
16. Regarding the Arches of the foot find the false answer
a) A segmented structure can hold up weight only if it is built in the form of
an arch.
b) The foot has three such arches.
c) Transverse arch consists of bases of the metatarsal bones, the cuboid
and three cuneiform bones.
d) Pes planus (flat foot) is a condition in which the lateral longitudinal arch is
depressed or collapsed.
-MEDelulu
17. Atlanto-occipital joint is an example of what sub-type of synovial joint?

a) Ball and socket. b) Saddle. c) Pivot d Ellipsoid.
18. Taste buds are typically absent over which of the following papillae of
tongue
a) Vallate. b) Fungiform.) Filiform. d) Foliate.
19. An example of hyaline cartilage is
a) Epiglottis. b) Epiphyseal growth plate. c)Intervertebral disc. d) Articular
surface of the clavicle.
20. Ligamentum denticulatum is an extension of
a) Dura mater. b) Arachnoid mater. Pia mater. d) Posterior longitudinal
ligament.
-MEDelulu
PHYSIOLOGY
SYLLABUS
● Hematology ● Endocrine System

● General Physiology ● Reproductive System
● Digestive System ● Excretory System
● Nerve Muscle Physiology ● Special Senses
● Respiratory System
● Cardiovascular System
● A.E.T.C.O.M
-MEDelulu
Referred From DEBASIS PRAMANIK(7TH

EDITION)
GENERAL AND NERVEMUSCLE

PHYSIOLOGY
GROUP-A
1. Describe the neuromuscular junction with proper diagram and labelling.
Describe how an Action potential in motor nerve produces an AP in
muscles.What is Myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton Syndrome?
[4+5+3][2010] Page 45
GROUP-B
1.Discuss the role of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction & relaxation. What
is rigor mortis? [5+2] [2011] [2014 supple.] Page 52
2.Describe briefly the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. What is
Myasthenia Gravis?[5+2][2014] Page 54,46
3.What are the differences b/w AP curves of skeletal muscles and working
myocardial cells?[7][2015] Refer NVM(38), CVS(186)
4.Write the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Write a short
note on neuromuscular blockers. [4+3][2012] [2016] Page 54,47
5.Discuss the mechanism of action of different neuromuscular
blockers.[7][2017] Page 47
6.Enumerate the muscle proteins. Explain briefly the sliding filament theory
of muscle contraction. What is Rigor Mortis?[1+4+2][2019] Page 50-54
7. Draw a diagram of neuromuscular junction. Explain the mechanism of
transmission across neuromuscular junction. Name three neuromuscular
blockers and mention their mechanism of action. [3+4+3] [NEW PATTERN
2020][5+2] [2013 supple.] Page 45-47
8. Mention the different types of transport across cell membrane. What do
you mean by voltage gated and ligand gated channels? Name some
Ca2+ channel blockers.[4+2+1] [2015 supple.] Page 22,19
9. What do you mean by AP in nerve? State the ionic basis with a diagram.
[2+5] [2016 supple.] Page 38,39
10.Define RMP. Discuss the ionic basis of generation of AP in skeletal
muscle. What is tetanus?[2+4+1] [2018 supple.] Page 35,34
11.Compare and contrast the transmission of electrical activity at a NM
junction with that at a synapse. What is myasthenia gravis? [2019 supple.]
12.With a properly labelled diagram, explain the different phases of action
potential. Mention the ionic changes occurring during the various phases.
-MEDelulu
What is absolute refractory period? Mention the ionic basis for

ARP.[4+3+1+2][2023-Feb]
GROUP-C(Short Notes)
1. Secondary Active Transport.[3] [2010] [2014] Page 26
2. GLUT.[2011] [2016 supple] Refer GIT(316)
3. Rigor mortis.[2012] Page 54
4. Na+ -K+ATPase. [2012] [2016] Page 20
5. Facilitated diffusion. [2013] [2009]
Page 23
6. Gap junction.[2013] Page 9
7. Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. [2014] Page 37
8. Ion channels. [2014] Page 19
9. Nernst equation.[2017] Page 36
10. Molecular motors.[2017]
11. Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium. [2018]
12. Presynaptic inhibition. [2019] Page 499
13. Pacemaker potential. [2019]
14. Tetany. [2019]
15. G-Protein. [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021] Page 392
16. Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. [2014 supple.] [2015
supple] Page 53
17. Differences b/w fast and slow muscles. [2017 supple.]
18. Active transport, [2017 supple.] Page 25
19. Phagocytosis. [2018 supple.]
GROUP-D (Explain Why)

1. Digitalis increases the strength of cardiac contractions. [2017]
2. ATP helps in the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle. [2018]
3. Hypoproteinemia causes oedema. [2019]
4. Tetanus can be demonstrated easily in a skeletal muscle. [2019]
5. Action potentials are propagative in nature.[4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
6. Conduction is faster in thicker nerve fibre. [2013 supple.]
7. Relaxation of muscle requires energy. [2015 supple.]
8. Relaxation of muscle is an active process. [2023-Feb
BLOOD
GROUP-A
-MEDelulu
1. What is haemostasis? Name the different coagulation factors required for

coagulation and draw a brief outline of the events of coagulation. Write in
short, the role of platelets in haemostasis. Justify the role of aspirin for
prevention of stroke.[1+5+3+3] [2011] [2016] Page 94-97
2. Discuss the role of neutrophils in defence. What is innate immunity?
[8+4] [2012] Page 90,91
3. Describe the role of lymphocytes in immunity. What is acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?[8+4] [2013] Page 107,108,113
4. What is haemophilia? Enumerate the steps of haemostasis. Describe the
intrinsic pathway of coagulation.[2+3+7] [2013] [2014 supple] Page
101,96,97
5. Describe the structure of platelets. Mention the contents of their granules
and their functions. What are the functions of platelets? [4+5+3][2014]
Page 94-96
6. What is erythropoiesis? What are the sites of erythropoiesis? List with
diagram the various stages of development of RBC. How is
erythropoiesis regulated? What is polycythaemia? [2+2+4+5+2] [NEW
PATTERN 2021] [2013 supple.] Page 76,77,87
7. Describe the physiological basis of blood grouping. Discuss the hazards
of blood transfusion. [6+6] [2015 supple.] Page 105
8. Define hemostasis. Describe the sequence of events leading to
hemostasis. What is the role of platelets in clotting? Enumerate the
common lab tests for investigation of bleeding disorders. [2+4+3+3] [2019
supple.] Page 94,95,100
9.A 60 year old subject who has undergone gastrectomy (resection of
stomach) presents with anemia and neurological symptoms.
i)What are the possible mechanisms of these clinical features?
ii) What is the management of this condition? [10+5][2023-Feb]
GROUP-B
1. What do you mean by immunity? What are the different types of
immunity? Give an account of humoral immunity.[1+2+4][2010,2007]
Page 107,108
2. Define jaundice. Compare obstructive and haemolytic jaundice.
[2+5][2010] Page 301,301
3. What is erythroblastosis fetalis? What are the hazards of mismatched
blood transfusion?[2+5] [2013] Page 105,106
4. Describe the preservation injuries in stored blood. Mention the
deleterious effects of repeated blood transfusion.[4+3] [2017]Page
104,105
5. What is the role of platelets in haemostasis? [7] [2018] Page 95,95
6. Describe the structure of immunoglobulin. Write briefly about the different
types of immunoglobulins. [3+4] [2018] Page 110,111
7. Draw a flow chart showing different stages of erythropoiesis with
diagrammatic representation. Add a note on erythropoietin. [5+2][2019]
Page 76-78
-MEDelulu
7. How does Rh incompatibility occur? Describe the hemolytic disease of

newborn with its prevention. [4+3] [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.] Page 103-
105
9. Hazards of matched and mismatched blood transfusion. [3+4] [2016
supple.] Page 105
10.How much is the total body water of a 70kg male individual? How is it
distributed in various fluid compartments of our body? State the principle of
various body fluid compartments.[2+5+3][2023-Feb]
11.What is Lymph? Write about the formation and composition of lymph.
What are the functions of lymph? [2+4+4][2023-Nov]
GROUP-C (Short Note)

1. Erythropoietin.[3][2010] Page 77
2. ESR.[3] [2012] Page 86,87
3. Erythroblastosis fetalis.[3][2016] Page 105,106
4. Hemoglobinopathies.[3][2017] Page 81,82,75
5. ESR [3] [2018] Page 86,87
6. Rh incompatibility.[2019]
7. Law of Landsteiner. [2014 supple.]
8. IgG [2013 supple.] Page 110,111
9. Humoral immunity. [2015 supple.] Page 107,108
10. B and T lymphocytes. [2016 supple.] Page 107,108
11. Tissue macrophage system. [2017 supple.] Page 108
12. Megaloblastic anaemia. [2019 supple.]Page 78,79
GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

1. Inhaemolytic jaundice, urine is not coloured. [3] [2011]
2. Aspirin in low dose prevents intravascular coagulation. [3] [2012] [2016]
3. Low plasma protein causes oedema. [3] [2012]
4. Normal plasma proteins prevent oedema.[3] [2014]
5. Anaemia occurs after gastrectomy. [3] [2013] [2015]
6. Coagulation time is prolonged in obstructive jaundice.[3] [2015]
7. Anaemia occurs in chronic renal failure. [3] [2016]
8. Bleeding tendency occurs in obstructive jaundice. [3] [2018]
9. RBCs in venous blood are larger than in arterial blood. [3] [2018] [2016
supple.]
10. Coagulation is an example of positive feedback mechanism. [4] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]
11. Low dose aspirin is used in prevention of myocardial infarction. [4]
[NEW
PATTERN 2021]
12. Relative lymphocytosis occurs in bone marrow depression in adults.
[2019 supple.]
13. Cyanide poisoning causes high pO2 in venous blood. [2019 supple.]
-MEDelulu
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1.Describe the transport of oxygen from atmosphere to tissue.What is P50
and its significance? [10+2] [2010] Page 144-147
2.Give an account of the cardio-respiratory changes that occur during
isotonic exercise. What are the effects of training? [8+4] [2018] Page168
3. What are the different types of chemoreceptors regulating ventilation?
How are they stimulated? List the pathways by which increased pCO2
stimulates ventilation.[3+4+5] [2019] Page 155-157
4. Give a brief account of neural and chemical regulation of respiration.
Explain the changes in the respiratory system during exercise and during
acclimatization to high altitude. [3+3+3+3] [2016 supple.] Page 150-152,
155-157, 168,164
5. Describe the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve. Factors shifting the curve.
[8+4] [2017 supple.] Page 144-147
GROUP-B
1. What is hypoxia? What are the adaptations that occur when a person
ascends to an altitude of 12000 feet? [2+5] [2012] [2013 supple] Page
160,164,165
2. What is Bohr’s effect? How CO2 is transported from tissues to the lungs.
[2+5][2013] [2016] Page 146, 148,149
3. Describe the oxygen dissociation curve and the factors influencing it.
[3+4] [2014] Page 144-147
4. What is pulmonary surfactant? Explain its role in the maintenance of
stability of alveoli. [2+5] [2015] Page 137,138
5. Compare and contrast b/w static and specific compliance of the lungs.
What is the role of surfactant in maintaining compliance of the
lungs?[3+4] [2017] Page 136-138
6. What is VA/Q ratio? Explain the distribution of ventilation and perfusion in
different regions of the lungs in erect posture. Why is tuberculosis
common at the apex of lungs? [1+4+2] [2018] Page 129,130
7. How is oxygen transported in blood? Explain with a diagram the effect of
PO2 on haemoglobin saturation. Comment on the effect of Carbon
Monoxide on oxygen binding to haemoglobin. [2+3+2] [2019] Page 144-147
8. Explain how oxygen is transported from lungs to tissues in details. Add a
note on P50. [6+4] [NEW PATTERN 2021] Page 144-147
9. What is hypoxia? Role of O2 therapy in various types of hypoxia. [2015
supple.] Page 160, 166
-MEDelulu
10. A group of 3rd Year Medical students accompanied a medical mission

team in Peru. After arrival at the airport, they hiked quickly towards a remote
mountain village in the Andes at a height of 18000 ft. They started suffering
from headache, dizziness, nausea and shortness of breath. What is your
diagnosis? What are the causes of above -mentioned symptoms? What is
acclimatization? What are the compensatory changes of acclimatization?
What is Monge’s disease?[1+3+2+8+1][2023-Nov] Page 164,165
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)

1. Apneustic centre.[3] [2010] Page 151
2. Surfactant.[2012] [2013 supple.] Page 137
3. Lung compliance.[2013] Page 136
4. Haldane effect.[2014] Page 149
5. Maximum ventilation volume. [2014] Page 127
6. Peak expiratory flow rate. Page 170
7. Timed vital capacity.[2015] Page 127
8. Ventilation perfusion ratio. [2016] Page 129
9. Roles of O2 therapy in hypoxia.[3] [2018] Page 166
10. Alveolo capillary membrane. [3] [2014 supple.] Page 121
11. Caisson’s disease. [2013 supple] Page 165,166
12. Cyanosis. [2015 supple.] Page 163
13. Dead space. [2017 supple.] Page 127
14. Water hammer pulse. [2018 supple.]
15.Hypoxic hypoxia. [2018 supple.] Page 161,162

1. Increase in pulmonary ventilation occurs even after exercise is over.
[3][2010] [2011]
2. RBC in venous blood is larger than arterial blood.[3] [2010] [2014]
3. In anaemic hypoxia, O2 therapy is not of much importance.[3][2011]
[2014 supple.]
4. There is increased respiratory rate during exercise.[3] [2016]
5. In COPD, O2 therapy should be intermittent and of low concentration. [3]
[2017]
6. Pulmonary ventilation is not affected till pO2is below 60 mm Hg. [3]
[2018]
7. Hypoxic hypoxia causes polycythaemia. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021] 8.
Cyanosis does not occur in severe anaemia. [2013 supple.] [2018
supple.]
9. Patients on ototoxic drugs are advised not to swim underwater. [2013
supple.]
10. Heart rate is increased initially in high altitude.[2023-Feb]
-MEDelulu
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. What is cardiac cycle? Describe with a suitable diagram the pressure
and volume change in left ventricle in the different phases of cardiac cycle.
Enumerate the differences b/w 1s t and 2nd heart sounds.[2+6+4][2011]
Page 199-201,203
2. Describe in brief the regulation of blood pressure. What is malignant
hypertension? What is vasomotor reversal of Dale?[8+2+2] [2012] Page
222-226
3. Describe the different waves of ECG and segments with its neat diagram.
Mention their importance. What is heart block?[6+2+4] [2014]Page 244-
246
4. What is cardiac output? Discuss the effects of various factors regulating
cardiac output. Write two clinical findings with explanation of aortic
incompetence.[2+6+4][2015] Page 205-209
5. What are the functional tissues of the heart? How cardiac impulse is
generated and transmitted across the heart. Describe cardiac AP and
skeletal muscle AP. What is idioventricular rhythm?[2+4+4+2] [2016]
Page 184,186-188
6. Describe briefly the cardiovascular reflexes.[12] [2017] Page 215-218
7. Describe the physiologic anatomy of the different regions of the systemic
circulation and mention how correlate with their functions.
What is Poiseuille-Hagen formula?[8+4] [2017] Page 257-259
8. Define cardiac output. Describe the factors affecting cardiac output.
How does Fick’s principle determine cardiac output? [2+6+4] [2018]Page
205-209,193
9. What is systemic arterial blood pressure? How is it kept within normal
range? What is hypertension and what are the basic physiological
principles of the treatment of hypertension? [3+6+2+4=15] [NEW
PATTERN 2021] Page 219,222-226
10. What do you mean by normal blood pressure? Discuss the regulation of
blood pressure in a normal individual. What happens to systolic and
diastolic BP in aortic incompetence? [4+5+3] [2014 supple] Page 222-
226
11. Draw and label the various stages of AP of the working myocardial cell.
What is the ionic basis of the different stages? What is prepotential?
[5+4+3] [2013 supple] Page 186-188
12. What is arterial blood pressure? Describe the regulation of arterial BP.
What is essential hypertension/ [2+8+2] [2015 supple.] Page 222-226
-MEDelulu
13. Define ECG. How does augmentation occur in augmented leads? What
is the PR interval? How can you diagnose various types of AV block
from ECG? [1+4+2+5] [ 2018 supple.] Page 241,243-246
14. What are baroreceptors? Describe the role of baroreceptors in
maintaining BP. What is hypertension? [2+7+3] [2018 supple.] Page
215,216,226
15. Identify receptors, afferent pathways, integrating centre, efferent
pathways and effectors in the arterial baroreceptor reflex. When the
arterial baroreceptors decrease or increase the rate of firing? What
changes in the autonomic outflow & cardiovascular function occur?
Explain how tachycardia occurs in cardiovascular shock. [2019 supple.]
Page 215,216,262
16.What is cardiac index? Enumerate the factors that regulate the end
diastolic ventricular volume and end systolic ventricular volume. Explain
ejection fraction and its implication.[3+4+4+4][2023-Feb]
17.A 65 year old patient is admitted with severe shortness of breath which
increases in recumbent position. He gives a history of weakness and
exercise intolerance. On examination his blood pressure is 180/110 m of
Hg, heart rate is 120 beats/min and bilateral basal crackles are present.
ECG si showing left ventricular hypertrophy but no ischaemic
changes.[1+3+5+6][2023-Nov]
GROUP-B
1. What is baroreceptor reflex? Describe the role of baroreceptor in
maintenance of BP with proper diagram and labelling.[2+5] [2010]
Page 215,216
2. What is the Marey’s law? What is its physiological basis? Name two
conditions when it is not observed.[2+4+1]
3. What is cardiac output? Describe one method for estimation of cardiac
output. [2+5] [2011] Page 205,206
4. What is arrhythmia? What is the cause? [2+5] [2014 supple.] Page
249,250

1. Augmented limb leads during ECG.[3] [2010] Page243
2. CVS adjustments during exercise. [3] [2011] Page 210
3. Standard leads in ECG. [3] [2011] Page 242
4. PR interval in ECG.[3] [2015] [2019 supple.] Page 244
5. 2nd degree AV nodal block.[3] [2016] Page 246
6. Subendocardial region of the left ventricle is specially vulnerable to
ischemia. [3] [2019]
7. Venous return. [2014 supple.] Page 208
8. Normal ECG waves. [2017 supple.] Page 244
9. Sinoaortic reflex. [2018 supple.]
-MEDelulu
1. Brief period of straining causes tachycardia and increase in peripheral

resistance. [3] [2011] [2010] [2017] Page 208
2. Vasodilation occurs in the blood vessels of skeletal muscles during
exercise.[3] [2012] Page 208
3. Maximum blood flow to the left ventricle occurs during diastole.[3]
[2013]
4. Diastolic pressure rises on assuming standing posture from supine
position.[3] [2014]
5. In cardiac disease, pulse rate can be lesser than the heart rate. [3] [2015]
6. Coronary blood flow is more in diastolic phase than the systolic phase in
Cardiac cycle.[3] [2016] Page 233
7. Tachycardia usually occurs in haemorrhage. [2013 supple] Page 262
8. SA Node is the pacemaker in heart. [2015 supple.] [2017 supple.] Page
187-188
9. Digitalis increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle. [2018
supple.] Page 209
10. Capillaries are also called ‘exchange vessels. [2019 supple.]Page 259
11.Beta blocker is used to treat heart failure.[2023-Feb]
12.Digitalis act as a positive inotropic agent.[2023-Nov]
GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Give an account of the composition, function & control of secretion of the
pancreatic juice. Describe the pancreatic exocrine function test.
[3+3+3+3][2005] Page 294
GROUP-B
1. Write down the different intestinal movements. What is adynamic ileus?
[5+2] [2012] Page 310-212
2. What is the gastric mucosal barrier? Discuss the physiological basis of
management of peptic ulcer.[2+5] [2013] Page 291,292
3. Define jaundice. Describe the differences between haemolytic &
obstructive jaundice.[2+5] [2014] [2017 supple.] Page 301,302
4. What is the mechanism of HCL secretion in the stomach? Give the
physiological basis of treatment of peptic ulcer with omeprazole.
[5+2][2016] Page 287, 288,292,293
-MEDelulu
5. Describe the mechanism of secretion of HCl in the stomach. Enumerate

the neural and chemical mechanisms that control gastric secretion. [5+5]
[NEW PATTERN 2021] Page 287-289
6. What is the gastric mucosal barrier? What are the changes in it that lead
to peptide ulceration? [2+5] [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.] Page 291,292
7. What are the exocrine secretions of pancreas? Discuss briefly the role of
secretin and CCK as GI hormones. [2013 supple] Page 295,296,281
8. Why is the intestine not digested by enzymes? Name the GI hormones.
[2014] Page 295,296
9. Discuss the factors preventing autodigestion of the stomach. [7] [2017
supple.]
10.Mechanism of HCl synthesis and secretion in the stomach. What are the
paracrine and endocrine regulators of HCl secretion? [4+3] [2019 supple.]
11. Describe the various movements of the small intestine and their
functions. What is 'paralytic ileus'?[2023-Feb]
12.What are the constituents of pancreatic secretion? Explain the role of
enteric hormones in controlling pancreatic secretion. Why is 'Acute
pancreatitis' an emergency medical condition and can be
fatal?[4+4+2][2023-Nov] Page 294-296

1. BER.[2010] Page 366
2. Bile salt.[2011] Page 288,289
3. Mucosal barrier of stomach.[2012] Page 291,292
4. MMC. [2013] Page 306,307
5. Gastrin.[2015] Page 280
6. Dumping syndrome.[2017] Page 291
7. Cells found in the stomach. [2018] Page 285,286
8. Migrating Motor Complex. [2018]
9. Salivary secretion. [2019] Page 313
10. Gastro-colic reflex. [2019]
11. Enterohepatic cycle. [2014 supple.] Page 300
12. Dietary fibres. [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.] Page 313
13. Adynamic ileus. [2015 supple.]
14. Functions of gall bladder. [2015 supple.]
15. Postprandial alkaline tide. [2016 supple.] Page 288
16. Functions of saliva. [2016 supple.] Page 283
17. CCK-PZ. [2019 supple.]

1. Thought of delicious food induces salivary secretion.[2015]
2. Coagulation time is prolonged in Obstructive jaundice.[2015]
3. Fatty meal delays gastric emptying.[2017]
4. Alcohol intoxication can be avoided if it is consumed with fatty food. [4]
[NEW PATTERN 2021]
-MEDelulu
5. Oedema is seen in chronic liver disease. [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.]

6. Removal of terminal ileum may lead to steatorrhea. [2014 supple]
7. Anaemia occurs after gastrectomy. [2014 supple.]
8. Pancreas is not auto digested. [2013 supple.]
9. Vitamin K injection should be given in patients of obstructive jaundice.
[2013 supple]
10. Absence of bile salts in the small intestine causes steatorrhea. [2019 supple.]
11.Vagotomy is one of the mode of peptic ulcer treatment.[2023-Feb]
12.Atropine does not inhibit vagus induced gastrin release.[2023-Nov]
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Describe the various sites and mechanisms by which water is reabsorbed from
the nephrons. Why polyuria occurs in Diabetes insipidus.
[3+7+2][2009] PAGE 346
GROUP-B
1. What is the normal pH of urine? How the normalcy of pH is maintained in
urine?[1+6] [2010] PAGE 355,349
2. Define polyuria. What are the causes of polyuria? Why polyuria occurs in
Diabetes Insipidus?[2+2+3][2011] PAGE 355
3. What is GFR? Describe the factors influencing it. What is the filtration
fraction? [1+5+1][2012] [2014 supple.] PAGE 332
4. What is the site of the production of Renin? Name the stimulants for
Renin secretion. What is the sequence of events in the Renin-
Angiotensin-
Aldosterone System?[1+2+4] [2013] PAGE 331
5. Differentiate b/w cortical & juxta-medullary nephrons. Briefly discuss the
counter-current mechanism in the kidney.[2+5] [2014] PAGE 327,344
6. Describe the mechanism of concentration of urine. What is anuria?
[5+2][2017] PAGE 344,345
7. State briefly how urine is acidified. How excess acidification is prevented?
What are the advantages of having acidic urine?[2+3+2] [2015] PAGE
353
8. What is the role of the kidney in maintaining the acid-base balance of the
body? [7] [2016] [2018 supple.] PAGE 350
9. Mention each part of nephron in relation to its histological structure. [7]
[2018] PAGE 325
10. Describe how the countercurrent mechanism in the kidney operates
to produce hypotonic or hypertonic urine. Add a note on micturition reflex.
[5+5] [NEW PATTERN 2021] PAGE 344,358
-MEDelulu
11.Discuss briefly the reabsorption of glucose in the kidney with a note on

glycosuria. [2013 supple.] PAGE 336
12.Outline the process involved in secretion of H+into the tubules. What is
the significance of these processes in regulation of acid-base balance?
[4+3] [2019 supple.] PAGE 350

1. Creatinine clearance test.[2010] PAGE 334
2. Juxtaglomerular apparatus.[2010] PAGE 329
3. Renal clearance.[2011] PAGE 334
4. Renin.[2011] PAGE 331
5. Counter current multiplication.[2013] PAGE 344
6. Vasa recta.[2015] PAGE 345
7. Endocrine functions of the kidney. [2018] PAGE 331
8. Osmotic diuresis.[2019] PAGE 348
9. Acidification of urine. [2014 supple] PAGE 353
10. Tubulo-glomerular feedback. [2018 supple.] PAGE 330

1. Osmotic diuresis occurs in Diabetes Mellitus.[2012]PAGE 348
2. Chronic renal failure patients have anaemia.[2012]PAGE 78
3. Albuminuria occurs in nephritic syndrome.[2014] PAGE 326
4. Volume of urine can increase after drinking a large volume of water.
[2015]
5. Furosemide is used as a diuretic.[2016]
6. Chronic renal disease may lead to brittleness of bones. [2018]
7. pH of urine rises after a heavy meal.[2019]
8. Vasa recta is essential for concentrating urine. [2014 supple.]PAGE 345
9. Routine examination of urine is the simplest test to assess the excretory
system especially in poor people. [2013 supple.]
10. Actual renal threshold for glucose is less than predicted value. [2017
supple.]PAGE 342
11. ‘Automatic bladder’ is produced in complete transection of spinal cord.
[2019 supple.] PAGE 360
12. GFR is measured by creatinine clearance test. [2019 supple.]PAGE 334
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
GROUP-B
1. Describethefemalesexualcycle.WhatisLHsurge?[6+1][2013][2011][2015][2
017] Page 463,464
-MEDelulu
2. Describe The Spermatogenesis.What Is Blood-testis-

barrier?[5+2][2014][2012] Page 456,458
3. What is spermatogenesis? Describe the hormonal control of it. [2+5]
[2010] Page 456-458
4. What are the hormones of placenta? Though genetically different, why is
not the fetus rejected immunologically? [3+4] [2018] Page 472-474
5. Define ovulation. How does interplay of different hormones lead to
ovulation? How is it detected?[2+3+2] [2019] [2014 supple.] Page
463,464,466
6. What is the menstrual cycle? Explain the ovarian changes taking place
during the menstrual cycle. [3+7] [NEW PATTERN 2021] Page 464-466
7. What are the functions of placenta? What are the hormones secreted
from it? What do you mean by the feto-placental unit? Though genetically
different, why is not the fetus rejected immunologically? [2+1+2+2] [2013
supple.]
8. What is the fetoplacental unit? [7] [2018 supple.]
9. Name the key hormones secreted by Leydig cells and Sertoli cells. Steps
involved in spermatogenesis. [2019 supple.]
10.Discuss the changes in Ovarian Cycle.[10][2023-Nov] Page 464-466
11.Define spermatogenesis. Explain the phases of spermatogenesis.
Describe the factors affecting spermatogenesis.[1+5+4][2023-Feb]
Page 456-458

1. Ovulation.[2010] Page 464
2. Contraceptive Pills. [2012] Page 475,476
3. Secretion and ejection of milk. [2013] [2016 supple] Page 477
4. OCP.[2014]
5. Evidences for ovulation. [2015]
6. LH surge. [2016] [2014 supple.]
7. Safe period method for contraception.[2016]
8. Hormonal regulation of testicular activities.[2017]
9. Corpus luteum. [2018] Page 464
10. Hormonal control of lactation. [2019] Page 477
11. Oral contraceptive pills. [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021] [2018 supple.]
12. Progesterone. [2018 supple.] Page 469,470
13. Placental hormones. [2019 supple.]

1. During lactation, menstrual bleeding does not occur up to six months.
[2010]
2. Sterility is more common in men working in heat surrounds.[2010]
3. Prolonged breast feeding is helpful in family planning.[2013] [2012]
-MEDelulu
4. Pregnancy is associated with stoppage of menstruation.[2014] [[2013] 5.

Conversion of testosterone to dihydro-testosterone is essential for full
sexual maturity in male. [2014]
6. Pregnancy usually does not occur during lactation.[2016]
7. Patients with sexual precocity are dwarfs. [2018]
8. Cryptorchids are usually infertile. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
9. Lactation is a natural method of contraception. [4] [NEW PATTERN
2021]
10. Removal of ovaries before 6 weeks of pregnancy leads to abortion.
[2016 supple] [2018 supple.]
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Enumerate the hormones secreted from the thyroid gland. Describe
the functions of thyroxine. Write a brief note on Cretinism. [2+7+3] [2010]
Page 407,409-412
2. Name the various layers of adrenal cortex and the hormones secreted
from them. What are the effects of glucocorticoids? Describe Cushing’s
syndrome.[2+7+3] [2011] Page 415,417-420
3.What are the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex? Describe the
principal functions of the mineralocorticoids. What is Conn’s syndrome?
[3+7+2] [2014] Page 415,420-422
4.Enumerate the functions of calcium in our body. How is homeostasis
maintained by involving different hormones? What are the sources of these
hormones? Name the features of Rickets and Osteomalacia.
[2+4+2+4] [2013] [2017] Page 425,428-431,433
5.What is blood calcium level? Name the physiological functions of Ca2+ in
the body. Discuss briefly how the blood calcium level is maintained?
[1+3+8] [2017]
6.Describe the physiological effects of thyroid hormones.What is thyroid
storm?[10+2] [2012] [2017] Page 409-411,413
7.Name the hormones of islets of Langerhans. State the functions of insulin.
Why polyphagia occurs in diabetes mellitus?[2+7+3] [2015]
[2017 supple.] Page 431,435,436
8.Enumerate the layers of adrenal cortex and the hormones secreted from
them. Explain how aldosterone controls extracellular fluid volume. What is
aldosterone escape? [3+7+2] [2019] Page 415,420-422
9.Describe the mechanism of action of growth hormone. Enumerate the
factors influencing the secretion of growth hormone. [10+5] [NEW
PATTERN 2021] Page 399
-MEDelulu
10.Enumerate the hormones secreted from thyroid gland. Describe the

functions of thyroxine. Write features of hyper secretion of thyroid hormone.
[3+4+5] [2014 supple.] Page 407,409-413
11.Enumerate the hormones synthesized in suprarenal gland. Describe
briefly the physiological actions of medullary hormones. Write a note on
pheochromocytoma. [3+6+3] [2013 supple.] Page 415,424-426
12.Describe the functions of calcium in the body. How is homeostasis
maintained by involving different hormones? Name the features of rickets
and osteomalacia. [4+4+4] [2018 supple.]
13.Summarize the effects of insulin on various tissues. What is a glucose
tolerance test? What is the major difference? b/w type I and type II DM?
[5+3+4] [2019 supple.] Page 438,441,435,436
14. List the steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex. Explain the
physiological actions of glucocorticoids. Characterize the different aspects
of Cushing Syndrome. [3+8+4][2023-Feb]

1. ADH.[2014] Page 405
2. Cretinism.[2013] Page 411,412
3. Glucocorticoids. [2013] Page 417-419
4. Acromegaly. [2011] Page 401
5. Cushing’s syndrome. [2010] Page 419,420
6. Tetany. [2017] Page 431
7. Addison's Disease. [2016] Page 422,423
8. Permissive action of hormones. [2017] Page 393,394
9. Dwarfism. [2018] Page 402
10. Acromegaly [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
11. Aldosterone escape. [2017 supple.] Page 422
12. Vit D. [2017 supple.] Page 429,430
13. JAK-STAT pathway[2023-Feb]

1. Diabetes Mellitus Is Characterized By Polyphagia. [2010]
2. Exerciseisgoodfordiabetesmellitus.[2013]
3. Metabolic Acidosis May Be Found In Diabetes Mellitus. [2013]
4. Pigmentation is found in Addison’s disease. [2018]
5. Acromegalymaybeassociatedwithvisualfielddefect. [2019]
6. Thyroid dwarfs are usually mentally retarded. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
[2017 supple.]
7. Persistent hypokalemia may lead to hyperglycemia. [2018 supple.]
8. Low serum sodium level increases aldosterone secretion. [2019 supple.]
9. Polyuria, polyphagia and polydipsia are cardinal signs of Diabetes.[2023-
Nov]
-MEDelulu
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. With diagram , write the components of the limbic system. What are
the vegetative functions of the hypothalamus? What are the roles played
by the hypothalamus in Reward and Punishment?[3+5+4] [2014] [2017]
Page 550,575-577
2. What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? With a diagram show
the to and fro connections of the cerebellum. Enumerate the functions of
the cerebellum and the clinical manifestations following its
lesion.[2+3+3+4] [2013] Page 532, 534-537
3. Describe the nuclei, connections and functions of basal ganglia. What are
the features of Parkinsonism and how can these be reduced?[7+5]
[2012] [2013 supple.] [2018 supple]
4.Name the different components of basal ganglia. List the pathways that
Interconnect them. What are the functions of basal ganglia? Write down the
features of Parkinson’s disease and its remedy.[2+3+3+4] [2010]
[2016] Page 538-540
5.Define synapse. What is synaptic potential? Give ionic basis of
development of it with proper diagram and labelling. Write about the
important properties of synapse. [1+5+6] [2011] Page 498-501
6.Give an account of origin, course and termination of the pyramidal tract
with a diagram. What is Babinski sign? [10+2] [2015]
7.Define muscle tone. How is it maintained? What are the types of
hypertonia? Mention their differences. [2+5+2+3] [2018] Page 542-544
8.With the help of a neat, labelled diagram, trace the pathway of pain
sensation. What is stress analgesia and what is its physiological basis/
[2+5+2+3] [2018]? Page 518-520
9.Draw a diagram of neural connections in the cerebellum. What are the
different functional divisions of cerebellum? Explain how it helps in smooth
and coordinated movement. Mention the abnormalities associated with
damage to the cerebellum?[3+3+3+3] [2019]
10.Name the components of basal ganglia. With a suitable diagram outline
their chief connections and functions. Briefly state the features and
treatment of Parkinsonism. [2+3+3+3+5+2] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
11. What is referred to as pain? Describe with a diagram the neural
pathway for pain sensation. Describe how transmission and perception are
inhibited? [2+5+5] [2014 supple.] Page 518-521
12.What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? Write the principal
functions of each division. Draw a diagram of the internal circuit of
cerebellum. What is cerebellar ataxia? [2016 supple.]
13.What is stretch reflex? Describe the receptor involved with the reflex arc
and draw a suitable diagram. What is reciprocal innervation? What is
Renshaw cell inhibition? [2+6+2+2] [2017 supple.] Page 506,499,500
-MEDelulu
14.A 10-year old boy was brought to the clinic with recurrent events of
unstable gait complication of speech. He was diagnosed with cerebellar
dysfunction.
i)Highlight the different types of neurons and their location in the cerebellar
cortex.
ii) Discuss the physiological significance of the neuronal circuit of the
cerebellum with a neat diagram.
iii) Identify and explain the divisions of cerebellum based on its function.
[3+7+5][2023-Feb]
GROUP-B
1. What is muscle tone? How is it regulated?[2+5] [2011]
2. Describe the central pain inhibiting mechanism.[7] [2010]
3. Name the main ascending tracts of the spinal cord and enumerate their
functions. What is the phantom limb phenomenon and describe the law
governing it. [5+2] [2017] Page 512,504
4. Explain how the medullary interstitial fluid becomes hyperosmotic.
What is it’s functional implication?[7] [2019]
5. What are photoreceptors? What are their functions? Explain briefly the
mechanism of photo-transduction. [1+2+4] [2019]
6. Define pain. Describe pain pathways. Write briefly endogenous pain
control mechanisms. [1+6+3] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
7. Trace and describe the dorsal column tracts. Enumerate the sensations
carried by dorsal column tracts. [8+2][2023-Feb]

1. Fluent aphasia. [2014] Page 581
2. EPSP. [2012]
3. Brown-Sequard syndrome. [2012] Page 529
4. Paradoxical sleep. [2011] Page 563
5. Beta wave in ECG. [2011] Page 563
6. Decerebrate rigidity. [2010] [2017]
7. Alpha block. [2009] Page 562
8. EEG waves. [2014] Page 563
9. Synaptic inhibition. [2015]
10. UMN v/s LMN lesion. [2004] Page 527
11. Normal waves of EEG.[2016]
12. REM sleep. [2015] Page 563
13. Blood brain barrier. [2019] Page 230
14. Paradoxical sleep. [2019]
15. Gate control theory. [2014 supple.]
16. Referred pain. [2016 supple.]
17. Static tremor and intention tremor. [2017 supple.]
18. Clasp knife spasticity. [2023-Feb]
-MEDelulu

1. Babinski’s sign is a defining feature of UMN paralysis. [2014]
2. Finger nose test becomes abnormal in cerebellar disorder.[2013] [2017]
3. Speech becomes meaningless if arcuate fasciculus is damaged. [2012]
4. Dissociated anaesthesia is seen in syringomyelia.[2011] [2016] 5.
Touching and shaking of an injured part can reduce pain sensation.[2009]
6. L-Dopa is a drug of choice for the treatment of Parkinsonism.[2015]
[2017]
7. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep. [2017] [2014 supple.] [2018
supple.]
8. Golgi tendon reflex protects the muscle from tear. [2018]
9. Jendrassik manoeuvre is used to elicit a larger tendon jerk. [2019]
10. Hemisection of the spinal cord affects both sides of the body. [4] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]
11. Dissociated anaesthesia is found in syringomyelia. [2014 supple.] 12. It
is extremely difficult to learn new things after a hippocampal lesion.
[2014 supple.]
13. Cholinergic autonomic drugs are said to be an anabolic system. [2013
supple.]
14. UMN lesion is associated with spasticity. [2016 supple.]
15. Babinski’s sign is positive in infants. [2019 supple.]
16. Visceral pain often referred to somatic structures. [2023-Feb]
17. Subthalamic lesions can produce hemiballismus. [2023-Feb]
18. Mid Collicular section leads to decerebrate rigidity. [2023-Feb]
19. Intention tremor is seen in cerebellar disease. [2023-Feb]
SPECIAL SENSES
GROUP-B
1.Describe the photochemical changes that occur in the retina. What is night
blindness?[5+2] [2013] PAGE 601&602
2.Describe the auditory pathway with suitable diagram. How will you
differentiate b/w conduction deafness and sensorineural
deafness?[5+2][2012] [2016 supple.] PAGE 614& 617
3.Trace the neural pathways that transmit visual information from
photoreceptors to the visual cortex. Enumerate the visual field defects
produced by lesions at various levels of the visual pathway. [3+4] [2014]
PAGE 605
4. Namethecommonerrorsofrefraction.Explaintheuseofcorrectivelensesine
achofthem.[2+5] [2015] PAGE 599
-MEDelulu
5. With a suitable diagram, explain the effects of lesion in the visual pathway
at various levels. What is an Argyll-Robertson pupil? [5+2] [2016]
[2018 supple.] PAGE 605& 609
6.What is phototransduction? Describe the steps of the visual cycle in a
sequential manner. [1+6] [2014 supple.]
7.Enumerate the common errors of optical refraction. Explain the use of
corrective lenses in each of them. [2+5] [2017 supple.] PAGE 599
8.Draw a diagram showing optic pathways with proper labelling. What are
the effects of transection at different locations of optic pathways? What is
macular sparing? [2+5] [2019 supple.] PAGE 604 & 605

1. OrganofCorti.[2013] [2017] PAGE 614
2. Accommodation Reflex. [2012] PAGE 609
3. Tastebuds.[2014] PAGE 618-619
4. Lateralisation Weber's test.[2016] PAGE 617
5. Dark adaptation. [2018] PAGE 610
6. Cochlear microphonics. [2018]
7. cAMP. [2019]
8. Conductive deafness. [2014 supple.] PAGE 617
9. Endocochlear potential. [2013 supple.]
10. Colour blindness. [2016 supple.]PAGE 608

1. Near point recedes with ageing.[2013] [2016 supple.]
2. In Argyll-Robertson pupil, light reflex is lost. [2011] PAGE 609
3. In retina, the fovea centralis is the point of greatest visual acuity. [2010]
PAGE 596
4. . When a person is exposed to some odour for some time, the perception
of that odour decreases. [2016] PAGE 621
5. Older persons show presbyopia. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021] PAGE 599
6. Optic tract lesion leads to homonymous hemianopia. [2013 supple.]
PAGE 605
7. Near point of vision recedes as age advances. [2019]
8. Visual acuity is maximum at fovea centralis. [2019] PAGE 610
9. Pituitary tumor may cause bitemporal hemianopia. [2023-Feb] PAGE605
MCQ
1. Pacemaker potential of heart is:
a) Potential of the SA node.
b) Potential of the AV node.
c) Phase 3 of the action potential of pacemaker cells.
d) Phase 4 of the action potential of pacemaker cells.
2. The work done by left ventricle is substantially greater than right ventricle,
because in the left ventricle
-MEDelulu
a) The stroke volume is greater. b) Pre load is greater.

c) After load is greater. d)The wall is thicker.
3. Which of the following organs has the greatest blood flow per 100 gm. of
tissue?
a) Brain. b) Heart. c) Skin. d Kidney.
4. Which of the following decreases in length during the contraction of a
skeletal muscle fibre:
a) A band of sarcomere. b) I band of sarcomere. c) Thick filament. d) Thin
filament.
5. Sinus arrhythmia is:
a) An abnormal phenomenon.
b) IX and X nerves constitute the afferent limb of the reflex arc.
c) The deceleration of heart rate during respiration and acceleration during
expiration.
d) Primarily due to fluctuations in sympathetic output to the heart.
6.Pulmonary surfactant increases:
a) Surface tension of fluid lining alveolar cells.
b) In amount in fetal lungs during last month of pregnancy.
c) In amount as lungs are inflated.
d)In amount when pulmonary blood flow is interrupted.
7.Chloride shift in RBC is dependent on:
a) Spectrin. b) Glycophorin 4. c)Protein 3. d) Ankyrin.
8. Which one is not true about baroreceptor reflex:
a) Stimulation causes increased vagal discharge.
b) Afferents pass through sino-aortic nerves.
c) Stimulates dorsal motor nucleus.
d)Stimulated when there is decreased blood pressure.
9. Which of the following is equal to the relaxation volume of lung:
a) Expiratory reserve volume.
b) Functional residual capacity.
c) Vital capacity.
d) Closing volume.
10.Cause of plateau in fast response action potential in working myocardial
cells:
a) Opening of Natchannels. b) Opening of L type Ca++channels.
c) Opening of T type Ca++Channels. d) Closure of K+channels.
11. Blockade of parasympathetic activity causes a reduction in
a) Sweat production.
b) Resting heart rate.
c) The strength of skeletal muscle contraction.
d) Intestinal motility.
12.Disease of the extrapyramidal motor system in Parkinsonism causes
a) Tremor which is more obvious when the patient is performing skilled
movements.
b) Muscle paralysis.
-MEDelulu
c)Increased muscle tone throughout the range of passive movement.

d) Increased involuntary facial movements during speech.
13. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep differs from non-REM sleep in that
a) Muscle tone is higher.
b) Heart rate and respiration are more regular.
c) Secretion of growth hormone is increased.
d) Dreaming is more common.
14.Parathormone
a) Secretion is regulated by a pituitary feedback control system.
b) Decreases the urinary output of calcium.
c)Decreases phosphate excretion.
d) Promotes absorption of calcium from the intestines.
15.When a patient's mean arterial blood pressure falls by 50 per cent, all
are true except:
a) Glomerular filtration falls by about 50 per cent.
b) There is an increase in the circulating aldosterone level.
c) Renal vasoconstriction occurs.
d) Urinary output ceases.
16.Which of the following nucleus controls the circadian rhythm:
a) Supraoptic nucleus.
b) Paraventricular nucleus.
c) Suprachiasmatic nucleus.
d) Premamillary nucleus
17.The inverse stretch reflex:
a) Occurs when LA spindle afferents are inhibited.
b)Is a monosynaptic reflex initiated by activation of the golgi tendon organ.
c) Is a disynaptic reflex with a single interneuron inserted between the
afferent and efferent limbs.
d) Uses type II afferent fibres from the golgi tendon organ.
18.In uncompensated metabolic alkalosis,
a) The plasma pH is high, plasma bicarbonate concentration and the partial
pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood are low.
b) The plasma pH and the plasma bicarbonate concentration are high, and
the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood is normal.
c) The plasma pH is high, the plasma bicarbonate concentration is low, and
the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood is increased.
d) The plasma pH is high, the plasma bicarbonate concentration is high, and
the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood is increased.
19. The hair cell depolarizes when:
a) Stereocilia moves away from limbus.
b) Stereocilia moves toward limbus.
c) Basilar membrane moves downward.
d) K+ moves out the hair cell.
-MEDelulu
20.Increased neural activity before a skilled voluntary movement is first

seen in the: a) Spinal motor neurons. b) Precentral motor cortex. c)
Cerebellum. d) Cortical association areas.
-MEDelulu
BIOCHEMISTRY
● Basic Biochemistry ● Molecular Biology

● Enzymes ● Nutrition
● Chemistry and Metabolism
● Extracellular Matrix
of Carbohydrates
● Oncogenesis and
of Lipids
Immunity
of Proteins
● Metabolism and
Homeostasis
● A.E.T.C.O.M
-MEDelulu
Referred From VASUDEVAN(10TH

EDITION)
CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE
CELL & MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
GROUP-A
1. Discuss how macromolecules are transported across plasma

membranes.
Indicate the different mode of glucose transport in different organs
along with factors responsible for its enhancement. [6+6][2010-S]
[Page- 20-26, 146-148]
2. Classify the membrane proteins, Mention their functions. Explain the ion
channel as a mode of transport across the plasma
membrane. [3+3][2012-S]
[Page- 18-19, 21-23]
3. Discuss how the fluidity of plasma membrane largely depends on its lipid
composition. Describe how the macro molecules are transported across
the plasma membrane. Explain the role of ion channel, lipid rafts and
caveolae. [6+4+2] [2017-S]
[Page- 18, 20-26, 21, 19, 19]
4. Discuss how macromolecules are transported across plasma membrane
-MEDelulu
with schematic diagram wherever applicable. [8+4][2018-S]

[Page- 20-26]
GROUP-B
1. Describe the biophysical principles involved in the dialysis of blood.

Mention its clinical significance. [5+2][2010-S]
[Page- 9,10]
2. Discuss the role of phospholipid, cholesterol and carbohydrates in the
structural and functional aspects of plasma membrane. [2016-S]
[Page- 18]
3. State different types of transport of molecules across biomembrane.
Mention characteristics of Carrier Mediated Transport. Differentiate
between primary active transport with that of secondary active
transport. [2+2+3][2019-S]
[Page- 20-26]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Marker enzyme for subcellular fraction [2010-S][Page- 13]

2. Protein : Lipid is maximum in inner mitochondrial membrane [2012-
S][Page- 17]
3. Cytoskeleton structure [2013-S][Page- 20]
4. Receptor mediated endocytosis [2014][Page- 25-26]
5. Osmosis [2014-S][Page- 8-9]
6. Ionophores [2014][Page- 22-23]
7. Secondary active transport [2017-S][Page- 23]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Colloids are biologically important, having clinical significance. [2013]
2. Some enzymes play important role in identification of cellular organelles.
[2015-S]
3. The mechanism of facilitated diffusion can be explained by a ping-pong
model. [2015-S]
4. Oral Rehydration Solution contains glucose. [2019]
CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY- DIGESTION &

ABSORPTION
GROUP-B
1. Indicate in details the chemical composition of glycosaminoglycans and
-MEDelulu
proteoglycans. Name the carbohydrates present in glycoproteins and

glycolipids.[5+2][’13,‘15]
[Page- 98-99]
2. Describe various form of isomerism exhibited by
carbohydrates.[7][2013-S]
[Page- 90-92]
3. Describe how monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed from
gut.[2014-S,2016-S]
[Page- 148, 291]
4. Classify polysaccharides. Indicate the structural and functional aspect of
each of them[2016-S]
[Page- 97-99]
5. Describe the various forms of isomerism exhibited by carbohydrates.
Name the carbohydrates present in glycoproteins.[5+2][2017]
[Page- 90-92, 99]
6. Describe the different types of bond present in heterogeneous
polysaccharides with examples. [2017-S]
[Page- 98-99]
7. Write down the oxidative phase of HMP shunt pathway & its
importance.[6+1][2019-S]
[Page- 167]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Blood group antigen.[’10,’16][Page- 213]

2. Glycosaminoglycans[2012-S][Page- 98-99]
3. Mutarotation of carbohydrates[2015-S][Page- 92]
4. Glycemic index[‘17][Page- 597]
5. Invert sugar[‘17][Page- 96]
6. Glucose transporter[‘17][Page- 147-148]
7. Composition and function of hyaluronic acid[2017-S][Page- 98]
8. Discuss isomerism of glucose. [2018-S][Page- 90-92]
9. Glycosaminology [‘19][Page- 98-99]
10. Glycosides [2019-S][Page- 94-95]
11. RBC Group Antigen[2019-S][Page- 213]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Sucrose is invert sugar.[2010-S]

2. Glucose and fructose form similar osazone crystals.[2011, 2018]
3. Defective lactose digestion may lead to a clinical condition.[2015]
4. Hyperuricemia occurs in Von-Gierke disease.[2018]
5. Thiamine deficiency is detected by measuring transketolase activity in
blood’[2018]
-MEDelulu
6. Benedict test is used to identify reducing sugar.[2018-S]
LIPID CHEMISTRY-DIGESTION & ABSORPTION
GROUP-A
1. Classify phospholipids with examples. Mention their specific role in
maintaining the fluidity of plasma membrane. [10+2][2013, 2010-S 7
marks, 2018 7 marks]
[Page- 108-112, 18]
2. Classify phospholipids with examples. Indicates the structure and
function of a surfactant. Discuss the role of phospholipids in maintaining
the fluidity of plasma membrane,[5+2+5][2015-S]
[Page- 108-112, 110-111, 18]
3. Name the membrane phospholipids. Draw the structure of lecithin.
Write the products formed by the action of different types
phospholipases on lecithin. State the physiological role of
lysophospholipids & fatty acids produced by the breakdown of
lecithin.[3+1+4+4][2019-S]
[Page- 108-112]
GROUP-B
1. Tabulate a detailed account of chemical composition of plasma

lipoproteins.[7][2010]
[Page- 248-250]
2. Describe how lipids are digested and subsequently reabsorbed from the
gut[5+2][2010-S]
[Page- 220-223]
3. Describe the digestion and absorption of TAG with diagram.[2012-S]
[Page- 222-223]
4. Classify the fatty acids in details & indicate their physical
properties.[5+2][2010-S, 2017]
[Page- 104-106]
5. Indicate the chemical composition and methods of separation of plasma
lipoproteins. [2017-S][Page- 248-250]
6. Name ketones bodies. Outline the steps of synthesis & utilization of
ketone bodies.[1+6][2019-S][Page- 235-237]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Separation & identification of lipid by thin layer chromatography[‘13]
-MEDelulu
[Page- 722-723]
2. Omega-3 fatty acids.[2015][Page- 267]
3. Glycosphingolipids[2017][Page- 283]
4. Sialic Acid [2017-S][Page- 778]
5. Plasmalogens [2017-S][Page- 111,283]
6. Sphingomyelin[2018-S][Page- 112,283]
7. Eicosanoids[2019][Page- 279]
8. Phospholipase [2019-S][Page- 280]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Arachidonic acid may not be considered as an essential fatty acid.[2010]

2. Lecithin is amphipathic as well as amphoteric in nature.[2014]
3. Acid number helps in the identification of rancidity in fats and oils.[2016]
4. Apolipoprotein is a ligand for cell receptors.[2016-S]
5. Trans fatty acid is injurious to health.[2018-S]
6. Dipalmitoyllecithin acts as surfactant of alveolar fluids[2019]
7. Cholesterol is essential for digestion of lipids[2021]
PROTEIN CHEMISTRY-AMINO ACIDS, HEMOGLOBIN
GROUP-A
1. Discuss the four orders of protein structures. Describe the alpha helical
form of a globular protein. State briefly how the amino acid sequence in
a polypeptide chain can be determined.[6+2+4][2010][Page- 37-40]
2. Discuss briefly how the chemical structures of myoglobin and
hemoglobin influence their biological activities. Describe the changes
that take place in hemoglobin on oxygenation.[6+6][2010] [Page - 41,389]
3. Describe the peptide bond. What are the different forces that stabilize
the protein structure at the different levels of organization? Give an
example to explain the primary structure that determines the functional
state of proteins.[4+5+3][2011] [Page - 36,39]
4. Describe how the amino acid composition, N-terminal & C-terminal
residues of a protein are determined & identified. Describe the bonds
responsible for the four structures of proteins. Briefly indicate how a
molecular weight of a protein is determined.[7+3+2][2013] [Page - 42, 39]
-MEDelulu
5. Describe the salient features of alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
structure of proteins. Mention the non-covalent interactions which
stabilize protein confirmation. Briefly discuss the role of peripheral &
integral proteins in the network of plasma proteins.[4+3+5][2014]
[Page - 39, 18, 19]
6. Indicate how proteins and peptides are purified prior to its analysis.
Describe in detail how the number, kind and sequence of amino acids In
a polypeptide chain are determined.[4+8][2015-S] [Page - 42,43]
7. Compare and explain the oxygen binding curves of hemoglobin and
myoglobin. Indicate the conformational changes that occur in
hemoglobin on oxygenation. Mention the basic variations in the
chemical structures of HbS and HbM as compared to the adult
hemoglobin.[6+3+3][2014][2016] [Page - 41,390]
8. Describe the bonds responsible to mention the four orders of protein
structure. Describe the physical methods by which the molecular weight
of a protein can be determined. Explain how a polypeptide can be
synthesized to in the laboratory[6+4+2] [2017-S] [See above]
9. Describe in detail how the number, kind and sequence of amino acids in
a polypeptide chain are determined.[4+4+4] [See above]
10. Describe the methods of determination of primary structure of proteins.
[2018] [See above]
11. Classify protein on the basis of their biological function and give one
example of each protein. Compare and contrast the structure of keratin,
myoglobin and haemoglobin. Draw O2 dissociation curve of HbA (adult
haemoglobin) and HbF (foetal haemoglobin) and explain the difference
between them.[3+6+3][2019] [Page - 45]
12. Write down different levels of organization of protein. Write down the
steps of haem degradation.{5+5][2021] [Page - 37-41, 383]
GROUP-B
1. Describe the principles of electrophoresis. Illustrate with diagram the

electrophoretic separation of the serum proteins indicating the
significance of each separated band. Explain the importance of acute
phase reactants. [3+2+2][2014]
2. Classify L-amino acids present in the proteins. Explain how amino acids
are separated and identified from a mixture of amino acids. [2+5][2015]
[Page - 30,31]
3. Explain why hemoglobin is called an allosteric protein. Describe how its
allosteric structure helps hemoglobin in cooperative binding of
oxygen.[3+4][2015-S] [Page - 41,389]
4. Write down the synthesis of bilirubin. Explain the term direct bilirubin,
-MEDelulu
indirect bilirubin and Van der Berg reagent. Mention the changes that
take places in serum bilirubin (direct) and bilirubin(indirect) level in
haemolytic and obstructive jaundice.[4+2+1][2019] [Page - 383, 385,
416,417]
5. Outline the process of synthesis of ammonia in human system. State
different routes of disposal of ammonia from human body.[4+3][2019-S]
[Page - 297, 296]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Gama glutamyl cycle[2011-S] [Page - 291]

2. Glycosylated Hemoglobin.[2011, 2018] [Page - 197]
3. Prions.[2011] [Page - 795]
4. Bohr effect[2013-S] [Page - 391]
5. Optical isomerism of amino acids[2014-S] [Page - 33,34]
6. Isoelectric pH[2014-S] [Page - 34]
7. Selenocystine.[2015] [Page - 33]
8. Beta pleated sheet.[2017] [Page - 39]
9. Classification of amino acid[2018-S] [Page - 30]
10. Discuss secondary structure of protein[2018-S] [Page - 38]
11. Peptide bond[2019-S] [Page - 36,37]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. 2,3BPG helps in delivery of Oxygen to the tissues.[2011]

2. Glycine solution cannot rotate the plane of plain polarized light.[2012]
3. Patient with Hb-S often suffers from anemia.[2013][2017]
4. Myoglobin does not exhibit Bohr effect.[2015]
5. 2,3 BPG plays an important role in stabelising T structure of
hemoglobin.[2015-S]
6. Chaperons play a very significant role in protein folding.[2016, 2018]
7. Hb-A1c provides valuable information for management of diabetes
mellitus.[2016]
8. HbF has more affinity towards oxygen than HbA.[2019-S]
9. Hemoglobin is supposed to have all four levels of protein structure.[2021]
ENZYMES
GROUP-A
-MEDelulu
1. Discuss the role of substrate concentration in enzyme catalysed reaction.

[Page - 65]
Indicate how metals influence this reaction. Discuss how the enzymes are
controlled in metabolic pathways. [4+2+6][2010-S] [Page - 59,74]
2. Explain the Michaelis Menten equation and explain the role of substrate
concentration on the rate of enzyme catalyzed reaction with the help of
graphs. Illustrate how Vmax and Km are affected by competitive and
non-competitive inhibition of enzymes. “The Km value for glucokinase is
much higher than that for hexokinase though both act on glucose”
explain the statement.[6+4+2][2017][2013] [Page - 65,68]
3. Define isoenzymes. Discuss the isoenzyme pattern of lactate
dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in relation to their role in clinical
diagnosis. Explain the principles by which these isoenzymes can be
separated and identified in a laboratory. [1+4+4+3][2013-S] [Page - 75,76]
4. Name 5 enzymes whose catalytic activities are altered by covalent
phosphorylation-dephosphorylation and indicate their functions.
According to International Union of Biochemists, enzymes are classified
into six major groups. Indicate in which groups the following enzymes
belong: i)Adenylate Cyclase, ii)DNA dependent RNA polymerase.
iii)Aldolase, iv)Chymotrypsin, v)Reverse Transcriptase, vi)Enolase
vii)Acetyl CoA carboxylase.[5+7][2017][2015] [Page - 57]
5. Describe different types of enzyme inhibition. Write the clinical
importance of enzyme inhibitors.[8+4] [2018] [Page - 68]
6. a) State the class in which the following enzyme do belong:
i) Acetyl Carboxylase. ii)Fumarase iii)Phosphoglucomutase. iv)Aldolase.
V)pepsin vi)RestrictionEndonuclease. [Page - 57]
b)Classify the regulatory enzyme. Explain the process of covalent
regulation of rate limiting enzymes with suitable examples. [Page - 72]
c) State at least one pathological condition with rise in activity of the
following enzymes in blood: i)SGPT ii)AlkalinePhosphatase. iii)Amylase.
iv)RBCTransketolase. v)Creatine Phosphokinase. vi)LDH[3+6+3][2019]
[Page - 77-79]
7. A) State at least one pathological condition which increase the activity of
following enzyme in blood: Lipase, CPK-MB, RBC glutathione reductase,
SGOT [Page - 77-79]
B) Explain with the help of enzyme velocity curve how following factors
regulate the enzyme activity: Concentration of enzyme, Concentration of
substrate, pH, Temperature. [4+8][2019-S] [Page - 65,67,68]
8. Classify enzymes according to IUB with examples of each. Differentiate
between the lock and key model & induced fit model for enzyme
catalysis. What factors affect enzyme activity? Briefly discuss different
mechanism of enzyme inhibition. [6+3+2+4][2021] [Page - 57,61,62,65,68]
-MEDelulu
GROUP-B
1. Define isoenzymes. Write the clinical significance of serum isoenzymes in

cardiac disorder.[2+5][2012-S] [Page - 75,76]
2. Describe in details how covalent modification and repression/depression
mechanism can regulate the enzyme action in vivo.[7][2014-S] [Page - 72]
3. Explain the mechanism of allosteric regulation of enzyme activity using
PFK as an example. Mention the other mechanisms by which the enzyme
action is regulated.[4+3][2016] [Page - 71,72]
4. Describe the oxido-reductase group of enzymes. [2018] [Page - 57]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Km of enzyme[2012-S] [Page - 66]

2. Coenzyme[2012-S] [Page - 58]
3. Ribozyme [2014-S][2016-S][2018] [Page - 656]
4. Non-functional enzyme[2016] [Page - 79]
5. Michalis-Menten equation[2016-S] [Page - 65]
6. Isoenzyme [2018-S] [Page - 75]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. The mode of action of metallo-enzymes and metal activated enzymes are

different.[2013]
2. Isoenzymes of Alkaline Phosphatase are of diagnostic significance.[2014]
3. Non Functional plasma enzymes are important only for clinical
purposes.[2014]
4. Methotrexate is a competitive enzyme inhibitor.[2014-S]
5. Apolipoproteins are enzyme cofactors.[2014-S]
6. In competitive inhibition, larger amount of substrate can overcome the
effect of inhibition.[2014-S]
7. Isoenzyme assay is helpful in the diagnosis of MI.[2015]
8. Metalloenzymes and metal activated enzymes are not similar. [2016-S]
9. Allopurinol is called suicide inhibitor.[2018-S]
10. Coenzymes act as co-substrate in the enzyme catalyzed reaction.[2019]
GENERAL METABOLISM
-MEDelulu
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
GROUP-A
1. Describe in a flow diagram the metabolic pathways of glycogen

formation and degradation in the body. Describe in separate chart show
Cyclic AMP regulates this process by enzyme modification. [4+8][2013]
[Page- 162-163,164]
2. In a flow diagram describe the metabolic steps of glycogenesis and
glycogenolysis in muscle and show how cAMP integrates their
regulation.[6+6][2010,2018-S][Page- 162-164]
3. Describe the metabolic steps of citric acid cycle in a flow diagram
indicating the enzymes and coenzymes involved and highlighting the
steps where the energy is produced. Mention the steps in the cycle
which are irreversible in nature. Indicate how propionate is converted to
one of the intermediates of this cycle.[8+2+2][2013][Page- 120-127]
4. In a flow diagram ,indicate the metabolic steps by which propionate can
be converted to glucose and show how key enzymes of gluconeogenesis
are controlled.[6+6][2010][Page- 158-161]
5. Describe in detail how blood sugar level is maintained at constant level
in post absorptive state. Use a flow diagram.[2014-S][Page- 186-191]
6. Discuss briefly how pyruvate is converted to acetyl coA. Mention how
the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is controlled.[6+6][2015-S][Page-
156,157]
7. On complete oxidation, glucose leads to production of carbon dioxide
and water. Mention those metabolic steps where carbon dioxides are
evolved. Give a detailed account of enzymes, coenzymes and control
mechanisms involved in these steps.Mention three examples of
metabolic reactions where carbon dioxide is utilized in this
process.[6+3+3][2016][Page- 156,157,120-127]
8. Describe in detail how glycogenic amino acids are converted into glucose
in the body by TCA cycle and reverse pathway of glycolysis. [2016-S][Page-
158]
9. Describe the role of insulin and glucagon on gluconeogenesis process in
fed and starved state. [2018-S][Page- 160-161]
10. Describe differences between the anaerobic and aerobic pathways of
glycolysis. Explain how RBCs can continue glycolysis without any
synthesis of ATP’ Explain how metabolic pathway of galactose and
fructose are linked to glycolytic pathway.[6+3+3+3][2021][Page- 153-
155,207-208]
GROUP-B
-MEDelulu
1. Describe multi-enzyme complex and various reactions involved in the

oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA.[7][2011][Page- 156-157]
2. Describe the process of formation of glucose from lactate indicating the
regulatory steps.[4+3][2012-S, 2018][Page- 158]
3. Describe in details how pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA in the
body.[7][2013].[Page- 156-157]
4. Give a brief account of glycogen storage disease.[7][2014].[Page- 167]
5. Describe the metabolic steps in hexose monophosphate pathway
[7][2015-S][Page- 167-168]
6. Describe the hormonal control of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis in a
flow diagram. [2016-S][Page- 165-166]
7. Explain with a flow diagram how glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the
liver are controlled by fructose 2,6 bis phosphate & the bifunctional
enzyme6-phosphofructo-2-kinase.[7][2017][Page- 160-161]
8. With flow diagrams, indicates the normal and abnormal metabolism of
fructose and galactose the body.[7][2017-S][Page- 207-209]
9. Write down the non-oxidative process of HMPShunt Pathway and it’s
importance.[6+1][2019][Page- 167-168]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Rapoport Leuberin cycle[’11,’17][Page- 156]

2. Essential Pentosuria [’10,’16][Page- 185,172]
3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase [‘19][Page- 156-157]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Long chain fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose in human body

though the reverse is possible.[2010]
2. Impairment of pentose phosphate pathway(PPP) leads to erythrocytic
hemolysis.[2011]
3. Phosphofructokinase-I is known as pacemaker of glycolysis.[2012]
4. Von-Gierke’s disease is associated with hyperuricemia.[2012][2017]
5. G6PD deficiency develops anemia.[2012-S][2017-S]
6. Fat can be synthesized from glucose but glucose can’t be synthesized
from fat.[2016]
7. Galactosemic patients are often associated with congenital
cataract.[2016]
8. Uncontrolled DM causes cataract. [2018-S]
-MEDelulu
LIPID METABOLISM
GROUP-A
1. Give an account of fatty acid synthase complex. Describe the metabolic
pathway for de-novo synthesis of palmitate in the body.[3+9][2014][Page-
229-231]
2. Describe the metabolic steps of biosynthesis of cholesterol.Discuss the
control metabolism associated with HMG CoA reductase. Explain
reverse cholesterol transport.[8+2+2][2017][Page- 244-246,245]
3. Describe how palmitic acid is oxidised in the body completely and
calculate it's net gain in energy. Explain how the complete oxidation of
oleic acid different from that of palmitic acid.[8+2+2] [2017-S][Page- 225-
226]
4. Write the metabolism of VLDL. Explain the reverse-cholesterol transport.
[8+4][2018][Page- 251]
5. Write down the steps of beta-oxidation of fatty acid. Why defective beta
oxidation may lead to hypoglycemia.[6+4][2021][Page- 225-226]
GROUP-B
1. Explain peroxisomal beta oxidation and its importance.[7][2012-S][Page-
225-226]
2. Give the exact chemical composition of very low density lipoprotein.
Explain their formation and fate inside the body.[2+5][2013][Page- 251]
3. Discuss the role of carnitine in the oxidation of long chain fatty acids.
Indicate what happens in their deficiency.[5+2][2013-S][Page- 224]
4. Discuss the process of lipogenesis and lipolysis which take place in
adipose tissue indicating the role of insulin and glucagon in this
process.[7][2013-S][Page- 231-232]
5. Describe how ketone bodies are formed & subsequently degraded in the
body.[3+4][2015][Page- 235-236]
6. Describe with the help of a diagram digestion of a triglyceride and it’s
absorption from intestine, with special reference to the role of bile in
the process.[2019][Page- 221]
7. Write down the β-oxidation of palmitic acid and mention problem that
arise out of medium chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase
deficiency.[6+1][2019][Page- 225-226]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Control of HMG-CoA reductase.[2013][Page- 245]
2. LCAT[204-S][Page- 244,247,249]
3. Role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism.[2015][Page- 224]
4. Fatty acid synthase complex.[2017][Page- 229-230]
-MEDelulu
5. Fatty liver[2017-S][Page- 234-235]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Defective beta oxidation of fatty acid causes hypoglycemia in infants at
night.[2011-S]
2. Statin group of drugs(atorvastatin) act as cholesterol lowering
agent.[2012-S, 2019-S]
3. Ketone bodies are degraded in the extra hepatic tissues only.[2013]
4. Both uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and prolonged fasting produce
ketosis but its magnitude is less in the case of prolonged fasting.[2014]
5. Ketosis cannot lead to increased cholesterol synthesis.[2014-S]
6. HDL is involved in reverse cholesterol transport.[2015, 2019]
7. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency may lead to hyperglyceridemia.[2015]
8. Consumption of alcohol leads to fatty liver.[2015-S, 2016-S]
9. Impaired beta oxidation of fatty acid may lead to hypoglycemia. [2015-
S]
10. Citrate plays an important role in fatty acid synthesis.[2017, 2018-S]
11. Increase intake of fructose leads to formation of more VLDL.[2017-S]
12. Ketone bodies are not waste material. [2018-S]
13. HDL C is good cholesterol.[2018-S]
PROTEIN METABOLISM
GROUP-A
1. Name the aromatic amino acids. Outline the catabolic pathway of
phenylalanine mentioning the disorders relating to that. Describe how
Catabolism of haem produces bilirubin. Indicate in details the process of
uptake, conjugation and secretion involved in transfer of bilirubin from
blood to bile.[6+6][2014][Page- 331,332,336-337,386,387,384-385]
2. Describe the formation and fate of catecholamines[7][2015-S][Page- 334]
3. Discuss an essay on biosynthesis of urea. How it is regulated. Add a note
on the clinical significance of uremia. [2018-S][Page- 297-298]
4. Describe the reaction of transamination and oxidative deamination of
amino acids in the body. What are the effects of
hyperammonemia?[3+3+4][2021][Page- 294-295]
GROUP-B
1. Describe how catecholamines are synthesized and degraded inside the
human body.[3+4][2010][Page- 334]
2. Write the synthesis, transport and degradation of
-MEDelulu
catecholamines.[7][2011][Page- 334]
3. Describe the process of transamination and oxidative deamination in the
body.[4+3][2014][Page- 294-295]
4. Explain the role of glutamic acid in removal of ammonia from amino
acid. Why ammonia is toxic to the central nervous system. [2018][Page-
297]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. MapleSyrupUrineDisease.[2010][Page- 325]
2. Polyamines.[2010][Page- 324,325]
3. S-Adenosyl Methionine.[2013]
4. Acute intermittent porphyria.[2014][Page- 380-382]
5. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia[2015-S][Page- 417]
6. Phenylketonuria [2016-S, 2018-S, 2019-S][Page- 336-337]
7. Hyperbilirubinemia [2016-S, 2018][Page- 385]
8. Oxidative & non-oxidative deamination. [2017-S][Page- 294-295]
9. Alkaptonuria [2019][Page- 337]
10. Transmethylation [2019-S][Page- 35]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Urine turns black on standing in Alkaptonuria.[2010]
2. Phototherapy (exposure to blue light) helps in treatment of neonatal
Physiological jaundice.[2011][2017-S]
3. Ammonia is toxic to Central Nervous System.[2012, 2016-S]
4. Patient with carcinoid syndrome may exhibit pellagra.[2013]
5. Alkaptonuria is often associated with generalized pigmentation of
Connective tissue (Ochronosis).[2013]
6. Drugs may precipitate attacks of porphyria in some patients. [2017-S]
7. Hartnup disease gives rise to pellagra like syndrome.[2019]
8. Hemoglobin is supposed to have all four levels of protein
structure.[2021]
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
GROUP-A
1. Define redox potential. Explain its significance in ETC with schematic
diagram. Write the role of inhibitors of ETC.[3+6+3][2012-S][Page-
127,132,138]
2. Describe all the complexes with their components of the respiratory
chain in mitochondria with the probable sites of ATP synthesis. Indicate
the names of different inhibitors with their sites of inhibition. Name
-MEDelulu
some uncouplers associated with respiratory chain and indicate their

significance.[8+2+2][2014-S, 2018][Page- 132-139]
3. Describe the organisation of electron transport chain mentioning the
components of all four complexes and the reaction catalyzed by them.
Explain the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondria by ATP
synthase. [2016-S][Page- 132-137]
GROUP-B
1. Describe the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis of oxidative
phosphorylation.[7][2010][Page- 135-136]
2. Describe the mitochondrial electron transport chain. How the inhibitors
of ETC differ from uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation?[5+2][2011]
[Page- 132-139]
3. Describe the operation and significance of glycerophosphate shuttle and
malate shuttle.[3+4][2014][Page- 132-133]
4. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Differentiate it from substrate level
phosphorylation. Illustrate with a diagram how ATP is synthesized in
mitochondria?[2+2+3][2014][Page- 127-128,136-137]
5. Give an account of inhibitors and uncouplers of mitochondrial
respiratory chain.[5+2][2015-S][Page- 138]
6. Name the components of the electron transport chain with the help of a
diagram. Explain how the electron flows from the NADH+H+ to the
molecular oxygen through the different components of ETC.[2+5][2019-S]
[Page- 132-134]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Malate shuttle[2010-S][Page- 132]
2. Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.[2019]
GROUP-D[EQ][Page- 138]
1. Certain drugs are inhibitors of respiratory chain in the
mitochondria[2010-S][Page- 138]
2. Brown adipose tissue promotes thermogenesis.[2011,‘10][Page- 139]
3. Ubiquitin and cytochrome C have special role in respiratory chain
reactions as they are mobile carrier of reducing equivalent.[2013-S][Page-
134]
4. G6PD is responsible for erythrocyte membrane rigidity.[2014][Page- 170]
5. Brown fat is responsible for non-shivering , genesis in newborn. [2016-S]
[Page- 139]
6. F0F1 ATPase give rise to ATP synthesis in intact mitochondria.[2019-S]
[Page- 136-137]
7. TCA is known as amphibolic pathway.[2021][Page- 125-126]
-MEDelulu
CLINICAL & APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY
ACID-BASE BALANCE
GROUP-A
1. Describe in detail how pH of the blood is regulated by lung and kidney.
Give an account of metabolic acidosis and anion gap.[4+4+2+2][2014-S,
2018-S][Page- 462-465, 468]
GROUP-B
1. Describe the renal mechanism for regulation of acid base balance.[Page-
463-465]
2. What is the biomedical importance of anion gap?[4+3][2014][Page- 468]
3. Name the blood buffers. Explain the role of blood buffers in the
maintenance of normal pH of blood.[2019][Page- 461,462]
4. Write down the Henderson Hasselbalch equation. Explain the role of
kidney in the maintenance of acid base balance in our body.[1+6][2019-S]
[Page- 459, 463-465]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Respiratory acidosis[2013][Page- 471]
2. Henderson – Hasselbach equation [2013-S][Page- 459]
3. Alkali reserve[2018][Page- 461]
4. Bicarbonate buffer system[2021][Page- 461]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Histidine plays major role in buffering.[2015-S]
2. Cellular exchange of ion maintains hydrogen ion homeostasis. [2017-S]
FUNCTIONAL TEST
GROUP-B
1. Describe the principle and outline of methodology of ELISA. Indicate the
significance of the test.[7][2014-S][Page- 726]
2. Describe the methods of determining the chemical structure of any
-MEDelulu
unknown biomolecule.[7][2017][Page- 721-733]

3. Describe the principles of different forms of chromatography and
indicate their role in clinical diagnosis. [2017-S][Page- 722-724]
4. Enumerate the difference between autosomal dominant and recessive
disorders giving examples. [2017-S][Page- 674]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Oral GTT.[2011-S][Page- 183]
2. Renal function test[2012-S][Page- 427-440]
3. Electrophoresis.[2016, 2018-S][Page- 719-720]
4. Ion exchange chromatography. [2016-S][Page- 724]
5. Enzyme assay by coupling to a dehydrogenase[2016-S][Page- 726]
6. Abnormalities of thyroid function.[2018-S][Page- 819-820]
7. Biochemical function of ascorbic acid.[2018-S][Page- 550]
8. Thin Layer Chromatography.[2019-S][Page- 722-723]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Renal clearance study is a nearly predictor of impending renal
failure.[2014, 2018]
2. Levels of hepatic enzymes can differentiate b/w hemolytic,
hepatocellular and obstructive jaundice.[2013]
3. Glycosuria can happen even with absence of hyperglycemia.[2014-S]
4. Urinary urobilinogen is increased in hemolytic jaundice. [2018]
5. Phototherapy is better alternative than Phenobarbital in treatment of
Crigler Najjar syndrome type I.[2021]
FREE RADICALS, ANTIOXIDANTS & XENOBIOTICS
GROUP-B
1. Name the dietary antioxidants. Discuss how they protect from oxidative
injury?[5+2][2011-S][Page- 500]
2. Describe the role of glutathione, glucuronic acid and glutamine in the
process of detoxification.[7][2014-S][Page- 506-507]
3. Explain the different phases of metabolism of xenobiotics. [7][2016-S]
[Page- 504-508]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Antioxidant vitamins.[2012-S][Page- 500]
-MEDelulu
2. Superoxide Dismutase.[2013][Page- 497]

3. Role of Cyt-P450 in hydroxylation reaction.[2013][Page- 504]
4. Lipid peroxidation reaction [2013-S][2016-S][Page- 499]
5. Biochemical functions of peroxisomes.[2014][Page- 16]
6. Antioxidant enzymes.[2014][Page- 500]
7. Free radical induced damage. [2015-S][Page- 497-499]
8. Reactive oxygen species[2019][Page- 495-496]
9. Cyt-P450[2014-S, 2019][Page- 504]
10. Phase II reaction of Xenobiotics.[2019-S][Page- 505-507]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Some enzymes take part in scavenging of free radicals. [2010-S]
2. Free radicals may have some beneficial role also[2015-S]
3. Glutathione plays a vital role in detoxification. [2016-S]
4. Hydroxylation reactions often require the presence of ascorbic
acid.[2017-S]
5. Macrophages shows beneficial effects by generating free radicals.[2021]
VITAMIN, MINERALS & NUTRITION
GROUP-A
1. Explain how iron is absorbed, transported and stored in the body.
[12][2012-S][2014-S][Page- 568-571]
2. What is a balanced diet? What is the nutritional importance of dietary
proteins? Discuss the protein energy malnutrition with special reference
to kwashiorkor disease.[3+6+6][2021][Page- 593-594,588-589,590-591]
GROUP-B
1. Describe how one carbon compounds are utilized in the body
mentioning the names of the donors and acceptors of those
compounds.[2014-S][Page- 301-302]
2. Indicate the factors which modified absorption of calcium from the gut.
Discuss in detail how calcium metabolism is controlled by calcitriol and
parathyroid hormone. Enumerate the biochemical role of intracellular
calcium.[3+4] [2016-S][Page- 559-563]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Wald’s visual cycle[2014-S][Page- 514-516]
2. Folic acid as coenzyme[2016-S][Page- 540-541]
3. Folate trap[2018][Page- 541]
-MEDelulu
4. Nitric oxide having various role.[2018-S][Page- 323-324]

5. Biochemical function of ascorbic acid[2018-S][Page- 550]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Folic acid cures megaloblastic anemia.[2011-S]
2. Vitamin K takes part in blood coagulation [2014-S]
3. Transamination reaction cannot take place without pyridoxine.[2017-S]
4. Vitamin K deficiency is responsible for hemorrhagic disease of
newborn.[2019]
5. Normal function of the kidney is essential for the synthesis of active
Vitamin D3.[2019-S]
6. Deficiency of ascorbic acid causes fragility of blood vessels.[2021]
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
NUCLEOTIDE CHEMISTRY
GROUP-A
1. Describe the chemical structure of DNA in detail. Explain the chemical
nature of RNA which differs from that of DNA. Describe the structural
difference between mRNA & tRNA.[7+3+2][2013-S][Page- 635-
636,652,657-658]
2. Describe the Watson Crick model of DNA structures enumerating its
salient features. Explain the role of Histone Protein in the organisation of
DNA. Indeed gate how denaturation of DNA is used to analyse its
structure. [2016-S][Page- 636-639]
GROUP-B
1. Indicate the functional aspect of all varieties of RNA. [2016-S][Page-
652,658,659]
2. Describe Watson crick model of DNA structure. Draw and label structure
of tRNA[4+3] [2018-S][Page- 636-637,657-658]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. t-RNA[2011][Page- 657-658]
2. Synthetic nucleotide[2013-S][Page- 630]
3. Z DNA[2014-S][Page- 637]
4. Major & minor bases of nucleotides.[2015-S][Page- 619]
-MEDelulu
5. Small RNA[2015-S][Page- 652,656]

6. Bonds in polynucleotides.[2017][Page- 636]
7. snRNA, mi RNA, siRNA [2017-S][Page- 656,666]
8. Melting of DNA [2018][Page- 639]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. RNA is alkali labile while DNA is alkali resistant.[2012, 2013-S, 2019-S]
2. Denaturation of DNA helps to analyse its structure[2013-S]
3. DNA with higher GC content have relatively higher Tm.[2014]
4. Presence of deoxy sugar makes DNA more stable.[2014-S]
5. Synthetic nucleotides are used as drugs.[2015]
6. DNA is more stable than RNA.[2016]
7. Adenine nucleotides have various functions beside making nucleic
acids.[2017]
8. Nucleotide analogs are used as anticancer agents.[2018]
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
GROUP-B
1. Give the metabolic basis of hyperuricemia. How allopurinol useful in
lowering the levels of serum uric acid?[7][2011-S][Page- 625,626]
2. Describe the sources of Nitrogen and carbon atoms of purine ring.
Describe the formation of uric acid from purine nucleosides. Enumerate
the disorders of purine metabolism.[3+6+3][2015-S][Page- 620,624,625-
626]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Gout.[2013][Page- 626-626]
2. Source of nitrogen and carbon atoms of the purine ring.[2013][Page- 620]
3. Purine Salvage Pathway.[2018][Page- 623-624]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Adenosine deaminase deficiency leads to immunodeficiency state.[2011-
S]
2. Synthetic nucleotides are used as drugs.[2015]
3. Intake of alcohol may aggravate the symptoms of gout.[2016]
4. Allopurinol lowers the uric acid concentration of blood.[2012-S, 2019]
5. Gout is precipitated by alcohol intake.[2012-S, 2016-S, 2018-S, 2021]
-MEDelulu
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS
GROUP-A
1. Describe the stage of initiation of translation process with the help of a
diagram. State the mechanism of action of the following antibiotics in
the inhibition of translation: A) Streptomycin, B) Erythromycin,
C) Chloramphenicol.[6+6][2011][Page- 660-661,665]
2. Write down the different types of DNA damage. Explain the mechanisms
of: Mismatch DNA repair, Base excision repair, Nucleotide excision
repair.[6+6][2011][Page- 644-646]
3. Explain the principles of polymerase chain reaction. Enumerate the
reagents and equipments needed for this procedure. What are the
applications of PCR in medical sciences?[6+6][2011-S][Page- 707-709]
4. Describe the enzyme and proteins associated with prokaryotic DNA
replication process.[12][2012-S][Page- 639-644]
5. Define operon. Describe the Lac-operon model for regulation of gene
expression in E.Coli.[2+10] [2018][Page- 684]
6. Write with the help of a diagram, describe the stage of initiation and
elongation of translation process in E.coli. State the mechanism of
streptomycin and puromycin in the inhibition of translation process on
prokaryotes.[9+3][2019][Page- 660-662,665]
7. Write down with the help of a diagram stage of initiation and elongation
of the replication process. Differentiate between DNA polymerase I and
DNA
polymerase III[3+9][2019][Page- 640-642,641]
8. Name the different types of DNA damage. Mention different types of
DNA repair. With the help of diagram differentiate between ‘Mismatch
repair’ & ‘Base Excision Repair’[2+2+8][2019-S][Page- 644-646]
9. With the help of suitable diagram explain the ‘Lac-operon model’ of
regulation of gene expression in bacteria. Differentiate between the
mono-cistronic & poly-cistronic mRNA.[10+2][2019-S][Page- 684,656-657]
10. Explain replication of a DNA molecule in the context of initiation,
elongation and termination in prokaryotes with suitable diagrams.
Enumerate the difference b/w DNA polymerase I, II & III.[10+5][2021]
[Page- 640-642,641]
GROUP-B
1. Using gene transfer technology outline the steps of desired protein
synthesis.[7][2010-S][Page- 703-]
2. Describe how ribonucleic acid is synthesized. Indicate the difference b/w
DNA Polymerase III and RNA polymerase.[5+2][2010][Page- 651, 641]
-MEDelulu
3. Describe the initiation, elongation and termination phase of transcription

in eukaryotes. Name the antibiotics which specifically inhibit the
microbial protein synthesis.[5+2][2015-12 marks][2013][Page- 652-654,665]
4. Give a brief account of different types of mutation with examples.[2014-
S][Page- 677]
5. Enumerate different types of DNA repair.[7][2015-S, 2018][Page- 644-
646]
6. Give an account of negative and positive regulation of lac operon in
E.Coli.[2015][7][Page- 684]
7. Enumerate the DNA damaging agents and indicate the types of
damages made by them.[7][2017][Page- 644]
8. Expand the term PCR. Describe different steps for a PCR reaction.
Enumerate any four uses of the PCR.[1+7+2][2021][Page- 707-709]
9. Enumerate the different modes of repair of DNA damage in humans.
Explain the mechanism of any one of them with the disorder arising due
to the defects on that pathway.[4+4+2][2021][Page- 644-646]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP).[2011][Page- 707]
2. Monoclonal antibodies.[2011][Page- 753-754]
3. RNA polymerase[2011-S][Page- 653]
4. Nucleosome [2011-S][2015-S][Page- 637-638]
5. Polymerase Chain Reaction.[2012-S, 2015-S. 2018][Page- 707-709]
6. Base excision repair of DNA.[2013][Page- 646]
7. Frameshift mutation.[2013][Page- 678]
8. Eukaryotic topoisomerase.[2014][Page- 641]
9. Polyclonal antibodies.[2014][Page- 753]
10. Radioisotopes.[2014][Page- 831-832]
11. DNA sequencing[2014-S][Page- 712]
12. DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.[2015][Page- 639-643]
13. RNA editing.[2015][Page- 656,657]
14. Use of in vitro DNA amplification process in the laboratory[2015-
S][Page- 704]
15. Post translational modification of proteins[2015-S][Page- 663-665]
16. Point mutation.[2012-S,2016][Page- 677]
17. Restriction endonuclease[2017-S][Page- 691]
18. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases[2017-S][Page- 641]
19. Satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA.[2017-S][Page- 706-707]
20. Point mutation.[2019][Page- 677]
21. Genome of retrovirus.[2019][Page- 698]
22. Genetic Code.[2019-S][Page- 659-660]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. RNA can act as enzyme.[2011]
-MEDelulu
2. DNA denaturation is essential for DNA hybridization.[2012-S]

3. Genetic code is degenerate.[2012-S, 2018]
4. Replication fork is the main constituents for DNA replication.[2014-S]
5. Sickle Cell anaemia is an example of point mutation[2015-S]
6. DNA is much more stable than RNA.[2016]
7. Ribosome is the ultimate ribozyme.[2017]
8. Recombinant DNA technology is required for selective amplification of a
particular gene.[2017-S]
9. RNA editing mechanism is responsible for APO B48 synthesis in the
intestinal cells.[2019]
ADVANCED BIOCHEMISTRY- IMMUNE-CHEMISTRY &

CANCER
GROUP-B
1. Draw the representative structure of IgG. Classify immunoglobin and
mention the function of each class.[2017-S][2019][Page- 745,745-746]
2. Describe the structural characteristics of an Ig molecule in general with
a diagram. Explain the functional difference b/w T cell & B cell mediated
immunity.[5+5][2021][Page- 745, 743-744]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Cell cycle regulators.[2010][Page- 680-682]
2. Monoclonal antibody[2010-S][Page- 753-753]
3. Structure & function of IgG [2011-S][2015-S][2018][Page- 745-746]
4. Tumor markers.[2012-S, 2014,2016-S, 2021][Page- 779-780]
5. Ceruloplasmin.[2014][Page- 449]
6. Proto-oncogenes[2014-S][2018][Page- 774]
7. Oncogenes[2016-S][Page- 774-775]
8. Radio isotope in treatment[2018-S][Page- 831-832]
9. Cell cycle[2021][Page- 680-681]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Methotrexate is used for anti-cancer therapy.[2012,2011, 2016-S, 2019-
S]
2. Cancer is gene related disease[2011-S]
3. Multiple myeloma is immunoglobin related disorder.[2012-S]
4. Radio Immuno Assay techniques has got demerits also.[2013]
5. Telomeric length is maintained in cancer cells and stem cells.[2016-S]
6. P53 is considered as “Guardian of the genome”.[2019-S]
7. Proto oncogenes are regulatory genes[2021]
-MEDelulu
8. Under some conditions immunity causes damaging effect[2021]
MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY
GROUP-A
1. Classify hormones according to their mechanism of action. Indicate the
structure and function of thyroid hormone. Explain the inhibitor action
of iodine and thiocyanate on thyroid function. Explain mechanism inT3
toxicosis [4+4+2+2] [2017-S][Page- 802-803817-818,818-819,819-820]
GROUP-B
1. In a flow diagram describe how insulin and glucagon regulate the
process of lipogenesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue.[7][2010][Page-
231,232]
2. Discuss the different types of G-protein coupled signal transduction
processes.[7][2010][Page- 803]
3. Structure and mechanism of action of insulin[7][2012-S][Page- 187]
4. Explain the mechanisms of signal transductions by cAMP, calcium and
phosphatidyl inositol system with the help of diagrams.[7][2013][Page- 803-
807]
5. Chemical structure of insulin & its receptors.[2015-S][Page- 186-187]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Mode of action of steroid hormone[2010-S][Page- 806]
2. G-Protein[2011][Page- 803]
3. cAMP[2012-S][Page- 804]
4. Insulin receptor.[2019-S][Page- 187]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Insulin receptor has tyrosine kinase activity[2010-S]
2. Lipids can act as intracellular signals.[2012]
3. Endocrinal disorder may predispose to obesity.[2021]
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Chemical structure of collagen[2010-S, 2016][Page- 786]
-MEDelulu
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Ascorbic acid helps in the maturation of the immune collagen
molecule.[2019-S]
MCQ [2021][Page- 786-787]
PAPER I
1. Which of the following enzymes is the marker enzyme for lysosomes?

A)acid hydrolase B)glutamate dehydrogenase C)glucose 6 phosphatase
D)Na+ - K+ ATPase
2. Which of the following lipid is known as modulator of
membrane fluidity?
A)lecithin B)cephalin C)cholesterol D)TGA
3. True statement about Km value of an enzyme-
A) it signifies the rate of product formation.
B) it signifies the affinity of the substrate with enzyme
C) it signifies the amount of the substrate required for a reaction to occur.
D) in competitive inhibition of enzyme its Km value decrease
4. All of the following amino acid take part in one carbon pool except:
A) Serine B) Glycine C) Histidine D) Proline
5. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus produces:
A)metabolic alkalosis B)respiratory alkalosis C)metabolic acidosis
D)respiratory acidosis
6. The nitrogenous base present in lecithin is:
A) Serine B) Sphingosine C) Choline D) Ethanolamine
7. All are multienzyme complex except:
A) fatty acid synthase B) pyruvate dehydrogenase C) alpha-
ketoglutarate dehydrogenase D) glycogen synthase
8. HDL helps in transport of
A) free fatty acid from adipose tissue B)cholesterol from liver
to peripheral tissue C)TGA from intestine to adipose
tissue D)cholesterol from peripheral tissue to liver.
9. Indole ring present in:
A)tryptophan B)tyrosine C)phenylalanine D)histidine
10. The tissue which cannot utilize ketone body as fuel is:
A) Cardiac muscle B) Liver C) Brain D) Skeletal muscle
PAPER II
1. Enzymes that protect DNA from aging:
A) Topoisomerase B) DNA ligase C) Telomerase D) RE
2. Which is not a transcription start signal:
A) CAAT box B) Hogness box C) Pribnow box D) Homeo box
3. Frameshift mutation result from:
-MEDelulu
A) Substitution of a single base B) deletion of a single base C)

addition of a codon D) Deletion of a codon
4. Which of these is a clinical feature of pellagra?
A) Dystonia B) Dysarthria C) Dementia D) Deafness
5. Connective tissue protein defective in Marfan’s syndrome:
A) Tubulin B) Fibrillin C) Connexin D) Keratin
6. Prion disease in human beings are:
A) Fatal familial insomnia B) Guillain-Barre syndrome C) Multiple
sclerosis D) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
7. In molecular biology, cloning vectors may include all except:
A) Plasmid B) Cosmid C) Human Artificial Chromosome D) Yeast
Artificial Chromosome
8. A capping of 7 methyl guanosine triphosphate is found at the 5’
end of which of the following types of RNA in eukaryotes?
A) tRNA B)rRNA C)mRNA D)snRNA
9. Which of the following is not a characteristics of genetic code?
A) Universal B) Un-ambiguous C) Non-degenerate D)
Commaless
10. Which of the following antibiotics can inhibit protein
synthesis in eukaryotes?
A) Streptomycin B) Erythromycin C) Chloramphenicol D)
Puromycin
AETCOM MODULE
1. Cadaver is our first teacher. [5] [Anatomy paper I]

2. Discuss the importance of communication skills for a doctor. [5]
[Physiology paper I]
3. Role of a physician. [5] [Biochemistry paper I]
BIOCHEMISTRY[PAPER-1]
[2023-FEB&NOV]
GROUP-A
1. A one month old baby was brought to the paediatric OPD with complaints
of brownish black discoloration of diapers since birth. Single spot urine on
-MEDelulu
collection appears normal but turns black on standing. Laboratory

examination showed Benedict's quality test positive but glucose strip test
negative.
a)What is your provisional diagnosis & why?
b) What are the biochemical changes in this condition?
c) What are the screening test and confirmatory test for the diagnosis of the
disease? [6+4+5] [Page - 337,338]
2.A 37 year aged patient was diagnosed as metabolic acidosis with high
anion gap.
a) Enumerate 4 causes of this type of condition.
b)Prepare a lab investigation report of this patient. (pH, HCO3-, Na+, K+ ,C-)
c) Describe the compensatory mechanism of this condition. [2+4+9] [Page -
468, 470]
3. A 23-year-old male was brought to the emergency in semiconscious state.
His mother gave history of diagnosis of malaria confirmed by identification of
parasites in blood smear and subsequent treatment with Primaquine by his
family physician. He was also passing dark coloured urine. On examination,
he had fever, extreme pallor, severe jaundice, tachycardia and low BP. His
sclera was yellow and his spleen was enlarged.
a) What is your provisional diagnosis and why?
b) Explain the biochemical basis of the findings in this patient.
c) Outline the metabolic pathway that is defective in this case.
d) Mention two important functions of this pathway.
e) Add a note on glutathione and its role in the body.[2+4+4+2+3] [Page -
170, 169]
4.An 8 year old boy has serum LDL 230mg/dl, HDL 35 mg/dl, VLDL 25
mg/dl, Triglycerides 126 mg/dl. His brother and father had isolated increased
LDL cholesterol.
a) What is your provisional diagnosis?
b) Discuss the Fredrickson classification of hyperlipoproteinemia.
c) Mention in a flow diagram, the cholesterol synthesis up to mevalonate.
d) Name a lipid lowering agent with its mechanism of action. [2+5+5+3]
[Page - 270, 245, 247]
GROUP-B
1.Briefly describe the importance & process of salvage pathway of
nucleotide metabolism.[2+8] [Page - 623]
2. Define marker enzyme. Enumerate 2 marker enzymes of plasma
membrane. Briefly describe the process of isolation of membrane
enzyme.[1+2+7] [Page - 13]
3.Discuss the importance of urea cycle other than urea production. Briefly
describe the regulations of urea cycle.[6+4] [Page - 298,299]
4.Describe the mitochondrial electron transport chain with diagram. Name
the inhibitors of different complex of electron transport chain.[6+4] [Page -
131-138]
-MEDelulu
5.Write down the chemical name of carnitine. Describe the role of carnitine in
Beta oxidation of fatty acids. How is it regulated? What are the symptoms of
carnitine deficiency?[1+3+3+3] [Page - 224] [Page - 224]
6. A 50 year old man was admitted to hospital with complaint of persistent
vomiting. On examination, he was found dehydrated and the respiration was
shallow. He gave past H/O dyspepsia. The result of the laboratory
investigations are as follows:
Parameter Obtained Value
Blood pH 7.72
Plasma HC03 45mmol/L
pC02 60mmHg
Na+ 140mEq/L
K+ 2.5 mEq/L
Urine Acidic
a) Interpret the report and give a probable diagnosis based on acid base
disorder.
b) Explain the compensatory phenomenon going on in this state.
c) Explain briefly the cause of hypokalemia with excretion of acidic urine in
this patient.[5+2+3] [Page- 466, 467]
GROUP C [SHORT NOTE]

1.Doctor patient relationship in a government hospital. [Page- 246,247]
2. Regulation of cholesterol synthesis.
3.Doctor as lifelong learner.
4. Write down the significance of glycosaminoglycans in health. [Page-
98,99]
GROUP D [EXPLAIN WHY]

1.Glycated Haemoglobin Is More Useful Parameter To Monitor Diabetes
mellitus.
2.Hypercholesterolemia leading to atherosclerosis occurs in diabetes
mellitus.
3.Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency leads to emphysema.
4.Only glycerol and propionyl CoA from fat can be converted to glucose.
5.Anion Gap is an indicator of metabolic acidosis.
6. Physical techniques are used to isolate subcellular organelles.
7.The chemiosmotic theory explains the mechanism of oxidative
phosphorylation.
8. The oxygen dissociation curve for myoglobin and haemoglobin suit their
respective physiologic roles.
9. Aspartate transcarbamoylase is an allosteric enzyme.
10. Homocysteine is related to atherosclerotic vascular disease and
thrombosis.
-MEDelulu
BIOCHEMISTRY[PAPER-2]
[2023-FEB&NOV]
GROUP-A
1. A 78 year old male was admitted at our hospital with clinical and
laboratory features allowing us to make the diagnosis of acute myeloid
leukemia (AML). No evidence of a preceding CML (splenomegaly or
basophilia) was found. The karyotype on G-banded metaphases was
46XY,(9:22)(q34;q1 1). Molecular analysis suggests that atypical pl90
e6a2 transcript seems to be associated in AML with aggressive disease.
a)Give a detailed account of the transcription process.
b) How is it regulated?
c) Name inhibitors of transcription.[8+4+3] [Page- 652-657]
2.Define and classify minerals. What are the biochemical functions of
calcium in the body? Write a note on: How the homeostasis of plasma
calcium level is achieved?[3+6+6] [Page- 558-562]
3.A 5 year old boy presented with blistering photosensitive lesions
diagnosed as xeroderma pigmentosa.
a) What is the molecular basis of this disorder?
b)Write a note on different agents of DNA damage.
c) Enumerate any six types of DNA repair methods.
d)Name the prokaryotic DNA polymerases involved in DNA repair.
e)Name the eukaryotic DNA polymerases with their roles. [2+3 +3+3+4]
[Page- 641, 644-646]
4.Outline with diagram the process of elongation phase of translation in
prokaryotes. Add a note on inhibitors of translation with examples. Mention
three types of post-translational processing. Classify mutation. Explain the
consequence of point mutation with a suitable example.[4+3+3+2+3] [Page-
661-665]
GROUP-B
1.Give an account of the positive and negative regulation of Lac operon in
E.coli.[5+5] [Page- 685]
2. Briefly describe different types of graft rejection reactions.[10] [Page- 751]
3.State the phases of biotransformation of xenobiotics. Enumerate four
reactions of phase II giving examples of each. Add a note on the cytochrome
P450 enzyme system.[2+4+4] [Pages- 504-506]
4.Enumerate the dietary sources of iron. Outline the mechanism of
absorption, transport and storage of iron in the body. Mention two common
causes of iron deficiency anemia. Outline the clinical manifestations and
principle of treatment of iron deficiency anemia.[2+3+2+2+1] [Page- 568-
573]
-MEDelulu
5.Define xenobiotic. Describe the different phases of xenobiotic metabolism

with proper examples. [2+8] [Page- 504-506]
6.Draw the structure of an immunoglobulin molecule and mention following
regions:
a)Amino & carboxy terminal, b) -S-S- linkages, c) Fab & FC segment,
d) Papain & pepsin cleaving sites, e)Variable & constant region, f)Antigen
binding site.
Explain briefly: Constant regions determine class specific effector functions
of an immunoglobulin. [6+4] [Page- 744-746]
GROUP C [SHORT NOTE]

1.Immunodeficiency diseases. [Page-749]
2.Chemical carcinogen. [Page- 771]
3. P53 tumour suppressor gene. [Page- 681]
4. RNA editing. [Page-656]
GROUP D [EXPLAIN WHY]

1.Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic but 6 Mercaptopurine is an anticancer drug.
2.Vitamin K deficiency is responsible for haemorrhagic disease of newborn.
3.Restriction enzymes differ from other DNAases.
4.Sickle cell anemia is a molecular disease.
5.Xeroderma pigmentosa occurs due to defect in DNA repair mechanism.
6. Post translational modification of collagen confers strength and rigidity.
7. Restriction endonucleases show different cleavage patterns.
8. Philadelphia Chromosome in CML is an example of chromosomal
translocation.
9. Apoptosis is very important in preventing cancer.
10. Following vegan diet strictly may lead to Vitamin B12 deficiency.
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1st Professional MBBS

1st Professional MBBS Examination

@medelulu -Students of SMCH

FIRST PAPER SECOND PAPER

● Abdomen ● Head and Neck

Referred From VISHRAM SINGH(4TH EDITION)

9. Regarding radio-carpal joint, discuss under the following headings:

11.Give a short description of the structures passing underneath the flexor

GROUP–C(3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

GROUP–D(3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

15.) Enlargement of central group of axillary lymph nodes in cancer breast

GROUP-C(3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

2. Deltoid ligament.[2011] Page 436

GROUP-D(3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

5. Describe the collateral circulation in superior vena caval obstruction.

GROUP-C(3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

18. Fallot’s tetralogy. [2018][2019 supple]

GROUP-D(3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY

4.An old man suffering from carcinoma of prostate with metastasis in

portal vein under the following headings: formation, relations,

25. Embryology and histology of pancreas. [4+3][2019 supple] Page

GROUP-C(3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

21.Umbilical cord[2023-Feb] Page 25

GROUP-D(3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

6. Urinary fistula at the level of umbilicus in a newborn baby. [2011] Page

34. Cancer of prostate may metastasise to vertebral column.[2023-Nov]

HEAD AND NECK

GROUP-C(3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

GROUP-D(3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

6. Optic disc in eye-ball is known as blind spot. [2013,‘06] PAGE 289

29. Thyroid swelling moves up and down with deglutition. [2014

GROUP-C(3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

10.Third ventricle of brain [2018 supple]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

Describe the blood supply of long bone. [1+3+3][2016]

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

35. Derivatives of neural crest. [2017 supple]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1.Musculotendinous cuff is formed by all muscles except

9. Length of vas deferens is about

17. Atlanto-occipital joint is an example of what sub-type of synovial joint?

FIRST PAPER SECOND PAPER

● Hematology ● Endocrine System

Referred From DEBASIS PRAMANIK(7TH

GENERAL AND NERVEMUSCLE

What is absolute refractory period? Mention the ionic basis for

GROUP-D (Explain Why)

1. What is haemostasis? Name the different coagulation factors required for

7. How does Rh incompatibility occur? Describe the hemolytic disease of

GROUP-C (Short Note)

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

10. A group of 3rd Year Medical students accompanied a medical mission

GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

1. Brief period of straining causes tachycardia and increase in peripheral

5. Describe the mechanism of secretion of HCl in the stomach. Enumerate

GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)