ANIMAL KINGDOM

-MS LAVAKUMAR
JNV MYSURU
 Basis of classification

• Arrangement of cells

• Body symmetry

• Nature of coelom

• Patterns of systems
 LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
• Cellular –porifera
▪ Organ-platyhelminthes and
higher phyla
• Organ system-Annelida to Echenodermeta and
Chodrates
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Open type - the blood is pumped out of the
heart and tissues are directly bathed in it
• Closed type- blood is circulated through a
series of vessels to the body cells
 Pattern of Organization

• Asymmetry – i.e. Ameoba

when any plane that passes through centre
does not divide them into equal halves
 Bilateral Symmetry-Arthropoda

• Divided along sagittal plane into two mirror images

– sagittal= divides bilateral organisms into right and left
halves
RADIAL SYMMETRY-Coelenterates

• When any plane passing through the

central axis of the body divides the
organism into two halves
 DIPLOBLASTIC

• Diploblastic Organization- Two tissue

layers
– Cells are organized into tissues in most
animal phyla
– Body parts are organized into layers derived
from two embryonic tissue layers.
– Eg:-Coelentrates
DIPLOBLASTIC AND
TRIPLOBLASTIC
 The Triploblastic
• Tissues derived from three embryological layers
• Ectoderm- outer layer
• Endoderm- lines the gut
Mesoderm- middle, Third layer between
Ectoderm and Endoderm
• Eg:-platyhelminthes to chordates
 COELOM- CAVITY
• Acoelomates lack a true body cavity
– Solid body
– no cavity between the digestive tract and outer body wall
– Eg:-platyhelminthes
 COELOM
– true body cavity
– Fluid-filled
– lined by mesoderm-derived epithelium
– Eg:-Annelida to chodrates

Earthworm
PSEUDO COELOMATES
No true coelom as the mesoderm is
present scattered between ectoderm
and endoderm
Eg:-Aschelminthes.
 SEGMENTATION
Metameric Segmentation
External and internal division of body into
segments with a serial repetition of at least
some organs
 NOTOCHORD
• Mesodermly derived rod like structure
formed on the dorsal side during
embryonic development
• Asymmetrical
PORIFERA
• Cellular level of organisation

• Presence of water canal system

• Choanocytes are present

• Calcareous spicules are present

• Hermaphrodite

• Internal fertilisation and indirect development

• Intracellular digestion

• Eg:sycon,spongilla
 Coelenterata

• Radial symmetry
•
• Presence of cnidoblast
•
• Tissue level of organisation
•
• Single opening called hypostome is
• present
•
• Alternation of generation
•
• Digestion is extracellular

▪ Eg:physalia,pennatula
 Ctenophora

• Radial symmetry

• Diploblastic

• Tissue level of organisation

• Eight external rows of ciliated comb plates

• Extracellular and intracellular digestion

• Hermaphrodite

• Bioluminescence

• External fertilisation with indirect development

▪ Eg:ctenoplana,pleurobranchia
 Platyhelminthes

• Endoparasites

• Dorsoventrally flattened, organ system level of organization, Bilaterally

symmetrical, Triploblastic

• Acoelomate

• Cephalization starts

• Absence of locomotory organs, circulatory system

• Hermaphrodite

• Flame cells are present

• Internal fertilization with indirect development

• EgxTaneia,Fasaiola
 Aschehelminthes
• Endoparasites

▪ Organ system level of organisation

▪ Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, Pseudocoelomate

• Complete digestive system

• Absence of locomotory organs,

• Body wall consists of cuticle, epidermis and muscular layer

• Sexual dimorphism

• Fertilisation is internal

• Direct development

• Eg:Ascaris,wuchereria
 ANNELIDA
• Annelids have bodies that are segmented
(divided into sections).
• Annelids have a circulatory system to pump blood. This
earthworm has 5 hearts!
• Annelid worms have a body cavity called a coelom which
provides room for organ development.
• Eg:Pheretina,hirudinaria
 ARTHROPODA
• Endoparasites

• Organ system level of organisation

• Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, Pseudocoelomate

• Complete digestive system

•
• Absence of locomotory organs,

• Body wall consists of cuticle, epidermis and muscular layer

• Sexual dimorphism

• Fertilisation is internal

• Direct development

• Eg:Anopheles,culexAaedes
 MOLLUSCA
• Most mollusks have a hard shell covering their soft bodies.
• Clams have a wedge-shaped muscular foot used for
locomotion.
• Not all mollusks have shells. This squid does not.
• Eg:Sepia,pila,Octopus
 ECHINODERMATA
• Echinoderms have spiny (prickly) skin.
• Adult echinoderms have radial symmetry.
• The bottom of this starfish is covered with
tube feet for locomotion.
• Eg:Asterias,Cucumaria
 Phylum Chordata
characteristics:
• 1. dorsal (back) hollow nerve tube
• 2. notochord - becomes spinal chord in some organisms
• 3. pharyngeal gill slits at some stage in life
• 4. ventral (front) heart
 Triploblastic
• Organism body is made up of ectoderm,
endoderm and measoderm
 Coelomate
• Organisms have body cavity
 Bilateral symmetry
• When the organism body can be divided
into two equal halves in one planar
divisions.
 Subphylum Hemichordata
- tongue worms
- Worm like marine animals
- Organ system level of organization
 The body is cylindrical and
comoposed of proboscis, collar
and long trunk
Circulatory system is open type
• Respiration in gills
• Excretory organs is proboscis gland
• Sexes are separate (dioecious)
• Fertilization is external
• Development is indirect
• Digestion is complete
• Ex: Balanoglassus and Saccoglassus
 Chordate classification
Subphylum 1.Tunicata or Urochordata
2.Cephalochordata- Branchiostoma, Amphiaxes
3.Vertebrata Ex: Petromyzon, Scoliodon, Rana.
1.Tunicata
Ex: Ascidia and Salpa
Marine
Notochord present only in larval tail
 Subphylum Cephalochordata
• Ex: Lancelets (Amphiaoxus), Branchiostoma
• Notochord extends from head to tail present throughout
their life.
 Subphylum Vertebrata
• Notochord present.
• Central nervous system is dorsal, hollow and
single.
• Pharynx perforated by gill slits.
• Heart is ventral.
• A post-anal part (tail) is present.
 Vertebrata
• Notochord is replaced by cartilaginous or
bony vertebral column.
• Vertebrates have ventral muscular heart.
• Kidney for excretion and osmoregulations.
• Paired appendages which may be fins or
limbs.
 Veretebrates

• Veretebrates are divided into two divisions

1.Agnatha (lacks jaw) cyclostomata and
2.Gnathostomata (bears jaw).
• Gnathostomata is classified into two
groups 1.pisces (bears fins) and
2.Tetrapoda (bear limbs).
 Cyclostomata
• Ectoparasites
• Sucking and circular mouth without jaws
• Divide of scales
• Cartilaginous
• Marine migrate to fresh water
• Eg: petromyzon,myxine
Pisces
Tetrapoda
Sharks, Skates, Rays
 Class Chondrichthyes
characteristics:
• i. fish-like form
• ii. true jaws and fins
• iii. gills with gill slits
• iv. no air bladder
• v. cartilage skeleton
– examples - sharks, skates, rays
 3. Class Osteichthyes
characteristics:
• i. fresh water and marine forms
• ii. gills free and attached a gill arch and to an operculum (gill plate)

• iii. true jaws, paired fins

• iv. two chambered heart
• v. bony skeleton
• vi. many have swim bladders
– examples – Exocoetous, Labeo, Catla.
Catla and Labeo
 Class Amphibia
characteristics:
• i. fresh water or terrestrial (land living)
• ii. gills present at some stage, respiration by lungs or skin
• iii. skin slimy and lack scales
• iv. limbs without claws
• v. three chambered heart
• vi. undergo some kind of metamorphosis
• vii. eggs are laid in water or moist area
• viii. ectothermic (body temperature same as environment)
– examples -Frog, Toad, Salamanders,
Frog, Toads, Salamanders, Newts
 5. Class Reptilia
characteristics:
• i. terrestrial or semi-aquatic
• ii. breathes by lungs in all stages
• iii. body covered by scales
• iv. three chambered heart (except Alligator)
• v. oviparous (lay eggs) or ovoviviparous (live births eggs retained )
• vi. eggs have leathery protective shell and amnion
• vii. internal fertilization
• viii. ectothermic
– examples - Snakes, Turtles, Alligators, Lizards
Snakes, Turtles, Alligators, Lizards
 6. Class Aves
characteristics:
• i. body covered by feathers
• ii. forelimbs are modified wings
• iii. four chambered heart
• iv. oviparous
• v. endothermic (high body temperature)
• vi. bipedal (walk on two feet)
– examples - Flamingo, pelican, Hawk, Turkey, crane, gull, pigeon,
parrot, owl, hummingbird, kingfisher, woodpecker, robin
Common Loon, Redtail Hawk,
Turkey
 7. Class Mammalia
characteristics:
• i. body covered by hair
• ii. endothermic
• iii. four chambered heart
• iv. mammary glands
• v. only one bone on each side of mandible (lower jaw)
• vi. viviparous (live births - placenta)
• vii. teeth are differentiated and specialized
– examples - platypus, kangaroo, shrew, Bat, squirrel, whale, sea
cow, Elephant, Cat, Horse, Deer, Cattle, Monkey, Man
Masked Shrew, Little Brown Bat,
Gray Squirrel