PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

Table of Contents

Syllabus: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events,
personalities, issues; The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from
different parts of the country.

1. TRANSITION TO THE 18TH CENTURY ..... 1 Development Of Press…………………………………41
Advent Of Europeans ...........................................1 Role Of The Press In The Indian National Movement
......................................................................... 39
Why Britain Became The Dominant European
Evolution Of Civil Services In India………………..42
Power In India…………………………………………….5
Development Of Local Bodies Under British Rule
Socio- Economic And Political Condition Of India In
......................................................................... 42
18th Century……………………………………………..4
British Policy Towards Indian States ................. 42
Fragmented Polity In The 18th Century……………8
Economic Policies Of The British ....................... 43
Expansion And Consolidation Of British Power In Revenue Policies, Indian Agriculture And British
India………………………………………………………11 Rule……………………………………………………….46
Administration Before 1857…………………………13 The Decline Of Traditional Artisanal Industry And
2. PEASANT, TRIBAL AND OTHER MOVEMENTS The Crippling Of The Rural Economy ................ 47
............................................................. 12 Deindustrialisation And Ruralisation Of The Indian
Economy........................................................... 47
Introduction ...................................................... 12
Sudden Spurt In Famines In Colonial India Since
Civil Uprisings ................................................... 12
The Mid-Eighteenth Century ............................. 48
Peasants Revolt ................................................. 13 Development Of Modern Means Of Communication
Tribal Revolt…………………………………………….17 And Technology………………………………………...51
Military Uprisings in India……………………….….20 Social Policies……………………………………….….51
3. THE REVOLT OF 1857........................... 19 Comparison Between Mahatma Gandhi And
Causes Behind 1857 Revolt………………………….21 Rabindra Nath Tagor………………………………….55
Beginning And Spread Of The Revolt………………23 Social Reforms Initiated By Various Governors And
Viceroys……………………………………………….…55
Aftermaths Of The Rebellion .............................. 23
Nature Of The Revolt…………………………………..26
6. EMERGENCE OF INDIAN NATIONALISM
………………………………………………………55
4. SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS
Rise Of Indian Nationalism And Factors
............................................................. 27
Responsible ...................................................... 55
Introduction ...................................................... 27
Early Political Organisations In India And Their
Nature Of Socio-Religious Movements………….…29 Achievements…………………………………..………58
Hindu Reform Movements………………………..….31 Foundation Of Indian National Congress…………60
Muslim Reform Movements………………………….33 Approaches And Limitations Of Moderate Phase
Parsi Reform Movements……………………………..34 (1885 -1905)………………………………….………...61
Fight Against Caste Based Exploitation …………34 7. INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT – PHASE I
Issues Of Women In Socio-Religious (1905-1917) .......................................... 62
Movements……………………………………..……….35 Partition Of Bengal (1905) And Reactionary Policies
Role Played By Women……………………………….35 Of Curzon (1899 – 1905) ................................... 62
Common Features Of Socio-Religious Reform Swadeshi Movement (1905) ............................... 63
Movements……………………………......................36 Background And Actions Carried Out Throughout
Impact Of Socio-Religious Movements In Indian The Movement .................................................. 63
Freedom Struggle…………………………………..….36 Muslim League (1906)………………………………..67
Limitation Of Socio- Religious Movements……….36 Surat Split (1907) And Its Impact………………….68
5. ANALYSIS OF BRITISH POLICIES IN INDIA Rise Of Militant And Revolutionary Nationalism
……………………………………………………….…….69
(FROM 1757 -1947) ............................... 36
Comparison Between Revolutionary And Extremist
Administrative Policies ....................................... 36
......................................................................... 68
British Foreign Policy In India ............................ 38
Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) And Responses…..71

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
First World War (1914 -1919), Its Impact And
Responses……………………………………….………71
Home Rule Movement…………………………………73
Lucknow Pact (December 1916), Its Significance
And Impacts…………………………………………….74
Montagu Chelmsford Reforms (1919)……………..75
Contribution Of Chandrasekhar Azad…………….76
8. INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT – PHASE II
(1918-1939)........................................... 76
Dawn Of Gandhian Era………………………………78
Gandhiji's Early Career And Truth Experiments In
South Africa……………………………………………..78
Gandhi's Initial Satyagraha After Arriving In India
……………………………………………………………..79
Gandhi's Major Ideologies…………………………...80
Relevance Of Gandhian Thoughts In Present
Context…………………………………………………..80
Impact On Freedom Struggle After Gandhi’s Arrival
……………………………………………………………..81
The Khilafat And Non-Cooperation Movement (1919
To 1922)………………………………………………….82
Swaraj Party (1923)……………………………………84
The Simon Commission (1928)……………………..85
The Nehru Report (1928)……………………………..86
Demand Of Purna Swaraj (1929)…………………..87
Civil Disobedience Movement Of 1930…………….87
Gandhi – Irwin Pact Or Delhi Pact (March 1931)
And Its Significance……………………………………89
Karachi Session (March 1931)………………………90
Second Round Table Conference, Its Significances
And Impacts…………………………………………….91
Communal Award (1932) And Poona Pact (1933):
…………………………………………………….……….92
Gandhi’s Harijan Campaign And Thoughts On
Caste……………………………………………………..93
Ideological Differences And Similarities Between
Gandhi And Ambedkar……………………………….94
The Government Of India Act Of 1935……………94
Elections Of 1937……………………………………..95
9. INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT – PHASE III
(1939-1947)........................................... 95
Second World War And India: Impacts ............... 95
August Offer (1940) ........................................... 95
Individual Satyagraha (1940) And Its Significance
......................................................................... 96
Cripps Mission (1942): Significance
Consequences ................................................... 96
Quit India (1942) Or August Kranti .................... 97
C R Formula Or Rajaji Formula And Gandhi -
Jinnah Talks (1944): .......................................... 98
Shimla Conference And Wavell Plan (1945) ........ 99
India National Army (INA) Or Azad Hind Fauj And
INA Trials: Significance ...................................... 99
RIN Rating Mutiny (1946)................................ 100
Second World War And Aftermath ................... 101
Election Of 1945 ............................................. 102
Cabinet Mission (1946): Significance And
Consequences ................................................. 102
Mountbatten Plan (1947) Or 3rd June Plan And
Responses To It By Various Stakeholders ........ 104
The Role Of British Imperial Power In Complicating
The Process Of Transfer Of Power During The 1940s
....................................................................... 104
10. ROLE OF DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS IN
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT ........... 106
Role Played By Women In The National Movement
....................................................................... 106
Limitations Of Women's Role In National Movement
....................................................................... 107
Role Of Gandhiji In Women’s Contribution For
National Movement ......................................... 107
Role Of Capitalist Class In Freedom Struggle .. 108
Contribution Of Industrialists During National
Movement ....................................................... 111
Role Of Labour And Communist Class In Freedom
Struggle .......................................................... 111
Role Of Labour And Communist Class ............ 111
Conspiracy Case Associated With Communist
Class .............................................................. 112
Role Of Princely States In Freedom Struggle .... 112
National Movement With Various Ideological
Strands And Expanded Its Social Base ............ 112
Foreign Participation In Freedom Movement .... 113
11. SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITIES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION IN INDIAN NATIONAL
MOVEMENT ........................................ 115
Bal Gangadhar Tilak - The Lion Of Maharashtra
....................................................................... 115
The Ideology Of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel - The
Iron Man Of India ........................................... 116
Contribution Of Jawaharlal Nehru - The Architect
Of Modern India .............................................. 117
Contribution Of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose 117
Comparison Of Ideologies: Jawaharlal Nehru And
Subhash Chandra Bose .................................. 118
Comparison Of Ideologies: Jawaharlal Nehru And
Mahatma Gandhi ............................................ 118
Comparison Of Ideologies: Subhash Chandra Bose
And Mahatma Gandhi ..................................... 119
Dr B.R. Ambedkar's Contribution To The Indian
And Freedom Struggle ............................................ 120
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar ............................ 120
Gopal Krishna Gokhale And His Contributions To
The Indian Freedom Struggle .......................... 121
Sarojini Naidu And Her Contributions To The
Indian Freedom Struggle ................................. 122
Brief Detail About Other Personalities ............. 122
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IN

TRANSITION TO THE 18TH CENTURY

ADVENT OF EUROPEANS
Even before the British established formal dominion in India, trade between India and European countries was
common. India and Europe had economic links through Syria, Egypt, and the Oxus valley. In Europe, the 15th century
was a time of geographical discoveries of land and sea routes. Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer, found America
in 1492, while Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, discovered a new maritime passage from Europe to India in
1498. He arrived in Calicut on the Malabar coast. This period, often called the Age of Exploration, began in the late
15th century and extended into the 19th century. It was characterised by European powers, primarily Portuguese,
Dutch, English, and French, seeking to establish trade routes and dominance in various parts of Asia, including India.
This set the stage for significant cultural, economic, and political transformations on the Indian subcontinent.
WHY EUROPEANS CAME TO INDIA: A CATALYST FOR EXPLORATION
The arrival of Europeans in India wasn't a random event. Several key factors ignited the Age of Exploration:
• Blocked Trade Routes:––‘ƒ• ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰Žƒ†”‘—–‡•–‘•‹ƒˆ‘” ‡†—”‘’‡ƒ•–‘ˆ‹†ƒ•‡ƒ”‘—–‡ˆ‘” Š‡ƒ’‡”
‰‘‘†•ƒ†ƒ ‡••–‘Ž— ”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”‡–•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‘•‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
• The Sea Route Opens:š’Ž‘”‡”•Ž‹‡‹ƒœƒ††ƒ ƒƒˆ‘—†–Š‡•‡ƒ”‘—–‡–‘ †‹ƒǡ„›’ƒ••‹‰”ƒ„†‘‹ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Royal Backing:–”‘‰‘ƒ” Š••ƒ™‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ’ƒ–Š–‘™‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†‰Ž‘”›ǡ•’‘•‘”‹‰‡š’‡†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
• Tech Boosts Exploration: †˜ƒ ‡‡–•‹ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘–‘‘Ž•Ž‹‡–Š‡ ‘’ƒ••ƒ†ƒ•–”‘Žƒ„‡ƒ†‡Ž‘‰˜‘›ƒ‰‡•
’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
• Profit & Religion:”‡ƒ•‘ˆ•‹ƒ”‹ Š‡•ƒ†•’”‡ƒ†‹‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†‡š’Ž‘”‡”•ƒ†‹˜‡•–‘”•Ǥ
• Joint Stock Companies Emerge:Š‹•‡™„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•Šƒ”‡†”‹•ƒ†ˆ—†‡†Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡–”ƒ†‡˜‡–—”‡•Ǥ
Š‡•‡ˆƒ –‘”•Žƒ— Š‡†—”‘’‡̵•‰‡‘ˆš’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ —Ž‹ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡‹”ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‹ †‹ƒƒ†ƒˆ‘”‡˜‡” Šƒ‰‡†™‘”Ž†
‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡Ǥ
PORTUGUESE RULE IN INDIA
Pioneering Arrivals (1498-1509):
• Vasco da Gama (1498): First Footsteps, Trade Domination Ǧ •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –”ƒ†‹‰ ’‘•–•ǡ ƒ‹‡† ˆ‘” ‘‘’‘Ž›
‘–”‘ŽǤ
• Francisco De Almeida (1505-1509): ‹”•–‹ ‡”‘› ‘ˆ ‘”–—‰—‡•‡ †‹ƒ Ǧ ’Ž‡‡–‡†–Š‡ Ž—‡ ƒ–‡” ‘Ž‹ › –‘
‡•—”‡ƒ˜ƒŽ†‘‹ƒ ‡Ǥ
Afonso de Albuquerque (1509-1515):
• Architect of Portuguese Supremacy:Strategic Control, Key Territories & Local IntegrationǦ ƒ‹‡†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ 
‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ƒǡ•‡‹œ‡† ‘ƒƒ†Šƒ–ƒŽǡ‹’Ž‡‡–‡†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ž‹‡”‡•‹†‹‰ƒ†ƒ””›‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
• "Policy of Imperialism":Trade Routes & SpicesǦ ‘ —•‡†‘ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰–”ƒ†‡”‘—–‡•ƒ†•‡ —”‹‰•’‹ ‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
• Expansion Across India:•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‘”–—‰—‡•‡•‡––Ž‡‡–•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Consolidation Under Nino de Cunha (1529-1538):
• Nino de Cunha (1529-1538): Shifting Capital & Eastward Expansion Ǧ ‘˜‡† –Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ –‘ ‘ƒǡ ‡š’ƒ†‡†
‘”–—‰—‡•‡–‡””‹–‘”›„‡›‘†–Š‡™‡•–‡” ‘ƒ•–ǡ‡š–‡†‡†ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•Š‘”‡•Ǥ
CONTRIBUTION OF THE PORTUGUESE IN INDIA:
• Medicine:‘”–—‰—‡•‡• Š‘Žƒ”•ǡ•— Šƒ•Garcia da Ortaǡ‡”‹ Š‡† †‹ƒ̵•‡†‹ ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‹”•––”‡ƒ–‹•‡
‘‡†‹ ‹ƒŽŠ‡”„•‹1563Ǥ
• Tobacco Cultivation: –”‘†— ‡†tobacco cultivation –‘ †‹ƒǡ†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›‹‰ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Printing Press:•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–printing press ‹ ‘ƒ‹1556ǡƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Architecture: ˆŽ—‡ ‡†ecclesiastical architecture ‹–Š‡‡ ƒ”‡‰‹‘ǡ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†„›‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡Manuelesque
buildings ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™‡•–‡” ‘ƒ•–Ǥ
DUTCH RULE IN INDIA
• Beginning: ”‹˜‡ „› commercial interestsǡ –Š‡ —– Š ˜‡–—”‡† ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†ǡ ™‹–Š ‘”‡Ž‹• †‡ ‘—–ƒ̵• ˜‹•‹– –‘
—ƒ–”ƒƒ†ƒ–ƒƒ”‹‰–Š‡‹”‹‹–‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ›‹1596Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Charter of Dutch Parliament (1602): Š‡ Dutch Parliament's Charter ‹ ƒ” Š 1602 ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Š‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡† ƒ•– †‹ƒ ‘’ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ ‰”ƒ–‹‰ ‹– ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ’‘™‡”• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘†‡ Žƒ”‡™ƒ”ǡ•‹‰–”‡ƒ–‹‡•ǡƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šˆ‘”–•Ǥ
• Dutch Factories in India: ”‘ Masulipatnam ȋͳ͸ͲͷȌ –‘ Cochin ȋͳ͸͸͵Ȍǡ –Š‡ —– Š ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† —‡”‘—•
factories ƒ ”‘••„‘–Š–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”ƒ†™‡•–‡” ‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰—Ž‹ ƒ–ǡ—”ƒ–ǡƒ†ƒ‰ƒ’ƒ–ƒǤ
• Decline:
o Focus on Indonesia:‹–Š–Š‡‹”’”‹ƒ”› ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–• ‡–‡”‡†‹–Š‡Spice Islands of Indonesiaǡ–Š‡
—– Š’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡†–”ƒ†‡‘˜‡”‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹ †‹ƒǤ
o Anglo-Dutch War: ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡‹” †‡ˆ‡ƒ– ‹ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘Ǧ—– Š ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ǡ –Š‡ —– Š ”‡†‹”‡ –‡† –Š‡‹” ƒ––‡–‹‘
–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡Malay Archipelagoǡ•Š‹ˆ–‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡ ‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
o Bedara Battle (1759):ˆ–‡”ƒ’”‘Ž‘‰‡† ‘ˆŽ‹ –ǡ–Š‡—– Š•—ˆˆ‡”‡††‡ˆ‡ƒ–ƒ––Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š‹–Š‡
Bedara Battleǡˆ—”–Š‡” ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”†‡ Ž‹‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
BRITISH RULE IN INDIA
The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies was the name of the Joint-Stock Company that later
became the British East India Company. It was founded in 1600. In 1612, the Mughal emperor Jahangir gave Sir Thomas
Roe, a representative diplomat of Queen Elizabeth I of England, permission to open a factory (a trade station) in Surat,
giving the British Company its first foothold in India.

Formative Years of the East India Company

ͳ͸ͲͲ Š‡ƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ
ͳ͸Ͳͻ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ƒ™‹•ƒ””‹˜‡†ƒ– ƒŠƒ‰‹”̵• ‘—”–Ǥ
ͳ͸ͳͳ ƒ’–ƒ‹‹††Ž‡–‘‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡’‡”‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆ—”ƒ––‘–”ƒ†‡–Š‡”‡Ǥ
ͳ͸ͳ͵ ’‡”ƒ‡–ˆƒ –‘”›‘ˆƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ–—”ƒ–Ǥ
‹”Š‘ƒ•‘‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ„ƒ••ƒ†‘”‘ˆ‹‰ ƒ‡• ǡƒ””‹˜‡†ƒ– ƒŠƒ‰‹”̵• ‘—”–Ǥ›ͳ͸ͳͺǡ–Š‡ƒ„ƒ••ƒ†‘”
ͳ͸ͳͷ •— ‡‡†‡†‹‘„–ƒ‹‹‰–™‘ˆƒ”ƒ•ȋ‘‡‡ƒ Šˆ”‘–Š‡‡’‡”‘”ƒ†”‹ ‡Š—””ƒȌ ‘ˆ‹”‹‰ˆ”‡‡
–”ƒ†‡™‹–Š‡š‡’–‹‘ˆ”‘‹Žƒ†–‘ŽŽ•Ǥ
ͳ͸ͳ͸ Š‡‘’ƒ›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–•ˆ‹”•–ˆƒ –‘”›‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‹ƒ•—Ž‹’ƒ–ƒǤ
Š‡‘’ƒ›‰‘––Š‡‰‘Ž†‡ˆƒ”ƒˆ”‘–Š‡—Ž–ƒ‘ˆ ‘Ž ‘†ƒ™Š‹ Š‡•—”‡†•ƒˆ‡–›ƒ†’”‘•’‡”‹–›
ͳ͸͵ʹ
‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‡Ǥ
ͳ͸͵͵ Š‡‘’ƒ›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–•ˆ‹”•–ˆƒ –‘”›‹‡ƒ•– †‹ƒ‹ ƒ”‹Šƒ”’—”ǡƒŽƒ•‘”‡ȋ†‹•ŠƒȌǤ
ͳ͸͵ͻ Š‡‘’ƒ›‰‘––Š‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ†”ƒ•ˆ”‘ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ
ͳ͸ͷͳ Š‡‘’ƒ›™ƒ•‰‹˜‡’‡”‹••‹‘–‘–”ƒ†‡ƒ– ‘‘‰ŠŽ›ȋ‡‰ƒŽȌǤ
Š‡”‹–‹•Š‹‰ǡŠƒ”Ž‡• ǡ™ƒ•‰‹˜‡‘„ƒ›ƒ•†‘™”›ˆ‘”ƒ””›‹‰ƒ‘”–—‰—‡•‡’”‹ ‡••ȋƒ–Š‡”‹‡
ͳ͸͸ʹ
‘ˆ”ƒ‰ƒœƒȌǤ
ͳ͸͸͹ —”ƒ‰œ‡„‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡‰Ž‹•Šƒˆƒ”ƒˆ‘”–”ƒ†‡‹‡‰ƒŽǤ
Š‡‘’ƒ›‰‘––Š‡‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‘”†‡”–‘ ‘–‹—‡–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‡
ͳ͸ͻͳ
‹‡‰ƒŽ‹Ž‹‡—‘ˆ’ƒ›‡–‘ˆ•͵ǡͲͲͲƒ›‡ƒ”Ǥ
Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ‡’‡”‘” ƒ””—Š•‹›ƒ”‹••—‡†ƒˆƒ”ƒǡ ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‰ƒƒ”–ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‘’ƒ›ǡ‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡
ͳ͹ͳ͹
‘’ƒ›ƒŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡ ‘ ‡••‹‘•Ǥ
FRENCH
French East India Company was founded in 1664 by Louis XIV's Minister Colbert, who also gave it a 50-year monopoly
on French trade in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA
1667ǣ ”ƒ ‘‹•ƒ”‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†—”ƒ–Ǥ
1669ǣ‡” ƒ”ƒǡƒ•—Ž‹’ƒ–ƒ’‡”‹••‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡—Ž–ƒ‘ˆ ‘Ž ‘†ƒǤ
1673ǣŠƒ†‡”ƒ‰‘”‡ǡ‡ƒ”ƒŽ —––ƒ’‡”‹••‹‘ˆ”‘Šƒ‹•–ƒŠƒǡ–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ—„Šƒ†”ƒ‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ
THE DANES
The Danish East India Company, formed in 1616, established a factory at Tranquebar in 1620 and a main settlement
at Serampore. Their Indian ventures were not significant, and in 1845, their factories were sold to the British. The
Danes are more renowned for their missionary work than for commerce in India. 

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
COMPARISON OF RULE UNDER VARIOUS IMPERIALISTS
Portuguese
Aspect British Rule in India French Rule in India Dutch Rule in India
Rule in India
Time Period ͳͶͻͺǦͳͻ͸ͳ ͳ͸ͲͲǦͳͻͶ͹ ͳ͸͸ͶǦͳͻͷͶ ͳ͸ͲͷǦͳͺʹͶ
Geographical ƒ‹Ž› ‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒ ”‘•• ”‡•‡ ‡‹˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‡•‡ ‡‹‘”‘ƒ†‡Ž
Scope ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†‹ †‹ƒ•—„ ‘–‹‡– ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘ƒ•–ǡƒŽƒ„ƒ”‘ƒ•–ǡ
‘ƒ ‘†‹ Š‡””›ƒ† ƒ†‡‰ƒŽ
Šƒ†‡”ƒ‰‘”‡
Focus of Rule ”ƒ†‡ǡ  ‘‘‹   ‘‘‹ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ  ‘‘‹ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‹••‹‘ƒ”› ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡”‡ˆ‘”• –”ƒ†‡†‘‹ƒ ‡ǡ
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹‰
‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘–”‘Ž ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘ ’‘•–•
‡ ‘‘‹‡•
Cultural ’‘•‡† –”‘†— ‡†‰Ž‹•Š –”‘†— ‡† ”‡ Š –”‘†— ‡†—– Š
Influence ‘”–—‰—‡•‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡŽ‡‰ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡŽ‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡•ǡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡŽ‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡•ǡ
Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ •›•–‡•ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘
—Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘
Resistance ‹‹–‡† ‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘˜‡‡–•ˆ‘” ‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘Ž‘ ƒŽ
Movements ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡†—‡–‘ ‘˜‡‡–•ˆ‘” ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ† ”—Ž‡”•ƒ†—”‘’‡ƒ
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ† ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘’‡–‹–‘”•
‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡
End of Rule †‡†‹ͳͻ͸ͳ †‡†™‹–Š †‹ƒ †‡†‘˜‡„‡”ͳǡ ‹‹‹•Š‡††—‡–‘
™‹–Š †‹ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‹ͳͻͶ͹ ͳͻͷͶ ”‹–‹•Š†‘‹ƒ ‡ǡ
‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ –‹‘ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›‡†‡†‹ͳͺʹͷ
Legacy ‡‰ƒ ›‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ ›‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š ‡‰ƒ ›‘ˆ ”‡ Š ‡‰ƒ ›‘ˆ—– Š
‘”–—‰—‡•‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡŽ‡‰ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ’Žƒ ‡
Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ •›•–‡ǡƒ† ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ ƒ‡•ǡƒ†‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘
ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• Ž‘ ƒŽ —•–‘•
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›
Religious •’‹”‡†„› —Ž‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„› —Ž‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„› •’‹”‡†„›
Inspiration ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹•ƒ† ”‘–‡•–ƒ–‹• ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹•ƒ†•‡ —Žƒ” ”‘–‡•–ƒ–‹•ƒ†
‘”–Š‘†‘š Ž‹‰Š–‡‡–‹†‡ƒŽ• ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–•
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›
Maritime vs. ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡† ‘ —•‡†‘ ‘Ž‘‹•‹‰ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’”‡•‡ ‡™‹–Š ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’”‡•‡ ‡™‹–Š
Mainland ƒ”‘—† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ƒ‹Žƒ† †‹ƒ„ƒ•‡† ˆ‘ —•‘–”ƒ†‹‰’‘•–• ‡’Šƒ•‹•‘–”ƒ†‡
ƒ”‡ƒ•†—‡–‘ ‘†‹’Ž‘ƒ–‹ ƒ† †‘‹ƒ ‡
ƒ”‹–‹‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•— ‡••‡•
•–”‡‰–Š
WHY BRITAIN BECAME THE DOMINANT EUROPEAN POWER IN INDIA
I. Advantages of the British East India Company:
• Structure and Leadership:Ž‹‡•–ƒ–‡Ǧ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ‘’ƒ‹‡•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”—”‘’‡ƒ’‘™‡”•ǡ–Š‡‰Ž‹•Šƒ•– †‹ƒ
‘’ƒ› Šƒ† ƒ ‘”‡ †›ƒ‹  •–”— –—”‡Ǥ Ž‡ –‡† †‹”‡ –‘”• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› •Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”• ‡•—”‡† „‡––‡” †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧ
ƒ‹‰ƒ†ˆ‘ —•‘’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Naval Power:”‹–ƒ‹̵•‘›ƒŽƒ˜›ǡ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ†‘•–ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†‘ˆ‹–•–‹‡ǡ‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‹
–”ƒ†‡”‘—–‡•ƒ†‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘ˆŽ‹ –•™‹–Š‘–Š‡”—”‘’‡ƒ’‘™‡”•‹ †‹ƒǤ
II. Broader Societal and Technological Factors:
• Industrial Revolution:”‹–ƒ‹̵•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ž‡†–‘ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•‹–‡š–‹Ž‡’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ‡–ƒŽŽ—”‰›ǡƒ†
•–‡ƒ’‘™‡”ǤŠ‹•‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡†‰‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡–‘‘—–’ƒ ‡‘–Š‡”—”‘’‡ƒƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Military Strength:‡ŽŽǦ–”ƒ‹‡†ƒ††‹• ‹’Ž‹‡†”‹–‹•Š•‘Ž†‹‡”•ǡ ‘—’Ž‡†™‹–Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•ǡƒ†‡
–Š‡‹”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒˆ‘”‹†ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
• Stable Government:‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆƒ ‡†„›‘–Š‡”—”‘’‡ƒ’‘™‡”•Ž‹‡ ”ƒ ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡
”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ†ƒ’‘Ž‡‘‹ ƒ”•ǡ”‹–ƒ‹‡Œ‘›‡†ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”„‡––‡”•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ’Žƒ‹‰Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Financial Strength:”‹–ƒ‹̵•‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡—•‡‘ˆ†‡„–ƒ”‡–•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ‘ˆ‰Žƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡–‘‘—–•’‡†
‘’‡–‹–‘”•‘‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ’ƒ‹‰•Ǥ
III. Exploiting the Situation in India:
• Power Vacuum:Š‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ’‹”‡ƒ† ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ƒ‘‰”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ”—Ž‡”• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”
–Š‡”‹–‹•Š–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Leadership: ‘„‡”– Ž‹˜‡ǡ ƒ””‡ ƒ•–‹‰•ǡ Ž’Š‹•–‘‡ǡ —”‘ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡– Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‹–‹•ŠƒŽ•‘„‡‡ˆ‹–‡†ˆ”‘•‡ ‘†ǦŽ‹‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ž‹‡‹”›”‡‘‘–‡ǡ‘”†ƒ‡ǡ”–Š—”‡ŽŽ‡•Ž‡›ǡƒ†
‘–Š‡”•
• Financial Resources:–”‘‰ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ„ƒ ‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–”ƒ†‡™‡ƒŽ–ŠƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡”‹–‹•Š–‘
•—•–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ’ƒ‹‰•‹ †‹ƒǤ
IV. Weaknesses of Indian Rulers:
• Internal Divisions: Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š •‹ŽŽˆ—ŽŽ› ‡š’Ž‘‹–‡† –Š‡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —‹–› ƒ‘‰ †‹ƒ ”—Ž‡”•ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ‹ ‹–‹‰
‹–‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•Ǥ
• Military Inferiority:‡•’‹–‡‡’Ž‘›‹‰—”‘’‡ƒ™‡ƒ’‘•ƒ†’‡”•‘‡Žǡ †‹ƒ”—Ž‡”•Žƒ ‡†‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›
•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
• Diplomacy:Š‡”‹–‹•Š Ž‡˜‡”Ž›—•‡††‹’Ž‘ƒ–‹ –ƒ –‹ •Ž‹‡–Š‡‘ –”‹‡‘ˆƒ’•‡ƒ†—„•‹†‹ƒ”›ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡–‘‡š’ƒ†
–Š‡‹” ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡” †‹ƒ–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ
V. Cultural and Psychological Warfare:
• Promotion of Western Education and Enlightenment Ideals: Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ’”‘‘–‡† ‡•–‡” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
Ž‹‰Š–‡‡–‹†‡ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹ Š‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›•Š‹ˆ–‡†–Š‡‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹Ž‹‡—‘ˆ †‹ƒǤŠ‹•™ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ„”‘ƒ†‡”
•–”ƒ–‡‰›–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‘‹ƒ ‡ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ Žƒ••‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘™‡”‡̶ †‹ƒ‹„Ž‘‘†ƒ† ‘Ž‘”ǡ„—–‰Ž‹•Š
‹–ƒ•–‡•ǡ‹‘’‹‹‘•ǡ‹‘”ƒŽ•ƒ†‹‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –ǡ̶™Š‹ Šˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†‡ƒ•‹‡”‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Use of Propaganda: ”‹–‹•Š ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒ †‡’‹ –‡† –Š‡ ƒ• „‡ƒ”‡”• ‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘†‡”‹–›ǡ ™Š‹ Š Š‡Ž’‡†
Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹””—Ž‡‹–Š‡‡›‡•‘ˆ„‘–Š †‹ƒ•ƒ†—”‘’‡ƒ•ǡ”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡‹”‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
VI. Legal and Administrative Reforms:
• Introduction of British Laws: –”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‹–‹•Š Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡ˆ‘”• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡
‡”ƒ‡–‡––Ž‡‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š”‡•–”— –—”‡†Žƒ†”‡˜‡—‡•›•–‡•–‘ˆƒ˜‘—””‹–‹•Š‡ ‘‘‹ ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ‘ˆ–‡ƒ––Š‡
‡š’‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ ‘—‹–›Ǥ
• Civil Service:•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡–Šƒ–™ƒ•Ž‘›ƒŽ–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Š”‘™ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Ž’‡†‹–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ†
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ˜ƒ•–ƒ††‹˜‡”•‡ ‘—–”›Ž‹‡ †‹ƒǤ
In conclusion, a combination of factors – the efficient structure of the East India Company, advancements during the
Industrial Revolution, a strong and stable government, and the ability to exploit internal divisions within India – allowed
Britain to emerge as the dominant European power in India.
SOCIO- ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONDITION OF INDIA IN 18TH CENTURY
SOCIAL CONDITIONS
• Land of Contrast: š–”‡‡ ”‹ Š‡• ƒ† ƒ‰‹ˆ‹ ‡ ‡ ‘‡š‹•–‡† ™‹–Š ‡š–”‡‡ ’‘˜‡”–›Ǥ Š‡ ƒˆˆŽ—‡– ƒ† ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž
‘„‹Ž‹–› ™Š‘ Ž‹˜‡† ‹ Ž—š—”› ƒ† ‘ˆ‘”– ‘ –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ „ƒ ™ƒ”†ǡ †‘™–”‘††‡ǡ ƒ† ‹’‘˜‡”‹•Š‡†
’‡ƒ•ƒ–•‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ
• Caste System: ‹†—•™‡”‡•’Ž‹–—’‹–‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ƒ•–‡•ȋ ƒ–‹•Ȍ‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆ‘—”˜ƒ”ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘™Š‡”‡
–Š‡›Ž‹˜‡†Ǥƒ•–‡•™‡”‡•–”‹ –Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡƒ†‡ƒ Š’‡”•‘̵••‘ ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ†‹‰™ƒ••‡–ˆ‘”Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ
• Position of Women: ‘‡ Žƒ ‡† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡š ‡’–‹‘• Ž‹‡ Š‹Ž›ƒ ƒ‹ •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›
ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† †‘”‡ˆ”‘ͳ͹͸͸–‘ͳ͹ͻ͸ǡƒ†ƒ›‘–Š‡” ‹†—ƒ†—•Ž‹™‘‡’Žƒ›‡†‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡•‹ͳͺ–ŠǦ
‡–—”›’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ
• Education:
o Higher education institutions: Š‡› ‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ‘—† ƒŽŽ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ™‡”‡ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› •—’’‘”–‡† „›
ƒˆˆŽ—‡–œƒ‹†ƒ”•ǡƒ™ƒ„•ǡƒ†”ƒŒƒ•Ǥ
o Elementary education: –™ƒ•™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†Ǥƒ—Ž˜‹•–ƒ—‰Š–‹––‘—•Ž‹•‹ƒ–ƒ„•‹‘•“—‡•ƒ†–‘ ‹†—•
‹—‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• Š‘‘Ž•Ǥ
o Literacy Level: ‡š’‡ –‡†Ž›ǡ–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›”ƒ–‡™ƒ•‘–Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ‹–™‘—Ž†•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›„‡—†‡”–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
‡•’‹–‡„‡‹‰‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡„›–‘†ƒ›̵••–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ„ƒ•‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–‹‡̵••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡‡†•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

SCHOLARS' PERSPECTIVE
Irfan Habib made the case that Delhi's high land income demands led to widespread rural exploitation, peasant
migration and rebellion, and an agricultural disaster.
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
• Background: Š‡’”‡Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡̵•‡ ‘‘‹ •–”— –—”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†‹––‘„‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Burton Stein ’—– ˆ‘”–Š ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ—•‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ͳͺ–ŠǦ ‡–—”› ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ”‹•‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡
•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡š Šƒ‰‡‹–‡”•‘ˆ‘‡›ƒ†‡–ƒŽ ‘–‡–‹ ‘‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Increased Indebtedness:  ‘”†‹‰–‘Ashin Das Guptaǡ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›̵• ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‡” ƒ–‹Ž‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘
–”ƒ• ‡†‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ„—†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡†‹– ƒ—•‡† –Š‡ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ †‡„– –‘ ”‹•‡ ‹ „‘–Š ‹Žƒ† ƒ†
‡š’‘”––”ƒ†‡Ǥ
• Dependence on Company: Š‹•†‡’‹ –‹‘‘ˆ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›‹‘”–Š †‹ƒǡBR Grover
Žƒ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡˜‹ ‹••‹–—†‡•Ž‡†–‘ƒ„‘‘‹ˆ‘”‡‹‰–”ƒ†‡ƒ†–Š‡ ‘––‘‹†—•–”›Ǥ
• Wealth accumulation by Zamindars: Š‡ƒƒ••‡†™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹†ƒ”•ƒ†–Š‡Š‹‰Š”‡˜‡—‡•‡––Ž‡‡–•™‹–Š
–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–”›‹‰Š–„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ’”‘•’‡”‹–›‹–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ’‹”‡̵•’‡”‹’Š‡”›Ǥ
• Rise in demand for luxury goods: ƒ•– †‹ƒ̵•”‹•‡–‘’”‘‹‡ ‡ǤŠ‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›™ƒ•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–
‘ˆ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡††‡ƒ†ˆ‘”—’• ƒŽ‡‰‘‘†•ƒ†Žƒ„‘—” ‘‡” ‹‘„›Ž‘ ƒŽŽƒ†Ž‘”†•ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹•Ǥ


SCHOLARS' PERSPECTIVE
Satish Chandra believed that the fiscal crisis of the late seventeenth century was caused by structural problems in
the functioning of the Mughal institutions of Jagir and Mansab.
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
• Background:
o Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ’‹”‡•–ƒ”–‡†–‘ˆƒŽŽƒ’ƒ”–‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–†‡ ƒ†‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡˜‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ
o ›–Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ‘—”•–—†›’‡”‹‘†‹ͳ͹͵ͻǡ‡ŽŠ‹Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡†‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‡†„›ƒ†‹”ŠƒŠ̵•‹˜ƒ•‹‘‹ͳ͹͵ͻǤ
o  ͳ͹͸ͳǡ –Š‡ ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ǡ ‘– –Š‡ —‰ŠƒŽ•ǡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ „ƒ––Ž‡ ™‹–Š „†ƒŽ‹Ǥ Š‡ —‰ŠƒŽ ‡’‡”‘” ™ƒ• ƒ ”‹–‹•Š
’‡•‹‘‡”„›ͳ͹ͺ͵Ǥ
• Constant Political Flux: ˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆ—šƒ”‹ͳ͹͸Ͷǡ–Š‡–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰”‹–‹•Š’”‡•‡ ‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‡†Ǥ
Š‡”‹–‹•Š ‘—Ž†ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‹–‘‘”–Š †‹ƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆŠƒŒƒǦ—†Ǧƒ—ŽƒŠǡ–Š‡ƒ™ƒ„‘ˆ™ƒ†ŠǤ
• Assertion of Regional Identities: ‘•‹•–‡–”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ’‹”‡™ƒ••Š‘™–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘
‘ˆ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹‡ ƒ †‹ƒǤŠ‹•”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡™ƒ•„‘Ž•–‡”‡†„›–Š‡ƒ••‡”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—Ž–ƒƒ–‡•
‹–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•‘ˆ ‘Ž ‘†ƒƒ†‹Œƒ’—”Ǥ
• Rise of Northern Powers: —‡–‘”‹˜ƒŽ‘”–Š‡”’‘™‡”•Ž‹‡–Š‡ˆ‰Šƒ•ǡ‹Š•ǡƒ†ƒ•’‹”‹‰ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ǡ–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ•
Ž‘•––Š‡‹”‰”ƒ•’‘‡ŽŠ‹Ǥ
• Lack of Strong Monarch:  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ William Irvine, –Š‹• ‡’‹”‡Ǧ ‡–”‹  •–”ƒ–‡‰› †‡’‡†‡† ‘ ƒ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž
‡’‡”‘”ǡƒ†™Š‡–Š‡‘ƒ” Š̵•’‘™‡”™ƒ‡†ǡ–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡™‡ƒ‡‡† †‹ƒ̵•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ’Ǥ
• Political Nexus with Merchants: Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ‡‰ƒŽ ƒ† —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ  ‡ƒ”•‘ ƒ† Š‹ŽŽ‹’
ƒŽ‹•„”‹‰ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡„—•‹‡•••‡ –‘”ǡ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›–Š‡‹ Šƒ†•ƒ†
ƒ‰ƒ–‡–Š•‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ
• Jagirdari Crisis: Š‡‡˜‡–—ƒŽ ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•ƒ„†ƒ”‹•›•–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ’‡”•‘̵•Ž‘›ƒŽ–›ǡ•‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ
ƒ† ƒ‰‹”†ƒ”‹•–ƒ–—•ȋŽƒ†”‡˜‡—‡Š‘Ž†‹‰Ȍǡ™‹–Šƒ•—”‰‡‹ ƒ‰‹”†ƒ”•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡†‘ˆ—”ƒ‰œ‡„̵•”‡‹‰Ǥ
18TH CENTURY: A DARK AGE
• Disorder and instabilityǣ Š‡ ͳͺ–Š ‡–—”› ™ƒ• ‘ ‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ• ƒ ƒ” ‰‡ †—”‹‰ ™Š‹ Š †‹•‘”†‡” ƒ†
‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›”‡‹‰‡†Ǥ
• Failure of Regional nationsǣŠ‡›ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‡’‹”‡•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ’‹”‡ǡƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›™ƒ•
‘Ž›”‡•–‘”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š ‘–”‘Ž‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͺ–Š‡–—”›Ǥ
o Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ’‹”‡™ƒ•‘–ƒ•‡š–‡•‹˜‡‘”’”‘ˆ‘—†ƒ•‘ˆ–‡–Š‘—‰Š–Ǥ
o —‡”‘—••‘ ‹ƒŽ‰”‘—’•ƒ†•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡‘”–Šƒ•–ƒ†‘—–Šǡ”‡ƒ‹‡†
‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ‹–Ǥ
o Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ• ƒ‘–„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡––Š‡‡–‘‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡•‘ —””‹‰
–Š”‘—‰Š‘—– †‹ƒǤ
• Scholars' Viewǣ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ ƒ†—ƒ–Šƒ”ƒ”ǡ †‹ƒ̵•‹††Ž‡‰‡• ƒ‡–‘ƒ‡†‘ —‡ʹ͵ǡͳ͹ͷ͹ǡ
ƒ†Š‡”‘†‡”‰‡„‡‰ƒǤ –Š‡–™‡–››‡ƒ”•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Žƒ••‡›ƒ””‡ ƒ•–‹‰•ǡ‡˜‡”›‘‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†–Š‡
‡‡”‰‹•‹‰‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡”‹’‡–—•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
FRAGMENTED POLITY IN THE 18TH CENTURY
The difficulties this time period faced added to the threat of a divided democracy, creating a complicated and unstable
political environment.
• The Fall of the Mughal Empire:
o –Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ–Š‡‘ ‡Ǧ†‘‹ƒ–—‰ŠƒŽ’‹”‡„‡‰ƒ–‘‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› ”—„Ž‡Ǥ
o Š‡‡’‹”‡™ƒ•™‡ƒ‡‡†„›™‡ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ•— ‡••‹‘ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ǡƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŽ‡†–‘ƒŽ‘••‘ˆ
‡–”ƒŽ‹•‡† ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǤŠ‡ ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ –Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ’‹”‡ Ž‡ˆ– ƒ ’‘™‡” ˜ƒ ——ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ• ‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ
”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ’‘™‡”•Ǥ
• Rise of Regional Powers:
o ‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ’‘™‡”•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ǡ‹Š•ǡƒŒ’—–•ǡƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•’”‘˜‹ ‡‹‰†‘•ǡˆ‘”‡††—”‹‰–Š‹•
–‹‡Ǥ
o ‘ˆŽ‹ –• ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–› †‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡•—Ž–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡•‡ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ”—Ž‡”•̵ ƒ––‡’–• –‘ •‘Ž‹†‹ˆ› –Š‡‹” ‘–”‘Ž ƒ†
‡š’ƒ†–Š‡‹”•’Š‡”‡•‘ˆ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ǥ
o ƒ Šƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†‹–•‘™‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡˆ—”–Š‡””‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒˆ”ƒ –—”‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ
• Resurgence of Local Economies and Crafts:
o ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‡ ‘‘‹ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡• ƒ—•‡†„›™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ•‘‡”‡‰‹‘•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ƒ
”‡•—”‰‡ ‡ ‹ Ž‘ ƒŽ ”ƒˆ–• ƒ† –”ƒ†‡•Ǥ For example, ”‡‰‹‘• Ž‹‡ ™ƒ†Š ƒ† ‡‰ƒŽ •ƒ™ ƒ ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ ‹ –‡š–‹Ž‡
’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ†‡ǡ„‡‡ˆ‹––‹‰ˆ”‘†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹•‡† ‘–”‘Žƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’
‡ ‘‘‹ ‡–™‘”•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‡”‹ƒŽ ‡–‡”Ǥ
• European Colonial Influence:
o Š‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†’‘Ž‹–›™ƒ•—•‡†„›—”‘’‡ƒ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ’‘™‡”•Ž‹‡–Š‡”‹–‹•Šǡ ”‡ Šǡƒ†‘”–—‰—‡•‡–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
–Š‡‹”†‘‹ƒ ‡Ǥ
o Š‡›’Žƒ›‡†‘ˆˆ–‡•‹‘•ƒ‘‰•–”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ’‘™‡”•ƒ†—•‡†–Š‡–‘–Š‡‹”ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‹‘”†‡”–‘‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›–ƒ‡
‘˜‡”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ
o ›‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡†‹˜‹†‡ƒ† ‘“—‡”•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ’‘™‡”•ˆ—”–Š‡”•’Ž‹–‡”‡†–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ
In conclusion, it is clear that the eighteenth century was a remarkable historical era that historians approached from
two different angles. According to one school of historians, the tragic collapse of the Mughal Empire brought to "chaos
and anarchy." Another school of historians used a regionalist perspective, focusing on how the nearby communities
grew into vibrant centres of socioeconomic activity.
DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA
After Aurangzeb's death (1707), who left them with
control of the largest empire, the later Mughals gradually
came to the end of their era, which lasted for roughly 50
years. The following are the main reasons behind the
Mughal Empire's decline.
• Weak Successors And Foreign Invasion:
—”ƒ‰œ‡„̵• •— ‡••‘”• ™‡”‡ ’‘™‡”Ž‡•• –‘ •–‘’ –Š‡
‘ŽŽƒ’•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡’‹”‡Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ–‡” —‰ŠƒŽ• †‹† ‘–
ƒ†Š‡”‡ –‘ ƒ› •— ‡••‹‘ Žƒ™•ǡ ƒ† ƒ ‡™ „ƒ––Ž‡
•–ƒ”–‡†‡˜‡”›–‹‡ƒ‡’‡”‘”’ƒ••‡†ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ
• Financial Issues: ––Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘–‡‘—‰Š
‘‡›‘”Œƒ‰‹”•–‘‰‹˜‡–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Weak Military Administration: Š‡”‡™‡”‡ˆƒ”–‘‘
ƒ› Š‹‰ŠǦ”ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”›̵•
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••™ƒ•‘–‡’–—’Ǥ
• Economic Failure: —š—”‹‘—• Ž‹˜‹‰ ™ƒ• ƒ‘–Š‡”
ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ—‰ŠƒŽ †‹ƒǡ™Š‹ Š ‘•—‡†— Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‘‡ˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ†ˆ”‘–”ƒ†‡Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ƒ†
ƒ”–‹•ƒ•™‹–Šƒ†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ
• Size of the Empire and Threat from Regional Powers: •–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ’‹”‡‰”‡™ǡ‡ŽŠ‹™ƒ•‘Ž‘‰‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘
•‡”˜‡ƒ•‹–• ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ
• Neglect of North-West border: ƒ–‡” —‰ŠƒŽ ‡’‡”‘”• ‡‰Ž‡ –‡† –Š‡ ‘”–Š™‡•–‡” „‘—†ƒ”› ™Š‹ Š ƒ†‡ ‹–
’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ†‹”ŠƒŠƒ†Š‡†ŠƒŠ„†ƒŽ‹–‘”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›’‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‡ŽŠ‹Ǥ
• Lack of Innovation: ‘•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹• ‹‡ ‡‘”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡–Š‡‹••—‡™‘”•‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
RISE OF REGIONAL STATES
Š‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ’‹”‡‹–Š‡ͳͺ–Š ‡–—”› ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ’‘™‡”˜ƒ ——‹ †‹ƒǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ
”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡•‡•–ƒ–‡•‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •–Šƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡‹”‡‡”‰‡ ‡ƒ†•Šƒ’‡†–Š‡‹”
–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•Ǥ ‡”‡̵•ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ•‘‡‡›ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǣ
Military Strength:
• Adoption of Gunpowder Technology:‘•–•–ƒ–‡•‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†—‰ŠƒŽǦ•–›Ž‡‰—’‘™†‡”™‡ƒ’‘”›ƒ†ˆ‘”–”‡••‡•
‹–‘–Š‡‹”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ
• Emphasis on Cavalry:‘•–”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•”‡Ž‹‡†Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‘ ƒ˜ƒŽ”›ǡƒŽ‡‰ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘‡ǡŽ‹‡
–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‰—‡”‹ŽŽƒ–ƒ –‹ •ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ’”‘˜‡†–‘„‡‘”‡•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰ƒ‹•–Žƒ”‰‡”ǡŽ‡••‘„‹Ž‡
ˆ‘” ‡•Ǥ
• Firearms and European Influence: Š‡ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ‹”‡ƒ”• ˆ”‘ —”‘’‡ƒ ’‘™‡”• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‘”–—‰—‡•‡ ƒ†
––‘ƒ• ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡Ǥ –ƒ–‡• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‹Š• ƒ† ›•‘”‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡† –Š‡•‡
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ
Leadership and Administration:
• Charismatic Leaders:‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•”‘•‡–‘’”‘‹‡ ‡—†‡”–Š‡‰—‹†ƒ ‡‘ˆ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ž‹‡Š‹˜ƒŒ‹‘ˆ
–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ǡ ›†‡”Ž‹ƒ†‹’——Ž–ƒ‘ˆ›•‘”‡ǡƒ†ƒŒƒ‘†ƒ”ƒŽ‘ˆ‡™ƒ”ǤŠ‡•‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•̵˜‹•‹‘ǡ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›
’”‘™‡••ǡƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ —‡™‡”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ–‘•–ƒ–‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Varied Administrative Systems:Š‡•–”— –—”‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡†ǤŠ‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•Šƒ†ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†•›•–‡™‹–Š
•‡‹Ǧƒ—–‘‘‘—• Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡›•‘”‡—†‡” ƒ‹†‡”Ž‹ƒ†‹’——Ž–ƒŠƒ†ƒ•–”‘‰ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•›•–‡•†‡’‡†‡†‘Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‘–‡š–Ǥ
Economic Policies:
• Focus on Revenue Generation: ‘•– •–ƒ–‡• ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ ƒš‹‹œ‹‰ ”‡˜‡—‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š Žƒ† –ƒš‡• ƒ†
‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‡ ”‘—–‡•Ǥ ›•‘”‡ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ’”‘‘–‡† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ”‘’ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‘ˆ ”‡˜‡—‡
‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘˜ƒ”‹‡††‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡̵•ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• Trade and Commerce:‘‡•–ƒ–‡•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ƒ† —Œƒ”ƒ–—Ž–ƒƒ–‡ǡƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ†
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡ǡŽ‡˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡‹”‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•–”ƒ†‡’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡™‹–Š™‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”
‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
Social and Religious Landscape:
• Religious Tolerance: Š‹Ž‡ •‘‡ •–ƒ–‡• Ž‹‡ ›•‘”‡
—†‡” ƒ‹†‡” Ž‹ ™‡”‡ ‘™ ˆ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• –‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡ǡ
‘–Š‡”• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‹Š ‹‰†‘ —†‡” ƒŒ‹– ‹‰Š Šƒ† ƒ
‘”‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ
• Social Reforms:‘‡”—Ž‡”•ǡŽ‹‡‹’——Ž–ƒ‘ˆ›•‘”‡ǡ
ƒ––‡’–‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‘”• –‘ ƒ††”‡•• ‹••—‡• Ž‹‡ •ƒ–‹
ȋ™‹†‘™ „—”‹‰Ȍ ƒ† ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ‹ˆƒ–‹ ‹†‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••ƒ†”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ•— Š”‡ˆ‘”•˜ƒ”‹‡†Ǥ
• Religious Identity: ‘–Š‡” ƒ•‡•ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘’Žƒ›‡†ƒ‘”‡
—‹ˆ›‹‰ ”‘Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹Š ‹‰†‘ǡ For example, ™ƒ•
ˆ‘—†‡†‘ƒ†‹•–‹ –”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹†‡–‹–›–Šƒ–‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹–•
’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
Political Systems:
• Monarchical Forms:‘•–•–ƒ–‡•™‡”‡‘ƒ” Š‹‡•ǡ™‹–Š
Š‡”‡†‹–ƒ”›”—Ž‡„›‹‰•‘”ƒ™ƒ„•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›
‘ˆ–‡ ”‡Ž‹‡† ‘ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡
‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•‘Ž‡Ž›‘Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Decentralization: Š‹Ž‡ •‘‡ •–ƒ–‡• Ž‹‡ ›•‘”‡ —†‡”
ƒ‹†‡” Ž‹ Šƒ† •–”‘‰ ‡–”ƒŽ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘–Š‡”• Ž‹‡
–Š‡ ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ• ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† ƒ ‘”‡ †‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† •–”— –—”‡
™‹–Š•‡‹Ǧƒ—–‘‘‘—• Š‹‡ˆ•Ǥ
• Varying Degrees of Stability:Š‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–ƒ–‡•
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡†Ǥ ‹‰†‘• Ž‹‡ ”ƒ˜ƒ ‘”‡ —†‡” –Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ ƒŒƒ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‡Œ‘›‡† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡
ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ ›ˆƒ ‡†‹–‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•„‡–™‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆƒ –‹‘•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
Limitations and Vulnerabilities:
• Limited Technological Advancement:Š‹Ž‡•‘‡•–ƒ–‡•ƒ†‘’–‡†ˆ‹”‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡›‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›Žƒ‰‰‡†„‡Š‹†—”‘’‡ƒ
’‘™‡”•‹‹Ž‹–ƒ”›–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‰ƒ’’”‘˜‡† ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡” ‘ˆŽ‹ –•™‹–Š
–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
• Power Struggles and Fragmentation: Š‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ˆ‘” †‘‹ƒ ‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡•‡ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ–‡ Ž‡† –‘
‘‰‘‹‰ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘ƒˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Laying the Groundwork for the Future:‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•‡š’‡”‹‡–‡†™‹–Š†‹˜‡”•‡
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ •›•–‡•ǡ’ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹ †‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Resistance to Colonialism: ‘‡ •–ƒ–‡•ǡ Ž‹‡ ›•‘”‡ǡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ”‡•‹•–‡† ”‹–‹•Š ƒ•– †‹ƒ ‘’ƒ› ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡ
•Š‘™ ƒ•‹‰ƒ•’‹”‹–‘ˆƒ–‹Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•Ǥ
CONCLUSION
Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ•’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ ‘’Ž‡šƒ†—Ž–‹ˆƒ ‡–‡†’‹ –—”‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ
Š‹Ž‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–”‡‰–Šǡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ™‡”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ǡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ”‹˜ƒŽ”‹‡• ƒ†
Ž‹‹–‡†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡‹”˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ”‹•‹‰”‹–‹•Š’‹”‡Ǥ
†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡•‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”ƒ—ƒ ‡†ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‹•†›ƒ‹ ’‡”‹‘†‹ †‹ƒŠ‹•–‘”›Ǥ
RISE OF MARATHAS: FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RISE OF MARATHAS
• Language and literature have an impact: ƒ–Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†’”‹†‡‹–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•̵ƒ–‹˜‡–‘‰—‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Ž’‡†
ˆ‘•–‡”ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ ‘—‹–›ƒ†„‡Ž‘‰‹‰ƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•Ǥ
• The geographical circumstances: Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ’‹”‡̵•”‹•‡–‘’‘™‡”™ƒ•ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†„›ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ̵•Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ–—”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ǥ
• Training in managing affairs: ‘‰ „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‹˜ƒŒ‹ ƒ‡ –‘ ’‘™‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ• Šƒ† ƒ “—‹”‡† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ†
–”ƒ‹‹‰‹ƒƒ‰‹‰ƒˆˆƒ‹”•Ǥ
• The unstable political condition of the South: Š‡—•Ž‹‹‰†‘•‹–Š‡‘—–Š™‡”‡‹†ƒ‰‡”‘ˆ†‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰
†—‡–‘–Š‡—•–‡ƒ†›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘–Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–™ƒ•ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•–‘•‡‹œ‡
‘–”‘ŽǤ
• The charismatic nature of Shivaji: ”‹‘”–‘Š‹˜ƒŒ‹ƒŠƒ”ƒŒ̵•ƒ• ‡†ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ”ƒ ‡™ƒ•†‹•’‡”•‡†‘˜‡”ƒ
—„‡”‘ˆ‡ ƒ‹‰†‘•Ž‹‡ƒ–‘•Ǥ
• Guerrilla warfare: Š‡ ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ• ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‡’Ž‘› ‰—‡”‹ŽŽƒ ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ –‘ ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– ‡š–‡– „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–
–‡””ƒ‹Ǥ


SCHOLAR’S PERSPECTIVE
• Historian Grant DuffŠƒ†–Š‡‘’‹‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡Marathas came out of the Sahayadri mountains like wild fire.
• ”ƒ–—ˆˆƒ™ƒ”†‡†ƒŒ‹”ƒ‘ –Š‡‘‹‡”"Napoleon of Maratha"‹”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›–ƒŽ‡–ˆ‘”
Š‘”•‡„ƒ ”‹†‹‰ǡƒ•”‹–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ›•’‘”–•ǡƒ†‰—‡”‹ŽŽƒ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡Ǥ
WARS AND TREATIES

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
FALL OF MARATHAS: WHY THE MARATHAS COULDN'T REPLACE THE MUGHALS
• War of Succession: ˆ–‡”Š‹˜ƒŒ‹̵•†‡ƒ–ŠǡŠ‹••‘•ǦŠƒ„ƒŒ‹ƒ†ƒŒƒ”ƒ‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒˆ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”•— ‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Political organisation (within): –Šƒ†–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆƒ ‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ ›™Š‡”‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ†•‘”•ƒ”†ƒ”•ȋŠ‘•Ž‡ǡ
‘Ž‡”ǡ‡– ǤȌ•Šƒ”‡†’‘™‡”Ǥ
• Weak tax administration: Š‡ Šƒ—–Š ƒ† ƒ”†‡•Š—Š‹ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡‹” ‡š’Ž‘‹–• ‹ •–‡ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ†
Ž‘‘–‹‰ǡ™‡”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ’”‘†— –‹˜‡”‡˜‡—‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡Ǥ
• Weak Diplomacy: Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ˆ‘”‰‡ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡•™‹–Šˆ‘” ‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›†‹†‘––ƒ‡–Š‡–‹‡
–‘Ž‡ƒ”™Šƒ–™ƒ•‰‘‹‰‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ƒ†™Šƒ––Š‡‹””‹˜ƒŽ•™‡”‡†‘‹‰Ǥ
• Subsidiary Alliance and the Anglo-Maratha Wars: ›•‹‰‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒ–›‘ˆƒ••‡‹‹ͳͺͲʹǡ‡•Š™ƒƒŒ‹ƒ‘ 
ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘ƒ•—„•‹†‹ƒ”›ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ǤŠ‹•ƒ”‡†–Š‡†‘™ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ‡’‹”‡Ǥ
The Maratha Empire, afterwards known as the Maratha Confederacy, ruled a sizable portion of early modern India in
the 18th century. The rise of the Marathas in the seventeenth century is a major and fascinating development in Indian
history. Shivaji and the conditions that shaped his and his allies' personalities are primarily to blame for this rise.

PANIPAT (HARYANA) AS FAVOURITE BATTLEFIELD
• Strategic Significance of Location:
o –• Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ—ƒ ‹˜‡”̵• „ƒ• ƒ†‡ ‹– –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‡ – •’‘– ˆ‘” –Š‡ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –”‘‘’• ƒ†
•—’’Ž‹‡•Ǥ
o Š‡ ”ƒ†”—‘ƒ†ǡ™Š‹ Š•‡”˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡’”‹ƒ”› ‘‡” ‡”‘—–‡„‡–™‡‡‘”–Š †‹ƒƒ†‡–”ƒŽ•‹ƒǡ
‹•ƒŽ•‘™Š‡”‡‹–‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†Ǥ
o ‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ–‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”ƒ”‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†‘”–Š™‡•–ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”‹†ƒ„Ž‡Š›„‡”ƒ••
”‘—–‡ǡƒ‹‹‰–‘ ƒ’–—”‡–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŠ—„‘ˆ‘”–Š‡” †‹ƒǡ‡ŽŠ‹Ǥ
• Political Relevance:
o ‘”–Š †‹ƒ™ƒ••’Ž‹–—’‹–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹‘”‹‰†‘•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ›•–”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘”†‘‹ƒ ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡
‡†‹ƒ‡˜ƒŽ‡”ƒǤ
o ––Š‡‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ—‡”‘—••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‰†‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‡ŽŠ‹ǡ‰”ƒǡƒ† ƒ‹’—”ǡ•–‘‘†ƒ‹’ƒ–Ǥ
• Unbiased groundǣ –•”‡‘–‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡‹–Ž‡•••—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™ƒ•”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘
–Š‡‘–Š‡”‹‰†‘•̵’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŠ‘–•’‘–•Ǥ
• Proximity to Delhi: ƒ‹’ƒ–̵• ’”‘š‹‹–› –‘ ‡ŽŠ‹ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† –Š‡ •™‹ˆ– †‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘ˆ –”‘‘’•ǡ ™‡ƒ’‘”›ǡ ƒ†
•—’’Ž‹‡•–‘–Š‡„ƒ––Ž‡‰”‘—†™Š‹Ž‡•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽˆ”‘‹‡†‹ƒ–‡–Š”‡ƒ–•Ǥ
• Terrain Advantages:Š‡ˆŽƒ––‡””ƒ‹‹–Š‡ƒ‹’ƒ–”‡‰‹‘™ƒ•™‡ŽŽǦ•—‹–‡†ˆ‘”‘—–‡† ƒ˜ƒŽ”›ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•–Š‡
’”‡†‘‹ƒ–‘†‡‘ˆ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡†—”‹‰–Š‘•‡–‹‡•Ǥ
• Climate Considerations:Š‡”‡‰‹‘̵•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•Š‘”–‡”‘•‘‘•‡ƒ•‘ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡƒ†‡‹–ƒ
‹†‡ƒŽ•‡––‹‰ˆ‘”‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Local Craftsmanship and War Equipment Supply:‘ ƒŽ ”ƒˆ–•‡‡š ‡ŽŽ‡†‹–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ”‡“—‹’‡–ǡ
‡•—”‹‰ƒ ‘˜‡‹‡–•—’’Ž›‘ˆ™‡ƒ’‘”›ˆ‘”„‘–Š‘’’‘•‹‰ƒ”‹‡•ǤŠ‹•ˆƒ –‘”’Žƒ›‡†ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡„ƒ––Ž‡•
ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒ–ƒ‹’ƒ–Ǥ
Notable Battles at Panipat
• The First Battle of Panipat (1526):Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆƒ‹’ƒ–‹ͳͷʹ͸™ƒ•ƒ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ Žƒ•Š„‡–™‡‡ƒ„—”ƒ†
„”ƒŠ‹ ‘†‹Ǥ Š‹• „ƒ––Ž‡ Žƒ‹† –Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ —‰ŠƒŽ ’‹”‡ǡ „”‹‰‹‰ ƒ ‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ŽŠ‹
—Ž–ƒƒ–‡Ǥ
• The Second Battle of Panipat (1556): ͳͷͷ͸ǡ–Š‡‡ ‘†ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆƒ‹’ƒ––‘‘’Žƒ ‡ǡ™‹–Š„ƒ”ˆƒ ‹‰‘ˆˆ
ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‡—ǤŠ‹•„ƒ––Ž‡†‡ ‹†‡†‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—‰ŠƒŽ”—Ž‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
• The Third Battle of Panipat (1761):Š‡Š‹”†ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆƒ‹’ƒ–‹ͳ͹͸ͳ™‹–‡••‡†–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•’‹––‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
Šƒ†ŠƒŠ„†ƒŽ‹ǤŠ‹•„ƒ––Ž‡ƒ”‡†–Š‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ̵•ƒ„‹–‹‘•–‘”—Ž‡‘˜‡” †‹ƒǤ
The location of Delhi itself was ideal: Delhi was well situated between two affluent agricultural regions, namely
the plains of the Indus and the plains of the Ganges.
EXPANSION AND CONSOLIDATION OF BRITISH POWER IN INDIA
The British expanded and consolidated their power by annexing states right from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the
annexation of Punjab in 1849.

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
ANNEXATION OF STATES WITH WARS

States Annexed Policy of Annexation

Bengal • Battle of Plassey, 1757: Robert Clive’s victory over SirajǦ—†Ǧ†ƒ—ŽƒŽƒ‹†–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ
ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡‹ †‹ƒ
• Battle of Buxar, 1764: Clive’s victory over the combined armies of Nawab of Bengal,
ƒ™ƒ„‘ˆ™ƒ†Š
• ƒ†–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ”—Ž‡”Žƒ‹†–Š‡”‡ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š’‘™‡”
• Treaty of Allahabad, 1765ǣ ”ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹™ƒ‹‹‰Š–•‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǡ‹Šƒ”ƒ†”‹••ƒ–‘–Š‡
‰Ž‹•Š
• Dual government ˆ”‘ͳ͹͸ͷ–‘ͳ͹͹ʹ
Mysore • 1st Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69): Treaty of Madras
• 2nd Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84): Treaty of Mangalore
• 3rd Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92): Treaty of Seringapatam
• 4th Anglo-Mysore War (1799): Mysore conquered by the British forces
Maratha • ͳ•–‰Ž‘Ǧƒ”ƒ–Šƒƒ”ȋͳ͹͹ͷǦͺʹȌǣ”‡ƒ–›‘ˆ—”ƒ–ǡ”‡ƒ–›‘ˆ—”ƒ†Šƒ”ǡ”‡ƒ–›‘ˆƒŽ„ƒ‹
• ʹ†‰Ž‘Ǧƒ”ƒ–Šƒƒ”ȋͳͺͲ͵ǦͲͷȌǣ”‡ƒ–›‘ˆƒ••‡‹
• ͵”†‰Ž‘Ǧƒ”ƒ–Šƒƒ”ȋͳͺͳ͹ǦͳͻȌǣ‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ‡šƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ‹‰†‘„›–Š‡
”‹–‹•Š
Sindh •  ͳͺͶ͵ǡ —†‡” ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ ŽŽ‡„‘”‘—‰Šǡ ‹†Š ™ƒ• ‡”‰‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š
‡’‹”‡„›–Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•‘ˆŠƒ”Ž‡•ƒ’‹‡”
• ”‡ƒ–›‘ˆ”‹–•ƒ”
Punjab • ͳ•–‰Ž‘Ǧ‹Š™ƒ”ȋͳͺͶͷǦͶ͸Ȍ
• ʹ†‰Ž‘Ǧ‹Š™ƒ”ȋͳͺͶͺǦͶͻȌ
ANNEXATION OF STATES WITHOUT WAR
Administrative Policy States Annexed
• Policy of Ring Fence (1765-1813): • ™ƒ†Š™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ•ƒ„—ˆˆ‡”•–ƒ–‡’‘•––Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆ
o ‘ ˆ‘”–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ‘’ƒ›̵• ˆ”‘–‹‡”• „› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ —šƒ”
„—ˆˆ‡”œ‘‡•Ǥ
o  ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‘ˆ †‡ˆ‡†‹‰ –Š‡‹”
‡‹‰Š„‘—”•̵„‘”†‡”•–‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡‹”–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ
• Subsidiary Alliance (1798 onwards) • ›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†
o Š‡ ‘’ƒ›̵••‘Ž†‹‡”•Šƒ†–‘„‡‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†—†‡”–Š‹• • ›•‘”‡
‡–Š‘†„›–Š‡ †‹ƒ‹‰•Ǥ • ƒŒ‘”‡‡– 
o Š‡›ƒŽ•‘Šƒ†–‘ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ‘•–•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š
”—‹‰–Š‡–”‘‘’•ƒ†–Š‡”—Ž‡”•—•– ‘–‹—‡–‘
Š‘•–”‹–‹•Š ‹–‹œ‡•‹–Š‡‹” ‘—”–•Ǥ
o Š‡› ™‡”‡ ˆ‘”„‹††‡ ˆ”‘ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ›
‘–Š‡” †‹ƒ”—Ž‡”•™‹–Š‘—–”‹–‹•Š ‘•‡–Ǥ
o Š‡ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡™ƒ•ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰›–‘ ‘—–‡”–Š‡ƒ’‘Ž‡‘
‡ƒ ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š’‘•‡†ƒ”‡ƒŽ†ƒ‰‡”–‘–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›Ǥ
• Doctrine of Lapse (1848-1859) • ƒ–ƒ”ƒ
o  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡ǡ‹ˆƒ’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•—„Œ‡ – • Šƒ•‹
–‘–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›̵•˜ƒ••ƒŽƒ‰‡ˆƒ‹Ž•–‘’”‘†— ‡ƒŠ‡‹”ǡ • ƒ‰’—”
–Š‡Žƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ‡š‡†„›–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ • †ƒ‹’—”‡– 
• Doctrine of Mis-governance (1848-1856) • ™ƒ†Š
o ‡šƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ •–ƒ–‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘
ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡ †‹ƒ”—Ž‡”Ǥ
• Policy of Masterly Inactivity (1864) • ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ
o Š‡ ‰Ž‹•Š •Š‘—Ž†̵– ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‹ ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ̵•
†‘‡•–‹ ƒˆˆƒ‹”•ƒ†–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘‡‡†–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹
ƒ‰Ž‹•Š”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–‹–• ‘—”–Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

• Policy of Proud Reserve (1874) • ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ

o ›––‘ •–ƒ”–‡† ƒ ‡™ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’‘Ž‹ › ‘ˆ ̵”‘—†
‡•‡”˜‡̵ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– Šƒ˜‹‰ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ 
ˆ”‘–‹‡”•ƒ†•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰̵•’Š‡”‡•‘ˆ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡̵Ǥ
o ‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Šˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ ‘—Ž†‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡‡’–
ƒ„‹‰—‘—•Ǥ
CONTRADICTION: ARMIES OF THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY WITH INDIAN SOLDIERS WIN AGAINST
ARMIES OF THE INDIAN RULERS
The British East India Company, which relied heavily on Indian soldiers, was able to continually defeat the armies of
Indian rulers for a number of reasons:
1. Diplomatic Mastery and Strategic AlliancesǣŠ‡British East India Companyƒ†‡’–Ž›‡š’Ž‘‹–‡††‹˜‹•‹‘•ƒ‘‰
Indian rulers–Š”‘—‰Š•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡•ǡˆ”ƒ –—”‹‰‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ† ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™’‘™‡”„ƒ•‡Ǥ
2. Technological Supremacyǣ ”‡† ™‹–Š ‘†‡” ™‡ƒ’‘”› Ž‹‡ —•‡–• ƒ† ƒ‘•ǡ –Š‡ British ‡Œ‘›‡† ƒ
†‡ ‹•‹˜‡technological advantage‘˜‡”‹†‹‰‡‘—•ˆ‘” ‡•ǡ„‘Ž•–‡”‹‰–Š‡‹”„ƒ––Ž‡ˆ‹‡Ž†’”‘™‡••Ǥ
3. Organisational EfficiencyǣŠ‡”‹–‹•Š”›̵••—’‡”‹‘”organisationƒ†training•–‘‘†‹•–ƒ” ‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡
‘ˆ–‡†‹•‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†ƒ†—–”ƒ‹‡†Indian forcesǡ‡Šƒ ‹‰–Š‡‹” ‘„ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••Ǥ
4. Financial Superiorityǣ Š‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ financial resources ‘ˆ –Š‡ British East India Company ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† –Š‡
”‡ ”—‹–‡– ƒ† ‡“—‹’’‹‰ ‘ˆ •‹œƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• –Š”‘—‰Š
„”‹„‡”›ǡˆ—”–Š‡”•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡‹”†‘‹ƒ ‡Ǥ
5. Naval Dominance and Logistical Edgeǣ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡•‡ƒ•‰”ƒ–‡†–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›—’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‡†
logistical flexibilityǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ˆ‘” •™‹ˆ– –”‘‘’ ‘˜‡‡–• ƒ† •—’’Ž› Ž‹‡•ǡ ƒ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–› „‡›‘† –Š‡ ”‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ
‹†‹‰‡‘—•”—Ž‡”•Ǥ
6. Unified Command Structure and Professionalismǣ†‡”ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ‹•‡†ƒ†™‡ŽŽǦ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡† ‘ƒ†•–”— –—”‡ǡ
–Š‡ British forces ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† ‰”‡ƒ–‡” coordination ƒ† efficiency ‹ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡
ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡† ‘ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
7. External Support and Exceptional Leadershipǣ ƒ ‡† „› –Š‡ ”‘™ǡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ ƒ† ‰—‹†‡† „› ‡š‡’Žƒ”›
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ˆ‘” ‡• ‡Œ‘›‡† ”— ‹ƒŽ external support ƒ† leadershipǡ ™Š‹ Š ˆ—”–Š‡” ˆ‘”–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡‹”
‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‡†‡ƒ˜‘—”•ƒ†‡•—”‡†•—•–ƒ‹‡†•— ‡••‘–Š‡„ƒ––Ž‡ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ
Through a combination of diplomatic finesse, technological supremacy, organisational efficiency, financial leverage,
naval dominance, unified command, external support, and exceptional leadership, the British East India Company
established military hegemony over the Indian subcontinent, laying the foundation for enduring colonial rule.
ADMINISTRATION BEFORE 1857
Administration in India till 1858 was in the hands of the East India Company, a monopoly trading body. To regulate its
management of Indian affairs, the British Parliament passed two major Acts, the Regulating Act and Pitt's India Act.
Subsequently, Acts of 1793, 1813, 1833 and 1853 were passed by which the Company was steadily deprived of its
authority and power in India and its privileges curtailed.
FEATURES OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF EAST INDIA COMPANY:
• Commercial in Nature: ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ› ‰‘˜‡”‡– „› ‘— ‹Žǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ† ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ƒ† Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡”• ™‹–Š –Š‡
‘˜‡”‘”‘”–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽŠƒ˜‹‰–Š‡ ƒ•–‹‰˜‘–‡Ǥ
• A Government by Boards: ˜‹œǡ‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”ƒ†‡ǡ‡˜‡—‡‘ƒ”†ǡ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘ƒ”†‡– 
• A Government by Record: Š‡–”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘•™‡”‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽǡ”‡ ‘”†•™‡”‡„”‹‡ˆƒ†ƒƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ—–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
†‡ƒŽ‹‰•ƒ†‡”‡ ‘”†Ǧ‡‡’‹‰ —„‡”•‘‡ƒ†˜‘Ž—‹‘—•Ǥ
• Mismanaged the administration of acquired territories: ‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•Ž‹˜‡̵•‘—„Ž‡‘”—ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ
‡‰ƒŽǡ‹Šƒ”ƒ†”‹••ƒ™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–‡†‹”ƒ’ƒ– ‘””—’–‹‘ƒ†„ƒ”—’– ›Ǥ
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
ͳǤ Š›†‹†–Š‡ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›–‘•–Ž› ‘’”‹•‹‰‘ˆ †‹ƒ•‘Ž†‹‡”•–™‹ ʹͲʹʹ
‘•‹•–‡–Ž› ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‘”‡ —‡”‘—• ƒ† „‡––‡”Ǧ‡“—‹’’‡† ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ”—Ž‡”•ǫ ‹˜‡
”‡ƒ•‘•
ʹǤ Žƒ”‹ˆ›Š‘™‹†Ǧ‡‹‰Š–‡‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”› †‹ƒ™ƒ•„‡•‡–™‹–Š–Š‡•’‡ –”‡‘ˆƒˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†’‘Ž‹–›Ǥ ʹͲͳ͹
͵Ǥ Š‡–Š‹”†„ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆƒ‹’ƒ–™ƒ•ˆ‘—‰Š–‹ͳ͹͸ͳǤŠ›™‡”‡•‘ƒ›‡’‹”‡Ǧ•Šƒ‹‰„ƒ––Ž‡•ˆ‘—‰Š– ʹͲͳͶ
ƒ–ƒ‹’ƒ–ǫ


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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

2 PEASANT, TRIBAL AND OTHER MOVEMENTS

INTRODUCTION
Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”‹ †‹ƒ—ˆ‘Ž†‡†‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ”‡†„›‹ ”‡‡–ƒŽ ‘“—‡•–•ƒ†•—„•‡“—‡–‡ˆˆ‘”–•
–‘ ‘–”‘Ž –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘› ƒ† •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ •’ƒ”‹‰ †‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ƒ† ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ †‹ƒ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ”‹–‹•Š ”—Ž‡
‡ ‘’ƒ••‡† †‹˜‡”•‡ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‰”‘—’•—’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ǡ ƒ”–‹•ƒ•ǡ –”‹„ƒŽ•ǡ ”—Ž‹‰ Žƒ••‡•ǡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ’‡”•‘‡Žǡ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•—™Š‘Œ‘‹‡†ˆ‘” ‡•–‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡‹”‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ‹’ƒŠƒ†”ƒǡ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘‘–Š”‡‡ƒ‹
ˆ‘”•ǣ ‹˜‹Ž”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘•ǡ–”‹„ƒŽ—’”‹•‹‰•ǡƒ†’‡ƒ•ƒ–‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡˜‘Ž–•„› †‹ƒ•‹–Š‡‘’ƒ›̵•ˆ‘” ‡•
ƒ††‡††‡’–Š–‘–Š‹•Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†Ǥ




CIVIL UPRISINGS
The civil uprising included sections of society that were impacted by the British. Peasants, artisans, tribes, ruling classes,
militar personnel, religious leaders, etc. all engaged in conflict to protect their respective interests.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVIL UPRISINGS
• Traditional protest: Š‡•‡‹Ǧˆ‡—†ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž—’”‹•‹‰•™‡”‡„ƒ ™ƒ”†•Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹‘—–Ž‘‘Ǥ
• Aim to establish traditional customsǣŠ‡‹”„ƒ•‹ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡™ƒ•–‘”‡•–‘”‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ”—Ž‡ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
For instance, Sanyasi Revolt
• Centred at the Local Level: Š‡•‡—’”‹•‹‰•™‡”‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ ƒ—•‡•ƒ†‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•ƒ†™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘Ž‘ ƒŽ‹•‡†
‹–Š‡‹” ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ
• Affected traditional sections of societyǣ–ƒ–‹‡™Š‡–Š‡‡™Ž› ”‡ƒ–‡† Žƒ••‘ˆ—”„ƒ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–•‹ƒ™ƒ•”‡ƒ’‹‰
–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ǡ‹–™ƒ•–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ™Š‘•‡Ž‹˜‡•Šƒ†„‡‡ƒŽ‘•– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› Šƒ‰‡†
ˆ‘”–Š‡™‘”•‡ǡ™Š‘”‡„‡ŽŽ‡†Ǥ
• Represented common conditions: ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡› ‘ —””‡† ƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –‹‡• ƒ† Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡•‡ —’”‹•‹‰•
–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›‹””‘”‡†™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
THE MAJOR FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PEOPLE’S RESENTMENT AND UPRISINGS AGAINST THE
COMPANY'S RULE
• Economic Exploitation:
o Loss to Peasants and Zamindars:”‹–‹•Š
Žƒ† ”‡˜‡—‡ •›•–‡• ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹ 
Šƒ‰‡• Š—”– ’‡ƒ•ƒ–• ƒ† œƒ‹†ƒ”•ǡ
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ††‹• ‘–‡–Ǥ
o Eviction and Exploitation:‡ƒ•ƒ–•ˆƒ ‡†
‡˜‹ –‹‘ ƒ† ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ „› ”‡˜‡—‡
‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”•ǡ –‡ƒ–•ǡ ƒ† ‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•ǡ
ˆ—‡Ž‹‰”‡•‡–‡–Ǥ
o Destruction of Handicraft Industry:
”‹–‹•Š ’”‘‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡† ‰‘‘†•
ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›†—–‹‡•†‡•–”‘›‡† †‹ƒ‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ ƒ—•‹‰—‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ†’‘˜‡”–›Ǥ
o Transition to Agriculture and Pressure on Land: ‡•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ˆ‘” ‡† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹–‘ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ
‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‡••—”‡‘Žƒ†Ǥ 

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
Social and Cultural Discontent:
• Impact on Priestly Class: ”‹–‹•Š ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•†‹•”—’–‡†–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘”†‡”ǡ‹’ƒ –‹‰–Š‡’”‹‡•–Ž› Žƒ••™Š‘’”‘–‡•–‡†
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ
• Encroachment on Tribal Land:š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ”‡˜‡—‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‹–‘–”‹„ƒŽ–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†–Š‡‹”™ƒ›‘ˆ
Ž‹ˆ‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Personal Factors and Cultural Disdain:”‹–‹•Šƒ””‘‰ƒ ‡ƒ††‹•”‡‰ƒ”†ˆ‘” †‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡†”—Ž‡”•ƒ†–Š‡
’‘’—Žƒ ‡ǡˆ—‡Ž‹‰”‡•‡–‡–Ǥ
PEASANTS REVOLT
• Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–̵•‘˜‡‡–• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ˆ‘”’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘
‘ˆƒ‹†ƒ”‹Ǥ
• Š‡›‡”‘†‡†–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†‡† Žƒ••ǡ–Š—•ƒ††‹‰–‘–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–••—ˆˆ‡”‡†ˆ”‘Š‹‰Š”‡–•ǡ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽŽ‡˜‹‡•ǡƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›‡˜‹ –‹‘•ƒ†—’ƒ‹†Žƒ„‘—”‹ƒ‹†ƒ”‹ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ 
›‘–™ƒ”‹ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‹–•‡ŽˆŽ‡˜‹‡†Š‡ƒ˜›Žƒ†”‡˜‡—‡Ǥ
• Š‡‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽƒ†Š—ƒ”‡•‘—” ‡•„›–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠŽ‡†–‘–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ””‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‘˜‡‡–•ǡ
ƒ‹Ž›„›Peasants, Tribals and Sainiks.
• Š‡•‹‡”‹‰†‹• ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ƒ†–”‹„ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡„”‘‡‘—–‹–‘’‘’—Žƒ”—’”‹•‹‰•‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ
†‹ƒƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘‹–•‹–‹‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Š—†”‡†›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
PEASANT MOVEMENTS – CAUSES, SIGNIFICANCE AND LIMITATIONS
CAUSES: 
• Burdensome Land Revenue System: Š‡
”‹–‹•Š Žƒ† ”‡˜‡—‡ •›•–‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡
ƒ›ƒ–™ƒ”‹•›•–‡ǡ™‡”‡‘’’”‡••‹˜‡ƒ†‘ˆ–‡
‹ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘—’Ž‡† ™‹–Š —’”‡†‹ –ƒ„Ž‡
™‡ƒ–Š‡” ƒ† Ž‘™ ”‘’ ’”‹ ‡•ǡ –Š‡•‡ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•
•‡˜‡”‡Ž› ‹’ƒ –‡† ’‡ƒ•ƒ–•̵ Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•Ǥ
ȋExample:Deccan RiotsȌ
• Fluctuating Cash Crop Demands: Š‡ ”‹•‡
ƒ†ˆƒŽŽ‹†‡ƒ†ˆ‘” ƒ•Š ”‘’•Ž‹‡ cotton
(e.g., Indigo Revolt) ”‡ƒ–‡†‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ•—”‰‡‹†‡ƒ†‹‰Š–„”‹‰–‡’‘”ƒ”›„‡‡ˆ‹–•ǡ‹–
‘ˆ–‡Ž‡†–‘‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘„›’Žƒ–‡”•ƒ†–”ƒ†‡”•Ǥ
• Predatory Moneylenders:‘‡›Ž‡†‡”• ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Š–‘‡š’Ž‘‹–’‡ƒ•ƒ–•–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‹‰ŠǦ‹–‡”‡•–
Ž‘ƒ•ǡˆ—”–Š‡”†‡‡’‡‹‰–Š‡‹”‡ ‘‘‹ Šƒ”†•Š‹’ǤȋExample:Deccan RiotsȌ
• Economic Focus:‡ƒ•ƒ–‘˜‡‡–•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ††”‡••‡†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‡ ‘‘‹  ‘ ‡”•ǤŠ‡›ƒ‹‡†–‘’”‘–‡ –
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ˆ”‘‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘„›œƒ‹†ƒ”•ǡ‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡––Š”‘—‰Š”‡–”‡†— –‹‘•ǡ
ˆƒ‹”‡”Žƒ†”‡˜‡—‡•›•–‡•ǡƒ†„‡––‡”™‘”‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǤȋExample:Pabna RebellionȌ
• Limited Scope: Š‡•‡ ‘˜‡‡–• –ƒ”‰‡–‡† •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡• ƒ† Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘’’”‡••‘”•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’Žƒ–‡”•ǡ
œƒ‹†ƒ”•ǡƒ†‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•ǤŠ‡›Žƒ ‡†ƒ„”‘ƒ†‡”˜‹•‹‘–‘†‹•ƒ–Ž‡–Š‡‡–‹”‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ•›•–‡ǤȋExamples:
Bardoli Satyagraha, Indigo RevoltȌ
• Redressal of Immediate Problems: ‡ƒ•ƒ– ‘˜‡‡–• •‘—‰Š– ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ Ž‹‡
—ˆƒ‹””‡˜‡—‡ƒ••‡••‡–•‘”‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹˜‡Žƒ„‘”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‡›ˆ‘ —•‡†‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”‰‘ƒŽ•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ
Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”•›•–‡‹  Šƒ‰‡ǤȋExamples:Bardoli Satyagraha, Indigo RevoltȌ
• Limited Organization and Reach:Š‡•‡‘˜‡‡–•™‡”‡‘ˆ–‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†Žƒ ‡† ‡–”ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡›
’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ‘ —•‡†‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡‰‹‘•‘” ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡŠ‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡‹”‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹’ƒ –ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•Ž‡••
‘–‹—‹–›‹–Š‡‹”•–”—‰‰Ž‡•Ǥ
SIGNIFICANCE
• Launching pad for future movementsǣ‡ƒ•ƒ– ƒ—•‡••‡”˜‡†ƒ• ƒ–ƒŽ›•–•ˆ‘”•—„•‡“—‡–‘˜‡‡–•Ž‹‡–Š‡ͳͺͷ͹
‹•—””‡ –‹‘ƒ••‘Ž†‹‡”•™‡”‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•‹—‹ˆ‘”Ǥ
• Legal Awarenessǣ ‡ƒ•ƒ– ‘˜‡‡–• ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ ”‹‰Š–• ƒ† Š‘™ –‘ Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ› ‘’’‘•‡ ‘’’”‡••‘”•Ǥ Š‹•
•’ƒ”‡†™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒ–‹Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ•‡–‹‡–Ǥ
• Complement National Movementǣ ‘–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ’‡ƒ•ƒ– ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘• –Š”‹˜‡† ‘ˆˆ ‘ˆ ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡
’‡ƒ•ƒ–••‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡•—’’‘”–„ƒ•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ† ƒ†Š‹̵•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ
’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›•’”‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‘”‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†ƒ†’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž’‡ƒ•ƒ–—’”‹•‹‰•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Transformed rural power structureǣ  ”—”ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ ’‡ƒ•ƒ– ‘˜‡‡–• Šƒ‰‡† –Š‡ „ƒŽƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” „›
—†‡”‹‹‰–Š‡Žƒ†‡† Žƒ••̵•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǤFor example, Š‡ ›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†ˆ‡—†ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–™ƒ•‘˜‡”–Š”‘™„›–Š‡
‡Žƒ‰ƒƒ‘˜‡‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•Ž‡†„›’‡ƒ•ƒ–•Ǥ
• Post-Independence reformsǣ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š’‡ƒ•ƒ–’”‘–‡•–•™‡”‡‘–‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ”—‹–ˆ—Žǡ–Š‡›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†’‘•–Ǧ
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ Šƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–Ž‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆœƒ‹†ƒ”‹ƒ†–Š‡‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡‘ˆ–‡ƒ ›ˆ‘”–‡ƒ–•Ǥ
LIMITATIONS
• Lack of innovative approach: Š‡ ͳͻ–ŠǦ ‡–—”› ’‡ƒ•ƒ–• †‹† ‘– ’‘••‡•• ƒ ‡™ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ƒ ‡™ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ
‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‡Ǥ
• Societal hurdleǣŠ‡•‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”‹Ž‹–ƒ–ǡ‘ —””‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‘”†‡”Žƒ ‹‰
ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Localized spreadǣ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ–ŠǦ ‡–—”›’‡ƒ•ƒ–‘˜‡‡–•™‡”‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‹•‡†‹•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ
The deccan revolt ™ƒ•‹ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǤ
• Colonial understandingǣ Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•Ǥ Š‡› †‹† ‘– –ƒ”‰‡–
‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•„—–‹•–‡ƒ†ˆ‘ —•‡†‘‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•”‡†”‡••ƒŽǤ
CHANGED NATURE OF PEASANT MOVEMENTS POST 1857
• Main streaming of Peasantsǣ‡ƒ•ƒ–•‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‘” ‡‹ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ‘˜‡‡–•ǡˆ‹‰Š–‹‰†‹”‡ –Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”
‘™†‡ƒ†•Ǥ
• Objectives: Š‡†‡ƒ†•™‡”‡ ‡–”‡†ƒŽ‘•–™Š‘ŽŽ›‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹••—‡•Ǥ
• Against immediate enemies: Š‡‘˜‡‡–•™‡”‡†‹”‡ –‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‡‡‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–ˆ‘”‡‹‰
’Žƒ–‡”•ƒ†‹†‹‰‡‘—•œƒ‹†ƒ”•ƒ†‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•Ǥ
• Not against colonialism and subordination: ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•™ƒ•‘––Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ –™ƒ•‘––Š‡
‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘˜‡‡–•–‘‡†–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‘”‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•Ǥ
• Limited Objectives:Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡•ˆ‘ —•‡†‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ǡŽ‹‹–‡†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡”‡†”‡••ƒŽ‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•ǡ
•— Šƒ•‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•Ǥ
• Limited territorial extentǣ ‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒ Š ™ƒ• Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‘ ‘–‹—‹–› ‘ˆ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ‘” Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Awareness of Legal Rights: Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ•–”‘‰ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†ƒ••‡”–‡†–Š‡
‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡ ‘—”–•Ǥ
COMPARISON BETWEEN 19TH & 20TH CENTURY PEASANT MOVEMENTS
Features 19th Century Peasant Movements 20th Century Peasant Movements
Objective • Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ™ƒ• ƒŽ‘•– ‡–‹”‡Ž› • Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹••–ƒ”–‡†™‹–Š
ˆ‘ —•‡†‘‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ––‡”•ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ Šƒ’ƒ”ƒǡŠ‡†ƒǡƒ†Žƒ–‡”ƒ”†‘Ž‹
’—––‹‰ƒ‡†–‘ • ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ
• –Š‡‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•Ǥ
Leadership • ‡ƒ†‡”• ‡‡”‰‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‡ƒ•ƒ–• • Š‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ™‡”‡ Ž‡† „› –Š‡ ‘‰”‡••
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ƒ†–Š‡‘—‹•–ƒ”–›ǤEx, Kheda
• Satyagraha led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel
Spread of • ‹‹–‡† ‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ •’”‡ƒ† Ex. ƒ„ƒ • ŽŽ †‹ƒ ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ Ex. ŽŽ †‹ƒ ‹•ƒ
Movements ‡˜‘Ž–‹‡‰ƒŽ ƒ„Šƒ
Colonialism • ‘– –ƒ”‰‡– ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹• ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡• • ‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•
Issues ”‡†”‡••ƒŽ •–‡ƒ†ˆ‘ —•‘ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••ƒ‘‰’‡ƒ•ƒ–•
Formal • Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ••— Š‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ • ŽŽ †‹ƒ‹•ƒƒ„ŠƒƒŠŒƒŠƒƒ†ƒ”ƒ•™ƒ–‹
Organisation ƒ––Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›
CONTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL REFORMERS TOWARDS THE PEASANT MOVEMENT
• Mahatma Jotirao Phule:
o ‡†‡ ‹†‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒƒ™ƒ‡‹‰ƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†‘ˆ‘‘––Š”‘—‰Šƒ›˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ†™‡–ˆ”‘
’Žƒ ‡–‘’Žƒ ‡Ǥ
o ‡™‡––‘–Š‡Junnar and actively participatedǤ
o He wrote a book entitled ‘cultivators whipcord’ ‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ƒ””ƒ–‡†–Š‡•‘””‘™•‘ˆ–Š‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‘”•Ǥ
o Š‡weekly journal ‘Deenbandhu’ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•.
o ‡ƒ††”‡••‡†–Š‡sorrows of the peasants to the Duke of Connaught ™Š‡Š‡˜‹•‹–‡†—‡‹ͳͺͺͺǤ

14
PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Vitthal Ramji Shinde and Peasants’ Problem:
o ͳͻʹͺǡŠ‹†‡•–‡’’‡†‘—––‘’”‡˜‡––Š‡ ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‡‘ˆ–Š‡Small Holding Bill.
o ‡‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘””—’–‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǡƒ†‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•Šƒ†”‘„„‡†–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Žƒ†Ǥ
• Pandurang Sadashiv Sane:
o ƒ‡ —”—Œ‹ǡƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•ƒ†—”ƒ‰ƒ†ƒ•Š‹˜ƒ‡ǡ™ƒ•ƒ‡›ˆ‹‰—”‡‹–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
o ‡–‘‘ƒ–‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒƒ†’”‡••‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ†–ƒš‡š‡’–‹‘Ǥ
o ‡ƒŽ•‘’—–ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‘”–‹–‘–Š‡ ƒ‹œ’—”‘‰”‡•••‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Dr B. R. Ambedkar and Peasant Movement:
o ‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Mahar Vatan ˆ”‡‡† ƒ •‹œƒ„Ž‡ ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”—”ƒŽ ’‘‘” ˆ”‘ ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ˜‹”–—ƒŽ
•‡”ˆ†‘Ǥ
o ‡™ƒ••— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹Š‹•ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–Š‘–‹•›•–‡‘ˆŽƒ†–‡—”‡ǡƒ†Š‡ƒ‹‡†–‘ˆ”‡‡–Š‡˜ƒ•–
ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
o —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡŠ‡•’‡ƒ”Š‡ƒ†‡†–Š‡Chirner Satyagraha ‘ˆ’‡ƒ•ƒ–•Ǥ
o ” „‡†ƒ” ˆ‘—†‡† –Š‡ ̶Independent Labour Party̶ ƒ• ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‘„ƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡•
‹ Ž—†‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ‹‰”ƒ–Žƒ„‘—”ǡƒ†–‡š–‹Ž‡™‘”‡”•on August 15, 1936.
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC) AND PEASANT MOVEMENTS
• Prioritise peasant issues from the beginning: –ƒ††”‡••‡†–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ˆ”‘–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡
‘†‡”ƒ–‡’Šƒ•‡Ǥš–”‡‹•–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒŽ•‘„”‘—‰Š–—’–Š‡ ‘ ‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”—”ƒŽ Žƒ••Ǥ
• Faizpur session and Peasantsǣ
o •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–—„‡”‘ˆ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•™‡”‡ƒ’’”‘˜‡††—”‹‰–Š‡ ƒ‹œ’—”•‡••‹‘Ǥ
o Š‡‡‡–‹‰—”‰‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ ‘˜‡”›‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ‘ƒ•„‡’‘•–’‘‡†Ǥ
o ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–•–‹’—Žƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Žƒ†Ž‡••Žƒ„‘—”‡”•‰‡–ƒƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡‹‹—•ƒŽƒ”›Ǥ
o ƒ†‹– ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ŽƒŽ‡Š”—ǡ–Š‡•‡••‹‘̵•’”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‹˜‹–‡†™‘”‡”•ƒ†’‡ƒ•ƒ–•–‘–ƒ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‘‰”‡••ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Peasant movement as a pressure group: Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ’‡ƒ•ƒ–‘˜‡‡–•‡š‡”–‡† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡’”‡••—”‡‘–Š‡
†‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••Ǥ‡•’‹–‡–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”ƒ Š‹‘‰”‡••Šƒ”–‡”†‹†‘–‡˜‡–‘— Š–Š‡ˆ”‹‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–
’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹•ƒƒ„Šƒ•— ‡‡†‡†‹–Š‡ ƒ‹œ’—”‘‰”‡••ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ’”‘‰”ƒǤ
TRIBAL REVOLT
Tribal uprisings in some parts of the Indian subcontinent dramatically increased in frequency and severity under British
control. The Kol rebellion, Santhal revolt, and Munda uprising occurred in the 19th century. With the development
of modern education, a surge of intellectual youth, and the establishment of the Indian National Congress, the national
movement also started to take shape in the second half of the 19th century.
SIGNIFICANCE
• Beginning of settled agriculture: ‹–Š–Š‡‹ˆŽ—š‘ˆ‘Ǧ–”‹„ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡‹–‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„‡•ǡ•‡––Ž‡†
ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†Ǥ
• Started working as labourǣŠ‡”‹–‹•Šˆ‘” ‡†–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡–‘™‘”ƒ•‹‡™‘”‡”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡‹ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”
•‹ ‡–Š‡›Šƒ††‡•–”‘›‡†–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ
• Importance to natural resources: ”‹„ƒŽ†‹†̵–Ž‹‡Š‘™–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š̵•”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‘™
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–Ǥ
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF TRIBAL UPRISINGS
• Categories of Uprisings:
o Mainland tribal revolts:Š‡•‡—’”‹•‹‰•ˆ‘ —•‡†‘‹••—‡•™‹–Š‹ƒ‹Žƒ† †‹ƒǤ
o Northeastern frontier tribal revolts:Š‡•‡—’”‹•‹‰•‘ —””‡†‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡””‡‰‹‘ƒ†‘ˆ–‡ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”
ƒ—–‘‘›™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒǤExamples:The Santal Rebellion (1855) in Bengal and Bihar‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•ƒmainland
tribal revolt–”‹‰‰‡”‡†„› Šƒ‰‡•‹Žƒ†‘™‡”•Š‹’ —•–‘•Ǥ
• Mainland Tribal Revolts: ††”‡••‡† ‹••—‡• ‘ˆ land ownership ƒ† ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ „› ‘—–•‹†‡”•Ǥ Example: Š‡
ƒ–ŠƒŽ‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘™ƒ•ƒ”‡•’‘•‡–‘”‹–‹•Šƒ––‡’–•–‘‹’‘•‡–ƒš‡•ƒ†seize tribal landsǤ
• Northeastern Frontier Tribes:‘—‰Š– independence ‘” autonomy ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‹‘ǡ ‡”‰‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡– ‘˜‡” –‹‡Ǥ Example: Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ ‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ •‘—‰Š– ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹
‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡” †‹ƒǤ
• Colonial Disruptions:‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ†”‡•‡–‡–†—‡–‘”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•†‹•”—’–‡†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ–”‹„ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•
™‹–ŠforestsǤExample: Š‡—†ƒ‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ƒ”‘•‡ˆ”‘†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ƒ—•‡†„›”‹–‹•Šforest policiesǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Oppression and Forced Labor: ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘˜‡‡–•ƒ”‘•‡‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘oppressionƒ†forced labor‹’‘•‡†
„›–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤExample: Š‡Šƒ•‹ƒ† ƒ‹–‹ƒ–”‹„‡•”‡˜‘Ž–‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š–ƒš‡•ƒ†forced labor‹ ‘ƒŽ‹‡•Ǥ
• Tribal Identity and Resistance: ”‹˜‡ „› ƒ •–”‘‰ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ethnic identity ƒ† ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ
‡ ”‘ƒ Š‡–ǤExample:Š‡Š‹Ž‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ƒ••‡”–‡†Š‹Žautonomyƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•ŠŽƒ†‡ ”‘ƒ Š‡–•Ǥ
• Selective Violence:‡˜‘Ž–• –ƒ”‰‡–‡† colonial authorities ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”• ™Š‹Ž‡ •’ƒ”‹‰ •›’ƒ–Š‡–‹  Ž‘ ƒŽ•Ǥ
Example: Š‡—†ƒ‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘•‡Ž‡ –‹˜‡Ž›–ƒ”‰‡–‡†”‹–‹•Šofficialsƒ†•‡––Ž‡”•ǡ•’ƒ”‹‰•›’ƒ–Š‡–‹ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•Ǥ
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR TRIBAL MOVEMENTS
• Protest against the encroachment of the British: Š‡–”‹„‡•™‡”‡‘–’Ž‡ƒ•‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰ƒ‹‹‰’‘™‡”‹
–Š‡‹” ‘™ •’Š‡”‡ ‘ˆ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡› ”‡˜‘Ž–‡† ƒ† —‹–‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– –‘ ’”‘–‡•– –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ
”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
• Biased act passed by the authority: Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘”‡•– –‘ˆͳͺ͹ͺƒ†–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡– ‘”‡•– –‘ˆͳͺ͸ͷǡ‰”ƒ–‡†
–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘’Ž‡–‡Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘˜‡”ƒŽŽƒ”‡ƒ• ‘˜‡”‡†‹–”‡‡•Ǥ
• Missionaries' activities: Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ –”‹„‡• †‡–‡•–‡†ǡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ—•‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ
—’Š‡ƒ˜ƒŽǤ
• Oppressive approach of Moneylenders: ‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•–‘‘ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†ƒ†‹‰‘”ƒ––”‹„ƒŽ
‡„‡”•ǤŠ‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–’”‘˜‹†‡†•‡ —”‹–›–‘–Š‡‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•Ǥ
• Lack of understanding of colonial powerǣŽ‹‡ †‹ƒ”—Ž‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š™‡”‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆ—ŽŽ›—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡
–”‹„‡•̵ ‘‹–‡––‘–Š‡‹”‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ–Ǥ
LIMITATIONS OF TRIBAL REVOLT
The early tribal movements had several drawbacks, even if they helped to develop an atmosphere that encouraged the
voicing of local protest against authority. There were the following limitations of Tribal Revolt -
• Localised and Isolated SpreadǣŠ‡›™‡”‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†‹•‘Žƒ–‡†‡˜‡–•ˆ”‘ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†’‘‹––Šƒ–ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘
‰”ƒ„–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ”‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ǤŠ‹•”‡†— ‡†–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
• Sparked on local issues: ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘•™‡”‡•’ƒ”‡†„›Ž‘ ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡
”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›™ƒ•—ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡’ƒ–Š‹•‡™‹–Š–Š‘•‡™Š‘™‡”‡’”‘–‡•–‹‰‘” ‘‡ –‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’Ž‹‰Š–Ǥ
• Lack of IdeologyǣŠ‡—’”‹•‹‰•™‡”‡‡”‡Ž›‘—–™ƒ”††‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ’”‘–‡•–•‘˜‡”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•Ǣ–Š‡›†‹†
‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‹†‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‘—‰Š–•ǡ‘”‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
• Absence of Alternative approach: Š‡›†‹†‘–’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–ŠƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘”‹•’‹”‡–Š‡–‘
–ƒ‡ƒ –‹‘Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘•Šƒ†•‡‹Ǧˆ‡—†ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•™Š‘ǡƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡŠ‡Ž†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽǡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡˜‹‡™•Ǥ
• Lack of bargaining skillǣ‘Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ†‡‡˜‡•ƒŽŽ ‘ ‡••‹‘•‘”ƒ ‡†‡†–‘–Š‡‹”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡“—‡•–•ǡ
–Š‡›‹‰Š–„‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ǥ


DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRIBAL MOVEMENT AND MAINSTREAM LIBERATION MOVEMENT

The earliest phase of the tribal uprisings, however, was distinct from the mainstream liberation movement
in the following ways:
• Distinct GrievancesǣŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ–”‹„ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡•‘—‰Š––‘”‡ Žƒ‹ —•–‘ƒ”›ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘˜‡”–Š‡‹”Žƒ†
ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‡›Šƒ†‘ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘–‘„‡ ‘‡‹†‡’‡†‡–Ǥ
• Use of Violenceǣ Š‡ –”‹„‡• –—”‡† –‘ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™‡ƒ’‘”› ƒ† ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ –‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” –Š‡‹” ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ ‹
‘–”ƒ•––‘ƒ‹•–”‡ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•™Š‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ”‹–‹ ‹•Ǥ
• Local organizational structuresǣ –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž››‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡–”‹„‡•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†–Š‡‹”‘™‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†–ƒš‡•ǡƒ†
„ƒ†‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”„ƒ•‡†‘‹•Š‹’–‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡‡†— ƒ–‡†‹††Ž‡ Žƒ••’”‘˜‹†‡†Ž‹––Ž‡•—’’‘”–Ǥ
• Lack of intellectual supportǣŠ‡–ƒ”‰‡–•‘ˆ–”‹„ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•™Š‘Šƒ†
†”‹˜‡–Š‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”Žƒ†ǡ‹ ‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ
The oppressive and cruel actions of the British administration and moneylenders were repelled with resolute resistance
by the tribes. Even though they were unable to end British rule, their actions encouraged their fellow citizens to stand
together and oppose British practices. The Ramoshi, Bhill, and Koli initiatives in the Indian freedom war were
instrumental in achieving independence in 1947.
TRIBAL MOVEMENTS: PERIOD, REGION, CAUSES AT A GLANCE
ͳǤ Pahariyas’ Rebellion by the martial Pahariyas (1778; Raj Mahal Hills);ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•Š‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘–Š‡‹”
Žƒ†•Ǥ
ʹǤ Chuar Uprisings by the Chuar aboriginal tribesmen (1776);ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹•‡‹†‡ƒ†•ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ’”‹˜ƒ–‹‘„›
–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
͵Ǥ Kol Uprisings by the Kols of Chottanagpur led by Buddho Bhagat (1831)Ǣƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡‘
–Š‡‹”Žƒ†•ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Žƒ†•–‘‘—–•‹†‡”•Ǣ–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž–™ƒ••—’’”‡••‡†Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
ͶǤ Ho and Munda Uprisings ȋƒȌ „› ‘ –”‹„ƒŽ• Ž‡† „›ƒŒƒ ƒ”ƒŠƒ– ȋͳͺʹ͹Ǣ ‹‰Š„Š— ƒ† Š‘––ƒƒ‰’—”ȌǢ ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
‘ —’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹‰Š„Š—„›”‹–‹•ŠǤȋ„Ȍ„› ‘–”‹„ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡—†ƒ•ȋͳͺ͵ͳȌǢƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‡™Ž›‹–”‘†— ‡†ˆƒ”‹‰
”‡˜‡—‡ ’‘Ž‹ ›Ǥ ȋ Ȍ „› –Š‡ —†ƒ• Ž‡† „› ‹”•ƒ —†ƒ ȋͳͺͻͻǦͳͻͲͲǢ •‘—–Š ‘ˆ ƒ Š‹ȌǢ ‹”•ƒ ™ƒ• ƒ’–—”‡† ƒ†
‹’”‹•‘‡†Ǥ ȋ†Ȍ –Š‡ Ž‰—Žƒ —’”‹•‹‰ǡ •—’’‘”–‡† „› ‹”•ƒ —†ƒ ȋͳͺ͸ͲǦͳͻʹͲȌǢ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ‡—†ƒŽǡ
œƒ‹†ƒ”‹–‡—”‡•ƒ†‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘„›‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•ƒ†ˆ‘”‡•– ‘–”ƒ –‘”•Ǥ
ͷǤ Santhal Rebellion by the Santhals led by Sido and Kanhu ȋͳͺͷͷǦͷ͸Ǣ‹Šƒ”ȌǢƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆœƒ‹†ƒ”•
ƒ†‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•Ǣ–Š‡”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘Žƒ–‡”–—”‡†ƒ–‹Ǧ”‹–‹•Šƒ†™ƒ••—’’”‡••‡†Ǥ
͸Ǥ Kondh uprisings led by Chakra Bisnoiȋͳͺ͵͹Ǧͷ͸ƒ†Žƒ–‡”‹ͳͻͳͶǢŠ‹ŽŽ›”‡‰‹‘‡š–‡†‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ‹Žƒ†—–‘
‡‰ƒŽǢ‹”‹••ƒ‹ͳͻͳͶȌǢƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹–”‹„ƒŽ —•–‘•ƒ†‹’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ‡™–ƒš‡•Ǥ
͹Ǥ Naikada Movement (1860s; Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat);ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Šƒ† ƒ•–‡ ‹†—•Ǥ
ͺǤ Kharwar Rebellion by the Kharwars (1870s; Bihar); ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‡˜‡—‡•‡––Ž‡‡–ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
ͻǤ Khonda Dora Campaign by Khonda Doras led by Korra MallayaȋͳͻͲͲǢƒ„—””‡‰‹‘‹‹•ƒŠƒ’ƒ–ƒȌǤ
ͳͲǤ Bhil Revolts (1817-19 and 1913:”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ȌǢƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘’ƒ›—Ž‡ȋ‹ͳͺͳ͹ǦͳͻȌƒ†–‘ˆ‘”Š‹Ž
ƒŒǤ
ͳͳǤ Bhuyan and Juang Rebellions by the Bhuyans, —ƒ‰•ƒ†ƒŽ•Ǣˆ‹”•–—’”‹•‹‰™ƒ•Ž‡†„›ƒ–ƒƒ›ƒǢ•‡ ‘†
—’”‹•‹‰™ƒ•Ž‡†„›Šƒ”‹Šƒ”ƒ›ƒȋͳͺ͸͹Ǧ͸ͺǢͳͺͻͳǦͻ͵ǢŠ‡‘ŒŠƒ”ǡ”‹••ƒȌǢƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”‹–‹•Š
’”‘–‡‰‡‘–Š‡–Š”‘‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹””ƒŒƒ‹ͳͺ͸͹Ǥ
ͳʹǤ Koya Revolts by the Koyas and the Khonda Sara Chiefs – led by Tomma Sora in 1879-80 – led by ƒŒƒ
ƒ–ƒ››ƒ”‹ͳͺͺ͸ȋ‡ƒ•–‡” ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹”‡‰‹‘†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠȌǢƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘’’”‡••‹‘„›’‘Ž‹ ‡ǡ‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•Ǣ‡™
”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ††‡‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–•‘˜‡”ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
ͳ͵Ǥ Bastar Revolt (1910; Jagdalpur)Ǣƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡™ˆ‡—†ƒŽƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–Ž‡˜‹‡•Ǥ
ͳͶǤ Tana Bhagat Movementsƒ‘‰–Š‡—†ƒ•ƒ†”ƒ‘–”‹„‡•Ž‡†„› ƒ–”ƒŠƒ‰ƒ–ǡƒŽ”ƒŠƒ‰ƒ–™Š‘’”‡ƒ Š‡†
that God’s benevolent delegate would arrive to free the tribals (1914ǦͳͻͳͷǢŠ‘––ƒƒ‰’—”ȌǢƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ
‘—–•‹†‡”•Ǣ„‡‰ƒƒ•ƒ•”‹–‹•ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
ͳͷǤ Rampa Revolts led by Alluri Sitarama Raju of the Koyasȋͳͻͳ͸ǡͳͻʹʹǦͳͻʹͶǢƒ’ƒ”‡‰‹‘‹†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠȌǢ
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǣ ƒ’–—”‡ƒ†‡š‡ —–‹‘‘ˆƒŒ—‹ͳͻʹͶǤ
ͳ͸Ǥ Jharkhand Uprising by tribals of Chottanagpur region ȋͳͻʹͲ‘™ƒ”†•Ǣ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‹Šƒ”ǡ”‹••ƒƒ†‡•–‡‰ƒŽȌǢ
Š‡†‹˜ƒ•‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ„Šƒǡƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–”‹„ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹ͳͻ͵ͺƒ†™ƒ•
”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›–Š‡ Šƒ”Šƒ†ƒ”–›‹ͳͻͶͻǤ
ͳ͹Ǥ Forest Satyagrahas (a) by Chenchu tribals ȋͳͻʹͲ•Ǣ —–—”†‹•–”‹ –‹†Š”ƒȌǡȋ„Ȍ„›ƒ”™ƒ”•‘ˆƒŽƒƒ—ȋͳͻ͵Ͳ•Ǣ
‹Šƒ”ȌǢƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰”‹–‹•Š ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”ˆ‘”‡•–•Ǥ
ͳͺǤ Gond Uprising (1940s)–‘„”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•‘ˆ ‘††Šƒ”ƒǤ
NORTH-EAST FRONTIER TRIBAL MOVEMENTS: YEAR, REGION, MAJOR CAUSES MOVEMENTS BEFORE 1857
1.  Ahoms’ Revolt (1828-33; Assam); against the non-fulfilment of the pledges of the Company after the Burmese
War; the uprising was suppressed by the Company by dividing the kingdom.
2.  Khasis’ Revolt (1830s; hilly region between Jaintia and Garo Hills); led by the Nunklow ruler, Tirath Singh; against
the occupation of the hilly region.
3.  Singphos’ Rebellion (1830s; Assam); led to murder of British political agent of Assam by Singphos in 1839; was
ultimately suppressed.
MOVEMENTS AFTER 1857
1.  Kukis’ Revolt (1917-19; Manipur) against British policies of recruiting labour during the first World War.
2.  Revolts in Tripura against hike in house tax rates and against settlement of outsiders in the region (a) led by
Parikshit Jamatia (1863) (b) the Reangs’ revolt led by Ratnamani (1942-43) (c) led by Bharti Singh (1920s)
3.  Zeliangrong Movement (1920s; Manipur) led by the Zemi, Liangmei and Rongmei tribes; against the failure of
the British to protect them during the Kuki violence in 1917-19.
4.  Naga movement (1905-31; Manipur) led by Jadonang; against British rule and for setting up a Naga raj.
5.  Heraka Cult (1930s; Manipur) led by Gaidinliu, the movement was suppressed but the Kabui Naga Association
was formed in 1946.
6.  Other Smaller Movements were the revolt of the Syntengs of Jaintia Hills in 1860-62, the Phulaguri peasants’
rebellion in 1861, the revolt of the Saflas in 1872-73; the uprising of the Kacha Nagas of Cachhar in 1882; and a
women’s war in Manipur in 1904.

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MILITARY UPRISINGS IN INDIA
Š‡•‡—’”‹•‹‰•ǡˆ—‡Ž‡†„›†‹• ‘–‡–ƒ‘‰•‘Ž†‹‡”•ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•ǡ™‡”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ’”‡ —”•‘”•–‘–Š‡
ͳͺͷ͹‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ǤŠ‡›•‘™‡†–Š‡•‡‡†•ˆ‘”ƒ™‹†‡””‡˜‘Ž–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
CAUSES
• Unequal Treatment:‡’‘›•ˆƒ ‡†Ž‘™‡”’ƒ›ƒ†ˆ‡™‡”’”‘‘–‹‘• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘”‹–‹•Š•‘Ž†‹‡”•Ǥ
• Mistreatment:‡’‘›•‡†—”‡†Šƒ”•Š–”‡ƒ–‡–ˆ”‘”‹–‹•Š‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Foreign Service:Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–†‡‹‡†‡š–”ƒ’ƒ›ˆ‘”†‡’Ž‘›‡–•‘—–•‹†‡ †‹ƒǤ
• Religious Concerns:Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡Ž‹•–‡– –ȋͳͺͷ͸Ȍ Žƒ•Š‡†™‹–Š ‹†—•‡’‘›•̵„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ
• Shared Grievances:‡’‘›••›’ƒ–Š‹œ‡†™‹–Š ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ•–”—‰‰Ž‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
• Religious Conflicts: ‡”˜‹ ‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ Ž‹‡”‡’Žƒ ‹‰–—”„ƒ•™‹–ŠŠƒ–•ȋ‡ŽŽ‘”‡—–‹›ǡͳͺͲ͸Ȍǡ Žƒ•Š‡†™‹–Š
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
MAJOR SEPOY MUTINIES
‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘‘ˆͳͺͷ͹ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–—–‹‹‡•‘ —””‡†ǣ
• Bengal Sepoy Mutiny (1764)ǣ—–‹›ƒ‘‰•‡’‘›•‹‡‰ƒŽǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰‡ƒ”Ž›•‹‰•‘ˆ†‹• ‘–‡–™‹–Š‹–Š‡
”ƒ•Ǥ
• Vellore Mutiny (1806)ǣ ‡’‘›• ‹ ‡ŽŽ‘”‡ ’”‘–‡•–‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ
”ƒ‹•‹‰–Š‡ˆŽƒ‰‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‡”‘ˆ›•‘”‡‹”‡˜‘Ž–Ǥ
• Mutiny of the 47th Native Infantry (1824)ǣ”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘„›•‡’‘›•‘ˆ–Š‡Ͷ͹–Šƒ–‹˜‡ ˆƒ–”›—‹–Ǥ
• Grenadier Company Revolt (1825)„›–Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‡”‘’ƒ›‹••ƒǤ
• Sholapur Mutiny (1838)„›ƒ †‹ƒ”‡‰‹‡–‹Š‘Žƒ’—”Ǥ
• Mutinies of the 34th N.I., 22nd N.I., 66th N.I., and 37th N.I.(Native Infantry)  ȋͳͺͶͶǡ ͳͺͶͻǡ ͳͺͷͲǡ ͳͺͷʹ
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ȍ™‡”‡–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•—–‹‹‡•‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‹ˆƒ–”›—‹–•Ǥ
Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡•‡ —–‹‹‡• ™‡”‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ǡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ‹•‡† ƒ† ™‡”‡ „”—–ƒŽŽ› •—’’”‡••‡† „› –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒ
‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ Š‹• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ˜‹‘Ž‡– ‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‡š‡ —–‹‰ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† †‹•„ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘—• ”‡‰‹‡–•Ǥ
‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‹”Ž‹‹–‡†• ‘’‡ǡ–Š‡•‡—–‹‹‡•’Žƒ›‡†ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹•Šƒ’‹‰–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡””‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‘ —”‹ͳͺͷ͹Ǥ
KEY WORDS:  ‘‘‹ š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹•†ƒ‹ǡ ƒ†‹ ”ƒˆ– †—•–”›‡ Ž‹‡ǡƒ†‡˜‡—‡›•–‡•ǡƒ›ƒ•‹
‡˜‘Ž–ǡ‡ ƒ‹‘–•ǡ †‹‰‘‡˜‘Ž–ǡƒ„ƒ‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ǡƒ”†‘Ž‹ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǡ›‘–™ƒ”‹›•–‡ǡ”‡†ƒ–‘”›‘‡›Ž‡†‹‰ǡ
ƒ‹†ƒ”‹ „‘Ž‹–‹‘ǡ ‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹• ‘–‡–ǡ ’ƒ – ‘ ”‹„ƒŽ ƒ†•ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ ‡‰ƒŽ
™ƒ”‡‡••‹‡ƒ•ƒ–•ǡ—”ƒŽ‘™‡”–”— –—”‡Ǥ

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ͳǤ ‘™†‹†–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ•‹ †‹ƒƒ†™Šƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ʹͲʹ͵
‘’’”‡••‹‘ǫ
ʹǤ Š‡ͳͺͷ͹’”‹•‹‰™ƒ•–Š‡ —Ž‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ —””‡–„‹‰ƒ†•ƒŽŽŽ‘ ƒŽ”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘•–Šƒ–Šƒ† ʹͲͳͻ
‘ —””‡†‹–Š‡’”‡ ‡†‹‰Š—†”‡†›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ǤŽ— ‹†ƒ–‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

3 THE REVOLT OF 1857

There had always been opposition to the East India Company, across regions from various groups. The resistance put
forth by the tribals, peasants, and religious groups had remained localized and haphazardly organized. The Revolt of
1857 was a significant uprising against British rule in which disgruntled princes, disengaged soldiers, and disillusioned
individuals took part.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE BRITISH COLONISTS IN INDIA AND EARLIER INVADERS
• Š‡ establishment of the British Empire in India altered the country's economic, social, and political
landscapeǤ”‘—†ͳ͸Ͳͺǡ”‹–‹•Š•‡––Ž‡”•ƒ””‹˜‡†‹ †‹ƒǤŠ‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ—”‘’‡ƒ•„”‘—‰Š–ƒ„‘—–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•
‹ †‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›̵••‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡•Ǥ
• Š‡ƒŒ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž› ˜ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‹”‡™ƒ•–Šƒ–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—• ˜ƒ†‡”•
brought structural changes in the Indian society, administration and economy.
CAUSES BEHIND 1857 REVOLT


• Political Causes:
o War and Conquests: Š‡ƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›•‡‡†‡††‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ƒ††‹•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‘ƒ‘‰–Š‡†‹•’‘••‡••‡†
”—Ž‹‰†›ƒ•–‹‡•Ǥ
▪ For example, Lord Dalhousie humiliated the royal dynasty by annexing PunjabǤƒŽ‹’‹‰Š™ƒ•†‡’‘•‡†
ƒ††‡’‘”–‡†–‘‰Žƒ†ƒ†ƒ••‡–•‘ˆƒŠ‘”‡ƒ”„ƒ”™‡”‡’—–—’ˆ‘”•ƒŽ‡Ǥ
o Subsidiary alliance:
▪ Š‹•ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†–Š‡”—Ž‡”•‘ˆ †‹ƒˆ”‘Šƒ˜‹‰•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ”‡†ˆ‘” ‡•Ǥ
▪ Š‡›Šƒ†–‘’ƒ›ˆ‘”–Š‡̶Subsidiary forces̶–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘’ƒ›™‘—Ž†—•‡–‘†‡ˆ‡†–Š‡Ǥ
▪ Hyderabad (1798), Mysore (1799), Tanjore (1799), Awadh (1801), Peshwa (Marathas) (1802), and
Scindia (1803), ‡–‡”‡†‹–‘—„•‹†‹ƒ”›ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡•Ǥ
▪ •ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡•‡ †‹ƒ‹‰••—””‡†‡”‡†–Š‡‹”ˆ‘”‡‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Šǡƒ›•‘Ž†‹‡”•Ž‘•––Š‡‹”Œ‘„•Ǥ
▪ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›̵•‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ̶Effective control̶ƒ†–Š‡‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ ‡š–‹ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹˜‡
‹‰†‘•–‘‘ƒ†‡ˆ‹‹–‡•Šƒ’‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
o Doctrine of Lapse: Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆSatara, Jaipur, Sambalpur, Bhagat, Udaipur, Jhansi, and Nagpur ™‡”‡
ƒ‡š‡†„›ƒŽŠ‘—•‹‡ǤŠ‡‘˜‡”–Š”‘™‘ˆWajid Ali Shah ȋ—†Šǡͳͺͷ͸Ȍ ƒ—•‡†”ƒ‰‡ƒ†Šƒ–”‡†–‘•’”‡ƒ†ƒ ”‘••
–Š‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Disrespect for regional rulers: Š‡—•Ž‹•ƒ†–Š‡ ‹†—•„‘–Šˆ‡Ž–”‡•‡–ˆ—Žƒ––Š‡Š—‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ƒŽ
—‰ŠƒŽ‡’‡”‘”•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆƒŽŠ‘—•‹‡ǡƒ‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡›†‡ ‹†‡†–‘
‡–‡”‹–‘ƒƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‡„‡Ž•Ǥ
o Feeling of superiorityǣŠ‡”‹–‹•Š•‘—‰Š––‘’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‡”ƒ ‹ƒŽ›–Š•‘ˆ™Š‹–‡•—’‡”‹‘”‹–›–Š”‘—‰Šƒ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡
’‘Ž‹ ›‘ˆ†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹• ƒ—•‡†‰”‡ƒ–†‹•–”‡••ƒ‘‰ †‹ƒ•Ǥ
o Suspension of Pension: Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ•–‹’‡†‘ˆRani Jindan Šƒ†„‡‡ —–ˆ”‘15,000 pounds to 1,200 pounds,
and Pensions of ƒ•Š‹ƒ‹ǡƒƒƒŠ‹„ǡƒ™ƒ„‘ˆƒŒ‘”‡ƒ†ƒ”ƒ–‹ ™‡”‡ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǤŠ‹•’”‘’–‡†–Š‡
–‘”‡„‡Žƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
• Administrative Causes:
o New Administrative SystemǣŠ‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡—ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ„Ž‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ””‘‰ƒ–ƒ†
• ‘”ˆ—Ž –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ †‹ƒ•Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ• ˆ‘—† ‹– †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –‘ ƒ†ƒ’– –‘ –Š‡ ‡™ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡
•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
o Deprived of benefits and Privileges: Š‡ †‹ƒ ƒ”‹•–‘ ”ƒ › Ž‘•– •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•ǡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡
ƒ‡šƒ–‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆƒ•– †‹ƒǤ
▪ For instanceǡ †‹ƒ‹‰•†‘ƒ–‡†”‡–Ǧˆ”‡‡‡•–ƒ–‡•–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡
‘’ƒ› ‘ˆ‹• ƒ–‡†”‡–Ǧˆ”‡‡’”‘’‡”–›„›ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰–Š‡Inam CommissionǤ
▪ For example,–Š‡Commission in Bombay ƒŽ‘‡•‡‹œ‡†‘˜‡”ʹͲǡͲͲͲ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ
o Exclusion of Indians from lucrative posts: †‹ƒ•™‡”‡‘–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘™‘”ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”’‘•‹–‹‘•‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‘•‡
‹–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž•‡ –‘”•Ǥ‘–‡’–ˆ‘” †‹ƒ•ƒ†”ƒ ‹ƒŽ†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘„”‘—‰Š–†‹• ‘–‡–ƒ†ƒ•‡•‡
‘ˆŠ—‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Prejudiced Rule of LawǣŠ‡”‹–‹•Š Ž‡‰ƒŽ •›•–‡ ™ƒ• complexǡ ƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”‹‰Œ—•–‹ ‡™ƒ• costly ƒ† time-
consuming. Š‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•›•–‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡•‡–‡––‘™ƒ”†–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ†•‡”˜‡†
ƒ•ƒ‘–Š‡””‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–—–‹›Ǥ
• Economic Causesǣ
o Ruin of the Mercantile Class:
▪ ”‹–‹•Š‹’‘•‡†Š‹‰Š–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•‘ †‹ƒ‰‘‘†•ǡ ”‹’’Ž‹‰ †‹ƒ–”ƒ†‡Ǥ
▪ ›–Š‡‹†Ǧͳͻ–Š ‡–—”›ǡ †‹ƒ‡š’‘”–•‘ˆ ‘––‘ƒ†•‹Ž’”‘†— –•‡ƒ”Ž› ‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ
o Land Revenue System:
▪ †‹ƒ•Šƒ†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡Ž‡––‡”•‘ˆ‰”ƒ––‘’”‘˜‡’”‘’‡”–›”‹‰Š–•Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›Ǥ
▪ ƒ‘‹••‹‘ǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›‘”†ƒŽŠ‘—•‹‡ǡ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Žƒ†Ž‘”†•̵–‹–Ž‡†‘ —‡–•Ǥ
▪ ƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘•Š‘™†‘ —‡–•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹Ž‘••‘ˆ‘™‡”•Š‹’ Žƒ‹•Ǥ
o Destroyed indigenous industries:
▪ ƒ†ƒ†‡’”‘†— –• ‘—Ž†̵– ‘’‡–‡™‹–Š‰Ž‹•Š‰‘‘†•Ǥ
▪ †‹ƒƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰•—ˆˆ‡”‡†ˆ”‘ˆ”‡‡–”ƒ†‡ƒ†Žƒ ‘ˆ’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡†—–‹‡•‘‰Ž‹•Šƒ Š‹‡Ǧƒ†‡‰‘‘†•Ǥ
o Exploitation through Plantation:
▪ Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘‹†—•–”‹‡•Ž‹‡‹†‹‰‘ǡŒ—–‡ǡ–‡ƒǡƒ† ‘ˆˆ‡‡ƒ†‡Ž‹ˆ‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ˆ‘”’Žƒ–‡”•Ǥ
▪ Š—ƒ‡–”‡ƒ–‡–ƒ†’‡”•‡ —–‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡”•ˆ—‡Ž‡†”‡•‡–‡–ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡—–‹›Ǥ
o Economic Drain:
▪ ”‹–‹ ‹•‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ˆ—‡Ž‡†ƒ–‹Ǧ”‹–‹•Š•‡–‹‡–Ǥ
▪  ‘‘‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ˆ‘•–‡”‡†•‡’–‹ ‹•‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š‹–‡–‹‘•ǡ’ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ
• Socio-Religious Causes:
o Attitude of Social Exclusiveness: †‹ƒ• ™‡”‡ †‹•’Ž‡ƒ•‡† ™‹–Š ”‹–‹•Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡š Ž—•‹˜‹–› ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
ƒ””‘‰ƒ––”‡ƒ–‡–ǤŠ‡› ‘—Ž†„‡‹•—Ž–‡†ǡƒ––ƒ ‡†ǡƒ†‡˜‡‹ŽŽ‡†„›–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤFor instance Ǧ˜‡”›ƒ–‹˜‡
™ƒ•ˆ‘” ‡†–‘•ƒŽ—–‡ƒŽŽ‰Ž‹•Š‡‹–Š‡•–”‡‡–•Ǥ
o Missionary Activities:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡charter act of 1813ǡ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•™‡”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘†‹••‡‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”
ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ† ‡•–‡” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ †‹ƒ• ™‡”‡ •—•’‹ ‹‘—• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‹ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‘˜‡–‹‘• ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•
–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
o Social Legislations: Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ†‡ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‹Ž••— Šƒ•child marriage, infanticide, and
Sati etc. Š‡‘”–Š‘†‘š™‡”‡‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Empowering Rights: ƒ™•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ‹Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡ǡ‹†‘™”‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†• Š‘‘Ž•ǡƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆ‘”
‡•–‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”™‘‡™‡”‡‘–™‡ŽŽ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†„› ‹†—•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
o Decrease in the influence of religious people: Š‡”‹–‹•Š˜‹‡™‡†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’‡‘’Ž‡–‘„‡‘’ƒ”™‹–Š‘”†‹ƒ”›
‹–‹œ‡•™‹–Š‘—–‰‹˜‹‰ƒ›•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•ǤŠ‹• ƒ—•‡†–Š‡–‘„‡ ‘‡„‹––‡”‡‡‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‹”‡Ǥ
o Circulation of mysterious things: Š‡—”‡•–™ƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡›•–‡”‹‘—•‘„Œ‡ –•Ž‹‡ happatis, cakes,
and lotus flowersǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡ ‹” —Žƒ–‡†ƒ ”‘••˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ”‘—†ͳͺͷͲǤ
o Superstitious BeliefǣŠ‡ƒ••‡•ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†–Š‡‡†‘ˆ”‹–‹•Šƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ––Š‡ ‡–‡‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ••‡›
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘ —‡ʹ͵ǡͳͺͷ͹Ǥ
• Military Causes:
o Afghan War Debacle:
▪ ”‹–‹•Š‹Ž‹–ƒ”›†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡’Ž—‡–‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‰Šƒ™ƒ”ȋͳͺ͵ͺ–ͶʹȌǤ
▪ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ•‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‹–‹•Š™‡”‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘™‹–Š†”ƒ™ˆ”‘ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒǡ™‹–Š‘Ž›‘‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•—”˜‹˜‹‰Ǥ
o Erosion of Loyalty to the Army:
▪ †‹ƒ–”‘‘’•„‡‰ƒ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡‹ƒ‹†‹‰‰Ž‹•Š‡š’ƒ•‹‘ƒ†‡š’Ž‘‹–‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
▪ ‡ƒ” ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ˆ—–—”‡ ‰”‡™ †—‡ –‘ ”‡ ”—‹–‡– ‘ˆ —”Šƒ•ǡ ‹Š•ǡ ƒ† ‹””‡‰—Žƒ” ˆ‘” ‡• ‹ —Œƒ„ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
ˆ”‘–‹‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
o Legislation to Go Abroad: Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡Ž‹•–‡– –ȋͳͺͷ͸Ȍƒ†ƒ–‡†•‡’‘›•–‘ƒ ‡’–†—–›–‘ˆ‹‰Š–
‘˜‡”•‡ƒ•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘”‡•‡–‡––‘™ƒ”†–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
o Disparity among Indian and British Soldiers:
▪ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‰ƒ’‡š‹•–‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ† †‹ƒƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
▪ †‹ƒ–”‘‘’•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ––ƒ ‹‰”‹–‹•Š’‘™‡”‹ †‹ƒ ‘—Ž†‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹–Ǥ
o Crimean War:
▪ ƒ› †‹ƒ•‘Ž†‹‡”•ˆ‘—‰Š–‹–Š‡”‹‡ƒƒ”ǡ™Š‡”‡”‹–‹•Šˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•—†‡”‹‡†‘”ƒŽ‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
o Lubricated Cartridges:
▪ ‡’‘›•Šƒ†–‘„‹–‡ ƒ”–”‹†‰‡•̵–‹’•ǡƒ†”—‘”••’”‡ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡›™‡”‡Ž—„”‹ ƒ–‡†™‹–Š ‘™ƒ†’‹‰ˆƒ–Ǥ
▪ ‡’‘›•™‡”‡‹ ‡•‡†„›–Š‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‹•—Ž––‘–Š‡‹””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ
BEGINNING AND SPREAD OF THE REVOLT
• Š‡ͳͺͷ͹—’”‹•‹‰–‘‘’Žƒ ‡‹‡‡”—–ǡ™Š‡”‡85 cavalry regiment sepoys ™‡”‡•‡–‡ ‡†–‘ʹǦͳͲ›‡ƒ”•‹’”‹•‘
ˆ‘””‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘—•‡‰”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ”–”‹†‰‡•ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰†ƒ›ǡ‘May 10, 1857ǡ–Š”‡‡”‡‰‹‡–•™‡–‘–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡Ǥ
Š‡›ƒ••ƒ••‹ƒ–‡†”‹–‹•Š‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ƒ†„”‘‡‘’‡–Š‡’”‹•‘†‘‘”•–‘ˆ”‡‡–Š‡‹” ‘”ƒ†‡•Ǥ
• Mangal Pandey ™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‘Ž†‹‡”–‘‘’‡Ž›†‡ˆ› ‘ƒ†Ǥƒ” Šʹͻǡ ͳͺͷ͹ǡŠ‡ƒ••ƒ••‹ƒ–‡†–™‘ English
officers in Barrackpore, near Calcutta. ‡ ™ƒ• ƒ’’”‡Š‡†‡†ǡ –”‹‡†ǡ ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‡†Ǥ ƒ””ƒ ’‘”‡ ”‡‰‹‡–• ™‡”‡
†‹•„ƒ†‡†Ǥ


CHOICE OF BAHADUR SHAH AS SYMBOLIC HEAD

• Š‡‘‰”‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ†›ƒ•–›Šƒ†„‡ ‘‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•›„‘Ž‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ—‹–›Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‡ŽŠ‹
™ƒ••‘‘–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒŠ‘–„‡†‘ˆ”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ǡ™‹–ŠƒŠƒ†—”ŠƒŠƒ•‹–••›„‘ŽǤ
• ƒŠƒ†—”ŠƒŠƒˆƒ”ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•‡Ž†‡”Ž›ƒ†’‘™‡”Ž‡••ǡ™ƒ• ”‘™‡†’‡”‘”‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN THE REVOLT
• ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡—’”‹•‹‰™ƒ•Žƒ”‰‡ƒ†™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ǡ‹–™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ‘•–Ž›ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†ǡ—‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ǡƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ
• According to famous historian Dr R.C. Mazumdar, it had a localized, constrained, and poorly organized
character rather than an all-Indian one.
• Punjab, the United Provinces, Rohilkhand, Oudh, –Š‡–‡””‹–‘”›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒƒ†–Š‡Šƒ„ƒŽǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•
–Š‡western portions of Bengal and Bihar ‘–Š‡‘”–ŠǦƒ•–‡”„‘”†‡”ǡ™‡”‡–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‹’ƒ –‡†Ǥ
• Afghanistan ™ƒ• ‘”†‹ƒŽ†—”‹‰‘•–‘Šƒƒ†̵•”—Ž‡ǤRajputana ™ƒ•†‡’‡†ƒ„Ž‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡Sindh ™ƒ•“—‹‡–Ǥ
DELHI
• ‡ŽŠ‹™ƒ• ƒ’–—”‡†„›–Š‡•‡’‘›•‘May 12, 1857ǤŠ‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‰‡–ˆ”‘‰Žƒ†ǡSimon FraserǤ–Ǥ‹ŽŽ‘—‰Š„›
ƒ––‡’–‡†–‘ˆ‹‰Š–„ƒ „—–™ƒ•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†Ǣƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡŠ‡•‡––Š‡‡ŽŠ‹ƒ—‹–‹‘†—’‘ˆ‹”‡Ǥ
• ƒŠƒ†—”ŠƒŠ ™ƒ•†‡ Žƒ”‡†–Š‡’‡”‘”‘ˆ‡ŽŠ‹Ǥ ‡™ƒ•‡”‡Ž›ƒ –‹‰ƒ•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”ǢƒŠ–ŠƒŠ‡Ž†–Š‡”‡‹•
‘ˆ’‘™‡”ǤSeptember 20, 1857ǡ–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š–‘‘„ƒ  ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ‡ŽŠ‹Ǥ
• ‡ŽŠ‹™ƒ•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡†„›Henry Bernard and BG WilsonǤ
• ƒŠƒ†—”ŠƒŠ ǡ™Š‘•‘—‰Š–”‡ˆ—‰‡‹–Š‡ —ƒ›—‘„ǡ™ƒ•detained by Lt. Hudson and. He was deported to
Rangoon.
• John Nicholson • ƒŽ‡†–Š‡ƒ•Š‹”‰ƒ–‡ƒ†–‘‘ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›‡–”ƒ ‡ǡ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰•‡”‹‘—•‹Œ—”‹‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
BIHAR
• Kunwar Singh ™ƒ•ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”†—”‹‰–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘‘ˆͳͺͷ͹Ǥ ‡„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘Jagdispur, Š‘Œ’—”†‹•–”‹ –ǡ‹Šƒ”Ǥ
• ––Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ80ǡŠ‡Ž‡†ƒ•‡Ž‡ –‡†„ƒ†‘ˆƒ”‡†•‘Ž†‹‡”•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡–”‘‘’•—†‡”–Š‡ ‘ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ•–
†‹ƒ‘’ƒ›Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ƒ‡š’‡”–‹–Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ‰—‡”‹ŽŽƒ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡Ǥ
• ‡™ƒ•ƒ••‹•–‡†„›Babu Amar Singh, and his commander-in-chief, Hare Krishna SinghǤ
OTHER STATES
Places Features of Revolts
Assam ‹™ƒƒ”ƒ—––ƒˆ‘—‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•Š
Maharashtra ƒ–ƒ”ƒ–ƒ‰—ƒ’—Œ‹ —’–‡
Himachal —ŽŽ—–ƒƒ”ƒ–ƒ’‹‰ŠƬ‡‡”‹‰Š
Pradesh

WEAKNESS OF THE 1857 REVOLT

• Localized Nature:
o ‡•’‹–‡‹–•‹–‡•‹–›ǡ–Š‡ͳͺͷ͹—’”‹•‹‰™ƒ•Ž‹‹–‡†‹• ‘’‡ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ”Ǥ ǤǤ ƒœ—†ƒ” †‡• ”‹„‡† ‹– ƒ• Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡ ‘•–”ƒ‹‡†ǡ ƒ† ’‘‘”Ž› ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ ƒ–‹‘™‹†‡
‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Unequal Spreads:
o Š‡ —’”‹•‹‰ ™ƒ• ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡† ‹ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ† ‡–”ƒŽ †‹ƒǡ ™‹–Š ƒ•–‡”ǡ ‘—–Š‡”ǡ ƒ†
‡•–‡””‡‰‹‘•Ž‡••ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†Ǥ
o Š‡ƒ”‹‡•‹ƒ†”ƒ•ƒ†‘„ƒ›”‡ƒ‹‡†Ž‘›ƒŽ–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›Ǥ
• Premature Start to the Revolt:
o ”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›’Žƒ‡†ˆ‘”ƒ›͵ͳ•–ǡͳͺͷ͹ǡ–Š‡—’”‹•‹‰„‡‰ƒ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‘ƒ›ͳͲ–Š‹‡‡”—–Ǥ
o ”‹‰‰‡”•‹ Ž—†‡†‡˜‡–•Ž‹‡–Š‡Šƒ‰‹‰‘ˆƒ‰ƒŽƒ†‡›ƒ†–Š‡†‹•„ƒ†‡–‘ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹ †‹ƒ”‡‰‹‡–•Ǥ
• Lack of Organizational Cohesion and Unity:
o †‹ƒ”‡„‡Ž•Žƒ ‡†’”‘’‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆƒ ‡†™‡ƒ ‡–”ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ
o ‡•’‹–‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„”ƒ˜‡”›ǡ–Š‡›Žƒ ‡†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘ ‡”–‡†ƒ –‹‘Ǥ
• Lack of Leadership:
o ‡™ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ž‹‡ƒ„——™ƒ”‹‰Šǡ–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ Šƒ•‹ǡƒ–›ƒ‘’‡ǡƒ†ƒƒƒŠ‹„‡‡”‰‡†Ǥ
o ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’™ƒ•ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†Ǥ
• Individual Rivalries among the Mutineers:
o ‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž–™‡”‡’Žƒ‰—‡†„›’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‹˜ƒŽ”‹‡•ƒ†Œ‡ƒŽ‘—•›ǡŠ‹†‡”‹‰—‹–›Ǥ
o ‘–‹—‘—•‹–”‹‰—‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”™‡ƒ‡‡†–Š‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Weak Safeguard from Bahadur Shah Jafar:
o Š‡Žƒ•–—‰ŠƒŽ‡’‡”‘”Žƒ ‡†•–”‡‰–Šƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
o ‹•‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ž‡ƒ†ƒ†•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†”‡‰‹‘• ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž–Ǥ
• No Unified Ideology:
o ƒ ‘ˆ’”‘‹‡–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹†‡”‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ—‹ˆ‹‡†‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
o Š‡”‡˜‘Ž–Žƒ ‡†ƒ ‘Š‡•‹˜‡˜‹•‹‘‘”†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
• Poor Arms and Ammunition:
o ‡„‡Ž•Šƒ†‹ˆ‡”‹‘”™‡ƒ’‘”› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Šǡ™Š‘’‘••‡••‡†‘†‡””‹ˆŽ‡•ƒ†ƒ”•Ǥ
o †‹ƒ”‡„‡Ž•Šƒ†‘—–†ƒ–‡†ƒ†Ž‹‹–‡† ƒ‘•ǡ•™‘”†•ǡƒ†ˆ‹”‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Superiority of the British in War Technology:
o ”‹–‹•Šƒ˜ƒŽ’‘™‡”™ƒ•—ƒ– Š‡††—”‹‰–Š‡’‡”‹‘†ǡ‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
o Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ”›ǡ™‹–Š‹–••—’‡”‹‘”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒ”‡„‡Ž•Ǥ
• Surveillance System Revealed Insurgent Intentions:
o ”‹–‹•ŠŠƒ†ƒ ‡••–‘†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹•—”‰‡–•̵’Žƒ•ǡ‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡ƒƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‹ ‘—–‡”‹‰
–Š‡—’”‹•‹‰Ǥ
• Limitless resources of the British Imperial Empire: Š‡”‹–‹•Š†‡’Ž‘›‡†Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”•‘ˆ–”‘‘’•ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•
’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹‰–Š‡ †‹ƒ”‡„‡Ž•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”•Š‡‡”—‡”‹ ƒŽ•—’‡”‹‘”‹–›Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
AFTERMATHS OF THE REBELLION
POSITIVE IMPACTS
• Transfer of Power:
o Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Š ”‘™™ƒ•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡GoI Act 1858.
o †‡”–Š‹• –ǡ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡™ƒ•—†‡”–Š‡ ”‘™–Š”‘—‰ŠƒSecretary of StateǤ
o ‡™ƒ•ƒ†‡†‹”‡ –Ž›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǤIndia Council ™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ••‹•–ƒ†ƒ†˜‹•‡Š‹
‹–”ƒ•ƒ –‹‰–Š‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”•‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Queen Proclamation 1858 and onwards roadmap: Š‡ƒ‘— ‡†–Š‡ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘
ƒ† ƒ••—”‡† –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› ™‘—Ž† „‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ– ’ƒ” ™‹–Š –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ”‘™Ǥ Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”
‡‡”ƒŽ„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡‹ ‡”‘›Ǥ
• Reorganization of the Indian Army: ƒŒ‘” Šƒ‰‡••— Šƒ•”‡ƒŽ‹‰‹‰’”‘’‘”–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‰Ž‹•Šƒ† †‹ƒ
”›ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•ǡ‡– Ǥ™‡”‡„”‘—‰Š–Ǥ
• Increase in participation in governance:
o †‡” –Š‡ GoI Act 1858ǡ –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘™ ™ƒ• –‘ „‡ ‡š‡” ‹•‡† „› –Š‡ Š‘‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹ ‰Žƒ†
‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡secretary of state for India.
o Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘•‡”˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡ ‘”‡”•–‘‡ˆ‘”ƒ‡™”‹–‹•Š•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹ †‹ƒˆ‘”ƒŽ‘•–•‹š–››‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Abolished Annexation policy: ”‹–‹•Š ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‰ƒ˜‡ —’ ƒ‡šƒ–‹‘ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ †‘ –”‹‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ’•‡ ƒ†
‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡†–Š‡‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Right of adoption: Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹ ‡Ž› –ƒ–‡• ƒ† Š‡ ‡ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ‘ˆ
ƒ†‘’–‹‘„›–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡’”‹ ‡•™ƒ•†—Ž›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†Ǥ
• Freedom of religion and equal treatment: •’‡”–Š‡’”‘ Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—‡‡ǡˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘™ƒ•‰”ƒ–‡†
–‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹ †‹ƒƒ†–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘˜‘™‡†‡˜‡”–‘Š—”–ƒ›‘‡̵•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—••‡–‹‡–•‹ƒ›™ƒ›Ǥ
• Occupancy rightsǣ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‡‰ƒŽ‡– –‘ˆͳͺͷͻǡˆƒ”‡”•™Š‘Šƒ†‘™‡†’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‹‡Ž†•ˆ‘”‘”‡–Šƒ
ͳʹ›‡ƒ”•™‡”‡‡–‹–Ž‡†–‘‘ —’ƒ ›”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Other reforms:
o ‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•™‡”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ–‘Žƒ–ƒƒ†ƒ†”ƒ•
o –”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‘†‡‘ˆ”‹‹ƒŽ”‘ ‡†—”‡
o ƒ –‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹‰Š‘—”–• –
o †‹ƒ‡ƒŽ‘†‡ȋͳͺͷͺȌ
o ƒ••‹‰‘ˆ †‹ƒ‘— ‹Ž• –ǡͳͺ͸ͳ‹–”‘†— ‡†ƒ’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘•›•–‡‹ †‹ƒ
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
• Increase in Racial Animosity: †‹ƒ•™‡”‡‡„ƒ””ƒ••‡†ƒ†‹•—Ž–‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’ƒ‹–‡†–Š‡ƒ•„‡‹‰
—”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥƒ ‹ƒŽŠ‘•–‹Ž‹–›‰”‡™„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‰Ž‹•Šƒ†–Š‡ †‹ƒ•ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‹•Ǥ
• Reversal of Social Reformsǣ Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž– ’‡”•—ƒ†‡† –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š –Šƒ– ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‹‰ ™‹–Š †‹ƒ̵• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† •‘ ‹‘Ǧ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡•™ƒ• ‘—–‡”’”‘†— –‹˜‡ǤŠ‡”‹–‹•Š™‡”‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘–ƒ‡ƒ„ƒ •‡ƒ–ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡Š‡‡–
”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Increased focus on administrative changesǣˆ–‡”–Š‡‡˜‘Ž–‘ˆͳͺͷ͹ǡ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š†‡ ‹†‡†–‘ˆ‘ —•‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰
ƒ •–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ „”‹‰‹‰ ‡•–‡” ‘ ‡’–• ƒ† ”‡ˆ‘”‹‰ ƒ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† •‹ƒ
•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Policy of Divide and Rule: ‘•–Ǧ”‡˜‘Ž–ǡ–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠŠƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–Š‡‘•–—• ”—’—Ž‘—•’‘Ž‹ ›–‘†‹˜‹†‡–Š‡ †‹ƒ•
‹–‘ ƒ•–‡•ƒ† Žƒ••‡•Ǥ‡ ‘—‹–›™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‹†—•™‡”‡”ƒ‰‡†ƒ‘‰ ƒ•–‡•ǡƒ†—•Ž‹•
™‡”‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘ˆ‹‰Š–™‹–Š ‹†—•Ǥ
• Differences in opinion among Muslims and Hindus widen: Š‡ ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —–‹› ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ
‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‹†—•ƒ†–Š‡—•Ž‹•ǤŠ‡—•Ž‹•Šƒ††‹•’Žƒ›‡†‡‡‡”ƒ†‘”‡’‡”˜ƒ•‹˜‡
•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡„‡Ž•Ǥ
• Replacement of Territorial conquest with economic exploitation: ‹–Š–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ǡ–Š‡‡”ƒ
‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ ‘“—‡•– ƒ‡–‘ƒ‡†ƒ†–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ ‘“—‡•–•‰ƒ˜‡’Žƒ ‡–‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡ †‹ƒ•„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‡”•Ǥ
• Slowdown in Muslim Renaissance: —•Ž‹‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†„‡‡‰”‘™‹‰‹‡ŽŠ‹„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡—–‹›‰‘–
ƒ‹””‡’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡•‡–„ƒ Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘C.F. Andrews, ‹–̵•‘–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘–”ƒ ‡–Š‡ˆƒ–ƒŽŠƒ˜‘ –‘–Š‡„—††‹‰•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ
Ž‹ˆ‡–Šƒ–—–‹›™”‘—‰Š–Ǥ
• Structural change in Armyǣ –Ž‡†–‘†”ƒ•–‹ ”‡†— –‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ••‘Ž†‹‡”•ˆ”‘2.4 lakhs in 1857 to 1.4 lakh by
1863, ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ—”‘’‡ƒ•‘Ž†‹‡”•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘ͶͷǡͲͲͲ–‘͸ͷǡͲͲͲǤ

23
PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
VIEWS AND PERSPECTIVES OF PROMINENT PERSONALITIES
Said by Statements/ Views
S. N. Sen Š‡ ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‘Ž–™‡”‡‹Š‡”‡–‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ –™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ”•–ƒ”–‡†
ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘„—–‰‘‡•‹–‘ƒ™ƒ”‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡
Maulana Abul †‹ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” Šƒ† •— ˜‡”› Ž‘™ ‡Ž† ”‹–‹•Š ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡˜‘Ž– ƒ†
Kalam Azad ƒ ‡’–‡†‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‹• ‘–‡–ƒ‘‰’‡‘’Ž‡
Pt. Jawahar Lal ‘– ‘Ž› •‡’‘› —–‹›ǡ ˆ‘”‡† –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž ”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ ˆ‘” ™ƒ• ˆ‡—†ƒŽ‹•
Nehru –Š‘—‰Š•‘‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‡Ž‡‡–•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘’”‡•‡–Ǥ
Stanley Wolpert It was far more than a mutiny, …yet much less than a first war of Independence
V.D.Savarkar ‹”•–™ƒ”‘ˆ †‹ƒ™ƒ”‘ˆ †‡’‡†‡ ‡
Dr. Tarachand Š‡‡˜‘Ž–™ƒ••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›‹††Ž‡‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ƭ”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡’‘™‡”Ž‡•• Žƒ••–‘‰‡–„ƒ 
–Š‡‹”Ž‘•–’‘™‡”
NATURE OF THE REVOLT
• Historians' perspectives on the Nature of the Uprising:
o Š‡”‹–‹•ŠŽƒ„‡Ž‡†‹–ƒ•ƒ̶‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‡˜‘Ž–ǡ̶Žƒ ‹‰’‘’—Žƒ”•—’’‘”–‘”’”‘‹‡–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ
o †‹ƒ’ƒ–”‹‘–•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠƒ‹Ž‡†‹–ƒ•–Š‡̶ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‘ˆ †‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ̶
• The Nature and Character of the Revolt of 1857 A.D. included:
o ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‡˜‘Ž–
o ––‡’––‘”‡•–‘”‡—‰ŠƒŽ‘™‡”
o ”‹•–‘ ”ƒ–‡ƒ –‹‘
o ‡ƒ•ƒ–‡ƒ –‹‘
o ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘
o ƒ ‹ƒŽ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ˆ‘” •—’”‡ƒ › „‡–™‡‡ Žƒ 
ƒ†Š‹–‡
o –”—‰‰Ž‡ „‡–™‡‡ ”‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ†  ‹†‡–ƒŽ
‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†—Ž–—”‡
o ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‘ˆ †‡’‡†‡ ‡
• ‘‰–Š‡•‡ǡ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‡˜‘Ž–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”
‘ˆ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ™‡”‡ –Š‡ ‘•– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‡†‘”•‡†„›–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ•Ǥ
PERSPECTIVE: A MILITARY REVOLT
• Historian Views:
o  ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ•Ž‹‡Sir John Lawrence and Seelay, –Š‡‡˜‘Ž–‘ˆͳͺͷ͹™ƒ•ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›—’”‹•‹‰Ǥ
o ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› †‹ƒ•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Munshi Jiwan Lal, Moinuddin, Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan, Durgadas
Bandopadhyaya ‡– Ǥǡ•Šƒ”‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡‘’‹‹‘Ǥ
o –Š‡„‘‘̶The Sepoy Mutiny and The Revolt of 1857ǡ̶R.C. Mujumdar ƒ‡•–Š‡ ƒ•‡–Šƒ––Š‡—’”‹•‹‰™ƒ•
‘–ƒ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ”Ǥ
• Reasons for this argument:
o Localised Spread near Military CentersǣŠ‡”‡˜‘Ž–Šƒ†only spread to a small portion of Northern IndiaǢ‹–
Šƒ†‘–•’”‡ƒ†–‘ƒ›‘–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š †‹ƒ‘”‘—–Š‡” †‹ƒǤ
o Erupted in Military Areasǣ Š‡ —’”‹•‹‰ „‡‰ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ–‘‡– ƒ”‡ƒ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ† ‰ƒ‹‡†
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ƒ––Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡–”‡•Ǥ
o Active Participation of Soldiers: Š‡ •‘Ž†‹‡”• •–ƒ”–‡† –ƒ‹‰—’ ƒ”• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Šǡ –Š‡ –›”ƒ–• Ž‹‡
ƒƒƒŠ‹„ǡƒŠƒ†—”ŠƒŠǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ Šƒ•‹ ƒ‡ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ǥ
o Suppressed by British soldiersǣ ˆ ‹– ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ” ‘ˆ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ •ƒŽŽ ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‹–‹•Š
–”‘‘’• ‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡•—’’”‡••‡†–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž–Ǥ
o Mainly ntouched from VillagesǣŠ‡ͳͺͷ͹—’”‹•‹‰•ƒ™˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ƒ†™ƒ• ‘–ƒ‹‡†–‘–Š‡ ‹–‹‡•
ƒ†–‘™•ǡƒ††‹†‘–•’”‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ
PERSPECTIVE: FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
• Dr. K.M. Panikar Šƒ• ƒŽŽ‡†–Šƒ–”‡˜‘Ž–ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǤV.D. Savarkar and Ashok Mehta Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽŽ‡†‹––Š‡
ƒ”‘ˆ †‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ

24
PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• –Š‡‘”†•‘ˆPt. Nehru: Š‡”‡˜‘Ž–™ƒ•— Š‘”‡–Šƒƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›—–‹›ƒ†‹–•’”‡ƒ†”ƒ’‹†Ž›ƒ†ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†–Š‡
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆƒ’‘’—Žƒ””‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ƒ†ƒ™ƒ”‘ˆ †‹ƒ †‡’‡†‡ ‡
• Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Conservative Party Mr Benjamin Dasraily, ƒŽŽ‡† ‹– ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —–‹›Ǥ ‡
‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–ǦŠ‡”‡˜‘Ž–™ƒ•‘––Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ›‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ƒ—•‡‹•–‡ƒ†‹–™ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†
‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†’ŽƒǤ
• Reasons for this argument:
o –••’”‡ƒ†™ƒ•™‹†‡ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†Ǥ
o Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•ǡœƒ‹†ƒ”•ƒ†ƒ–‹˜‡”—Ž‡”•ƒŽ•‘•Š‘™‡†–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Š‡ ”‡˜‘Ž– ”‡ƒ‹‡† ‹ ˆ‘” ‡ ˆ‘” ƒ› ‘–Š• ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ
‘‘’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
o ‘–Š ‹†—•ƒ†—•Ž‹•–‘‘’ƒ”–‹–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž–Œ‘‹–Ž›ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
o ‘•–Ž›ǡ‘‘’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ† ‹–‹œ‡•™‡”‡’—‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
o Ž‘‰™‹–Š‡ǡ™‘‡ƒŽ•‘–‘‘ƒƒ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹–Šƒ–”‡˜‘Ž–Ǥ
The revolt of 1857 may not be classified as black or white. However, it had seeds against imperialism and united people
for nationalism. In spite of its limitations and weaknesses, the effort of the sepoys to liberate the country from foreign
rule was a patriotic act. It established the local traditions of resistance to British rule which were pave the way for
modern national movement.
RELIGIOUS UNITY IN REGIONAL BATTLES OF 1857
• Ayodhya (Baba Ramcharan Das & Maulana Ameer Ali):
o ƒ—Žƒƒ‡‡”Ž‹ǡ ‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ—Ž˜‹ ‘ˆ›‘†Š›ƒǡƒ†ƒ„ƒ ƒ Šƒ”ƒƒ•ˆ”‘ ƒ—ƒ ƒ”Š‹Ž‡†–Š‡
ƒ”‡†”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ǥ
o Š‡›™‡”‡ ƒ’–—”‡†ƒ†‡š‡ —–‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡŠƒ‰‡†‘ƒ–ƒƒ”‹†–”‡‡ƒ–—„‡”‡‡Žƒ‹›‘†Š›ƒǤ
• Rohilkhand (Khan Bahadur Khan & Khushi Ram):
o ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ’”‘ Žƒƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡– †‹ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹ ‡ŽŠ‹ ‘ ƒ› ͳͳǡ ͳͺͷ͹ǡ Šƒ ƒŠƒ†—” Šƒ
„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡˜‹ ‡”‘›‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ŠƒŽ‡’‡”‘”Ǥ
o ‡ˆ‘”‡†ƒ ‘‹––‡‡™‹–Š‡‹‰Š–‡„‡”•ǡ ‘’”‹•‹‰ ‹†—•ƒ†—•Ž‹•ǡ–‘‰‘˜‡”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ™‹–ŠŠ—•Š‹
ƒƒ•Š‹•†‡’—–›Ǥ
o Š‹•‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡•’‡ –‡† ‹†—•‡–‹‡–•„›’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‰ ‘™•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Ǥ
o Šƒƒ†Š—•Š‹ƒŽ‡†–”‘‘’•‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ„ƒ––Ž‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•Š„—–™‡”‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†‹ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
„ƒ––Ž‡ƒ–ƒ”‡‹ŽŽ›ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡‡š‡ —–‡†ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šƒ›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡”•‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡‘Ž†‘–™ƒŽ‹‘ƒ” ŠʹͲǡͳͺ͸ͲǤ
• Central India:
o Šƒ•‹ǣƒ‹ƒš‹„ƒ‹ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š—•Ž‹ ‘ƒ†‡”• Š—Žƒ Š‘—•‡Šƒƒ†Š—†ƒƒŠ•Šǡˆ‹‡” ‡Ž›”‡•‹•–‡†
”‹–‹•Šˆ‘” ‡•Ǥ
o —•Ž‹Žƒ†›—œƒ”ǡƒ‹ƒš‹„ƒ‹̵•’‡”•‘ƒŽ„‘†›‰—ƒ”†ǡ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡†Š‡”Ž‹ˆ‡ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ‹‹–Š‡„ƒ––Ž‡ƒ–
‘–ƒŠǦ‹Ǧƒ”ƒ‹‹ ™ƒŽ‹‘”‘ —‡ͳͺǡͳͺͷͺǤ
o ƒŽ™ƒ ”‡‰‹‘ǣ ƒ–‹ƒ ‘’‡ǡ ƒ‘ ƒŠ‡„ǡ ƒš‹ ƒ‹ǡ ‡”‘œ•ŠƒŠǡ ƒ† ‘—Ž˜‹ ƒœƒŽ ƒ“ ˆ‘”‡† ƒ Œ‘‹– ‘ƒ†ǡ
‘„‹Ž‹œ‹‰ƒŽƒ”‰‡”‡„‡Žƒ”›‘ˆ͹ͲǦͺͲ–Š‘—•ƒ†ˆ‹‰Š–‡”•ǤŠ‹•ƒ”›™‘—‡”‘—•„ƒ––Ž‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
• Delhi:
o ‘–Š ‹†— ƒ† —•Ž‹ ‘—‹–‹‡• ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡† –‘ —†‡”‹‡ ”‹–‹•Š ”—Ž‡ǡ †‡ Žƒ”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ŽŠ‹ —Ž–ƒ
ƒŠƒ†—”•ŠƒŠƒˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡‹”Ž‡ƒ†‡”Ǥ
o Š‡›’Ž‡†‰‡†–Šƒ–‹ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—ŽǡƒŠƒ†—”•ŠƒŠƒˆƒ”™‘—Ž†„‡”‡‹•–ƒ–‡†ƒ•–Š‡—Ž–ƒ‘ˆ‡ŽŠ‹ǡ•Š‘™ ƒ•‹‰—‹–›
ƒ†•‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›Ǥ
UPRISING OF 1857: AN IMPORTANT WATERSHED IN THE EVOLUTION OF BRITISH POLICIES TOWARDS
COLONIAL INDIA
• Š‡ͳͺͷ͹—’”‹•‹‰•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–‘™ƒ”†‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ †‹ƒˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–ͻͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ
‡š’ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‹”‡’‹”‡ǡ”‹–‹•Šƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•„‡‰ƒ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‰‘”‡‘‹–• ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• –‹••‡‡ƒ•ƒ™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†–Šƒ–ƒ”•–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ƒ‡”ƒ‘ˆ•™‹ˆ–”‡ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ”‹‰‹† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹•Ǥ
Š‡”‹–‹•Š„”‘—‰Š– Šƒ‰‡•‹ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡ –‘”•Ǧ
o Infrastructural Developmentǣ –Š‡›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡—’”‹•‹‰ǡ–Š‡—‡œƒƒŽ™ƒ•‘’‡‡†‹ͳͺ͸ͻ™Š‹ Š
‡ƒ•‡†–”ƒ˜‡Ž„‡–™‡‡‰Žƒ†ƒ† †‹ƒǤ
o Governance:
▪ Lord Mayo „‡‰ƒ–Š‡†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘–”‡†ˆ‘””‡˜‡—‡‹ͳͺ͹ͲǤƒ–‡”ǡ‘”†‹’‘’”‘Ž‘‰‡†–Š‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡
— Š‘”‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
▪ ”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ”—Ž‡”• •’Ž‹– †‹ƒ ‹–‘ –Š‡  Bengal, Bombay, and Madras PresidenciesǤ Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”̵•
š‡ —–‹˜‡‘— ‹Ž™ƒ•–ƒ•‡†™‹–Š‘˜‡”•‡‡‹‰–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
o Service Matters:
▪ Civil Services: Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹‹—ƒ‰‡–‘ƒ’’Ž›ˆ‘” ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡‹ͳͺͷ͵™ƒ•ʹ͵Ǥ ͳͺ͸Ͳǡ‹–™ƒ•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘
ʹʹǡ‹ͳͺ͸͸–‘ʹͳǡƒ†‹ͳͺ͹͸–‘ͳͻǤ
▪ Military management: Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ––‡’–‡†–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ˆ‘” ‡•‹–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•‰”‘—’•Ǥ
o Education:  ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ ’”‹‘” ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ‹‰Š‡” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ †‡•’‹•‡† •‹ ‡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡
‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•–‘‘Ž•‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥ
o Press & Communication:
▪ ‘’”‘Š‹„‹–’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‹ †‹ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ–Š‡‡”ƒ —Žƒ””‡•• –‘ˆͳͺͷͺ™ƒ•’ƒ••‡†Ǥ
▪ Š‡‡Ž‡‰”ƒ’Š•›•–‡™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͺ͹ͲǤ
Despite the rebels' failure, the impetus was put on the British government to alter its approach to India. The East India
Company lost control of India to the British crown in August 1858, and Queen Victoria was named Empress of India.
The East India Company's rule came to an end as a result.
CONCLUSION
The revolt of 1857 may not be classified as black or white. However, it had seeds against imperialism and united
people for nationalism. In spite of its limitations and weaknesses, the effort of the sepoys to liberate the country from
foreign rule was a patriotic act. It established local traditions of resistance to British rule, which paved the way for a
modern national movement.
KEY WORDS: ‡˜‘Ž– ‘ˆ ͳͺͷ͹ǡ ”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•ǡ ‘ –”‹‡ ‘ˆ ƒ’•‡ǡ —„•‹†‹ƒ”› ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ǡ  ‘‘‹  ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ ‹ƒŽ
†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•ǡ ‹†—Ǧ—•Ž‹—‹–›ǡƒŠƒ†—”ŠƒŠƒˆƒ”ǡ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•’‘•–Ǧͳͺͷ͹ǡ
—‡‡̵•”‘ Žƒƒ–‹‘ͳͺͷͺǡ ‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ Šƒ‰‡•ǡ ‘‘‹ ”ƒ‹ǡ‘ ‹ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ—„”‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ”–”‹†‰‡•ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‘ˆ
†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ͳǤ Š›†‹†–Š‡ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›–‘•–Ž› ‘’”‹•‹‰‘ˆ †‹ƒ•‘Ž†‹‡”•–™‹ ʹͲʹʹ
‘•‹•–‡–Ž› ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‘”‡ —‡”‘—• ƒ† „‡––‡”Ǧ‡“—‹’’‡† ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ”—Ž‡”•ǫ ‹˜‡
”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ
ʹǤ š’Žƒ‹Š‘™–Š‡’”‹•‹‰‘ˆͳͺͷ͹ ‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†‹–Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š ʹͲͳ͸
’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–‘™ƒ”†• ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ †‹ƒǤ

ETHICS AND ESSAY

CRASH COURSE 2024
24 June,2024
60 Hours

ATUL GARG SIR PRICE: KAPIL SIKKA SIR

ETHICS ₹15000 (OFFLINE), ₹10000 (ONLINE) ESSAY

ETHICS DISCUSSION IN THEME WISE COVERAGE OF 150+ ETHICS 2 ETHICS AND 2 ESSAY FULL
QUESTION-ANSWER FORMAT ESSAY COVERAGE AND 50+ ESSAY QUESTIONS LENGTH TESTS WITH EVALUATION

EVALUATION BY ONE-TO-ONE SESSIONS WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON : TIME MANAGEMENT,

FACULTY FACULTY FOR PERSONAL DOUBTS TACKLING PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS, CASE STUDIES

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

4 SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS

INTRODUCTION
• –Š‡ˆ‹”•–ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ–Š ‡–—”›ǡcaste systems, decadence, and rigidity Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† †‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ –ƒ†Š‡”‡†
–‘ •‘‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• –Šƒ– ™‡– ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ‘” ˜ƒŽ—‡• „—– ™‡”‡ —’Š‡Ž† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ•‘ ‹‡–›‡‡†‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡‘˜‡‡–•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–‘†‡”‹œ‹‰ †‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›̵••–”— –—”‡Ǥ ƒ
‡ˆˆ‘”––‘”‡ˆ‘”ƒ†”‡˜‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡•‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†‘˜‡‡–•™‘”‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‘”•Ǥ
NATURE OF SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
• ‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‡ –‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹••—‡• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•‡† –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‘” ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘˜‡‡–•ƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǤŠ‡›–”‹‡†–‘ƒŽ–‡”•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘”•ƒ† —•–‘•„›—•‹‰”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘ ‡’–•Ǥ
• ‘ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š ƒ•–‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘•‹•‘ ‹‡–›ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡKeshub Chandra Sen ‹–‡”’”‡–‡†–Š‡̶Unity of godhead and
brotherhood of mankind̶Ǥ
• Š‡main social issues –Šƒ––Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–••‘—‰Š––‘ƒ††”‡••™‡”‡ǣ
o ƒ•–‡‹•ƒ†—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›
o ƒ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™‘‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ††”‡••‹‰•ƒ–‹ǡ‹ˆƒ–‹ ‹†‡ǡ Š‹Ž†ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†™‹†‘™ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǣƒ†
‡†— ƒ–‹‘–‘’”‘‘–‡•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰Š–‡‡–Ǥ
o ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹••—‡••— Šƒ•‘Ž›–Š‡‹•ǡ‹†‘Žƒ–”›ǡ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—••—’‡”•–‹–‹‘•ǡƒ†”‹‡•–Ž›‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
REFORMIST AND REVIVALIST MOVEMENT
• ‘–Š ”‡ˆ‘”‹•– ƒ† ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ‹•– ‘˜‡‡–• ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‡ˆ‘”• ‹ •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ
™Š‹ Šˆ‹ƒŽŽ›’ƒ˜‡†–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆƒ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ†ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ǧ–Š‹‹‰•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
Reformist Movement Revivalist Movement
• Š‡•‡ ‰”‘—’• ”‡Ž‹‡† ‘”‡ ‘ ”‡ƒ•‘ ƒ† ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• –‘ • Š‡•‡‘˜‡‡–•Ž‡ƒ‡†ˆ‹”Ž›‘–Š‡Ž‘•–
‘ Ž—†‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –‘ ‡„”ƒ ‡ ‘” ”‡Œ‡ – ƒ •‘ ‹ƒŽ —•–‘ ‘” ’—”‹–›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘–Š‡›™‡”‡–”›‹‰–‘”‡˜‹˜‡Ǥ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ • ‘˜‡‡–• –‘™ƒ”† ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ‹• ™‡”‡ ‘”‡
• ‘†‡” ‡•–‡” ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡ƒŽǡ •— Š ƒ• ‹–—‡™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘–Šƒ™‹–Š”‡ƒ•‘ƒ†
‰‡†‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘•‡Ž‡ –‘‡̵•Ž‹ˆ‡’ƒ”–‡”ǡ ‘• ‹‡ ‡Ǥ
Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š–• ‡– Ǥ ™‡”‡ –Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ • Š‡•‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• •‘—‰Š– –‘ •Š‘™ –Š‡
‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‹• ƒ† ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ‘ˆ
• ‡ƒ†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ”‡Œ‡ –‡† –‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †‹ƒ•‘ ‹‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ
”‡•–”— –—”‡ •‘ ‹‡–› ƒŽ‘‰ ‡•–‡” Ž‹‡•ǡ †‡•’‹–‡ ƒ ‡’–‹‰ • For ExampleǣƒŠƒ„‹‘˜‡‡–ǡ‡‘„ƒ†
‘†‡”‡•–‡”’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ ‘˜‡‡–ǡƒ†”›ƒƒƒŒ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‡•–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‘†‡”‹–›™ƒ•–Š‡‹”‰‘ƒŽǤ
• For Exampleǣ”ƒŠ‘ƒƒŒǡ–Š‡Ž‹‰ƒ”Š‘˜‡‡–
REASONS FOR SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS
1. Response to Colonial Critique:
o British Rule and Criticism:Š‡”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–‡ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡† †‹ƒ
•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ•„ƒ”„ƒ”‹ ƒ†„ƒ ™ƒ”†ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•ƒ–‹ȋ–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ™‹†‘™„—”‹‰Ȍǡ Š‹Ž†
ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†–Š‡ ƒ•–‡•›•–‡Ǥ
o Example:ƒŒƒƒ‘Šƒ‘›ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡”ƒŠ‘ƒƒŒ‹ͳͺʹͺ’ƒ”–Ž›ƒ•ƒ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡•‡ ”‹–‹ ‹••Ǥ ‡
ƒ‹‡†–‘’—”‹ˆ› ‹†—‹•ƒ†ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ž‹‡ƒ–‹ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ’ƒ‹‰‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘
–Š‡ƒ–‹„‘Ž‹–‹‘ –‹ͳͺʹͻǤ
2. Desire for Social Reform:
o Internal Social Critique:ƒ› †‹ƒ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ•„‡‰ƒ–‘“—‡•–‹‘ƒ† ”‹–‹“—‡–Š‡‹”‘™•‘ ‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ
”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘””‡ˆ‘”–‘”‡‘˜‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡•‡‡ƒ•”‡‰”‡••‹˜‡ƒ†‘’’”‡••‹˜‡Ǥ
o Example: •Š™ƒ” Šƒ†”ƒ ‹†›ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ” Šƒ’‹‘‡† –Š‡ ƒ—•‡ ˆ‘” ™‹†‘™ ”‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹†—
‹†‘™•̵‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ –‘ˆͳͺͷ͸ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ƒ†‹”‡ –”‡•—Ž–‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›ƒ†”‡ˆ‘”‹•–‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
3. Rise of Educated Middle Class:
o Western Education: Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‡•–‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠŽ‡†–‘–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‡™ Žƒ••‘ˆ
‡†— ƒ–‡† †‹ƒ•™Š‘™‡”‡‡š’‘•‡†–‘Ž‹„‡”ƒŽƒ†’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡‹†‡ƒ•Ǥ
o Example: Š‡‘—‰‡‰ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ǡ‹•’‹”‡†„› ‡”›‘—‹•‹˜‹ƒ‡”‘œ‹‘ǡ™ƒ•ƒ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ
‘˜‡‡–„››‘—‰‡‹‡‰ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘ǡ™Š‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ† ”‹–‹“—‡†‡š‹•–‹‰”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†
•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘”•Ǥ
4. Religious Revivalism:
o Need to Revive and Rationalize Religion:  ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† –Š”‡ƒ– ˆ”‘ ‡•–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ†
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• †‘‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‘˜‡‡– –‘ ”‡˜‹˜‡ †‹ƒ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘• „› ”‡‘˜‹‰ ™Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†
‘””—’–‹‘•ƒ†‹–‡”’‘Žƒ–‹‘•‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‡–—”‹‡•Ǥ
o Example:™ƒ‹ƒ›ƒƒ†ƒƒ”ƒ•™ƒ–‹ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡”›ƒƒƒŒ‹ͳͺ͹ͷǡ™Š‹ Š•‘—‰Š––‘”‡–—” ‹†—‹•–‘‹–•
•—’’‘•‡† ’—”‡ ‡†‹  ”‘‘–•ǡ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†ƒ• ƒ† †‡‘— ‹‰ ‹†‘Ž ™‘”•Š‹’ ƒ† ƒ•–‡
”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•Ǥ
5. Empowerment of Women and Marginalized Groups:
o Social Injustice:Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ‰”‘™‹‰ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ„‘—––Š‡’Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ™‘‡ƒ†Ž‘™‡” ƒ•–‡‰”‘—’•™Š‘•—ˆˆ‡”‡†
ˆ”‘•‡˜‡”‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Žƒ ‘ˆ„ƒ•‹ ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
o Example: ›‘–‹”ƒ‘ Š—Ž‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡ ƒ–›ƒ•Š‘†Šƒ ƒƒŒ ‹ ͳͺ͹͵ –‘ ˆ‹‰Š– ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ•–‡ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ ƒ†
’”‘‘–‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•–”‘‰ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™‘‡ƒ†Ž‘™‡” ƒ•–‡•Ǥ
6. Impact of Global Movements:
o Influence of Global Ideologies: Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡–••— Šƒ•ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‹•ǡ •—ˆˆ”ƒ‰‹•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”
”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† †‹ƒ–Š‹‡”•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•–‘‹’Ž‡‡–•‹‹Žƒ” Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‹”•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
o Example: ƒ†‹–ƒ ƒƒ„ƒ‹ǡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ™‘‡̵• •—ˆˆ”ƒ‰‡ ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡
‡ƒ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ™‘‡ƒ†–Š‡‹””‹‰Š––‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
METHOD APPLIED TO BRING REFORMS
The following four techniques were used in an effort to alter socio-religious practices:
1. Reforms from Within: Rammohan Roy invented this technique. According to him, any reform needed to come
from within society itself by raising people's awareness in order to be successful. People advocating this method
had published tracts and held discussions and debates on various social issues.
o For example, Rammohan's ƒ’ƒ‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•–•ƒ–‹, Vidyasagar’s ’ƒ’ŠŽ‡–•‘™‹†‘™ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†B.M.
Malabari’s ‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘•‡–Ǥ
2. Reforms through Legislation: It was symbolized in the effectiveness of government action. The proponents of this
approach held that government assistance is necessary for reform initiatives to be made successful.
o For example, ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ž‹‡Keshub Chandra Sen in Bengal, Mahadev Govind Ranade in Maharashtra, and
Veeresalingam in Andhra ƒ†‡ƒƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡––‘•—’’‘”–Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡
‘ˆ ‘•‡–ǡŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‹˜‹Ž—‹‘•ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™™‹†‘™ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
3. Reforms through Symbol of Change: It was an effort to produce symbols of change through individual,
unconventional activity.
o For example, ̵Derozians' or 'Young Bengal', ƒ•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ•›„‘Ž‹œ‡†ƒƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡•–”‡ƒ™‹–Š‹–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”
‘˜‡‡–ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›the new thought of the Western world ƒ†Šƒ†ƒ”‹‰‹†Ž›Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ
4. Reforms through Social Work: The Ramakrishna Mission, Arya Samaj, and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's activities
all displayed this methodology.
o For example, –Š‡ƒƒ”‹•Šƒ‹••‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”›ƒƒƒŒ‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‘”–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ƒ––‡’–‡†
–‘•’”‡ƒ† ‘ ‡’–•‘ˆ”‡ˆ‘”ƒ†”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS
Based on Religion Based on Geography Based on Class
‹†—”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–• ƒ•– †‹ƒ Women’s Position
—•Ž‹”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–• ‡•– †‹ƒ ƒ•–‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘
‹Š”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–• ‘”–Š †‹ƒ 
ƒ”•‹”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–• ‘—–Š †‹ƒ 

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
HINDU REFORM MOVEMENTS
Hindu socio-religious reform movements were mostly reformist in nature, however, some movements, like the Arya
Samaj movement, Ramakrishna Mission etc. were revivalist.
RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY AND BRAHMO SAMAJ
• Aboutǣ ‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰ • Š‘Žƒ”ǡ Š—ƒ‹•–ǡ ƒ† ’ƒ–”‹‘–Ǥ ‹• Ž‹ˆ‡ ™ƒ• †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ǡ
‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡‡™ƒŽ‘ˆ †‹ƒ•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‹•’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž‘˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Organisation Associated: –‹›ƒƒ„Šƒȋ1814)ǡ”ƒŠ‘ƒ„Šƒȋ1828ȌȋŽƒ–‡””‡ƒ‡†ƒ•”ƒŠ‘ƒƒŒȌ
• Contribution:
o Focus on Scientific Temperamentǣ ‘†‡‡† ’‘Ž›–Š‡‹•ǡ –Š‡ ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹†‘Ž•ǡ ƒ† •—’’‘”–‡† Š—ƒ
”‡ƒ•‘ƒ† ‘• ‹‡ ‡ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––Šƒƒ›”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•–‡š–Ǥ
o Attacked on Superstition: ‹• ƒ”†‡†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹‹ ƒ”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‰‘‘†‡••ǡƒ†™‘”•Š‹’‘ˆ
ƒ— Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‡–‡”ƒŽ‰‘†Ǥ
o Protest for marginalized groupsǣ”‹–‹ ‹•‡† ƒ•–‡•›•–‡ƒ†’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‡†—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
o Women empowermentǣ’’‘•‡†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ž‹‡ƒ–‹ǡ‘Ž›‰ƒ›ǡƒ†Š‹Ž†ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ‹–ŠŠ‹•‡ˆˆ‘”–ǡƒ–‹̵• —•–‘
™ƒ•ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͺʹͻǤ
o Modern Educationǣ ‡ ™ƒ• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ƒŽ —––ƒ̵• ‹†— ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ ȋ”‡•‹†‡ › ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ȌǤ
††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡŠ‡•—’’‘”–‡†‘Š‹•‘™”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ‰Ž‹•Š• Š‘‘Ž‹ƒŽ —––ƒǤ
• Literary Works:
o —Šˆƒ–Ǧ—ŽǦ—™ƒŠŠ‹†‹ȋ ‹ˆ––‘‘‘–Š‡‹•Ȍ
o ”‡ ‡’–•‘ˆ ‡•—•ȋͳͺʹͲȌ
o ”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡†ƒ̵•ƒ†’ƒ‹•Šƒ†•‹–‘‡‰ƒŽ‹
o ƒ˜ƒ†ƒ——†‹
o ‹”ƒ–—ŽǦ„ƒ”ȋ‡”•‹ƒȌ
o –‹›ƒƒ„Šƒ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ȋ‡‰ƒŽ ƒœ‡––‡Ȍ
DAYANAND SARASWATI AND ARYA SAMAJ
• Aboutǣ • ƒ ‘„Ž‡ ‹†— ”‡ˆ‘” ‘˜‡‡– ‹ ‘†‡” †‹ƒǡ ‘‘Ž Šƒ‡” ȋŽƒ–‡” ‘™ ƒ• ™ƒ‹ ƒ›ƒƒ†
ƒ”ƒ•™ƒ–‹Ȍˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡Arya Samaj in 1875.
• Associated Organizations: ”›ƒ ƒƒŒ ƒ›ƒƒ†ƒ ‰Ž‘‡†‹  ȋǤǤǤȌ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ ‹ ͳͺͺ͸Ǥ Š—††Š‹ ȋ’—”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ȍ
‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Literary Worksǣƒ–›ƒ”–Š”ƒƒ•Š
• Sudhi Movement:
o Š‡”›ƒƒƒŒ‹•–•™‹–‡••‡†–Š‡—†Š‹‘˜‡‡–ƒ•ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–‘‘Žˆ‘”„”‹‰‹‰ƒ„‘—– †‹ƒ̵••‘ ‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ—‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
o –‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡”‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ ‹†—•™Š‘‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‘˜‡”–‡†–‘‘–Š‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‡‹–Š‡”˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹Ž›‘”ˆ‘” ‹„Ž›
„—–™‡”‡‘™”‡ƒ†›–‘”‡–—”–‘ ‹†—‹•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘ —••‡†‘’”‡˜‡–‹‰ƒ›‘”‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ
• Contribution:
o Society free from discrimination: ‹•‹‘‘ˆƒ—‹–‡†ȋ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž›ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ȍ Žƒ••Ǧƒ† ƒ•–‡Ǧˆ”‡‡
•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ ”‡‡†‘ˆ”‘ˆ‘”‡‹‰‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡˜‡”›‘‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Š‡”›ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
o Focus on the importance of Vedasǣ‡†‹ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’—”‹–›™‡”‡”‡˜‹˜‡†Ǥ ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡
‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ– ‘†Šƒ†‰‹˜‡–‘ƒ™ƒ• ‘–ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡‡†ƒ•ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‘†‡”• ‹‡ ‡
‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡ˆ‘—†–Š‡”‡Ǥ
o Attacked Superstitious beliefs: ‹†—‘”–Š‘†‘š›ǡ ƒ•–‡”‹‰‹†‹–‹‡•ǡ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ‹†‘Žƒ–”›ǡ’‘Ž›–Š‡‹•ǡˆƒ‹–Š‹
ƒ‰‹ ǡ Šƒ”•ǡƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•ǡ™‡”‡ƒ––ƒ ‡†Ǥ
o Modern Education: ‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ„‘—–‡•–‡”• ‹‡ ‡ǤŽ•‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‰Ž‘Ǧ‡†‹ ȋǤǤǤȌ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ
RAMA KRISHNA MISSION AND SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
• ›•–‹ ƒƒ”‹•Šƒƒ”ƒŠƒ•ƒ–—”‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡Ǧ‘Ž†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆ renunciation, meditation, and devotion ‹
‘”†‡”–‘ˆ‹†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—••ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• ‡™ƒ•ƒ•ƒ‹–Ž›ƒ™Š‘•–”‡••‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’ƒ–Š•–‘ ‘†ƒ†•ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Šƒ–•‡”˜‹‰‘–Š‡”•‹••‡”˜‹‰
‘†Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•‹‹Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆƒŽŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Ramakrishna Movement
o Š‡Ramakrishna Movement ™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‘–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰•‘ˆƒƒ”‹•Šƒƒ”ƒŠƒ•ƒ‹1887Ǥ
o Š‡‘˜‡‡–̵•two main goals ™‡”‡–‘ǣ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
▪ •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ‘• ‘‹––‡† –‘ ”‡— ‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ˆ”‘ ™Š‘ –‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ†
™‘”‡”• ™‘—Ž† „‡ †‹•’ƒ– Š‡† –‘ •’”‡ƒ† –Š‡ ‡†‹  ‡••ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ –”—–Š ƒ• ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ
ƒƒ”‹•ŠƒǤ
▪ ‘–‹—‡’”‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡƒ† Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡™‘”•ǡ‘„•‡”˜‹‰ƒŽŽ‡ǡ™‘‡ǡƒ† Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ•–”—‡ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ
–Š‡‹˜‹‡”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ ƒ•–‡ǡ ”‡‡†ǡ‘” ‘Ž‘—”Ǥ
• Swami Vivekananda
▪ ‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡† †‹ƒƒ––Š‡‹ƒ—‰—”ƒŽParliament of Religion in Chicagoǡ ŽŽ‹‘‹•ǡ‹ͳͺͻ͵Ǥ
▪ —„• ”‹„‡†–‘–Š‡Vedanta systemǤ
▪ ”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡†–Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆservice to jiva ȋŽ‹˜‹‰‘„Œ‡ –•Ȍ‹•the worship of SivaǤ
YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT
• Henry Vivian Derozio:
o Š‡‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•Ž‡†„›Henry Vivian Derozio.
o Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–’‘‡–‘ˆ‘†‡” †‹ƒǡ™Š‘™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡–”‡†•ƒ†ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡
French Revolution.
o Š‡Hindu college in Kolkata •‡”˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡„‹”–Š’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘—‰‡‰ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ǡƒ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘”‡ˆ‘”
‹†—•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Derozio encouraged his students the following:
o ‘–Š‹ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ†”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›
o ‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ƒŽŽˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”‹–›
o ‘˜ƒŽ—‡Ž‹„‡”–›ǡ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘
o ‘”‡Œ‡ –‘—–‘†‡†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•„›†”ƒ™‹‰‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡‰”‡ƒ– ”‡ Š‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘
o ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡˜‘‹ ‡‹–Š‡ˆƒ˜‘—”‘ˆeducation and women's rights
M.G. RANADE AND PRARTHANA SAMAJ
• Dr. Atma Ram Pandurang ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡”ƒ”–ŠƒƒƒƒŒ‹‘„ƒ›‹1876. –ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡†‹ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ™Šƒ–
–Š‡”ƒŠ‘ƒƒŒ†‹†‹‡‰ƒŽǤ
• Š‡ƒƒŒ™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ”‡ˆ‘”‹‰ ‹†—‹•ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‰–Š‡™‘”•Š‹’‘ˆ‘‡ ‘†Ǥ
• Mahadev Govind Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar ™‡”‡–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–ƒƒƒƒŒǤ
• Š‡”‡™‡”‡–Š‡following four points of the social agenda ‘ˆ”ƒ”–ŠƒƒƒƒŒǣ
1.  Disapproval of the caste system
2.  Women's education
3.  Widow Remarriage
4.  Raising the age of marriage for both males and females
• Contribution of Mahadev Govind Ranade:
o Philosophy: ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‘”• ƒ”‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‘” •— ‡•• ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ†
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡•ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‡ˆ‘”••Š‘—Ž†„‡ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡Ǥ
o OrganizationǣŠ‡‹†‘™‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ȋ1861Ȍƒ†–Š‡‡ ƒ†— ƒ–‹‘‘ ‹‡–›™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‡†Ǥ ‡
ƒŽ•‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
o Against Strict Ban of Idol Worship: ”ƒ”–ŠƒƒƒƒŒdid not advocate a strict ban on idol worship †‡•’‹–‡
„‡‹‰‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆ”ƒŠ‘ƒƒŒǤ
o Caste System: Š‡ƒƒŒ™ƒ•‘–•–”‹ –ˆ‘”ƒ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒ•–‡•›•–‡Ǥ
JYOTIBA PHULE AND SATYASODHAK SAMAJ
• The ‘Satyashodhak’ Samaj ȋTruth Seekers' SocietyȌ ™ƒ• ˆ‘—†‡† „› Jyotiba Phule ‹ 1873Ǥ Š‡ †‡’”‡••‡†
‘—‹–‹‡•‰ƒ‹‡†ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ Žƒ••‹†‡–‹–›ƒ•ƒ‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‘˜‡‡–ǤŠ—Ž‡—•‡†–Š‡•›„‘Ž‘ˆRajah Bali
as opposed to the Brahmins’ symbol of Rama.
• Objective
o ‘ ‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•
o •’”‡ƒ†‹‰‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰™‘‡ƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆŽ‘™‡” ƒ•–‡•
o ‹ˆ‘”–Š‡‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›
• Literary Works
o ƒ”˜ƒŒƒ‹ƒ–›ƒ†Šƒ”ƒƒ† Š—Žƒ‰‹”‹
o ‘–Š„‡ ƒ‡ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘‘ƒ••‡•

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
ANNIE BASENT AND THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
• Š‡‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›‡”‹ ƒ‘ŽǤ ǤǤŽ ‘––ƒ†—••‹ƒ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹•–ƒ†ƒ‡ ǤǤŽƒ˜ƒ–•›
‹1875 ‹–Š‡Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‘†‡” †‹ƒ̵•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ•‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ† —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
• Objective
o ‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–‘ƒ ‹‡–’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡•ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ǡƒ†• ‹‡ ‡
o  –‹˜ƒ–‡–Š‡†‹˜‹‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–‡š‹•–•™‹–Š‹ƒƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŠ—ƒ„”‘–Š‡”Š‘‘†Ǥ
• Annie Besant:
o ˆ–‡” ƒ†ƒ‡ Žƒ˜ƒ–•› ’ƒ••‡† ƒ™ƒ› ‹ 1893ǡ ‹‡ ‡•ƒ– –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡† –‘ †‹ƒ ƒ† Š‡Ž’‡† –‘ ”‡•—””‡ – ƒ†
”‡˜‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
o In 1907ǡ•Š‡•— ‡‡†‡†Ž ‘––ƒ•–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›ǤŠ‡™‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–•‘ˆƒ›„› ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡
o virtues of Krishna and the GitaǤ
o Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ™ƒ• †‹”‡ –‡† ƒ† „ƒ ‡† „› –Š‡ ‡•–‡”‡”• ™Š‘ ‰Ž‘”‹ˆ‹‡† †‹ƒ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•Š‡Ž’‡† †‹ƒ•–‘”‡ ‘˜‡”–Š‡‹”•‡ŽˆǦ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡Ǥ
o  –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ •Š‡ ƒ†‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ƒ† ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡ Central Hindu College at
BanarasǤ
o Ž‹„”ƒ”›‘ˆ”ƒ”‡ƒ•”‹–„‘‘•™ƒ•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ™Š‹ Š‡˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–‘ƒ
Š—„‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ
ISWAR CHANDRA VIDYASAGAR AND WOMEN’S UPLIFTMENT
• •™ƒ”Šƒ†”ƒ‹†›ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ”ǡƒŽ‡‰‡†ƒ”›ˆ‹‰—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ™ƒ•„‘”‹Bengal in 1820
–‘ƒŠ—„Ž‡”ƒŠ‹ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ
• ͳͺͷͳǡŠ‡ƒ••—‡†–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆPrincipal of the Sanskrit CollegeǤ ‡™ƒ•ƒ”‡‘™‡†ƒ•”‹–• Š‘Žƒ”Ǥ
• ‹†›ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ”̵• –Š‘—‰Š–• ™‡”‡ ƒ •›–Š‡•‹• ‘ˆ ‡•–‡” ƒ† †‹ƒ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ ‡ Šƒ† Š‹‰Š ‘”ƒŽ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ ™ƒ• ƒ
’”‘ˆ‘—†Š—ƒ‹•–ǡƒ†™ƒ•‹†–‘–Š‡—†‡”’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡†Ǥ
• ‡•’‡ƒ”Š‡ƒ†‡†ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ˆƒ˜‘—”‹‰widow remarriage, ™Š‹ ŠŽ‡†–‘–Š‡‡ƒ –‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ –‹1856Ǥ
• ‡ƒŽ•‘Ž‡†ƒ„ƒ––Ž‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–’‘Ž›‰ƒ›ƒ†ƒminor marriage.
• ‹†›ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ”‡š‡”–‡†ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‘”–‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆwomen's educationǤ 1849, Š‡™‘”‡†™‹–Š‡–Š—‡–‘•‡–—’–Š‡
first Indian girls' school, the Bethune School. ‡ƒ••‹•–‡†ƒ•ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•’‡ –‘”‘ˆ• Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†”ƒ–Š‡ƒ–
Š‹•‘™‡š’‡•‡Ǥ
MUSLIM REFORM MOVEMENTS
• Latelyǡƒ‘‰—•Ž‹•ǡ”‡ˆ‘”‹•–•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘˜‡‡–•Šƒ†‡‡”‰‡†Ǥ
• Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ—•Ž‹•ˆ‡ƒ”‡†–Šƒ–‡•–‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†Œ‡‘’ƒ”†‹œ‡–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Š„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™ƒ•ƒ–‹–Š‡–‹ ƒŽ–‘
•ŽƒǤ
• Difference between Deoband and Aligarh Movement:
Deoband Movement Aligarh Movement
–• ƒ‹ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‡‡™ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –•‘—‰Š––‘ƒ†˜ƒ ‡–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰‘ˆ—•Ž‹•ƒ•
—•Ž‹ ‘—‹–› ’‡”‡•–‡”™‘”Ž†
–™ƒ•‡˜‹˜ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡– –™ƒ•‡ˆ‘”‹•–‘˜‡‡–
‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‘†‡”ƒ†‡•–‡”†— ƒ–‹‘ ‘ —•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‘†‡”†— ƒ–‹‘–‘›‘—–Š
 ‘—”ƒ‰‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ ‹Šƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•Š ”‘‘–‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ –Š‘‰Š–• ƒ† ”‹–‹•Š ‰‘˜‡”‡–
•’‘•‘”•Š‹’
SIKH REFORM MOVEMENTS
• Gurudwara Reforms Movement:
o —”—†™ƒ”ƒ•™‡”‡‰‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡†ƒ•‹‹ŠƒŠƒ–•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ͳͻʹͲ•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒŠƒ–•–”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡ —”†™ƒ”ƒ
‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹ ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ —”—†™ƒ”ƒ•ƒ•–Š‡‹”‹ ‘‡Ǥ
o  ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• Žƒ— Š‡† ˆ‘” ˆ”‡‡‹‰ –Š‡ —”—†™ƒ”ƒ• ˆ”‘ –Š‡•‡ ‘””—’– ƒŠƒ–• ƒ† ˆ‘” Šƒ†‹‰ ‘˜‡” –Š‡
—”—†™ƒ”ƒ•–‘ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡„‘†›‘ˆ‹Š•Ǥ
o Žƒ™™ƒ•‡ƒ –‡†‹1925 –Šƒ–‰”ƒ–‡†–Š‡Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak ‘‹––‡‡–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘
‘˜‡”•‡‡ —”—†™ƒ”ƒ•Ǥ


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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Nirankari Movement (1855):
o Š‡› ‡’Šƒ•‹•‡† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ ’”‘†— ‹‰ —ƒƒƒ• –‘ Žƒ”‹ˆ› ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ†
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ‡–™‘”‘ˆ™‘”•Š‹’’Žƒ ‡••–ƒˆˆ‡†„›–Š‡‹”’”‹‡•–•Ǥ
o Š‡›‰”‡™„› ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‡”•Ǥ
• Akali Campaign: ˆ”‡•Š”‡ˆ‘” ƒ’ƒ‹‰‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒŽ‹ƒ’ƒ‹‰™ƒ••–ƒ”–‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ–Š ‡–—”›
–‘ Ž‡ƒ—’–Š‡ ‘””—’–ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ —”†™ƒ”ƒ•Ǥ
o Š‡–Š‡ƒŽ‹‘˜‡‡–•—”ˆƒ ‡†‹—Œƒ„ƒˆ–‡”ͳͻʹͲǡ–Š‡‹Š‘˜‡‡–‰ƒ‹‡†‘‡–—
• Sikh Sabha: Š‡‹Š”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–„‡‰ƒ‹–Š‡ͳͺ͹Ͳ•™‹–Š–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘‹‰Šƒ„Šƒ•
‹”‹–•ƒ”ƒ†ƒŠ‘”‡Ǥ
• Khalsa College's founding in Amritsar in 1892 ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–‘ˆGurumukhi, Sikh education,
and Punjabi literature.
• ‡˜‡”ƒŽ‰—”—•Ž‡†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ‘‰–Š‡‹Š•‹ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘•–”‡‰–Š‡–Š‡‹Š”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
Baba Dayal Das ’”‘‘–‡†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆƒ‹”ƒƒ”ȋˆ‘”Ž‡••Ȍ ‘†Ǥ
PARSI REFORM MOVEMENTS
In 1851, the Parsi Religious Reform Association was founded. It waged a battle against religious orthodoxy. Following
Reforms were initiated:
• Established Organisation: ƒ—”‘Œ‹ —”†‘Œ‹ǡƒ†ƒ„Šƒ‹ƒ‘”‘Œ‹ǡǤǤ‡‰ƒŽ‡‡ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”• ”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡Rahanumai
Mazdayasnan Sabha ‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‡ˆ‘”••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•’”‡ƒ†‹‰‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ƒ‘‰‰‹”Ž•Ǥ
• Against Orthodox practices: Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘”–Š‘†‘š ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† Š‹Ž† ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”•‹
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
• Religious Reforms: ‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‘ƒ•–”‹ƒˆƒ‹–Š–‘‹–•’”‹•–‹‡’—”‹–›Ǥ
• Against extravagant in functions: Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‘’’‘•‡†ƒ†‰”ƒ†‹‘•‡„‡–”‘–ŠƒŽǡ™‡††‹‰ǡƒ†ˆ—‡”ƒŽ —•–‘•Ǥ
• Scientific TemperamentǣŠ‡›†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡†’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ”‘—•‹‰ƒ•–”‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†’”‘‘–‡†• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
CONTRIBUTION OF DADA BHAI NAOROJI
• ‡™ƒ•‘™ˆ‘”‘ ‹ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”‡”ǡ”ƒ•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‡ –‹‘•ƒ†–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ‹„‡”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ
• Social Reforms:
o Focus on Girls Educationǣƒ‘”‘Œ‹̵•‡†‡ƒ˜‘—”™ƒ•‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†„›Š‹•”‡ˆ‘”‹•–‡–Š—•‹ƒ•ˆ‘”‰‡†‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
‡Žƒ–‡”‘’‡‡†•‹š‰‹”Ž•̵• Š‘‘Ž•‹ –‘„‡”ͳͺͶͻ—†‡”–Š‡ƒ—•’‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Students' Literary and Scientific
Society (SLSS)Ǥ
o Religious reforms: Š‡•‡ ”‡ˆ‘”• ™‡”‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† –‘ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‹–—ƒŽ• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ „‡
—”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•Ǥ
o Establishment of Organisationǣ Š‡ Rahnumae Mazdayasnan Sabha ȋ‘ ‹‡–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‹†‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒœ†ƒ›ƒ•ƒƒ–ŠȌƒ†Rast Goftarǡƒ —Œƒ”ƒ–‹Œ‘—”ƒŽǡ™‡”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͺͷͳ„›ƒ‘”‘Œ‹ƒ†Š‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡•Ǥ
o Against Orthodox ritualsǣŠ‡Rahnumae Mazdayasnan •ƒ„Šƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘”–Š‘†‘š’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹–Š‡
ƒ”•‹”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡—’Ž‹ˆ–‡–‘ˆ™‘‡Ǥ
Economic and Political Reforms
Dada Bhai Naoroji contributed significantly as well in the Economic and Political spheres, which can be summarised
as -
• Critics of Economic Policyǣ ‘”‡‘•– ”‹–‹ ‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š‡ ‘‘‹ ’‘Ž‹ ›ǡƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰–Š‡̵”ƒ‹‘ˆ‡ƒŽ–Š̵–Š‡‘”›Ǥ
• Political Contribution:
o •–”—‡–ƒŽ‹–Š‡•‡–Ǧup of ‘London Indian Society’ with an aim to discuss social and political issues.
o Assisted to establish ‘East India Association" (1867)’ to convey the perspective of Indian to the British people.
• ‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ‹„‡”ƒŽƒ”–›‡„‡”ƒ†‡„‡”‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ȋȌ‹–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘ˆ‘‘•Ǥ
FIGHT AGAINST CASTE BASED EXPLOITATION
• Issues:
o  ‘”†‹‰ –‘–Š‡ ‹†— ‘chaturvarn ashrama’ ‘ ‡’–ǡ ƒ ’‡”•‘̵• ƒ•–‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† –Š‡‹” •–ƒ–—• ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡
’—”‹–›‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ƒ•–‡ ˆƒ –‘”• ‰‘˜‡”‡† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• •— Š ƒ• Ž‘–Š‹‰ǡ ˆ‘‘†ǡ ’Žƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡•‹†‡ ‡ǡ •‘—” ‡• ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ˆ‘” †”‹‹‰ ƒ†
‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡–”›‹–‘–‡’Ž‡•Ǥ
o Š‡ • Š‡†—Ž‡† ƒ•–‡•ȀƒŽ‹–• •—ˆˆ‡”‡† –Š‡ ‘•– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‘”› ƒ•–‡ •›•–‡ǡ ˆƒ ‹‰ Š—‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‰ ƒ†
‹Š—ƒ‡–”‡ƒ–‡–„ƒ•‡†‘„‹”–Š‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Factors which contributed to the reduction of caste-based discrimination include:
o British ruleǣŠ‡‰Ž‹•Š”—Ž‡’‡”Šƒ’•—‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ‘†‹–‹‘•–Šƒ–™‡ƒ‡‡† ƒ•–‡ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••–‘
•‘‡‡š–‡–Ǥ
o Social reform movements: Š‡›ƒŽ•‘™‘”‡†–‘†‹•ƒ–Ž‡ ƒ•–‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡‘˜‡‡–•™‡”‡
‹•’‹”‡†„›–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆŽ‹„‡”–›ƒ†‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‹–Š‡‹”ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•–Šƒ––‡†‡†–‘†‹˜‹†‡•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
o Literacy and Scientific temperamentǣ‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ™ƒ‡‹‰ǡ–Š‡”‡
™‡”‡•–‹””‹‰•ƒ‘‰–Š‡Ž‘™‡” ƒ•–‡•Ǥ
o Role of Gandhi Jii: ‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡All India Harijan Sangh ‹ͳͻ͵ʹǤ ‹• ”—•ƒ†‡ˆ‘”–Š‡"root and branch
abolition of untouchability"™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‘Š—ƒ‹•ƒ†Ž‘‰‹ ǤŠ‡”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›™ƒ•ƒ––Š‡
ˆ‘”‡ˆ”‘–‘ˆƒŽŽ’—„Ž‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–›ˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ž‹‡ ƒ†Š‹Ǥ
o Role of reformers:
▪ •’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹•ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–—’’‡”Ǧ ƒ•–‡†‘‹ƒ ‡‹ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡJyotiba Phule Žƒ— Š‡†ƒŽ‹ˆ‡Ž‘‰ ”—•ƒ†‡
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”ƒŠƒ‹ ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
▪ B.R. Ambedkar †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† Š‹• Ž‹ˆ‡ –‘ ‘’’‘•‹‰ ƒ•–‡ –›”ƒ›ǡ ˆ‘—†‹‰ –Š‡ ŽŽ †‹ƒ  Š‡†—Ž‡† ƒ•–‡•
‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
▪ Š‡All India Depressed Classes Association ™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†„›•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡”• Š‡†—Ž‡† ƒ•–‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ
o Contemporary evolved human rights conceptǣ Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† Š—ƒ ”‹‰Š–• ƒŽ•‘
Š‡Ž’‡†–‘”‡‘˜‡ ƒ•–‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
o Freedom Movementǣ –„‡ ƒ‡ƒ‡›‹’‡†‹‡––‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ•‡•‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘Š‘‘†ƒ†–Š‡•’”‡ƒ†
‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹‘†‡” †‹ƒǡ™Š‹ Š’”‘‘–‡†–Š‡‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘„ƒ•‡†‘ ƒ•–‡•ǤŠ‡ ”‡‡ †‹ƒ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘”‡“—‹”‡•‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‘Ǧ†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ ƒ•–‡Ǥ
ISSUES OF WOMEN IN SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
• Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ™‘‡ƒ––Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ–Š ‡–—”›™ƒ•‘–‰‘‘†Ǥ
• Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡•Šƒ†„‡‡”‡†‡”‡†‡š–”‡‡Ž›†”‡ƒ†ˆ—Ž„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‡˜‹Ž —•–‘•ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ–‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ–Š‡—”†ƒŠ
•›•–‡ǡ Š‹Ž†ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡˆ‡ƒŽ‡‹ˆƒ–‹ ‹†‡ǡ„”‹†‡’”‹ ‡ǡƒ†’‘Ž›‰ƒ›Ǥ
• ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ’”‘•’‡ –•ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘‡“—ƒŽ‹–›„‡–™‡‡‡ƒ†™‘‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
• As a result, there were the following significant issues related to Women during the 19th century:
o Gender biases in-laws:
▪ Š‡”‹–‹•ŠŠ‘‘—”‡†–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽŽƒ™•‘ˆ •Žƒƒ† ‹†—‹•Ǥ
▪ –‡”•‘ˆƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ†‹˜‘” ‡ǡ’”‘’‡”–›ǡ•— ‡••‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ†‘’–‹‘ǡ–Š‡•‡”—Ž‡•˜‹‡™‡†™‘‡ƒ••‡ ‘†Ǧ Žƒ••
‹–‹œ‡•ƒ†Š‘‘—”‡†–Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ–”‹ƒ” ŠƒŽˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ
▪ Š‡”‡•‡‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ̶broad consensus̶ƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–ƒŽ‡‡Ž‹–‡•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡–‘”‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡
™‘‡–‘†‘‡•–‹ ‹–›ƒ†•Žƒ˜‡”›‹–Š‹• ‘–‡š–Ǥ
o Practice of Purdah system in public life: †‹ƒ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ•—•‡†–Š‡‘”ƒŽ ‘†‡ˆ‘”™‘‡–‘”‡˜‡”‡ †‹ƒ̵•
‹ŽŽ—•–”‹‘—•’ƒ•–ǤŠ‡‡‡†‡†–‘„‡’”‘–‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡̶contaminating influence" ‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ„‘–Š
–Š‡—•Ž‹ƒ† ‹†—‡Ž‹–‡•‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒ†ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ ƒ‡–‘—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ†‹• ‘‡ –‡†™‘‡
‹–Š‡—”†ƒŠ•›•–‡Ǥ
o Issues of social acceptance of lawǣ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠŠƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†™‹†‘™”‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ
†‹ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ •–ƒ”–‡† Šƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡‹” ˆ‡ƒŽ‡• Ž‹˜‡ ƒ—•–‡”‡ ƒ• ‡–‹  ™‹†‘™Š‘‘†• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– Šƒ† „‡ ‘‡ ƒ •–ƒ–—•
•›„‘ŽǤ
o Lacuna in remedial approach: ‘–Š †‹ƒ• ƒ† ”‹–‹•Š ‘„•‡”˜‡† ™‘‡̵• †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡• ƒ† Žƒ‹• ƒ• •‘ ‹ƒŽ
ƒ––‡”•ǡ”‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡•ǡ ƒ•–‡†‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡ‘””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•†‘‰ƒ•–Šƒ–—’Š‡Ž†™‘‡̵•
‹ˆ‡”‹‘”•–ƒ–—•ǤŠ‡›Šƒ†‘’Žƒ•–‘’”‘‘–‡‰‡†‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
o Female labour force participationǣ †‹ƒ„—•‹‡••’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘‘™‡”••–ƒ”–‡†–‘•–‡”‡‘–›’‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡
Žƒ„‘—”ƒ•„‡‹‰— ‘‹––‡†ƒ†Žƒ ‹‰‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ™ƒ‰‡•ˆ‘”™‘‡™‡”‡Ž‘™‡”–Šƒˆ‘”‡Ǥ
Indian intellectuals and British bureaucrats both fought to raise the status of Indian women in the 19th century.
However, the issues of women's education, labour engagement, and Position in the family and society were limited by
domesticity. These neglected to address issues of gender equality, religious orthodoxy, and caste disparities.
ROLE PLAYED BY WOMEN
• Sarla Devi Chaudhrani: Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡† –Š‡ †‹ƒ ™‘‡̵• ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹ ͳͻͳͲ ‹ ŽŽƒŠƒ„ƒ†Ǥ –• ‰‘ƒŽ• ‹ Ž—†‡†
ƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰™‘‡̵•‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡Šƒ ‹‰–Š‡•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ™‘‡ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒǤ
• Pandita Rama Bai:

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
o ƒ†‹–ƒ ƒƒ ƒ‹ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† Š‡” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‹ „‘–Š ‰Žƒ† ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ™”‘–‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ —ˆƒ‹”
–”‡ƒ–‡–‰‹˜‡–‘ †‹ƒ™‘‡Ǥ
o Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡Arya Mahila Sabha in Pune and the Sarda Sadan –‘ƒ‹†™‹†‘™•‹‡‡†Ǥ
o Š‡’Ž‡ƒ†‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹–Š‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ™‘‡ǡ
o Lady Dufferin College „‡‰ƒ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‡†‹ ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘–‘™‘‡‘Š‡””‡“—‡•–Ǥ
• Mehribai Tata: Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ  ‘‡ ‹ †‹ƒ ™ƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†  ‹ ͳͻʹͷ ƒ• ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ  –Š‡
–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‘‡Ǥ
• Margret Cousins: ͳͻͳ͹ǡƒ”‰ƒ”‡–‘—•‹•„”‘—‰Š–—’–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ™‘‡̵•˜‘–‹‰”‹‰Š–•ƒ†‡–™‹–Š–Š‡‹ ‡”‘›
–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ”‘Œ‹‹ƒ‹†—–‘ƒ‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘”™‘‡̵•˜‘–‹‰”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
LEGISLATIVE MEASURES FOR WOMEN
Act passed by the British Administration Features
Bengal Sati Regulation Act (1829) To ban Sati Practice and made it illegal practice
Hindu Widows Remarriage Act of 1856 (Act XV, 1856) legalised remarriage of widows
Native Marriage Act (1872) Intended legislative action for the prohibition but, was not
applicable to Hindus, Muslims and other recognised religions.
Act of Age of Consent (1891) Prohibited the marriage of girl child below the age of 12 years
Sharda Act (1929) Minimum age for marriage was raised to 14 years
Act V of 1843 Practice of slavery was declared illegal

COMMON FEATURES OF SOCIO - RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS

• Monotheism: Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹‘‡ ‘†ƒ†–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•‹‹Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆƒŽŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•™ƒ••’”‡ƒ†„›ƒŽŽ”‡ˆ‘”‡”•ǤŠ‡›ǡ
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ†‡ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ
• Religious Reforms: Š‡’”‹‡•–Š‘‘†ǡ ‡”‡‘‹‡•ǡ‹†‘Žƒ–”›ǡ ƒ†’‘Ž›–Š‡‹• ™‡”‡ƒŽŽ†‡‘— ‡†„›–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”•Ǥ
Š‡•‡ ”‡ˆ‘” ‘˜‡‡–• ƒŽ•‘ ‘’’‘•‡† –Š‡ ƒ•–‡ •›•–‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ Š‹Ž† ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ ‘„˜‹‘—•
‹•–ƒ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ•‹†‡Ǥ
• Focus on the status of WomenǣŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”•™ƒ•–‘‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡™‘‡̵•ƒ†‰‹”Ž•̵•–ƒ–—•‹•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
Š‡›ƒŽŽ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‰™‘‡Ǥ
• Social Equality: › ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰–Š‡ ƒ•–‡•›•–‡ƒ†—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”• ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•’‡‘’Ž‡‹–‘‘‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Self-RespectǣŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–•’”‘‘–‡†ƒ‘‰ †‹ƒ•ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ†‹‰‹–›ǡŽ‹„‡”–›ǡƒ†’ƒ–”‹‘–‹•Ǥ
IMPACT OF SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
• Resurgence of Religions: ‹†—‹•̵•”‡˜‹˜ƒŽƒ•ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ–‘Ž‡”ƒ–ˆƒ‹–Šƒ‹‡†–‘”‡ Žƒ‹‹–•Ž‘•–’”‡•–‹‰‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ† •Žƒ‹–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ
• Empowered Marginalized Societiesǣƒ••ƒ—Ž–‘–Š‡†‡‰”ƒ†‹‰ƒ –• ‘‹––‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–™‘‡ǡ—–‘— Šƒ„Ž‡•ǡ
ƒ†‘–Š‡””‡’”‡••‡†ƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘—‹–‹‡•‹ †‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Increased Scientific Quotientǣ ‘•–‡”‹‰ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘ˆ•‡ŽˆŽ‡••‡••ǡ’‹‡–›ǡƒ†”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•
• Against Caste systemǣŠ‡‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–•ƒ –‡†ƒ•ƒ ”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹‰‹†‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•–‡•›•–‡ƒ†Š‡”‡†‹–ƒ”›
–”ƒ‹–•Ǥ
• Promoted Tolerance in Society:  ‘—”ƒ‰‡† „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ƒ–‹˜‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
—Ž–—”‡•ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Nationalismǣ‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘˜‡‡–• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ™ƒ‡‹‰ƒ‘‰–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Development of literature: Š‡•‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”•—•‡†„‘‘•ǡ’Žƒ›•ǡ•Š‘”––ƒŽ‡•ǡ’‘‡–”›ǡƒ†–Š‡’”‡••–‘’”‘‘–‡–Š‡‹”
‡••ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
LIMITATION OF SOCIO- RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
• Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–•™‡”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›ƒŽ‡Ǧ†‘‹ƒ–‡†ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡‰‡†‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‡•Š—„
Šƒ†”ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŠ‘ƒƒŒǡ†‡•’‹–‡’—„Ž‹ Ž›‘’’‘•‹‰ Š‹Ž†ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ƒ†„‡‹‰‹’”‡••‡†„›Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›̵•
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‹ ‰Žƒ†ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† Š‹• ͳͶǦ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž† †ƒ—‰Š–‡” –‘ ƒ””› –Š‡ •‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŠƒ”ƒŒƒ ‘ˆ ‘‘ Š ‡Šƒ”ǡ –Š—•
‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‰Š‹••–ƒ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‹Ž†ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–•Šƒ†ƒ””‘™ƒ‹•ǤFor example,‡†— ƒ–‹‰™‘‡–‘„‡„‡––‡”™‹˜‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•”ƒ–Š‡”
–Šƒ’”‘‘–‹‰‰‡†‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‹•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• ‡ˆ‘”•†‹†‘–ƒ††”‡••–Š‡™‹†‡”•›•–‡‹ ‹••—‡•‘ˆ‰‡†‡”†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’ƒ–”‹ƒ” Š›Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ†‘™”›™ƒ•
criticised but women’s economic dependence on men was left unaddressed.
• Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘™ƒ”†• ™‘‡̵• ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ™‡”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ Š‹‰Š‡” ƒ•–‡ ™‘‡ǡ ‹‰‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘ƒŽ
†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ ‡†„›™‘‡‘ˆŽ‘™‡” ƒ•–‡•ƒ† Žƒ••‡•Ǥ
• Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–•™‡”‡‘ˆ–‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ† ‘—‹–›Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Ǥƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ”—”ƒŽ™‘‡ ‘–‹—‡†–‘
ˆƒ ‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Reform movements did not produce opportunities for women beyond their home. Women’s participation in public
Ž‹ˆ‡‘”™‘”™ƒ•Žƒ ‹‰Ǥ
GOVERNMENT ATTITUDE TOWARD SOCIAL REFORM IN INDIA OVER THE CENTURY
• Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ––Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ–Š ‡–—”›ƒ••‹•–‡†‹–Š‡”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹ŽŽ•ǡ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ
–Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› ƒ—•‡† ƒ „”‡ƒ Š ‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˆƒ„”‹  ‘ˆ †‹ƒ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‘•–Ž› „ƒ•‡† ‘
‰Ž‹•Š˜‹•‹‘ƒ†ƒ––‹–—†‡Ǥ
• Attitude of the British towards social reforms can be summarised as -
o Downward Filtration theory: Š‡”‹–‹•Š‹–‡†‡†–‘–”ƒ‹ƒ•‡Ž‡ –‰”‘—’‘ˆ—’’‡”Ǧƒ†‹††Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ••’‡‘’Ž‡‹
‘”†‡”–‘’”‘†— ‡ƒ Žƒ••‘ˆ‹–‡”’”‡–‡”•Ǥ
o Working Professionalǣ‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ†‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ‘”‡š‡ —–‹‰”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†ƒ
ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‘”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡƒ†’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ”‘Š‹„‹–‡†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡–Š‡ ”‘••‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ„‡ ƒ‡
–Š‡‡™‘”ƒŽǤ
o Advancement of Missionary activities: ‘•– Šƒ”–‡”  – ͳͺͳ͵ǡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ™‡”‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –Š‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†•‘ ‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ†‡–Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‘”–••‘‘–ŠǤ
o Establish Rule of Law among local people: ƒ™• ˆ‘” ’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‰ Š‹Ž† ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ ƒ–‹ —•–‘•ǡ ”‘‘–‹‰
‹†‘™‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡‡– Ǥ™‡”‡‡ƒ –‡†ƒ†‡ˆ‘” ‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ –‹‘ƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ••‡•Ǥ
o Division based on religionǣŠ‡”‹–‹•ŠƒŽ•‘–”‹‡†–‘†‹˜‹†‡’‡‘’Ž‡„ƒ•‡†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ Žƒ••ƒ† ƒ•–‡•–Š”‘—‰Š
–Š‡ ”‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ For example, ƒ››‹† Š‡† Šƒ ™ƒ• ˜‘ ƒŽ –‘ •—’’‘”– –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‹†— ”‡ˆ‘”
‘˜‡‡–•™‡”‡‘–‹–Š‡ˆƒ˜‘—”‘ˆ”‹–‹•Šƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
CONCLUSION
The socio-religious reform movement as a whole opposed both the religious and social evils of traditional culture's
backward elements. The revival of traditional institutions, such as those in medicine, education, philosophy, and so
forth, was the main focus. They fought for the democratization of society, the abolition of superstitions and outdated
traditions, and the spread of enlightenment. This sparked India's countrywide awakening.
KEY WORDS: ‘ ‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‡ˆ‘”ǡ ƒ•–‡ ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘ǡ ™‘‡̵• ‡ƒ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‘”ǡ ”ƒŠ‘ ƒƒŒǡ ”›ƒ
ƒƒŒǡƒƒ”‹•Šƒ‹••‹‘ǡ‘—‰‡‰ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ǡ”ƒ”–ŠƒƒƒƒŒǡƒ–›ƒ•Š‘†ŠƒƒƒŒǡŠ‡‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡŽ‹‰ƒ”Š
‘˜‡‡–ǡ ‡‘„ƒ† ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ‹†‘™ ‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ Š‹Ž† ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ –‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ‡•–‡”
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡˜‹˜ƒŽ‹•– ƒ† ”‡ˆ‘”‹•– ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ ‹†—Ǧ—•Ž‹ —‹–›ǡ ‘‘–Š‡‹•ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ ‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ™ƒ‡‹‰Ǥ


PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ͳǤ ”ƒ ‡–Š‡”‹•‡ƒ†‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡‡–•™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘‘—‰‡‰ƒŽ ȋʹͲʹͳȌ
ƒ†”ƒŠ‘ƒƒŒǤ
ʹǤ Examine the linkages between 19th centuries ‘Indian Renaissance and the emergence of National ȋʹͲͳͻȌ
‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ

35
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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

5 ANALYSIS OF BRITISH POLICIES IN INDIA (FROM 1757 -1947)

ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES

STAGES OF COLONIALISM IN INDIA

• ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹• ‹• ƒ• ‘†‡” ƒ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ƒ• ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•Ǥ – †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡ †‹•–‹ – •–ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡
‘†‡” Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘› –Šƒ– ‹–‡”˜‡‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ ‘‘› ƒ† –Š‡ ‘†‡”
ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–‡ ‘‘›Ǥ
• †‹ƒŠƒ•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›„‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒclassic colonyǤDifferent stages of its colonialism are:
• First stage: Monopoly of Trade and Plunder (1757-1813):
o Conquests facilitating monopoly: ‹–Š–Š‡ ‘“—‡•–‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š ‡”–ƒ‹’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‘—–Š †‹ƒǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†
„› –Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ „‘–Š ‰‘ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ‘‘’‘Ž‹•‹‰ –”ƒ†‡ ƒ† •›’Š‘‹‰ ‘ˆˆ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ”‡•‘—” ‡• ™‡”‡ •™‹ˆ–Ž›
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
o Monopolising handicrafts: ‘™ǡ –Š‡ ƒ•– †‹ƒ ‘’ƒ› –‘‘ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ • –‘
‘‘’‘Ž‹•‡–”ƒ†‡ƒ†Šƒ†‹ ”ƒˆ–•‹ †‹ƒǤ
o Changes made during this period: Š‡ ‘Ž‘›—†‡”™‡–‘ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‹••–ƒ‰‡ǤŠƒ‰‡•™‡”‡
ƒ†‡‘Ž›‹‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒ––Š‡–‘’Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ”‡˜‡—‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Second stage: Era of Free Trade (1813-1860):
o One-way free trade policy: ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•™ƒ•–Š‡‘‡Ǧ™ƒ›ˆ”‡‡–”ƒ†‡’‘Ž‹ ›‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š
‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† †‹ƒ‹–‘ƒ‡š’‘”–‡”‘ˆ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒ‹’‘”–‡”‘ˆ”‹–‹•Šƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†
‰‘‘†•Ǥ
o Administration: Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ•
ƒ†‡‘”‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒ† ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡•‘–Šƒ–
‹’‘”–• ‘—Ž† ’‡‡–”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• ƒ† ”ƒ™
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‘—Ž†„‡–ƒ‡‘—–‡ƒ•‹Ž›Ǥ
o Commercialization of Agriculture: ‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ™ƒ• –Š‡
‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ƒ
ˆ‘” ‡†ƒ†ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ
†‹ƒ’‡ƒ•ƒ–•Ǥ
o Westernized habits: Š‡•‡™‡”‡’”‘‘–‡†–‘
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘””‹–‹•Š‰‘‘†•Ǥ
• Third stage: Era of Finance Capital (1860
onwards):
o Increase in investment: Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‹˜‡•–‡– ‹ †‹ƒ̵•
”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ǡ Ž‘ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ
–”ƒ†‡ǡƒ†–‘ƒŽ‡••‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‹’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘ƒŽ
‹‹‰ǡŒ—–‡‹ŽŽ•ǡ•Š‹’’‹‰ǡƒ†„ƒ‹‰Ǥ
o Emerging competition: – –Š‹• –‹‡ǡ
‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” ‡™ ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•–
ƒ–‹‘•’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ’‡”•‹•–‡––Š”‡ƒ––‘”‹–ƒ‹̵••–ƒ†‹‰‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‹–•Š‘Ž†‘˜‡” †‹ƒ™ƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡”
•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†Ǥ
o No industrial revolution but expansion: Š”‡‡ ƒŒ‘” ‡˜‡–•—–Š‡ ‹”•– ‘”Ž† ƒ”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ– ‡’”‡••‹‘
ȋͳͻʹͻ–͵ͶȌǡƒ†‘”Ž†ƒ” —”‡†— ‡†‘”ŠƒŽ–‡†ˆ‘”‡‹‰–”ƒ†‡ƒ†–Š‡‡–”ƒ ‡‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰‘‡›Ǥ—–„‡ ƒ—•‡
–Š‡–‹‡•™‡”‡‘Ž›Ž‘‘•‡†ǡ‘–„”‘‡ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ••‹’Ž›‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ƒ†‘–ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹
†‹ƒǤ
EXTENSION OF BRITISH PARAMOUNTCY
The East India Company maintained that its powers were stronger than those of Indian states and that its powers were
supreme or paramount, according to the Policy of Paramountcy. The process of imperial expansion and consolidation

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of British paramountcy was carried on by the Company during the 1757-1857 period through the policy of annexation
by diplomacy and administrative mechanisms.
The Policy of Ring-Fence (1765-1813):
• Meaning: ‹‰Ǧˆ‡ ‹‰ ™ƒ• ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‡’Ž‘›‡† „› ƒ””‡ ƒ•–‹‰• –‘ ˆ‘”–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ‘’ƒ›̵• ˆ”‘–‹‡”• „›
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰„—ˆˆ‡”œ‘‡•Ǥ
• Objectives: ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ‹–™ƒ•ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰›‘ˆ†‡ˆ‡†‹‰–Š‡‹”‡‹‰Š„‘—”•̵„‘”†‡”•–‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡‹”–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ
• Description: –”‡“—‹”‡†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹•—„•‹†‹ƒ”›ˆ‘” ‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡–‘„‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†ǡ•—’’Ž‹‡†ǡƒ†Ž‡†„›
‘’ƒ›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•™Š‘ǡ‹–—”ǡ™‡”‡–‘„‡ ‘’‡•ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡•–ƒ–‡̵•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ
• Example: ˆ–‡”–Š‡—šƒ”ƒ”‹ͳͻ͸Ͷǡ™ƒ†Š™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ•ƒ„—ˆˆ‡”•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
Subsidiary Alliance (1798 Onwards)
• Originǣ ‘”† ‡ŽŽ‡•Ž‡› Šƒ† †‡•‹‰‡† –Š‡ —„•‹†‹ƒ”› ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ• ƒ ̶‘Ǧ –‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‘Ž‹ ›ǡ̶ „—– ”‡ Š
‘˜‡”‘”—’Ž‡‹š ‘‹‡†–Š‡’Š”ƒ•‡Ǥ
• Objective: Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡™ƒ•–‘ ‘–”‘Ž †‹ƒˆ‘” ‡•™‹–Š‘—–‰‘‹‰–‘™ƒ”ƒ†‹ —””‹‰ ‘•–•Ǥ
• Description: Š‡ ‘’ƒ›̵••‘Ž†‹‡”•Šƒ†–‘„‡‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†—†‡”–Š‹•‡–Š‘†„›–Š‡ †‹ƒ‹‰•ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘Šƒ†–‘
‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ‘•–•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š”—‹‰–Š‡–”‘‘’•ƒ†–Š‡”—Ž‡”•—•– ‘–‹—‡–‘Š‘•–”‹–‹•Š ‹–‹œ‡•‹–Š‡‹”
‘—”–•Ǥ
• Example: Š‡ˆ‹”•–”—Ž‡”–‘ƒ ‡’––Š‡—„•‹†‹ƒ”›ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡™ƒ•–Š‡‹œƒ‘ˆ ›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†Ǥ
SCHOLAR’S VIEW
“Wellesley converted the British Empire in India to the British Empire of India. From one of the political powers in
India, the Company became the supreme power in India and claimed the whole country as its sole protectorate.
From Wellesley’s time onwards the defence of India was the Company’s responsibility” — Sidney J. Owen
The Doctrine of Lapse (1848-1859):
• Description:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡ǡ‹ˆƒ’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›̵•˜ƒ••ƒŽƒ‰‡ˆƒ‹Ž•–‘’”‘†— ‡ƒŠ‡‹”ǡ
–Š‡Žƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ‡š‡†„›–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
• Example: ‘”†ƒŽŠ‘—•‹‡ƒ†‘’–‡†–Š‹••–”ƒ–‡‰›‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›–‘ƒ‡š †‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡•ǤǤ‰Ǥƒ‡šƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Šƒ•‹ǡƒ–ƒ”ƒǡ
ƒ‰’—”ǡ†ƒ‹’—”‡– Ǥ
Doctrine of Mis-governance (1848-1856):
• Description: ‡šƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡ †‹ƒ”—Ž‡”Ǥ
• Example: ƒŽŠ‘—•‹‡ƒ‡š‡†™ƒ†Š‹ͳͺͷ͸—†‡”–Š‡’”‡–‡š–‘ˆ‹•Ǧ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ‹–‹‰ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘—†‡”
ƒŒ‹†Ž‹ŠƒŠǡ–Š‡Žƒ•–™ƒ†Š”—Ž‡”Ǥ
Why British Introduced these policies?
• Expansion of British empire: ‘‡š’ƒ†–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‹”‡‹ †‹ƒ„›„”‹‰‹‰‡™–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•—†‡”‹–• ‘–”‘ŽǤ
• Mitigating French influence: ‘†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ ”‡ Š‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•‘–Šƒ––Š‡”‹–‹•Š ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‘—–
’‘™‡”‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Conquests of Indian states without war: ’‡ƒ‡šƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘„‘–Šˆ‘”–Š‡
‘’ƒ›‹ †‹ƒƒ†–Š‡Š‘‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Increase in revenue: ‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›–‘‘‘’‘Ž‹•‡–Š‡‹”†‘‹‹‘‘˜‡” †‹ƒ–ƒ–‡™Š‹ Š
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡‹””‡˜‡—‡Ǥ
• Safeguarding company’s frontiers: ›‹–”‘†— ‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›‘ˆ”‹‰ˆ‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›•‘—‰Š––‘†‡ˆ‡†‹–•–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•
ˆ”‘‘–Š‡””‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ†ˆ‘”‡‹‰–Š”‡ƒ–•Ǥ
Impact of these policies:
• Transformation of the EIC: Š‡ ‘’ƒ›Šƒ†‘™‰”‘™ˆ”‘ƒ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹–‘ƒ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›
–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ’‘™‡”Ǥ
• Control over Indian rulers: ”‹–‹•Š–‘‘‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘ˆ†‡ ‹†‹‰–Š‡ ‘’‡–‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ”—Ž‡”•ƒ†
–Š‡‹”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Control over Princely states: Š‡‘’ƒ›–‘‘‘˜‡”–Š‡’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆƒ–ƒ”ƒǡ ƒ‹–’—”ǡƒ„ƒŽ’—”ǡƒ‰’—”ƒ†
Šƒ•‹‡– —†‡”‹–• ‘–”‘ŽǤ
• Imperial expansion: Ž‘™Ž›„—–”ƒ’‹†Ž›–Š‡‡–‹”‡ †‹ƒ•—„ ‘–‹‡– ƒ‡—†‡””‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
• Subordination of the Indian economy to British interests: Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹†‹”‡ – ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š
over India’s economy, agriculture, revenue etc.
• Revolt of 1857: ‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ž‹‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆŽƒ’•‡ƒ††‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ‹•‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡„‡ ƒ‡ƒ ƒ—•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž–Ǥ
• Direct rule of the British Crown: Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ž‡†–‘–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž–‘ˆͳͺͷ͹™Š‹ Š—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ž‡†–‘–Š‡†‘™ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡
‘’ƒ›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ™‡–†‹”‡ –Ž›—†‡”–Š‡—‡‡Ǥ

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BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY IN INDIA
During the British Raj in India, British foreign policy was characterized by a blend of imperialism, strategic maneuvering,
and economic interests. The overarching goal was to protect and expand the British Empire’s influence while managing
relations with neighboring countries and powers that could threaten its control over India. Below is a detailed analysis
of the key aspects and strategies of British foreign policy in India:
STRATEGIC BUFFER AND EXPANSION
1. The Great Game:
o ”‹–‹•Šˆ‘”‡‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›‹ †‹ƒ™ƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡†̶ ”‡ƒ– ƒ‡ǡ̶ƒ–‡”—•‡†–‘†‡• ”‹„‡
–Š‡‰‡‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‹˜ƒŽ”›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‹”‡ƒ†•ƒ”‹•–—••‹ƒǤŠ‡ƒ‹ ‘ ‡”™ƒ•–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ
†‹ƒˆ”‘’‘••‹„Ž‡—••‹ƒ‡š’ƒ•‹‘•‘—–Š™ƒ”†•Ǥ
o The British fortified India’s northwest frontier and engaged in several Afghan Wars (1839ǦͳͺͶʹǡ ͳͺ͹ͺǦͳͺͺͲǡ
ͳͻͳͻȌ –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ „—ˆˆ‡” •–ƒ–‡ ‹ ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ’”‡˜‡– —••‹ƒ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ †‹ƒ
•—„ ‘–‹‡–Ǥ
2. North-East Frontier:
o ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‹‡†ƒ–•‡ —”‹‰–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–„‘”†‡”•‘ˆ †‹ƒǤŠ‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ‡š‹‰”‡‰‹‘•Ž‹‡
••ƒǡƒ†ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹•‹Š‹ŽŽƒ”‡ƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‰‡–•ǤŠ‡ ƒŠ‘‹‡ǡ†”ƒ™‹ͳͻͳͶǡ
•‘—‰Š––‘†‡ˆ‹‡„‘”†‡”•„‡–™‡‡”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒƒ†‹„‡–ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‹–™ƒ• ‘–‡•–‡†„›Š‹ƒǤ
ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION AND TRADE
1. Trade Monopolies:
o Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›Š‡Ž†‘‘’‘Ž› ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡””‹–‹•Š–”ƒ†‡‹ †‹ƒǤŠ‹•‘‘’‘Ž›ƒŽŽ‘™‡†
the British to exploit India’s vast resources, manipulate local economies, and dictate terms of trade ˆƒ˜‘”‹‰
”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ
o ˆ–‡”–Š‡”‘™–‘‘‘˜‡”‹ͳͺͷͺǡ–Š‡•‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘–‹—‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–’”‘‘–‹‰’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–Šƒ–
benefited the British economy at the expense of India’s, including the deǦ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ–‘ƒ‡‹–ƒ
ƒ”‡–ˆ‘””‹–‹•Š‰‘‘†•ƒ†ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
2. Infrastructure for Exploitation:
o Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ǡ”‘ƒ†•ǡƒ† ’‘”–•ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†–Š‡‡ƒ•‹‡”‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ†‡š’‘”–‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǤŠ‹Ž‡
‘•–‡•‹„Ž›ƒ‘†‡”‹œ‹‰‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡™ƒ•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›†‡•‹‰‡†–‘ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡”‹–‹•Š ‘–”‘Žƒ†
‡ ‘‘‹ ‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ
DIPLOMATIC MANIPULATIONS AND TREATIES
1. Subsidiary Alliances:
o ‹–‹ƒ–‡†„›‘”†‡ŽŽ‡•Ž‡›ǡ•—„•‹†‹ƒ”›ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡•™‡”‡–”‡ƒ–‹‡•–Šƒ–‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† †‹ƒ’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•
ƒ•˜ƒ••ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•—†‡””‹–‹•Š’”‘–‡ –‹‘„—–™‹–Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž‘••‘ˆ•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ǤŠ‹•’‘Ž‹ ›‘–‘Ž›‡š’ƒ†‡†
”‹–‹•Š–‡””‹–‘”›„—–ƒŽ•‘’”‡˜‡–‡†‘–Š‡”—”‘’‡ƒ’‘™‡”•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ ”‡ Šǡˆ”‘‰ƒ‹‹‰‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
2. Divide and Rule:
o Š‡”‹–‹•Š‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ †‹˜‹†‡Ǧƒ†Ǧ”—Ž‡’‘Ž‹ ›–Šƒ–‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡††‹˜‹•‹‘•™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‘•‡
„‡–™‡‡ ‹†—• ƒ† —•Ž‹•ǡ –‘ ’”‡˜‡– —‹ˆ‹‡† ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ”‹–‹•Š ”—Ž‡Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ† Žƒ•–‹‰ ‹’ƒ –• ‘
‘—ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‹ †‹ƒǤ
HANDLING OF PRINCELY STATES
1. Doctrine of Lapse:
o –”‘†— ‡†„›‘”†ƒŽŠ‘—•‹‡ǡ–Š‹•’‘Ž‹ ›•–‹’—Žƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ›’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡‘”–‡””‹–‘”›—†‡”†‹”‡ –‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ
–Š‡”‹–‹•Š™‘—Ž†ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›„‡ƒ‡š‡†‹ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‡”™ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”̶ƒ‹ˆ‡•–Ž›‹ ‘’‡–‡–‘”†‹‡†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ
†‹”‡ –Š‡‹”Ǥ̶Š‹•’‘Ž‹ ›Š‡Ž’‡†‡š’ƒ†”‹–‹•Š–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•‹ †‹ƒ™‹–Š‘—–†‹”‡ –‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘“—‡•–Ǥ
2. Paramountcy:
o †‡” –Š‡ †‘ –”‹‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”ƒ‘—– ›ǡ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ”‘™ Žƒ‹‡† —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’”‹ ‡Ž› •–ƒ–‡•ǡ
‘˜‡””‹†‹‰„‘–Š‡š–‡”ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒŽ•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ǤŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡”‹–‹•Š–‘ ‘–”‘Ž–Š‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰ƒˆˆƒ‹”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
•–ƒ–‡•ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ
British foreign policy in India was driven by a complex mix of strategic, economic, and political motives aimed at
ensuring the profitability and security of British interests in the region. The policies implemented by the British had
profound effects on the political and economic fabric of India, many of which influenced the subcontinent's history long
after the end of British rule. The legacy of these policies contributed to many of the challenges faced by the region during
and after the transition to independence.

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS
To prevent the growth of patriotic sentiment through the Indian press, the British government made an effort to exert
control over it. The development of the Indian press was hampered by developmental issues, illiteracy, colonial
limitations, and repression. It spread liberation beliefs and became an important weapon in the struggle for
independence.
Origin of the press in India:
• 1st printing machine in India: ͳͷͷ͹ǡ –Š‡‘”–—‰—‡•‡„”‘—‰Š–ƒ’”‹–‹‰ƒ Š‹‡–‘ †‹ƒƒ– ‘ƒ–‘’”‘‘–‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ
• Hickey's Bengal Gazette: Š‡‡‰ƒŽ ƒœ‡––‡ǡ †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‹”•–‡™•’ƒ’‡”ǡ™ƒ••–ƒ”–‡†„› ƒ‡•—‰—•–—• ‹ ‡›‹
ͳ͹ͺͲǤ –‡š’‘•‡†–Š‡ ‘””—’–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›̵••‡”˜ƒ–•ƒ†ƒ””‡ ƒ•–‹‰•Ǥ
Censorship and Regulations:
• Censorship of Press Act 1799: –‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡
”‡ Š‹˜ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ‘”†‡ŽŽ‡•Ž‡›‡ƒ –‡†–Š‹•
ƒ – ‹’‘•‹‰ ™ƒ”–‹‡ ’”‡•• ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘• ‹ Ž—†‹‰
’”‡Ǧ ‡•‘”•Š‹’Ǥ
• Licensing Regulations, 1823:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•ƒ –ǡ
‡ƒ –‡† „› ‘Š †ƒ•ǡ •–ƒ”–‹‰ ‘” —•‹‰ ƒ ’”‡••
™‹–Š‘—–ƒŽ‹ ‡ ‡™ƒ•ƒ’‡ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‡ ‡Ǥ
• Press Act of 1835 or Metcalfe Act: ‡– ƒŽˆ‡”‡’‡ƒŽ‡†
–Š‡‘„‘š‹‘—•ͳͺʹ͵ƒ –ƒ†–Š—•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡†–Š‡’”‡••
™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡”ƒ’‹†‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ‡™•’ƒ’‡”•Ǥ
• Licensing Act, 1857: Š‡ †‹ƒ’”‡••™ƒ••—„Œ‡ ––‘
Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡—’”‹•‹‰‘ˆͳͺͷ͹ǤŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–
Šƒ•–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘ˆ‘”„‹†ƒ›‡™•’ƒ’‡”‘”„‘‘ˆ”‘
„‡‹‰’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ
• Registration Act 1867: Š‹•ƒ –”‡’Žƒ ‡†–Š‡‡– ƒŽˆ‡
 –Ǥ – ƒ†ƒ–‡† ‡˜‡”› „‘‘Ȁ‡™•’ƒ’‡” –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡
–Š‡ ’”‹–‡” ƒ† ’—„Ž‹•Š‡”̵• ƒ‡•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡
Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Nationalism and the Indian Press:
• Vernacular Press Act, 1878:
o Origin: –™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†„›‘”†›––‘‹ͳͺ͹ͺǤ
o Reason: —‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡
™”‹–‹‰•‹–Š‡’”‡••ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‡••Ǥ
o Objective: ‘”•’‹‰‡–Ž› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‡™•’ƒ’‡”•Ǥ
o Provision: †‡”–Š‡•‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ›†‹•–”‹ –ƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡‘”ƒ’‘Ž‹ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡”™ƒ•‡’‘™‡”‡†–‘ˆ‘” ‡
–Š‡’”‹–‡”ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‡”‘ˆƒ‡™•’ƒ’‡”–‘ƒ‰”‡‡‘––‘’—„Ž‹•Š ‡”–ƒ‹‹†•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ–‘†‡ƒ†•‡ —”‹–›ǡ
ƒ†–‘ ‘ˆ‹• ƒ–‡ƒ›’”‹–‡†ƒ––‡”‹–†‡‡‡†–‘„‡‘„Œ‡ –‹‘ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
• Newspaper (Incitement to Offences Act, 1908): Š‹•ƒ –‰ƒ˜‡ƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘•‡‹œ‡’”‡••’”‘’‡”–›
™Š‡‹–’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡ ‘–‡––Šƒ–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ƒ–ƒŽ›œ‡†˜‹‘Ž‡–‡š–”‡‹•–ƒ –•‘”ƒ•ƒŒ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”—”†‡”Ǥ
• Indian Press Act, 1910: –‡’‘™‡”‡†–Š‡‘ ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–•–‘‹••—‡™ƒ””ƒ–•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ›‡™•’ƒ’‡”‘”„‘‘
‘–ƒ‹‹‰•‡†‹–‹‘—•ƒ––‡”•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡–‘„‡ˆ‘”ˆ‡‹–‡†–‘ ‹•ƒŒ‡•–›ƒ†–Š—•’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡
ƒ‘—–‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–’”‡••ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• Indian Press (Emergency Powers) Act, 1931: Š‡ †‹ƒ”‡•• –‘ˆͳͻ͵ͳ‰”ƒ–‡†’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–•„”‘ƒ†
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘ —”„’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ ‹˜‹Ž†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡Ǥ ͳͻ͵ʹǡ‹–™ƒ•„”‘ƒ†‡‡†–‘ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽƒ –‹‘•‹–‡†‡†
–‘—†‡”‹‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
SCHOLAR’S VIEW
“In order to keep the press fully posted with accurate and current information, Lytton instituted the post of "Press
Commissioner for India". His main job was to liaise between the press and the government” - N. Krishm Murthy
ROLE OF THE PRESS IN THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡••‘–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•—Ž–‹ˆƒ ‡–‡†ƒ†’Žƒ›‡†ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ•’‡ –•
‘ˆ–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Economic Critique of Colonialism: Š‡ ’”‡•• ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ’”‡•‡–‹‰ ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ”‹–‹•Š
‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‹ †‹ƒǤ – Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–”› ƒ† ˆ—‡Ž‡† ƒ–‹Ǧ”‹–‹•Š
•‡–‹‡–•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡNaoroji's "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India̶‹–”‘†— ‡†–Š‡”ƒ‹‘ˆ‡ƒŽ–Š–Š‡‘”›ǡ
™Š‹Ž‡ R.C. Dutt's "Economic History of India̶ –Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ› ‡šƒ‹‡† –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ”‡ ‘”† ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ”—Ž‡ •‹ ‡
ͳ͹ͷ͹Ǥ
• Education and Information Dissemination: ‘–Š˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”ƒ† ‰Ž‘Ǧ †‹ƒ ’”‡••’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‡†— ƒ–‡†–Š‡
ƒ••‡•„›”‡’‘”–‹‰‘Ž‘ ƒŽǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‡–•ǤŠ‡›•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
’”‘˜‹†‡† –Š‡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” ”‡˜‘Ž–• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹  ‘’‹‹‘Ǥ Š‡ "Hindoo Patriot" by H. C.
Mukherjeeǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‡š’‘•‡†–Š‡‘’’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ‹†‹‰‘’Žƒ–‡”•‹‡‰ƒŽǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–
ƒ—•‡Ǥ
• Political Awakening: Š‡’”‡••„‡ ƒ‡ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‡˜‹‡™’‘‹–•ƒ††‡„ƒ–‡•ǡˆ‘•–‡”‹‰‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽƒ†
‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•ƒ†–Š‡
ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Promotion of National Consciousness: Š‡’”‡••’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ‡ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡
ƒ••‡•ƒ†‘„‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ –ˆ‘•–‡”‡†ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—‹–›ƒ†’—”’‘•‡ǤFor
example, †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͻʹͲ•ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•• ™ƒ• ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ‹ †‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‰
ƒ†Š‹̵•‡••ƒ‰‡•ƒ†‘„‹Ž‹œ‹‰•—’’‘”–‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ—•‡Ǥ
• Spearheading Socio-Religious Movements: †‹ƒ ’”‡•• ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ’”‘‘–‹‰
”‡ˆ‘”‹•–‹†‡ƒ•„›‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹†‡„ƒ–‡•‘‹••—‡••— Šƒ•ˆ‡ƒŽ‡‹ˆƒ–‹ ‹†‡ǡ™‹†‘™Š‘‘†ǡ Š‹Ž†ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ’”‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ
—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†•—’‡”•–‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‡›ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘•‘ ‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘˜‡‡–•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡•‡
•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ
HISTORIAN’S VIEW
"I have taken up journalism not for its sake, but merely as an aid to what I have conceived to be my mission in life." -
Mahatma Gandhi wrote in his “Young India”

SIGNIFICANCE OF DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS

• Growth of national consciousness: Š‡’”‡••’Žƒ›‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹‘„‹Ž‹•‹‰’—„Ž‹ ‘’‹‹‘™Š‹ Šƒ‹†‡†
‰”‘™–Š‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••Ǥ
• Spread of political consciousness: Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‘ ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ • ‡‡ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ‘– †‹• —••‡† ƒ–
Ž‡‰–Š„›–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡’”‡••ǤŠ‡ †‹ƒ”‡•• ƒ””‹‡†ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‘–Š‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹••—‡•Ǥ
• Socio-Cultural Transformation: Š‡ ’”‡•• •’”‡ƒ† ‹†‡ƒ• ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‘”• ƒ† ƒ’ƒ‹‰‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰
•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‹ŽǤ‰Ǥƒ„ƒ†ƒ——†‹„›ƒŒƒƒ‘Šƒ‘›Šƒ†ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ’ƒ‹‰‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘ȋ•–‘’Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹
”ƒ–ŠƒǤ
• Promoting Nationalism: Š‡ ’”‡•• ‘– ‘Ž› Žƒ‹† –Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” ”‡ƒ–‡† ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰• ‘ˆ
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ•‡ —Žƒ”‹•ƒ†’”‘Ǧ’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‹Ǥ‡Ǥ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‹‰‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Economic awakening: Dadabhai Naroji, M G Ranade and many others propagated the theory of “Drain of Wealth”
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‡••™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ƒ™ƒ‡‹‰‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘• ‹‘—•‡••ƒ‘‰’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• Opposed the oppressive and exploitative policies of the colonial regime: – ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ ƒ–‹Ǧ
‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•–ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•™Š‹ Š•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
• Strengthening unity: Š‡’”‡•••–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡•–”‘‰‹ †‹ƒƒ†–Š‡ †‹ƒ•
•Š‘—Ž†ˆ‘”‰‡––Š‡Šƒ–”‡†–Šƒ–‡š‹•–‡†ƒ‘‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‰”‘—’•‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
EVOLUTION OF CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA
The early beginnings of civil service in India date back to the years following 1757 when the East India Company became
the de facto ruler in several regions. The company established the Covenanted Civil Services (CCS).
EVENTS AFFECTING ITS EVOLUTION:
• Appointment of collector: ͳ͹͹Ͳǡ–Š‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ””‡ ƒ•–‹‰•†‹˜‹†‡†‡‰ƒŽ‹–‘†‹•–”‹ –•ƒ†
ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”Ǥ
• Separation of power: ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘”™ƒŽŽ‹••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”Ǥ ‡ ‡Š‡‹•‘™
ƒ•–Š‡‘father of civil services’.
o ‡ŽŽ‡•Ž‡›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Fort William College ‹ͳͺͲͲˆ‘”–”ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‡™Ž›”‡ ”—‹–‡† ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•Ǥ
• Patronage system: ‹ŽŽͳͺͷ͵ǡƒŽŽ ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•™‡”‡‘‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‘—”–‘ˆ‹”‡ –‘”•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Charter Act, 1853: ‘—”–‘ˆ‹”‡ –‘”•Ž‘•––Š‡’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡•›•–‡Ǥ ‡ ‡ͳͺͳ͵‘™ƒ”†•ǡ‡šƒ•™‡”‡–‘„‡Š‡Ž†‹
‘†‘ˆ‘”•‡Ž‡ –‹‰ ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•Ǥ
• Indian Civil Service Act, 1861: Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ –ͳͺ͸ͳŽƒ‹††‘™–Šƒ–ƒ›’‡”•‘ǡ™Š‡–Š‡” †‹ƒ‘”—”‘’‡ƒ
‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† –‘ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡• ȋ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ • Š‡†—Ž‡ ƒ‡š‡†Ȍǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† –Šƒ– Š‡ Šƒ† ”‡•‹†‡† ˆ‘” ƒ
‹‹—‘ˆ͹›‡ƒ”•‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Aitchison Commission: Š‡‹– Š‹•‘‘‹••‹‘™ƒ•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†‹ͳͺͺ͸–‘”‡˜‹‡™–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ
‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǤŠ‡ ‘‹••‹‘•—„‹––‡†‹–•”‡’‘”–‹ͳͺͺ͹ǡ”‡ ‘‡†‹‰–Š‡”‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•‹–‘
–Š”‡‡‰”‘—’•ǣ ’‡”‹ƒŽǡ”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽǡƒ†—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Government of India Act, 1919: – ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Public Service Commission ƒ– –Š‡
’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ
o Š‡–‹‡ ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡•‡šƒ•™‡”‡Š‡Ž†‹ †‹ƒ™ƒ•‹ͳͻʹ͵Ǥ
• Lee Commission: ͳͻʹ͵ǡ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ•‡†–Š‡‡‡‘‹••‹‘–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡”ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡•—’‡”‹‘” †‹ƒ’—„Ž‹ •‡”˜‹ ‡•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†„›–Š‡ †‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Government of India Act, 1935: –’”‘˜‹†‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ—„Ž‹ ‡”˜‹ ‡‘‹••‹‘Ǥ
• Post-Independence: Ǥ  ‡Š”— ™ƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š –Š‡  „—– ƒ”†ƒ” ƒ–‡Ž ‡’Šƒ•‹•‡† ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ •–”‘‰
„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ ›Ǥ
ROLE OF CIVIL SERVICES IN BRITISH INDIA
• Commercial affairs: ‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡•‡”˜ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›™Š‘™‡”‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”•™‡”‡–Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž
•‡”˜ƒ–•Ǥ
• As collector: ‡™ƒ•–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡”‡˜‡—‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ Šƒ”‰‡†™‹–Š”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†’ƒ”–‹–‹‘‘ˆ
Š‘Ž†‹‰•Ǣ–Š‡•‡––Ž‡‡–‘ˆ†‹•’—–‡•Ǣ–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ‹†‡„–‡†‡•–ƒ–‡•ǢŽ‘ƒ•–‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‹•–•ǡƒ†ˆƒ‹‡”‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ
• As district magistrate: ‡ ‡š‡” ‹•‡† ‰‡‡”ƒŽ •—’‡”˜‹•‹‘ ‘˜‡” –Š‡‹ˆ‡”‹‘” ‘—”–• ƒ† ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ †‹”‡ –‡† –Š‡
’‘Ž‹ ‡™‘”Ǥ
• Held all the key posts: Š‡•‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”••—””‘—†‡†–Š‡‹ ‡”‘›ƒ††‘‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ
• Overseeing government activity: Š‡›™‡”‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡”•‡‡‹‰ƒŽŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹–Š‡
–™‘Š—†”‡†ƒ†ˆ‹ˆ–›†‹•–”‹ –•–Šƒ– ‘’”‹•‡†”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒǤ
• Safety valve: ‘‡Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ–Ǥ —‡ǡƒ ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–ǡˆ‘”‡†–Š‡ ˆ‘””‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰
†‹• ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ•Ǥ
HOW CIVIL SERVANT HELPED IN BRITISH EXPANSION?
British civil servants played a crucial role in facilitating the expansion and consolidation of British rule in India through
strategic administration, policy enforcement, and infrastructure development. Some of them are as follows:
• Administrative Control: ‘”†‘”™ƒŽŽ‹•”‡ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•›•–‡„›‹–”‘†— ‹‰–Š‡‘”™ƒŽŽ‹•‘†‡ǡ
™Š‹ Š’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ–Š‡”‡„›‡•—”‹‰‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ƒ† ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”˜ƒ•––‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ
• Revenue Collection: Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡”ƒ‡–‡––Ž‡‡–‹‡‰ƒŽ„› ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•—†‡”‘”™ƒŽŽ‹•
•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†”‡˜‡—‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡”‡˜‡—‡ˆŽ‘™–‘”‹–ƒ‹ƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‹‰”‹–‹•Š‡ ‘‘‹ 
‹–‡”‡•–•‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
• Legal and Judicial Roles:Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‹˜‹Ž‡”˜‹ ‡ȋ Ȍ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ ƒ†”‡‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•™Š‘
‡ˆ‘” ‡†”‹–‹•ŠŽƒ™•ƒ†•—’’”‡••‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ†‹••‡–ǡ–Š‡”‡„›‡„‡††‹‰”‹–‹•Šƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘”‡†‡‡’Ž›™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒ
•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Survey and Mapping:Š‡ ”‡ƒ–”‹‰‘‘‡–”‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›Ž‡†„›‹” ‡‘”‰‡˜‡”‡•–’”‘˜‹†‡††‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ
†ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ–™ƒ•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡’Žƒ‹‰ǡƒ‹†‹‰–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š ‘–”‘Ž‹–‘‡™
”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Policy Implementation: ‹˜‹Ž •‡”˜ƒ–• ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† –Š‡ ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›• ƒ† ‡Ž‡‰”ƒ’Š  –ǡ ™Š‹ Š Š‡Ž’‡† „—‹Ž†
‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡–Šƒ–‘–‘Ž›‹’”‘˜‡† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–„—–ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ„Ž‡†“—‹ ‡”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›†‡’Ž‘›‡–•
ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Diplomatic and Political Manipulation:‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•Ž‹‡‘”†ƒŽŠ‘—•‹‡—–‹Ž‹œ‡†–Š‡‘ –”‹‡‘ˆƒ’•‡’‘Ž‹ ›–‘
ƒ‡š•–ƒ–‡•™Š‘•‡”—Ž‡”•™‡”‡†‡‡‡†‹ ‘’‡–‡–‘”™Š‘†‹‡†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ„‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŠ‡‹”ǡ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‡š’ƒ†‹‰
”‹–‹•Š–‡””‹–‘”›‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Infrastructure Development:†‡””‹–‹•Š ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•‡–™‘”•–ƒ”–‹‰‹ͳͺͷ͵ǡˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†–Š‡”ƒ’‹†‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–”‘‘’•ƒ†‰‘‘†•ǡ
‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡ ‘‘›™‹–Š‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”‡–•ƒ†”‡‹ˆ‘” ‹‰”‹–‹•Š†‘‹ƒ ‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL BODIES UNDER BRITISH RULE
The British came to India as traders. The local governments were hardly their first priority. In fact, till the advent of
British rule in India, the rural republic had flourished and thrived. During the British period, the Panchayati Raj
institution was created only to collect revenue and the power was actually not transferred to the institution.
Measures taken with regard to local bodies:
• –Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ†ƒ›•‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š™ƒ•Ž‹‹–‡†–‘–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•™‹–Š‘‹ƒ–‡†
‡„‡”•ǤŠ‡•‡„‘†‹‡•™‡”‡„—‹Ž–ƒ”‘—†–”ƒ†‹‰ ‡–”‡•Ǥ
• –™ƒ•‘”†ƒ›‘ǡ–Š‡–Š‡˜‹ ‡”‘›‘ˆ †‹ƒȋͳͺ͸ͻ–‘ͳͺ͹ʹȌǡ™Š‘ˆ‡Ž––Š‡‡‡†–‘†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹•‡’‘™‡”•–‘„”‹‰ƒ„‘—–
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ ›‡ƒ” ͳͺ͹Ͳ ‹–”‘†— ‡† –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –‡† ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‹ –Š‡ —”„ƒ
—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• The Bengal Chowkidar Act, 1870:
o Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–‹•›•–‡‹‡‰ƒŽ™ƒ•”‡˜‹˜‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡‰ƒŽŠ‘™‹†ƒ” –‘ˆͳͺ͹ͲǤ
o Š‡Š‘™‹†ƒ” –‰ƒ˜‡†‹•–”‹ –Œ—†‰‡•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘ˆ‘”’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•™‹–Š†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†‡„‡”•
–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ ––ƒš‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š‘™‹†ƒ”•‘”™ƒ– Š‡–Š‡›‡’Ž‘›‡†Ǥ
Ripon Resolution, 1882:
o  ”‡†‹„Ž›ǡ ‘”† ‹’‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ  Ž‘ ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ ‡ ƒ„ƒ†‘‡† –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‹Ǧ’Žƒ ‡
•›•–‡‘ˆ—‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘”—„›ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›‘‹ƒ–‡†‡„‡”•Ǥ
o ‹• Ž‘ ƒŽ •‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ „‘ƒ”†• –‘ „‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ •ƒŽŽ‡” ‰”‘—’• –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ
o ‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘’”‘ ‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ„‘ƒ”†•–‘‡•—”‡’—„Ž‹ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
• Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919:
o Š‹•”‡ˆ‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡––‘–Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆ’”‘˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
o Š‡”‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ•‘”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Šƒ–ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Š‡”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡’‘’—Žƒ” ‘–”‘Ž‹Ž‘ ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•
ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ǡˆ”‘‘—–•‹†‡ ‘–”‘ŽǤ
• Government of India Act (1935):
o ‘•– ’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‡Ž– ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡† –‘ ’ƒ•• Žƒ™• –‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹•‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ •‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–
‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•ǡƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‡•Šƒ˜‹‰’‘’—Žƒ”Ž›‡Ž‡ –‡†‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ
BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS INDIAN STATES
The British policy towards the princely states of India was determined by their own ambitions which ranged from
reaching parity to complete subjugation. The various British Rule policies can be used to chart the development of
interactions between British rule and Indian states.
Policy of the British Description of the Policy
Policy of Ring of Fence • Š‹•’‘Ž‹ ›ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ––‡’–‡†–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š„—ˆˆ‡”œ‘‡•–‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡‘’ƒ›̵•
(1765-1813) „‘”†‡”•ǡ ™ƒ• ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡† ‹ ƒ””‡ ƒ•–‹‰•̵ ‘ˆŽ‹ –• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ• ƒ† –Š‡
›•‘”‡’‹”‡Ǥ
• ‡ŽŽ‡•Ž‡›̵••—„•‹†‹ƒ”›ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡’‘Ž‹ ›™ƒ•ƒ‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‹‰ˆ‡ ‡’‘Ž‹ ›Ǥ
Policy of Subordinate • • –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹• •’”‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ’ƒ”ƒ‘—– › •–ƒ”–‡† –‘ –ƒ‡
Isolation (1813-1857) •Šƒ’‡Ǥ
• †‹ƒ ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ
•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡ƒ‡”–‘”‡ ‘‰‹•‡‹–••—’‡”‹‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Š‡•–ƒ–‡•”‡–ƒ‹‡†‹–‡”ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›„—–‰ƒ˜‡—’ƒŽŽˆ‘”•‘ˆ
‡š–‡”‹‘”•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›Ǥ
Policy of Subordinate • ‹–Š –Š‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ †‡ Žƒ”‡ ™ƒ”ǡ ’‡ƒ ‡ǡ ‘” ‡—–”ƒŽ‹–› ˆ‘” •–ƒ–‡•ǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ
Union (1857-1935) ‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘••‡••‡†–‘–ƒŽƒ†—†‡‹ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘˜‡”‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”•Ǥ
• Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–‡š‡” ‹•‡†‹–•”‹‰Š––‘‹–‡”˜‡‡‹–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”•‘ˆ
•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• ‘” ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ •–ƒ–‡ –‡””‹–‘”› ‹• ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ• ”‹–‹•Š
–‡””‹–‘”›ǡƒ†•–ƒ–‡•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡•ƒ‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ•”‹–‹•Š•—„Œ‡ –•ǡ̶™”‘–‡–Š‡
—–Ž‡”‘‹••‹‘‹ͳͻʹ͹Ǥ
Policy of Equal • Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ –‘ˆͳͻ͵ͷ’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ ‡†‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›Ǥ
Federation (1935-1947) • ‘‡Ž‹•––Š‡ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ”‹ ‡Ž›–ƒ–‡•‹”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘˜‡‡–Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
ECONOMIC POLICIES OF THE BRITISH
The economic policies of the British were concerned with the protection and promotion of British economic interests.
It was not directed to develop the economic condition of the colonised country and its people. Such policies brought
about a fundamental change in the structure of the Indian economy — transforming the country into supplier of raw
materials and consumer of finished industrial products from Britain. Thus, India became a market for industrialised
Britain.
Economic policy during different phases:
• Early phase of the foundation of British rule:
o The company’s priority was to finance Indian trade through Indian resources.
o ”‹–‹•Š ’‘Ž‹ › ‹ †‹ƒ ’Žƒ ‡† ƒ •–”‘‰ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ”‡˜‡—‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ –”ƒ†‡
‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ
o ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡†”ƒ‹‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–Š•–ƒ”–‡†ˆ”‘ †‹ƒ–‘”‹–ƒ‹™Š‹ Š‹’‘˜‡”‹•Š‡†‡‰ƒŽƒ†ƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†
–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡ ‘‘›Ǥ
• Early 19th century:
o ‹•‡‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•‹”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ
o Shift in economic policy to convert India into a market for Britain’s finished goods while supplying raw materials.
o –”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆŠƒ†‹ ”ƒˆ–‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡™Š‹ Š ƒ—•‡†’‘˜‡”–›ǡ
—‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ†”‡ —””‹‰‹ ‹†‡ ‡‘ˆˆƒ‹‡Ǥ
• Post-1858:
o †‹ƒ™ƒ•‡’–‘’‡ˆ‘””‹–‹•Š ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ
o Š‡‹ˆŽ—š‘ˆ ƒ’‹–ƒŽˆ”‘”‹–ƒ‹–‘ †‹ƒˆ‘”‹˜‡•–‡–‹”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡•Š‹’’‹‰‹†—•–”›‡– ƒ†‹”‡–—”ǡŠ‘‡
Šƒ”‰‡•‹ —””‡†Ǥ
ECONOMIC DRAIN THEORY AND ITS PROPONENTS'
The drain was conceived as a unilateral transfer of resources from India to Britain without any corresponding economic
or commercial gain.
Proponents of the theory:
• Dadabhai Naoroji:
o In 1867, in a speech, he argued that Britain was siphoning off India’s wealth which amounted to about 25 per cent
of the country’s revenue which was ‘added to the resources of England’.
o ͳͺ͹͵ǡŠ‡ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‹–‹ ‹•‡†”‹–ƒ‹ˆ‘”‘ignoring India’s interests and making it the drudge for the benefit
of England’.
o ‹•„‘‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India ȋͳͻͲͳȌ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹Ž‡•–‘‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›
• R C Dutt:
o In his book “Economic History of India”, he wrote about the entire ‡ ‘‘‹  •›•–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ —†‡”
”‹–‹•Š‡”•ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ••‡›
o ‡Ǧhalf of India’s net revenue flows out of India each year, according to R.C. Dutt
• M G Ranade:
o  ƒƒ†‡™”‘–‡“Essay on Indian Economics” •Š‘™‹‰–Š‡†”ƒ‹‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ
o ‡†‡ Žƒ”‡†–Šƒ–‘”‡–Šƒƒ–Š‹”†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹ ‘‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ™ƒ•–ƒ‡ƒ™ƒ›„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹‘‡ˆ‘”
‘”ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ
• William Digby:
o  ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡™ƒ•͉͵Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ

HISTORIAN’S VIEW
“Under the native despot the people keep and enjoy what they produce, though at times they suffer some violence.
Under the British Indian despot, the man is at peace, there is no violence; his substance is drained away, unseen,
peaceably and subtly— he starves in peace, and peaceably perishes in peace, with law and order” - Dadabhai
Naoroji

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Constituents of the drain of wealth:
• Commercial revenues: Š”‘—‰Š–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‡—‡•ƒ†
‰‡–ƒ ‡••–‘ †‹ƒ‰‘‘†•ˆ‘”‡š’‘”–Ǥ
• Transfer of private capital: Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ–‘‰Žƒ†™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†”ƒ‹Ǥ
• Home Charges ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”‡†ƒƒŒ‘”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†”ƒ‹ǤŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡†•ƒŽƒ”‹‡•Ȁ’‡•‹‘•’ƒ‹†–‘–Š‡‘’ƒ›̵•
‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‹‰Žƒ†Ǥ
• Salary: Š‡‘‡›’ƒ‹†–‘„ƒ•ǡ‹•—”ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡƒ†•Š‹’’‹‰ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•‹‰Žƒ†ˆ‘”•‡”˜‹ ‡•’”‘˜‹†‡†
‹ †‹ƒ™ƒ•ƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›–Šƒ–™‡ƒŽ–Š™ƒ•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ †‹ƒǤ


HISTORIAN’S VIEW
“Our system acts very much like a sponge, drawing up all the good things from the banks of the Ganges, and
squeezing them down on the banks of the Thames” - John Sullivan
Impact of the Drain of Wealth:
• Revenue Export:•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•”‡˜‡—‡™ƒ••‡––‘”‹–ƒ‹ƒ•̶ ‘‡Šƒ”‰‡•ǡ̶™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡†
’ƒ›‡–•ˆ‘””‹–‹•Š ‹˜‹Žƒ†‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•‡”˜‹ ‡•‹ †‹ƒǡ’‡•‹‘•ǡƒ†‹–‡”‡•–•‘”‹–‹•Š‹˜‡•–‡–•ǤFor example,
ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡˜‡—‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ †‹ƒ–ƒš’ƒ›‡”•™ƒ•—•‡†–‘’ƒ›•ƒŽƒ”‹‡•ƒ†’‡•‹‘•‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š
‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•™‘”‹‰‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Deindustrialization of India:”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ˆƒ˜‘”‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–‘ˆ”‹–‹•Šƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†‰‘‘†•ƒ†•–‹ˆŽ‡† †‹ƒ
‹†—•–”›ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”ƒˆ–•ƒ†‹†—•–”‹‡•ǤŠ‹• ‹ Ž—†‡†‹’‘•‹‰Š‹‰Š–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•‘ †‹ƒ
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†‰‘‘†•™Š‹Ž‡ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰”‹–‹•Š‰‘‘†•–‘‡–‡” †‹ƒ™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡‘”‘†—–›Ǥ‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡Šƒƒǡ‘ ‡ˆƒ‘—•
ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”—•Ž‹•ǡ•ƒ™–Š‡‹”™‡ƒ˜‡”•̵Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•†‡•–”‘›‡†Ǥ
• Capital Investments for British Benefit: ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –• Ž‹‡ ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›• ƒ† –‡Ž‡‰”ƒ’Š• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› •‡”˜‡†
”‹–‹•Š‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‹–‡”‡•–•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ †‹ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ǡFor example,
™‡”‡—•‡†–‘–”ƒ•’‘”–”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”–‘’‘”–•ˆ‘”•Š‹’‡––‘‰Žƒ†ƒ†„”‘—‰Š–”‹–‹•Š‰‘‘†•
„ƒ ‹–‘ †‹ƒǡ—†‡”‹‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽ„—•‹‡••‡•Ǥ
• Agricultural Exploitation: Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ƒ•Š ”‘’ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ȋŽ‹‡ ‘––‘ ƒ† ‹†‹‰‘Ȍ ˆ‘” ‡š’‘”–
ƒ”‡–•Ž‡†–‘–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆˆ‘‘† ”‘’•ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘ˆ‘‘†•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡•ƒ†ˆƒ‹‡•ǤŠ‡ˆ‘” ‡† —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘
’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ†ƒ–‡†ˆƒ”‡”•–‘‰”‘™ ‡”–ƒ‹ ”‘’•ǡ•‡˜‡”‡Ž›‹’ƒ –‡†–Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ƒ†ˆ‘‘†•‡ŽˆǦ
•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ
• Famines and Poverty:”‹–‹•Šƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›–ƒšƒ–‹‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆƒ‹‡•‹ †‹ƒǤŠ‡
”‡ƒ–‡‰ƒŽ ƒ‹‡‘ˆͳ͹͹Ͳǡ–Š‡ˆƒ‹‡‘ˆͳͺ͹͸Ǧ͹ͺǡƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻͶͲ•‡‰ƒŽ ƒ‹‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‹ŽŽ‡†
‹ŽŽ‹‘•ǡ™‡”‡‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡•‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡•‡ˆƒ‹‡•ǡˆ‘‘†‡š’‘”–•–‘”‹–ƒ‹ ‘–‹—‡††‡•’‹–‡ƒ••‹˜‡
Ž‘ ƒŽ•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
• Neglect of Education and Health: ‹––Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡ƒŽ–Š†”ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘ †‹ƒ™ƒ•”‡‹˜‡•–‡†‹˜‹–ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ •‡”˜‹ ‡•Ž‹‡
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǤŠ‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›”ƒ–‡•ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‘†‹–‹‘•‹ †‹ƒŽƒ‰‰‡†ˆƒ”„‡Š‹†‘–Š‡””‡‰‹‘•—†‡”
”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ǡ‹’ƒ –‹‰ †‹ƒ̵••‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ‘”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
How drain of wealth theory appealed general masses
• Economic awakening: ‡‘’Ž‡”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡™ƒ•‹‹‹ ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ †‹ƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡
–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–™‡”‡‰‡ƒ”‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ
• Economic Nationalism:  ‘‘‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•‡‡”‰‡†‹ †‹ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡•–ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡
‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•™Š‘’”‘’‘—†‡†–Š‡”ƒ‹‘ˆ‡ƒŽ–Š–Š‡‘”›Ǥ
• Anti-Imperialistic feeling: –•–ƒ”–‡†–‘‰”‘™‹–Š‡ƒ••‡•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†’‘˜‡”–›ƒ†‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Exposure to the reality of the British: –‡š’‘•‡†–Š‡‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†•‡Žˆ‹•Šƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ƒ†ƒ†‡’‡‘’Ž‡
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‹–‹•Š™‡”‡–Š‡ƒ‹”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”‡š‹•–‹‰’‘˜‡”–›Ǥ
REVENUE POLICIES, INDIAN AGRICULTURE AND BRITISH RULE
Maximising revenue from the colony became the main goal of the British administration after the Diwani of Bengal,
Bihar, and Orissa were awarded to the East India Company in 1765. The company's primary source of revenue was from
agricultural taxes, and it had to distribute dividends to its British investors. To achieve this, the British government
experimented with a variety of land revenue strategies.
LAND REVENUE SYSTEMS:
• Izaredar system (1773):
o †‡””‡˜‡—‡ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ‹–”‘†— ‡†„›ƒ””‡ ƒ•–‹‰•‹‡‰ƒŽǡ—”‘’‡ƒ‹•–”‹ –‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”•™‘—Ž†̵ˆƒ”̵‘—–
–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘‡›–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–„‹††‡”Ǥ
o —‡–‘–Š‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹Ž›Š‹‰Š”‡˜‡—‡†‡ƒ†•ǡ–Š‹••›•–‡™ƒ•ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹•ƒ•–‡”ƒ††‡•–”‘›‡†–Š‡‰”‘™‡”•Ǥ

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o Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ œƒ”‡†ƒ”•›•–‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‘”‡‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡˜‡—‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘
‡–Š‘†ǡ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡”ƒ‡–‡––Ž‡‡–‹ͳ͹ͻ͵Ǥ
• Permanent settlement (1793):
o Origin: Cornwallis introduced the system of Permanent Settlement in 1793 under which the ‘zamindars’, were
o ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•–Š‡’”‘’”‹‡–‘”•‘”‘™‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†Ǥ
o Role of zamindars: ƒ‹†ƒ”• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†Žƒ†”‡˜‡—‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡™ƒ•–‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡ͳͲȀͳͳ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡
”‡– –Š‡ œƒ‹†ƒ”• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‡ƒ•ƒ–”›ǡ ™‹–Š ‘Ž› ͳȀͳͳ–Š ‰‘‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ œƒ‹†ƒ”• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ Š‡
ƒ‘—–•–Š‡›™‡”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘’ƒ›ƒ•Žƒ†”‡˜‡—‡™‡”‡ƒ†‡’‡”ƒ‡–Ǥ
o Regions: ‡•–‡‰ƒŽǡ‹Šƒ”ǡ†‹•Šƒǡǡ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡƒ†ƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠŠƒ†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡
•›•–‡Ǥ
o Advantages:
▪ Increased crop production: Š‡ ‘’ƒ›ƒ‹‡†–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ„—•‹‡••Ǧ‹†‡† Žƒ••‘ˆŽƒ†‘™‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š
–Š‹••›•–‡ǡ™Š‘™‘—Ž†™‘”–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ”‘’’”‘†— –‹‘‹–Š‡‹”ˆƒ”•–‘ƒ‡‘‡›Ǥ
▪ Ease of administration: ‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Šƒ•ƒŽŽ—„‡”‘ˆœƒ‹†ƒ”•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡˜‡”›’‡ƒ•ƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ•‹‡”
ˆ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
▪ Rise of loyal class: •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›™‘—Ž††‡˜‡Ž‘’Ž‘›ƒŽ–›–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
o Drawbacks:
▪ Impoverishment: – Ž‡†–‘‰”‡ƒ–‡”‹’‘˜‡”‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ƒ–Ǧ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‘”„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡„—”†‡‘ˆŠ‹‰Š
”‡˜‡—‡ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ
▪ Sunset clause: –ƒŽ•‘ ƒ—•‡†‰”‡ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›ˆ‘”œƒ‹†ƒ”•ǡƒ›‘ˆ™Š‘™‡”‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘’ƒ›–Š‡”‡˜‡—‡
on time and lost their lands under the ‘sunset clause’.
▪ Collapse of Zamindar Houses:Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽœƒ‹†ƒ”Š‘—•‡• ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡†Ǥ
▪ Sub-infeudation: Š‡•›•–‡ƒŽ•‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†•—„Ǧ‹ˆ‡—†ƒ–‹‘‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒ›Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ”‹‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡
œƒ‹†ƒ”ƒ† —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‘”ǡƒ††‹‰–‘–Š‡™‘‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–”›Ǥ
• Ryotwari system (1820):
o Origin: †‡” –Š‡ ›‘–™ƒ”‹ •›•–‡ǡ ‹–”‘†— ‡† „›Ž‡šƒ†‡” ‡ƒ† ƒ† Š‘ƒ• —”‘ǡ ”‡˜‡—‡ ™ƒ• ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›
collected from each village separately, but later each cultivator or ‘ryot’ was assessed individually
o Property Ownership:‡ƒ•ƒ–•ǡ‘–œƒ‹†ƒ”•ǡ™‡”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•’”‘’‡”–›‘™‡”•Ǥ
o Regions: ƒ†”ƒ•ǡ‘„ƒ›’”‡•‹†‡ ‹‡•Ǥ
o Advantages:  ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡˜‡—‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡•–ƒ–‡†—‡–‘–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ›‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ”›Ǥ
o Drawbacks:
▪ Š‡ƒ••‡••‡–•™‡”‡ˆƒ—Ž–›Ǥ
▪ Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•™‡”‡‘˜‡”„—”†‡‡†„›–Š‡–ƒš‡•Ǥ
▪ ƒ„Ž‡–‘’ƒ›–Š‡–ƒš‡•ǡ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•‰‘Ǧ–‘‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•™Š‘‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†–Š‡Ǥ
• Mahalwari system (1822):
o †‡”–Š‹••›•–‡ǡ‹–”‘†— ‡†„› ‘Ž–ƒ ‡œ‹‡ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†‡•‡––Ž‡‡–•™‹–Š‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‘—‹–›
o or, in some cases, the traditional ‘taluqdar’.
o ‘‡”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘™ƒ•‰‹˜‡–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
o Regions: ‘”–Šƒ†‘”–ŠǦ‡•–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
o Advantages:
▪ –ƒ„‹Ž‹•‡†‹ ‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
▪ Š‡‘”‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–”‡˜‡—‡•›•–‡Ǥ
o Drawbacks:
▪ Š‡‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•Ȁ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‘”•Ǥ
▪ Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•™‡”‡„‘—†–‘’ƒ›–ƒš‡•‡˜‡‹†”‘—‰Š–
IMPACT OF THE LAND REVENUE SYSTEM
• Lack of innovation in agriculture: ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡„‡ ‘‡••–ƒ‰ƒ–‘™‹‰–‘–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆƒ›–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘
†—‡–‘–Š‡’‘‘”ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‘”•Ǥ
• Poor condition of peasants: ‡ƒ•ƒ–•ƒŽ‘•–„‡ ƒ‡–‡ƒ–•ƒ–™‹ŽŽǤ
• Absentee landlordism: – ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ Žƒ†‡† ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ”‹‡• ƒ† •—„Ǧ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ”‹‡• ‰‹˜‹‰ ”‹•‡ –‘
ƒ„•‡–‡‡Žƒ†Ž‘”†‹•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Rise of the money lending class: ‹‡Ǧ„‘—†ƒ†‡š ‡••‹˜‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘””‡˜‡—‡„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ‘” ‡†
–Š‡ ’‡ƒ•ƒ–• –‘ –ƒ‡ Ž‘ƒ• ˆ”‘ –Š‡‘‡›Ž‡†‡”• ™Š‘‹ –—” ‡š’Ž‘‹–‡† –Š‡ ’‡ƒ•ƒ–• „› ‹’‘•‹‰ Š‹‰ŠǦ‹–‡”‡•–
”ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Rise of landlords and zamindars: ƒ†Ž‘”†•ƒ†œƒ‹†ƒ”•„‡ ƒ‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ– Žƒ••ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š
‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡Ǥ
• Territorial expansion: Š‡ ‰”‡‡† ˆ‘” ‹ ‘‡ ˆ”‘ Žƒ† ”‡˜‡—‡ ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡† –Š‡ ‘’ƒ› –‘ ’—”•—‡ ƒ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡
’‘Ž‹ ›‘ˆ–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹ †‹ƒǤ
COMMERCIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE:
• Introduction:
o Š‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡•–ƒ”–‡†’‘•–Ǧͳͺͳ͵™Š‡–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹‰Žƒ†‰ƒ‹‡†
’ƒ ‡Ǥ
o ”‘—†ͳͺ͸ͲǤǤǡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡•–ƒ”–‡†–‘‰ƒ‹’”‘‹‡ ‡ǡ ‘‹ ‹†‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ †—•–”‹ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
o Š‡ ”‘’• ‘ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‘’ƒ› ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡† ™‡”‡ ‹†‹‰‘ǡ ‘––‘ǡ ”ƒ™ •‹Žǡ ‘’‹—ǡ ’‡’’‡”ǡ ƒ†ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ–Š
‡–—”›ǡƒŽ•‘–‡ƒƒ†•—‰ƒ”Ǥ
Factors leading to commercialisation:
• British paramountcy: ”‹–‹•ŠǦ‹•–‹–—–‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ—‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡––Šƒ–
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ
• Industrial Revolution in Britain: ƒ› ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ”‘’••— Šƒ• ‘––‘ǡŒ—–‡ǡ–‡ƒǡƒ†–‘„ƒ ‘™‡”‡‹–”‘†— ‡†–‘
‡‡––Š‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘””ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ
• Cultural erosion: Š‡ ”‡’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ —•–‘ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ „› ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‘–”ƒ – ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡
‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
• Improved communication and transport infrastructure: Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘–”ƒ†‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‰‘‘†•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ ”‘••
˜ƒ•–†‹•–ƒ ‡•ǡ™ƒ•ƒ†‡’‘••‹„Ž‡„›‹’”‘˜‡† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–Ž‹‡–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•‡– Ǥ
• Monetization of land revenue payments: Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‘‡›‡ ‘‘›”‡’Žƒ ‡†–Š‡„ƒ”–‡”ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
‰‘‘†•„‡ ƒ‡ƒ”‡–‹–‡•Ǥ
Effects of commercialisation:
o Impoverishment:
▪ Š‡‡š’‘”–•‘ˆ ƒ•Š ”‘’••‡”˜‡†‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›–‘”‡‹–”‡•‘—” ‡•‘—–‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
▪ Š‡ †‹ƒ̵–”‹„—–‡̵™ƒ•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†–‘”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ
▪ †‹ƒ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‘‹’‘”–•‹”‡–—”ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡‡š’‘”–•Ǥ
o Increased dependency on moneylenders: †‹ƒ ‘‡›Ž‡†‡”• ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† ƒ•Š ƒ†˜ƒ ‡• –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• –‘
—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡–Š‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ”‘’•ƒ†‹ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘’ƒ›–Š‡„ƒ ‹–‹‡ǡ–Š‡Žƒ†‘ˆ’‡ƒ•ƒ–• ƒ‡
—†‡”–Š‡‘™‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ‘‡›Ž‡†‡”•Ǥ
o Instability in the rural economy:
▪ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ž‡†–‘‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡’”‹ ‡Ǥ
▪ For example,‹ˆ–Š‡‡•– †‹ƒ•—‰ƒ” ”‘’™ƒ•‰‘‘†ǡ’”‹ ‡•‹‰Š–ˆƒŽŽ‹ƒŽ —––ƒǡƒ†–Š‡•—‰ƒ”ˆƒ –‘”‹‡•‹
œƒ‰ƒ”Š‹‰Š–’ƒ›–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•Ž‡••–Šƒ–Š‡›Šƒ†’”‘‹•‡†Ǥ
o Under-development of full labour market: Š‡ ‘–‹—ƒŽ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‘‡” ‹‘ ƒ† –ƒ–‡ ’‘™‡” †‹•–‘”–‡† –Š‡
ƒ”‡–•ƒ†’”‡˜‡–‡†–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆƒˆ—ŽŽŽƒ„‘—”ƒ”‡–Ǥ
o Small farming: ‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡‡–Š‘†•‘”–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘™ƒ•ƒŽ–‡”‡†Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ•ƒŽŽˆƒ”‹‰
„ƒ•‡†‘ˆƒ‹Ž›Žƒ„‘—””‡ƒ‹‡†–Š‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–ˆ‘”‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘—–”›•‹†‡Ǥ
o Occurrence of famine:  ƒ” ‹–› ‘ˆ ˆ‘‘† ‰”ƒ‹• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ •—„•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ‘Ǧˆ‘‘† ”‘’• ™Š‹ Š
”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ƒ”‡†— –‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡” —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘† ”‘’•Ǥ
o Peasant Revolts: ’’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ’‡ƒ•ƒ–•„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‡‰Ǥ †‹‰‘”‡˜‘Ž–‹ͳͺͷͻǤ
o Positive impact:
▪ Social exchange: ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡š Šƒ‰‡ƒ†‹–ƒ†‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡ ‘‘›‹–‘ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–‹ ˆ‘”Ǥ
▪ Economic nationalism: –•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•™Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ “—‹”‡†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‘”Ǥ
▪ Region specific crop cultivation: –ƒŽ•‘„”‘—‰Š–ƒ„‘—–”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‘’•‘ƒ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–„ƒ•‹•Ǥ

46
PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

HISTORIAN’S VIEW
“The servants of the Company forced the natives to buy dear and sell cheap... Enormous fortunes were thus rapidly
accumulated at Calcutta, while thirty millions of human beings were reduced to the extremity of wretchedness. They
had never [had to live] under tyranny like this…” — Macaulay
THE DECLINE OF TRADITIONAL ARTISANAL INDUSTRY AND THE CRIPPLING OF THE RURAL ECONOMY
The decline started post-1757 when the EIC established a monopoly over the production of the Bengal artisans. Artisans
were forced to supply goods at low prices to the Company which created great hardship for the weavers and other
artisans.
FACTORS BEHIND THE DECLINE
• The disappearance of court culture: ”–‹•ƒ•™‡”‡†‡’”‹˜‡†‘ˆ’ƒ–”‘•ƒ† ‘–”ƒ –—ƒŽ–”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘•‘™‹‰–‘–Š‡
†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‘—”– —Ž–—”‡
• Anglicisation of Indians: Š‡‡™Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† †‹ƒ̶„‘—”‰‡‘‹•‹‡̶‘–‘Ž›†‡•’‹•‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ‹†—•–”‹‡•̵‰‘‘†•„—–
ƒŽ•‘ƒ––‡’–‡†–‘‹‹–ƒ–‡‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰—”‘’‡ƒǤ
• Competition from machine-made goods: Š‡”‹–‹•Š ‘—Ž†‹’‘”––Š‡‹”ƒ Š‹‡Ǧƒ†‡–‡š–‹Ž‡•–‘ †‹ƒƒ†•‡ŽŽ
–Š‡ƒ–ƒŽ‘™‡”’”‹ ‡ƒ†‹‰”‡ƒ–‡”“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• One-way trade policies: ”‹–‹•Š‡”•™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ ‡•• †‹ƒƒ”‡–•†—–›Ǧˆ”‡‡Ǥ  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ–ƒš‡•™‡”‡
‹’‘•‡†‘ †‹ƒ‰‘‘†•‹–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒƒ”‡–•Ǥ
• Prohibition of use and possession of arms: ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ƒŽ•‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‹ŽŽ‡†ƒŠƒ†‹ ”ƒˆ–™Š‹ Š—•‡†–‘’”‘†— ‡
ƒ”•ǡ™‡ƒ’‘•ƒ†•Š‹‡Ž†•„›ƒ –‹˜‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”—•‡ƒ†’‘••‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Development of infrastructure: Improved transport facilities like railways made India’s hinterland accessible for
‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
DECLINE OF TRADITIONAL INDUSTRY AND THE SUBSEQUENT CRIPPLING OF THE RURAL ECONOMY
• Economic ruralisation: Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘Ž‘ ƒŽ‡–‡”’”‹•‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ•‘ˆ•—„•‹•–‡ ‡Ǥ
Š‹•ƒ‹†‡†‹–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ”—”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
• Shifting to agriculture: —‡–‘–Š‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡƒ”–‹•ƒ•–—”‡†–‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ•ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ
‹ ‘‡™Š‹ Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡††‡’‡†‡ ›ƒ†’”‡••—”‡‘Žƒ†Ǥ
• Rise in rural poverty: š ‡••†‡’‡†‡ ›‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ž‡†–‘”‹•‡‹’‘˜‡”–›ƒ††‹•–‘”–‡†–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‡ ‘‘‹ 
•‡–—’Ǥ
• Rise of intermediaries: ‡” Šƒ–•ǡ„ƒ‡”•ǡƒ‹›ƒǡƒ†‘–Š‡”‹††Ž‡‡•–ƒ”–‡†–‘”—Ž‡–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ
–‹‡•‹–Š‡”—”ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›—†‡” ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ• ƒ•Šǡ ”‡†‹–ǡƒ† ‘–”ƒ –•‰ƒ‹‡†’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›Ǥ
• The destitution of tribals and small peasants: ‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ †‡ƒ† ˆ‘”   „› –Š‡ ƒ”–‹•ƒ• ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ –Š‡
†‹•–‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›Ǥ
• The decline of weekly haatsǣ—ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ƒ†ƒ”–‹•ƒ•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ˆ‡™‡”•’‘–•Ǧ–”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘•ƒ†–Š—•
•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•†‹• ‘–‹—‡†Š‘Ž†‹‰™‡‡Ž›Šƒƒ–•Ǥ
DEINDUSTRIALISATION AND RURALISATION OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
According to Karl Marx, "It was the British intruder who broke up the Indian handloom and destroyed the spinning
wheel. England began by driving the Indian cotton from the European market; it then introduced a twist into Hindustan,
and in the end, inundated the very mother country of cotton with cotton”. The decay of Dacca, Surat, Murshidabad and
many other flourishing towns bears testimony to the de-industrialization of India
The motive behind systematic de-industrialisation:
• Demand for raw material: ‘‰‡––Š‡”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘ †‹ƒƒ–ƒ Š‡ƒ’”ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Facilitating industrial revolution in Britain: ‘”‡†— ‡ †‹ƒ–‘ƒ‡”‡‡š’‘”–‡”‘ˆ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘ˆ—Žˆ‹Ž–Š‡‡‡†•
‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š‹†—•–”‹‡•†”‹˜‡„›–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
• Market for British goods: ‘•‡ŽŽ–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†‰‘‘†•‹–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ”‡–ƒ–ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”’”‹ ‡Ǥ
EVENTS LEADING TO DEINDUSTRIALISATION:
• Calico Actǣ ͳ͹ʹͲǡ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–„ƒ‡†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ’”‹–‡† ‘––‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•‹‰Žƒ†Ǥ
• Charter Act of 1813ǣˆ–‡”–Š‡Charter Act of 1813ǡ Š‡ƒ’ƒ†ƒ Š‹‡Ǧƒ†‡‹’‘”–•ˆŽ‘‘†‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ”‡–Ǥ
• Decline in Indian exports: ˆ–‡”ͳͺʹͲǡ—”‘’‡ƒƒ”‡–•™‡”‡˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ› Ž‘•‡†–‘ †‹ƒ‡š’‘”–•Ǥ
• Creation of communication infrastructure: ƒ‹Ž ‡–™‘”• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ͳͺͷͷ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ –Š‡
”‡‘–‡•– ‘”‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ 

47
PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
HISTORIAN’S VIEW
“The armour of the isolated self-sufficient village was pierced by the steel rail, and its life blood ebbed away” — D.H.
Buchanan

REASONS FOR DEINDUSTRIALISATION

• Disappearance of court culture: Š‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”—Ž‹‰ Žƒ••–Šƒ–’”‘‘–‡†‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”ƒˆ–•Ǥ
• No industrialisation in India: Š‡ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘† ™ƒ• ‘– ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡† „› ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ
‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Anglicisation of Indians: Š‡•‡‡™Ž› ”‡ƒ–‡† †‹ƒ̵„‘—”‰‡‘‹•‹‡̵‘–‘Ž›†‹•†ƒ‹‡†–Š‡’”‘†— –•‘ˆ‹†‹‰‡‘—•
• industries but also tried to copy everything European which was considered to be the "hallmark of enlightenment”.
• Industrial Revolution in Britain: –”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡‹ˆŽ—š‘ˆƒ Š‹‡Ǧƒ†‡‰‘‘†•Ǥ
• Tariff policy: ‘ ’—– Š‡” ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ‘ ƒ •‘—† ˆ‘‘–‹‰ ƒ– Š‘‡ǡ ‰Žƒ† ’—”•—‡† –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ › ‘ˆ
’”‘–‡ –‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ‹’‘”–†—–‹‡•Ǥ—–ˆ‘” †‹ƒǡ•Š‡’”‡ƒ Š‡†–Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž‘ˆˆ”‡‡–”ƒ†‡Ǥ
• Weak industrial structure in India: —‡–‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”•™‡”‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆ‹†‡™ƒ”‡–•Ǥ †‹ƒ
ƒŽ•‘†‹†‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ Žƒ••‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Ǥ
IMPACT OF DEINDUSTRIALISATION
• Distortion of village economy: British ended the “blending of agriculture and handicrafts”. The internal balance of
–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‡ ‘‘›™ƒ••ƒ’’‡†Ǥ
• Unemployment and under-employment: – ƒ—•‡† ƒ ‹„ƒŽƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ”—”ƒŽ
—‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ†—†‡”Ǧ‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ
• Deurbanisation: –Ž‡†–‘–Š‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆƒ›–‘™•Ǥ
• Ruralisation of India: Š‡ƒ”–‹•ƒ•™‡”‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡†ˆ”‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‹†‹‰‘‘–Š‡”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•‘—” ‡
‘ˆŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–‹•ƒ•ˆ‡ŽŽ„ƒ ‘Žƒ†Ǥ
• Peasantisation: ‘˜‡” ”‘™†‹‰‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡–‘‘’Žƒ ‡™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–‡†‹Ǧ
o ’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ•—„†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒ†ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ†Š‘Ž†‹‰•
o ‘˜‡”Ǧ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘” —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ˆ‡”‹‘”ƒ†—’”‘†— –‹˜‡Žƒ†
o •—„•‹•–‡ ‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡
o •Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‡‡–•‹Žƒ†
• Stimulating patriotic sentiments: ƒ–”‹‘–‹ •‡–‹‡–•ƒ”‹•‡†ƒ‘‰‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ•ƒŽ‹‡‹–Š‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡ǡš–”‡‹•–
ƒ† ƒ†Š‹ƒ‡”ƒ•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘”‡†‹”‡ –Ž›ǡ‹‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ—”„ƒƒ†”—”ƒŽ‡š’Ž‘•‹‘•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•Ǥ
Differential impact of de-industrialization:
• Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ‹’‘”–‡†‰‘‘†•–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆ‹†‹‰‡‘—•’”‘†— –•Ǥ
• Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ”‡–‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‹ƒ›ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Š‡ˆ‘” ‡† ‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘‡ ”ƒˆ–•‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡—’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡†—‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆ‘”‡˜‹ƒ„Ž‡‡’Ž‘›‡–
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ


HISTORIAN’S VIEW
“…deindustrialisation was a deliberate British policy, not an accident. British industry flourished and Indian industry
did not because of systematic destruction abetted by tariffs and regulatory measures that stacked the decks in favour
of British industry conquering the Indian market, rather than the other way around” — Shashi Tharoor in “An Era
of Darkness”
SUDDEN SPURT IN FAMINES IN COLONIAL INDIA SINCE THE MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Famine is a situation where many people lack food and die from hunger and disease. During the British period, there
were a total of 31 famines. The most devastating was the Bengal Famine of 1943, which resulted in the death of
approximately 2 to 3 million people. These famines were largely a result of colonial policies, including rack-renting, free
trade, neglect of agriculture, and high levies.
REASONS FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF FAMINES:
• Neglecting agricultural investment: ‘”‡Ǥ‰Ǥˆ‘‘†‰”ƒ‹’”‘†— –‹‘™ƒ•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹’ƒ –‡†„›’‘‘””ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ•‹ ‡
–Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Exporting food grains: Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–‡’–‘‡š’‘”–‹‰ˆ‘‘†‰”ƒ‹•–‘‹–•ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘—–”›‰Žƒ†ƒ†
‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Feeding army: –ƒŽ•‘—•‡†ˆ‘‘†‰”ƒ‹•–‘ˆ‡‡†‹–••‘Ž†‹‡”•™Š‘™‡”‡ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰™ƒ”•‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ

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• Poverty: ƒ‹‡•™‡”‡ƒ†‹”‡ –”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ’‘˜‡”–›Ǥ
• Commercialization of agricultureǣŠ‹ˆ–‹‰‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ˆ”‘’”‘†— ‹‰ˆ‘‘†‰”ƒ‹•–‘ ƒ•Š ”‘’•Ǥ
• Changes in the composition of India’s trade ƒŽ•‘”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ˆ‘‘†• ƒ” ‹–›Ǥ
Impact of famines:
• –ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ”‘™–Šǣ –‘ —”•†—‡–‘ƒ••‘”–ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
• ‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›ǣ –Šƒ’’‡‡†‘™‹‰–‘ƒ••‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘˜‡” ”‘™†‹‰ǡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ•–
‰”ƒ‹‡– Ǥ
•  ”‡ƒ•‡†‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™‘‡ǣ –ˆ‘” ‡•ƒŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ™‘‡‹–‘’”‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Ž‘–Š ˆƒ‹‡ǣ Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ƒ”› ‘•—‡† ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒŽŽ –Š‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡• ’”‘†— ‡† ‹ †‹ƒǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ • ƒ” ‹–› ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ
Ž‘–Š‹‰ǡ‘”ƒ› Ž‘–Š‹‰ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ
• ‘‡Ž‡••™‘‡ƒ† Š‹Ž†”‡ǣ‡„‡‰ƒ•‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆˆ–Š‡‹”Žƒ†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹‡‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ƒ†Œ‘‹
–Š‡ƒ”›Ǥ –Š‡‹”“—‡•–ˆ‘””‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ–Š‡› ‘–‹—‡†‘˜‹‰ˆ”‘‘‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡Žƒ†‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”‹†•™‡”‡
Ž‡ˆ–Š‘‡Ž‡••ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–Ǥ
• Š›‰‹‡‡ƒ†‘—–„”‡ƒ‘ˆ‹ˆ‡ –‹‘ǣŠ‡ˆƒ‹‡• ƒ—•‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡•ƒ‹–ƒ”›’”‘„Ž‡•ǡƒ’’ƒŽŽ‹‰Š›‰‹‡‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ
ƒ†ƒ‘—–„”‡ƒ‘ˆ‹ˆ‡ –‹‘Ǥ
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN MEANS OF COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Under the colonial regime, basic infrastructure such as railways, ports, water transport, posts and telegraphs developed.
The real motive behind this development was not to provide basic amenities to the people but to subserve various
colonial interests.
Different infrastructures developed under British rule:
Infrastructure Description
• –‡ƒ„Ž‡†’‡‘’Ž‡–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡Ž‘‰Ǧ†‹•–ƒ ‡–”ƒ˜‡Žƒ†–Š‡”‡„›„”‡ƒ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽƒ†
Railways —Ž–—”ƒŽ„ƒ””‹‡”•Ǥ
• –ˆ‘•–‡”‡†–Š‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡™Š‹ Šƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†–Š‡•‡ŽˆǦ
•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‡ ‘‘‹‡•‹ †‹ƒǤ
• –•‡”˜‡†–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ‘„‹Ž‹•‹‰–Š‡ƒ”›™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒǤ
Roads • ‘†”ƒ™‘—–”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘—–”›•‹†‡–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•–ƒ–‹‘‘”–Š‡’‘”–
–‘•‡†–Š‡•‡–‘ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ›‰Žƒ†‘”‘–Š‡”Ž— ”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Port • ‘‡š’‘”–”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‹’‘”–ˆ‹‹•Š‡†‰‘‘†•ˆ”‘”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ
Post • ‡•’‹–‡•‡”˜‹‰ƒ—•‡ˆ—Ž’—„Ž‹ ’—”’‘•‡ǡ”‡ƒ‹‡†‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ǥ
Inland water • ––‹‡•‹–’”‘˜‡†—‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽƒ•‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ•–ƒƒŽ‘–Š‡”‹••ƒ ‘ƒ•–Ǥ
ways
Electric • –•‡”˜‡†–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰Žƒ™ƒ†‘”†‡”Ǥ
Telegraph • ‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

How development of these infrastructure helped Indian freedom struggle?

• Breaking geographical and cultural barriers: Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Strengthening unity among masses: Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•–ƒ–‹‘•„‡ ƒ‡•‹–‡•‘ˆƒ••Ǧƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•™Š‹ Š™‡”‡—•‡†ˆ‘”
–”—Ž›•‡ —Žƒ”’—”’‘•‡•„›Ǥ ƒ†Š‹ǡ–Š—••–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰—‹–›ƒ‘‰ƒ••‡•Ǥ
• Connected national leaders: ŽŽ ‡†— ƒ–‡† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„ ‘–‹‡– ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘
‘—‹ ƒ–‡™‹–Š‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”–Š”‘—‰Š‹’”‘˜‡† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ††”‡••‡†–Š‡‹”‹••—‡•–Šƒ–
–Š‡›™‡”‡Šƒ˜‹‰Ž‹˜‹‰—†‡”ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‘–”‘Žƒ†‡š Šƒ‰‡†‹†‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Exposure of real nature of British rule: ‹–Š‹’”‘˜‡† ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡“—‹ Ž›ˆ‹‰—”‡†‘—––Šƒ–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡
™ƒ•–‘„Žƒ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†Žƒ†–Š‡ˆ––Šƒ–‘ —””‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„ ‘–‹‡–ǡ™‹–Š‘”‡‰‹‘„‡‹‰
‡š‡’–‡†Ǥ
• Provide easy targets for revolutionaries: For example, ˆ‘” ƒ–‹Ǧ”‹–‹•Š •ƒ„‘–ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ‹• „‡ ƒ‡ –Š‡ ‘•–
•›„‘Ž‹ ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ”‡ ‘—”•‡Ǥ
SOCIAL POLICIES
DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION UNDER BRITISH
Modern education in India began under British rule, transitioning from the traditional Gurukulas and Madrassas. Pre-
1835, early efforts included establishing the Calcutta Madrasa (1781) and Sanskrit College (1791). Post-1835, Lord

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Macaulay's Minute on Education advocated for English instruction and Western knowledge, leading to the founding of
universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in 1857.
MEASURES TAKEN BETWEEN 1764 AND 1835:
During this period the Britishers tried to learn different regional languages and understand the diverse cultures for
better administration through the following establishments:
• Calcutta Madrasa in 1781: ƒ””‡ ƒ•–‹‰•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒŽ —––ƒƒ†ƒ”•ƒ‹ͳ͹ͺͳ–‘•–—†› •Žƒ‹ Žƒ™™”‹––‡‹
”†—Ȁ‡”•‹ƒǤ
• Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784: ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ‘‡•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡•‹ƒ–‹ ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ‹ͳ͹ͺͶ–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†
†‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ
• Sanskrit College in 1791: ‘ƒ–Šƒ— ƒ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•”‹–‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‹ͳ͹ͻͳƒ–ƒ”ƒƒ•‹–‘•–—†› ‹†—Žƒ™Ǥ
• Charter Act of 1813: –Š‡Šƒ”–‡” –‘ˆͳͺͳ͵ǡͳŽƒŠ”—’‡‡™ƒ•ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡†— ƒ–‹‘
•›•–‡Ǥ
• Hindu College in 1817: ƒŒƒƒ‘Šƒ‘›ƒ†ƒ˜‹† ƒ”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ ‹†—‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‹ͳͺͳ͹
MEASURES TAKEN BETWEEN 1835 AND 1947:
During this period, the spread of English education was prevalent.
• Orientalist-Anglicist controversy:  ‘ˆŽ‹ –‘ˆ‘’‹‹‘‘™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡ •Š‘—Ž†’”‘‘–‡‡•–‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘‘”
†‹ƒ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† †‡„ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‡†‹— ‘ˆ ‹•–”— –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‘” †‹ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• Ž‡† –‘ ƒ
‘–”‘˜‡”•›‘™ƒ•–Š‡”‹‡–ƒŽ‹•–Ǧ‰Ž‹ ‹•–‘–”‘˜‡”•›Ǥ
• Lord Macaulay’s Minute of 1835: ͳͺ͵ͷǡ–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡”‹‡–ƒŽ‹•–Ǧ‰Ž‹ ‹•– ‘–”‘˜‡”•›ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‡–‹ ˆ‘”‡†
ƒ ‡‡”ƒŽ‘‹––‡‡‘ˆ—„Ž‹  •–”— –‹‘—†‡”–Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ•Š‹’‘ˆ‘”†ƒ ƒ—Žƒ›™Š‘•‡––Ž‡†–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡‹ˆƒ˜‘—”
‘ˆ‰Ž‹ ‹•–•Ǥ
• Charles Wood Despatch in 1854:
o –‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‰ƒƒ”–ƒ‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Recommendations:
▪ Medium of instruction: ‘‘†•ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›• Š‘‘Ž•ǡ‰Ž‘Ǧ
˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹Š‹‰Š• Š‘‘Ž•ǡƒ†‰Ž‹•Šƒ•–Š‡‡†‹—‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‹‰ˆ‘” ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡•–—†‡–•Ǥ
▪ Mass education: –”‡ ‘‡†‡†‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆƒ••‡†— ƒ–‹‘
▪ Creation of universities: Š‡‡•’ƒ– Š
ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ —‹˜‡”-
•‹–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ”‡•‹†‡ › –‘™• ‘ˆ
ƒŽ —––ƒǡ‘„ƒ›ǡƒ†ƒ†”ƒ•Ǥ
▪ Grant-in-aid: ‰”ƒ–Ǧ‹Ǧƒ‹†•›•–‡ˆ‘”
†‹ƒ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ’”‘‘–‡† „›
‘‘†̵•‡•’ƒ– ŠǤ
▪ Women’s education: Š‡ ‡•’ƒ– Š
ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ‘–‹—‡† ‰‘˜‡”‡–
•—’’‘”–‘ˆ™‘‡̵•‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
▪ Teacher training: Š‡ ‘‘†̵• ‡•-
’ƒ– Š •—‰‰‡•–‡† ‘’‡‹‰ –‡ƒ Š‡” –”ƒ‹-
‹‰ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡• ‹ ‡˜‡”› ’”‘˜‹ ‡Ǥ
‡ƒ Š‡”•‹•’‡ ‹ƒŽ• Š‘‘Ž••Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡
–”ƒ‹‹‰ ‹ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ ‡†‹ ‹‡ǡ ƒ†
Žƒ™Ǥ
▪ Network of graded schools: Š‡
‘‘†̵• ‡•’ƒ– Š ’”‘‘–‡† –Š‡ ”‡ƒ-
–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡–™‘” ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ†‡† • Š‘‘Ž•
ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
o Impact:
▪ Establishment of provincial univer-
sities:  ͳͺͷ͹ǡ —‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‡•–-
ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ‘„ƒ›ǡ ƒ†”ƒ•ǡ ƒ†
ƒŽ —––ƒǤ
▪ Education departments: Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡
•‡–—’‹‡ƒ Š’”‘˜‹ ‡Ǥ

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▪ Education for women: ‡–Š—‡ Š‘‘Ž™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†„› ǤǤǤ‡–Š—‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”™‘‡Ǥ
▪ Creation of institution: ‘–Šƒƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‡ƒ–—•ƒǡ‹Šƒ”ǡƒ†ƒ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰‹•–‹–—–‡‹‘‘”‡‡
™‡”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ
▪ Westernisation of education: ”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒ̵• ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •›•–‡ •™‹ˆ–Ž› —†‡”™‡– ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ
‡•–‡”‹•ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ•–‘–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ—”‘’‡ƒŠ‡ƒ†ƒ•–‡”•ƒ†’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•‹• Š‘‘Ž•ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ
▪ Independent Indian educators: Š‡”‡™‡”‡‹†‡’‡†‡– †‹ƒ‡†— ƒ–‘”•Ǥ
• Hunter Commission in (1882-1883): Š‡ —–‡” ‘‹••‹‘ǡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ‹ ͳͺͺʹǡ ‡’Šƒ•‹•‡† ’”‹ƒ”› ƒ†
•‡ ‘†ƒ”› ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡ ‘‡†‡† ‘”‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– • Š‘‘Ž•ǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† †‹ƒ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‹’”‘˜‡†ˆ‡ƒŽ‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Thomas Rayleigh Commission in 1904: –™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–‘‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡™‘”‹‰‘ˆ—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•‹ †‹ƒ™Š‹ Š
Ž‡†–‘–Š‡ †‹ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–› –ͳͻͲͶǤ
• Resolution on Education policy of 1913ǣ –Š‹•’‘Ž‹ ›ǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ ‡’–‡†–Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ
‹ŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ ›ƒ†—”‰‡†–Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡––‘’”‘˜‹†‡ˆ”‡‡‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Saddler university commission in 1917: ‘‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡™‘”‹‰‘ˆƒŽ —––ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ
• Hartog Commission of 1929: Š‡ ƒ”–‘‰‘‹••‹‘™ƒ••‡–—’‹ͳͻʹͻ–‘‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘
‹ †‹ƒǤ – ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ ”‡†— ‹‰ †”‘’‘—– ”ƒ–‡•ǡ ’”‘‘–‹‰ ˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ’”‹ƒ”› ƒ†
•‡ ‘†ƒ”›‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Sergeant Plan of Education in 1944: –
”‡ ‘‡†‡† ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽǡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽǡ
ƒ†ƒ”–•‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Reason for spread of English education by the
British:
• Filling low-post in Administration: ‘ƒ••—”‡ƒ
Ž‘™Ǧ ‘•– •—’’Ž› ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‡† †‹ƒ• –‘ ˆ‹ŽŽ ƒ
‡š’ƒ†‹‰ —„‡” ‘ˆ •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‹
”‹–‹•Š ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ
• Creating market for British goods: Š‡›
‡š’‡ –‡† –Šƒ– ‡†— ƒ–‡† †‹ƒ• ™‹ŽŽ ƒ‹† ‹
„‘‘•–‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‡–ˆ‘””‹–‹•Š‰‘‘†•‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Glorify British rule: Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ –Šƒ–
‡•–‡” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ †‹ƒ• ƒ ‡’–
”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ•‹–’”ƒ‹•‡†–Š‡˜‹”–—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š ‘“—‡”‘”•ƒ†–Š‡‹””—Ž‡Ǥ
• Strengthening authority: ‘ˆ‘”–‹ˆ›–Š‡’‹ŽŽƒ”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‘‹ƒ ‡‹ †‹ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š
‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Pacifying missionaries: Š‡‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•’”‘‘–‡†–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ‡•–‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ‘”’”‘•‡Ž›–‹•‹‰
’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ
Assessment of the British efforts on Education:
• Ignorance of women’s education: Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‹‰‘”‡†™‘‡̵•‡†— ƒ–‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–†‹†‘–™ƒ–
–‘—’•‡––Š‡‘”–Š‘†‘š’‘”–‹‘•Ǥ
• Ignorance of technical education: †— ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡• ‹‡ ‡•ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™ƒ••‡˜‡”‡Ž›†‹•”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ǤŽ›–Š”‡‡
‡†‹ ƒŽ • Š‘‘Ž• ‡š‹•–‡† ‹ ƒŽ —––ƒǡ ‘„ƒ›ǡ ƒ† ƒ†”ƒ• „› ͳͺͷ͹ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •‘Ž‡ ‰‘‘† ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ • Š‘‘Ž ™ƒ• ‹
‘‘”‡‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‘Ž›ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡–‘—”‘’‡ƒ•ƒ†—”ƒ•‹ƒ•Ǥ
• Maintaining balance between the community and state:  „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •›•–‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
•›•–‡‰”‡™–‘„ƒŽƒ ‡–Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ƒ†–Š‡–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• No universal access to education: ‘”•‘ˆƒ ‡••–‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‰‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ‡ƒ ŠŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
Š‡–ƒ–‡™ƒ•‘–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ƒ„‘—––Š‹•ƒ•’‡ –ƒ†Š‡ ‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‰‘˜‡”‹‰ƒ ‡••ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒŽŽ
–›’‡•‘ˆ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
• Educational administrator: ‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ†˜‡– ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”
‡–‡”‡†‹–‘–Š‡•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Uneven impact of English education: Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š‡†— ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‘–‡˜‡Ǥ‹–‡”ƒ ›ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡
‘”‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†‹–‘™•–Šƒ‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ
• Neglecting mass education: †‡”–Š‡‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ—Ž‡ǡƒ••‡†— ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‡‰Ž‡ –‡†ƒ†–Š‡ƒ––‡’–™ƒ•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡
ƒ—”„ƒ‡†— ƒ–‡†‡Ž‹–‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ –ƒ•‹–‡”’”‡–‡”„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”—Ž‡”ƒ†–Š‡”—Ž‡†Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
IMPACT OF BRITISH EDUCATION:
• Rise of educated middle class: –Š‡Ž’‡†‹ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ‡™ Žƒ••‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘Žƒ–‡”Š‡Ž’‡†–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‹‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡
ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ƒ›ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Enhanced role of Christian Missionaries: Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•™Š‘ ƒ‡–‘ †‹ƒ•–ƒ”–‡†‘’‡‹‰• Š‘‘Ž•™Š‡”‡
‰Ž‹•Š™ƒ•–ƒ—‰Š–Ǥ
• Connecting masses: •‡‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š„› †‹ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ– —–ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‡–‹”‡ ‘—–”›ƒ†„‡ ƒ‡
ƒ ‘‘Ž‹ˆ‘”–Š‡Ǥ
• Influence from the West: ‰Ž‹•Š„‘‘•ƒ†‡™•’ƒ’‡”•„”‘—‰Š––‘–Š‡‡™‹†‡ƒ•ˆ”‘ƒ ”‘••–Š‡•‡ƒǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‘–Š‡”
‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
• Rise of national consciousnessǣ ”‡•Š ‹†‡ƒ• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‡•– Ž‹‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ †‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† „”‘–Š‡”Š‘‘†
„‡‰ƒ–‘Šƒ˜‡‹–•‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡–Š‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š‘™‹‰ †‹ƒ•™Š‹ Š‰ƒ˜‡”‹•‡–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••Ǥ
• Rise of political leaders and social reformers: – ’”‘†— ‡† ƒ „”‡‡† ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ
”‡ˆ‘”‡”•™Š‘’Žƒ›‡†‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡•‹–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Awakening among the masses: Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡™•’ƒ’‡”•ƒ†’ƒ’ŠŽ‡–•„”‘—‰Š–ƒ„‘—–ƒƒ™ƒ‡‹‰ƒ‘‰
–Š‡ƒ••‡•Ǥ
• Sense of inferiority: ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ– ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‡”‹‘”‹–›‹–Š‡‹†•‘ˆ
†‹ƒ•Ǥ –ƒ†‡–Š‡•‡‡‡•–‡” ‹˜‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ••—’‡”‹‘”ǡƒ††‡•–”‘›‡†–Š‡’”‹†‡–Š‡›Šƒ†‹–Š‡‹”‘™ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
Women education in British India:
• Role of Christian Missionaries:
o Š‡›–‘‘‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰‹”Ž•Ǥ
o ‘„‡”–ƒ›ǡƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ”›ǡ‹ͳͺͳͶƬͳͺͳͷǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ• Š‘‘Ž•‹Š‹•—”ƒȋ ‘‘‰ŠŽ›‹•–”‹ –Ȍ
–Šƒ–™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Role of British government:
o Wood’s Education Dispatch of 1854: It gave new focus to women’s education.
o Hunter commission: –ƒŽ•‘‡’Šƒ•‹•‡†‘–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒŽ‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹ͳͺͺͳǤ
o Higher education: Š‡ƒŽ —––ƒǡ‘„ƒ›ƒ†ƒ†”ƒ•—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•†‹†‘–’‡”‹–ƒ†‹••‹‘–‘‰‹”Ž•—’–‘ͳͺ͹ͷǤ
ˆ–‡”ͳͺͺʹ‰‹”Ž•™‡”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘‰‘ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Increase in the minimum marriageable ageǣ Š‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ˆ‹–‡† ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‹‹—ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‰‹”Ž•Ǥ
• Social reformers:
o Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar: ‹†›ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ” ‹ ƒŽ —––ƒ ƒ† ƒ› ‘–Š‡” ”‡ˆ‘”‡”• ‹ ‘„ƒ› •‡– —’ • Š‘‘Ž• ˆ‘”
‰‹”Ž•Ǥ
o Brahmo Samaj: Members of the Brahmo Samaj wrote journals for the promotion of women’s education.
o Savitribai Phule: ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒ•ƒ’‹‘‡‡”‹™‘‡̵•‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ˜‹–”‹„ƒ‹Š—Ž‡ƒ†Š‡”Š—•„ƒ†ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”‡”
›‘–‹”ƒ‘Š—Ž‡•–ƒ”–‡†™Šƒ–‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡ †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‹”•–• Š‘‘Žˆ‘”‰‹”Ž•Š‹†‡™ƒ†ƒ‹—‡ ‹–›‹ͳͺͶͺǡƒ†•Š‡
„‡ ƒ‡‹–•ˆ‹”•––‡ƒ Š‡”Ǥ
• Timeline of development:
o Throughout the nineteenth centuryǣ ‘•– ‡†— ƒ–‡† ™‘‡ ™‡”‡ –ƒ—‰Š– ƒ– Š‘‡ „› Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ ˆƒ–Š‡”• ‘”
Š—•„ƒ†•Ǥ
o Later part of the century:  Š‘‘Ž•ˆ‘”‰‹”Ž•™‡”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡”›ƒƒƒŒ‹—Œƒ„ǡƒ† ›‘–‹”ƒ‘Š—Ž‡‹
ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǤ
o Early twentieth century: —•Ž‹ ™‘‡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‡‰—• ‘ˆ Š‘’ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ‘–ƒ„Ž‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ’”‘‘–‹‰
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰™‘‡ǤŠ‡›ˆ‘—†‡†ƒ’”‹ƒ”›• Š‘‘Žˆ‘”‰‹”Ž•ƒ–Ž‹‰ƒ”ŠǤ‘–Š‡””‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡™‘ƒǡ‡‰—
‘‡›ƒƒŠƒ™ƒ– ‘••ƒ‹•–ƒ”–‡†• Š‘‘Ž•ˆ‘”—•Ž‹‰‹”Ž•‹ƒ–ƒƒ†ƒŽ —––ƒǤ
o By the 1880sǣ †‹ƒ ™‘‡ „‡‰ƒ –‘ ‡–‡” —‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ‹‡† –‘ „‡ †‘ –‘”•ǡ •‘‡ „‡ ƒ‡
–‡ƒ Š‡”•Ǥƒ›™‘‡„‡‰ƒ–‘™”‹–‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š–Š‡‹” ”‹–‹ ƒŽ˜‹‡™•‘–Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ™‘‡‹•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
o By the end of the nineteenth centuryǣ‘‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‡”‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›™‘”‹‰ˆ‘””‡ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡›™”‘–‡„‘‘•ǡ
o edited magazines, founded schools and training centres, and set up women’s associations.
o From the early twentieth century: Š‡› ˆ‘”‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ ‰”‘—’• –‘ ’—•Š –Š”‘—‰Š Žƒ™• ˆ‘” ˆ‡ƒŽ‡
•—ˆˆ”ƒ‰‡ȋ–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘˜‘–‡Ȍƒ†„‡––‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”™‘‡Ǥ
o In the twentieth centuryǣ ‡ƒ†‡”• •— Š ƒ• ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ŽƒŽ ‡Š”— ƒ† —„Šƒ• Šƒ†”ƒ ‘•‡ Ž‡– –Š‡‹” •—’’‘”– –‘
†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”‰”‡ƒ–‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‘”™‘‡–Š—•’”‘‘–‹‰ˆ‡ƒŽ‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ 

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
COMPARISON BETWEEN MAHATMA GANDHI AND RABINDRA NATH TAGORE
Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore, two towering figures in Indian history, had distinct and influential views
on education, reflecting their philosophical beliefs and visions for India. Here’s a comparative analysis of their
educational philosophies:
1. Philosophical Foundations
o Gandhi: ‹• ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ƒ‹ ƒŽ‹ ‘” ƒ•‹  †— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™ƒ• †‡‡’Ž› ”‘‘–‡† ‹
’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•ƒ†‘”ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ƒ†Š‹„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‡†— ƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡ Ž‘•‡Ž›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–›
ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•‡ŽˆǦ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡Ǥ ‡•ƒ™‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ–‘‘Ž–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–‘–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ
•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ†‘”ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
o Tagore: In contrast, Tagore’s philosophy was more idealistic, influenced by a blend of Eastern and Western
’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡•Ǥ ‡‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†–Š‡ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‡•‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†Ǥƒ‰‘”‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† ‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– —”–—”‡† ƒ †‡‡’ ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Š ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ˆ‘•–‡”‡† ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡
‡š’”‡••‹‘Ǥ
2. Curriculum and Pedagogy
o Gandhi: †˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ™‘”Ǧ ‡–‡”‡† ƒ† Ž‹‡† –‘ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ 
‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”Ǥ Š‡ —””‹ —Ž— —†‡” ƒ‹ ƒŽ‹ ‹ Ž—†‡† ƒ—ƒŽ Žƒ„‘”ǡ ”ƒˆ– ™‘”ǡ ƒ† •‡ŽˆǦ
•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ ƒ†‡‹ •—„Œ‡ –•ǡ–‘ˆ‘•–‡”†‹‰‹–›‘ˆŽƒ„‘”ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ •‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ
o Tagore: Tagore’s curriculum at Shantiniketan was broad and inclusive, emphasizing arts, music, dance, and
†”ƒƒǡƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•Ǥ ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‹ƒ‘’‡Ǧƒ‹”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‡”‡•–—†‡–•™‡”‡ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘–Š‡
‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•–”‹ –‹˜‡ Žƒ••”‘‘•‡––‹‰ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡–Š‘—‰Š–•–‹ˆŽ‡† ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›Ǥ
3. Goals of Education
o Gandhi: ‹•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ™ƒ•–‘ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡‘”ƒŽ ‹–‹œ‡•ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ”‡Ž‹ƒ–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘ ‘—Ž†•‡”˜‡ƒ†—’Ž‹ˆ–
”—”ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ ƒ†Š‹̵• ˜‹•‹‘ ‹ Ž—†‡† —•‹‰ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ‡ƒ• –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ •™ƒ”ƒŒ ȋ•‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡Ȍ ƒ† –‘
’”‘‘–‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ
o Tagore:‘—‰Š––‘’”‘†— ‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‹–‹œ‡•™Š‘™‡”‡†‡‡’Ž›Š—ƒ‡ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ˆ”‡‡ǡƒ† ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡–
thought. Tagore’s education aimed at transcending geographical and cultural boundaries to foster a universal
„‘†ƒ‘‰’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
4. Methodologies
o Gandhi:’Šƒ•‹œ‡†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š†‘‹‰Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ƒ’”‘’‘‡–‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰™Š‡”‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•
†‹”‡ –Ž›Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†ƒ‡†— ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡–Šƒ–™ƒ•‘–•‘Ž‡Ž›„ƒ•‡†‘
–‡š–—ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡„—–‘’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ
o Tagore:†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‡”‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰™ƒ•ƒ†ƒ’–‡†–‘–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‡‡†•‘ˆƒ Š‹Ž†Ǥ ‡
•–”‡••‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ”‰—‹‰–Šƒ–ƒŽ‘˜‡ˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰™ƒ•‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––Šƒ
”‹‰‘”‘—•ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ’—”•—‹–Ǥ
5. Impact and Legacy
o Gandhi: ƒ‹ ƒŽ‹ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ‹ †‹ƒ ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ ˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ† •‹ŽŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–•‹’ƒ –™ƒ•Ž‹‹–‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ†‘’–‹‘
‹ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Tagore:Tagore’s ideas led to the establishment of VisvaǦŠƒ”ƒ–‹‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘–‹—‡•–‘„‡ƒ ‡–‡”ˆ‘”
’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ‹•‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡–•Šƒ˜‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†‘’‡• Š‘‘Ž‹‰ƒ†
ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ
SOCIAL REFORMS INITIATED BY VARIOUS GOVERNORS AND VICEROYS
Governors and Viceroy Social reforms undertaken
Lord William Bentick (1828-1835) „‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‹ƒ†‘–Š‡” ”—‡Ž”‹–‡•ȋͳͺʹͻȌ
—’’”‡••‹‘‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡‹ˆƒ–‹ ‹†‡ƒ†Š—‰‰‡‡ȋͳͺ͵ͲȌ
„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ™Ž‡••‡••
„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡
Lord Ellenborough (1842-1844) „‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›ȋͳͺͶ͵Ȍ
Lord Hardinge I (1844-1848) „‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡‹ˆƒ–‹ ‹†‡
„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) ‹†‘™‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ –ͳͺͷ͸ Šƒ’‹‘‡†–Š‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘

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LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES FOR SOCIAL CAUSES TILL 1947
• Abolition of female infanticide:
o Bengal Regulation Acts (1795 and 1804): Š‡‡‰ƒŽ‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ –•‘ˆͳ͹ͻͷƒ†ͳͺͲͶƒ†‡‹–—Žƒ™ˆ—Ž–‘
‹ŽŽƒˆ‡ƒŽ‡‡™„‘”Ǥ
o Žƒ™‘—–Žƒ™‹‰ˆ‡ƒŽ‡‹ˆƒ–‹ ‹†‡‹ͳͺ͹Ͳ™ƒ•’ƒ••‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡Š‘™ †‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡™ƒ•’‡” ‡‹˜‡†Ǥ
• Abolition of Sati:
o Bengal Sati Regulation (1829): ͳͺʹͻǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ †‹ƒ‘”†‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‡–‹ ’ƒ••‡†‡‰ƒŽ
ƒ–‹‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ͳͺʹͻ™Š‹ Šƒ†‡–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆƒ–‹‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹ƒŽŽ‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒǤ
o Culpable homicide: By this regulation, the people who abetted sati were declared guilty of “culpable homicide”.
• Abolition of Slavery:
o Charter Act of 1833: –Š‡Šƒ”–‡” –‘ˆͳͺ͵͵ǡ•Žƒ˜‡”›™ƒ•‘—–Žƒ™‡†‹ †‹ƒǤ
o Act V of 1843: ›–Š‡ –‘ˆͳͺͶ͵ǡ–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›™ƒ• ”‹‹ƒŽ‹•‡†Ǥ
o Penal Code of 1860: ”ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡•™ƒ•’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†„›–Š‡‡ƒŽ‘†‡‘ˆͳͺ͸Ͳƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ
• Widow Remarriage:
o Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856: –Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹•‡†–Š‡”‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‹†—•Ǥ
o Rights and inheritances: Š‹•ƒ –ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒŽŽ–Š‡”‹‰Š–•ƒ†‹Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡•–‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡™‹†‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ†
ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆŠ‡”ˆ‹”•–ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Prohibition of Child Marriage:
o Native Marriage Act (Civil Marriage Act) of 1872: –•‘—‰Š––‘‡ƒ –Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‹Ž†ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ„—–‹–•
”‡ƒ Š™ƒ•Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‘•–”ƒ‹‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–†‹†‘– ‘˜‡”—•Ž‹•ǡ ‹†—•ǡ‘”‘–Š‡”ƒ ‡’–‡†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•Ǥ
o Age of Consent Act of 1891: ǤǤƒŽƒ„ƒ”‹̵•‡ˆˆ‘”–•’ƒ‹†‘ˆˆ‹ͳͺͻͳ™Š‡–Š‡‰‡‘ˆ‘•‡– –ǡ™Š‹ Šˆ‘”„ƒ†‡
–Š‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‰‹”Ž•›‘—‰‡”–Šƒͳʹ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†ǡ™ƒ•’ƒ••‡†Ǥ
o Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929: Ž•‘‘™ƒ•–Š‡Sharda Actǡ‹–•‡––Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒŒ‘”‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ƒ–
ͳͶˆ‘”‰‹”Ž•ƒ†ͳͺˆ‘”„‘›•Ǥ
KEY WORDS: –ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•ǡ”‹–‹•Š’ƒ”ƒ‘—– ›ǡ‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡ ‘‘‹ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ”ƒ‹‘ˆ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ
†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ǡ ”‡•• ‘–”‘Žǡ ‹˜‹Ž •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ‘ ‹ƒŽ
’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡”‡ˆ‘”•‹”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒǤ


PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ͳǤ Šƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ƒ†ƒ„‹†”ƒƒ–Šƒ‰‘”‡‹–Š‡‹”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ʹͲʹ͵
–‘™ƒ”†•‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǫ
ʹǤ Š›™ƒ•–Š‡”‡ƒ•—††‡•’—”–‹ˆƒ‹‡•‹ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ †‹ƒ•‹ ‡–Š‡‹†Ǧ‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǫ ‹˜‡ ʹͲʹʹ
”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ
͵Ǥ šƒ‹‡ Š‘™ –Š‡ †‡ Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”–‹•ƒƒŽ ‹†—•–”› ‹ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ †‹ƒ ”‹’’Ž‡† –Š‡ ”—”ƒŽ ʹͲͳ͹
‡ ‘‘›Ǥ
ͶǤ šƒ‹‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ˆƒ ‡–• ‘ˆ ‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‹ †‹ƒ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹†Ǧ ʹͲͳͶ
‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›–‹ŽŽ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

6 EMERGENCE OF INDIAN NATIONALISM

"The period from 1858 to 1905 was the seed time of Indian nationalism; the early nationalists sowed the seeds well and
deep."-- Bipan Chandra
RISE OF INDIAN NATIONALISM AND FACTORS RESPONSIBLE
Indian nationalism was a significant and transformative response to British colonial rule. It marked a crucial phase in
India's struggle for independence and played a pivotal role in shaping the country's destiny. Indian nationalism began
in the late 19th century and grew throughout the early 20th century.
CAUSES OF RISE OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA
The rise of Indian nationalism can be attributed to several factors that have shaped the country's history and political
landscape.
Here are some key factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalismǣ
• Rediscovery of the Glorious Past of Indiaǣ †‹ƒ̵• —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ˆ‘•–‡”‡†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹ •‡–‹‡–•Ǥ Š‘Žƒ”•ǡ
™”‹–‡”•ǡƒ†ƒ”–‹•–•’”‘‘–‡† †‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡ǡŠ‹•–‘”›ǡƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
o —”‘’‡ƒ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•̵„‡Ž‹‡ˆ–Šƒ– †‘Ǧ”›ƒ•™‡”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡‡–Š‹ ‰”‘—’ƒ•‘–Š‡”—”‘’‡ƒƒ–‹‘•„‘‘•–‡†
‡†— ƒ–‡† †‹ƒ•̵•‡ŽˆǦ‡•–‡‡Ǥ
o ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•†‡‘Ž‹•Š‡† ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ›–Š•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‡™ˆ‘—†•‡ŽˆǦ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Western education and ideas: ‰Ž‹•Š‡ƒ„Ž‡†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ˆ”‘†‹˜‡”•‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ”‡‰‹‘•–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡Ǥ
o ƒ™›‡”•ǡ†‘ –‘”•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•™Š‘•–—†‹‡†‹‰Žƒ†™‡”‡Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
o Š‡› ‘–”ƒ•–‡†‘†‡”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‹ƒˆ”‡‡ ‘—–”›™‹–Š–Š‡ †‹ƒ•›•–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š†‡’”‹˜‡† ‹–‹œ‡•
‘ˆ‡˜‡„ƒ•‹ ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• The emergence of the Middle ClassǣŠ‡•‡‡™‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•‹–‡”•‡ –‡†™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †‹ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‹˜‹•‹‘•
ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ ‡™ status group—the Western-educated elite—ˆ”‘ ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡† ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡• Ž‹‡
‡‰ƒŽ̵•Šƒ†”ƒŽ‘ǡ‘„ƒ›̵•Š‹–’ƒ˜ƒ”ƒŠ‹•ǡƒ†ƒ†”ƒ•̵ƒ‹Ž”ƒŠƒ•Ǥ
• Socio-Religious Movements: ƒ–‡ 19th and early 20th-century •‘ ‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘˜‡‡–• ’”‘‘–‡† —Ž–—”ƒŽ
’”‹†‡ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”Ǥ
o Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Missionǡƒ†‹‰Šƒ„Šƒ•‘—‰Š––‘”‡˜‹˜‡ †‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡˆ‹‰Š–•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹Œ—•–‹ ‡ǡ
ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ
• Use of Press and LiteratureǣŠ‡’”‡•• ”‹–‹ ‹•‡†–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ† ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”—‹–›Ǥ
o –ƒŽ•‘’”‘‘–‡††‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ ‹˜‹ŽŽ‹„‡”–‹‡•ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Institutions built by Britishersǣ•–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‹–”‘†— ‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†‡Ž‡ –‹‘•›•–‡•–‘”‡ ”—‹–
‘”‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”•ǡ‹–‡”‡•–‰”‘—’•‡š’ƒ†‡†–Š‡‹”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ǥ
• Political and administrative integration of India:Š‡”‹–‹•Š•™‘”†—‹ˆ‹‡† †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
o A professional civil serviceǡuniform judiciaryǡƒ† ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ‹˜‹Žƒ† ”‹‹ƒŽŽƒ™•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›added
political unity to India̵• ‡–—”‹‡•Ǧ‘Ž† —Ž–—”ƒŽ—‹–›Ǥ
• Economic integration of Indiaǣ ‘†‡” –”ƒ•’‘”– ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –”ƒ‹•ǡ ”‘ƒ†•ǡ
‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›ǡƒ†–‡Ž‡‰”ƒ’Š™‡”‡‡ƒ––‘’”‘‘–‡”‹–‹•Š‡ ‘‘‹ ’‡‡–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Š—•ǡ–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ˆƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡‰‹‘•„‡ ƒ‡‹–‡”–™‹‡†Ǥ
• Smart use of Modern means of communication by leadersǣ ‘†‡” –”ƒ˜‡Ž ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‡ƒ —‹–‡†
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ˆ”‘†‹˜‡”•‡”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
o Š‹•ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‹• ‘—”•‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ‘’‹‹‘‘„‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘‘‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ
• Impact of world affairs:
• Conservative reactionary policies of BritishersǣŠ‡‰”‡ƒ–‡ŽŠ‹—”„ƒ”‘ˆͳͺ͹͹†—”‹‰ƒˆƒ‹‡ǡ–Š‡‡”ƒ —Žƒ”
”‡•• –ȋͳͺ͹ͺȌǡƒ†–Š‡”• –ȋͳͺ͹ͺȌ•’ƒ”‡†™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ”‹–‹ ‹•Ǥ
o Due to the Ilbert bill controversy, nationalists ”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†–Šƒ–—”‘’‡ƒ‹–‡”‡•–•’”‡ Ž—†‡ˆƒ‹”‡••ƒ†ˆƒ‹”’Žƒ›Ǥ
• Cultural Suppressionǣ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡•—’’”‡••‡† †‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ‡•–‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘”ƒŽ•ǡ †‹ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘†‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†”‹–‹•ŠŽƒ™•ƒ†‹•–‹–—–‹‘•™‡”‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†Ǥ
o —Ž–—”ƒŽ‘’’”‡••‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›ƒ†ƒ†‡•‹”‡–‘”‡‰ƒ‹ †‹ƒŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡Ǥ

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• Growth of Vernacular Literatureǣƒ‹Šƒ†”ƒŠƒ––‡”Œ‡‡̵•‘˜‡Ž"Anandamath"ƒ†‹„ƒ†Š—‹–”ƒ̵•’Žƒ›
"Nil Darpan"‹’ƒ –‡† †‹ƒ•ƒ†ƒ†‡–Š‡ƒ–‹Ǧ”‹–‹•ŠǤ
o The play "Bharat Durdasa" „›Šƒ”–‡†— ƒ”‹•ŠŠƒ†”ƒ†‡’‹ –‡† †‹ƒ•̵’Ž‹‰Š–—†‡””‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
• First War of Independence: Š‡‡˜‘Ž–‘ˆͳͺͷ͹•‡”˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ–ƒŽ›•–ˆ‘” †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥ
o ˆ–‡”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š̵•‡ˆƒ”‹‘—•‹–‡–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡”‡‡„‡”‡†ƒ‹ƒš‹ƒ‹ǡƒƒƒŠ‡„ǡƒ›–ƒ
‘’‡ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”Š‡”‘‡•Ǥ
• Economic Exploitation of Britishǣƒ†ƒŠƒ‹ƒ‘”‘Œ‹̵•̶”ƒ‹Š‡‘”›̶•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡”‹–‹•Š‡”•‡š’Ž‘‹–‡† †‹ƒ„›
†”ƒ‹‹‰‘‡›–‘”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ
o ˆ–‡”–Š‡ †—•–”‹ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹‰Žƒ†ǡ”‹–ƒ‹‡‡†‡†”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒ”‡–•Ǥ †‹ƒ•—’’Ž‹‡†„‘–ŠǤ
• Pre-congress organizationsǣƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•‘’‡”ƒ–‡†‹•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ„—––Š‡‹”‰‘ƒŽ•™‡”‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
†‹ƒ•ǡ‘–Œ—•–‘‡‰”‘—’Ǥ
o Modern nationalism and sovereignty ™‡”‡–Š‡‹”‰—‹†‹‰’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǤŠ‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ– †‹ƒ••Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„Ž‡
–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹”‘™Œ—†‰‡‡–•Ǥ
• The Birth of the Indian National Congress: Š‡ †‹ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‰”‡•• Š‡Ž’‡† †‹ƒ ‰ƒ‹ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ „›
ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
o ‘†‡”ƒ–‡•Ž‹‡ƒ†ƒŠƒ‹ƒ‘”‘Œ‹ƒ†ǤǤƒ‡”Œ‡‡ƒ†‡š–”‡‹•–•Ž‹‡ƒŽ ƒ‰ƒ†Šƒ”‹Žƒǡ‹’‹Šƒ†”ƒƒŽǡ
ƒ†ƒŽƒƒŒ’ƒ–ƒ‹Š‡Ž’‡† †‹ƒ••‡•‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥ
These elements promoted nationalism. Indians received a new spirit. They awoke and joined the freedom fight. British
rule was ending. The Indian National Congress's 1885 founding accelerated it.
EARLY POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS IN INDIA AND THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS
The Indian National Congress (INC) spearheaded a victorious political struggle during the Indian Freedom Struggle.
However, Congress was not the First Political Association. Political rights associations existed before Congress.
NEED FOR CREATING POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS
Colonial India's unique needs and circumstances spurred political organization. Here are some of the main reasons
political organizations formed at that time:
• Colonial resistanceǣ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘••‘—‰Š––‘‘˜‡”–Š”‘™”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ’’”‡••‹˜‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ
‡ ‘‘‹ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•†‡‹ƒŽ•’ƒ™‡†–Š‡•‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Nationalism and Identityǣ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•’”‘‘–‡† †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‡›—‹–‡††‹˜‡”•‡
‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‰”‘—’•ƒ ”‘••”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ‹‡•ǤŠ‡•‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•’”‘‘–‡†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—‹–›
ƒ†’”‹†‡‹ƒˆ”‡‡ƒ†‹†‡’‡†‡– †‹ƒǤ
• Representation and Advocacy: ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒŽŽ‘™‡† †‹ƒ• –‘ ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡‹” ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•ǡ ”‹‰Š–•ǡ ƒ†
†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘” †‹ƒ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ††‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Š‡•‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‘”›’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†•‘—‰Š–•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
• Policy Formulation and Planningǣ †‹ƒ̵• ˆ—–—”‡ ™ƒ• •Šƒ’‡† „› ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡› ”‡ƒ–‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡƒ‹ˆ‡•–‘•ǡƒ†’‘•–Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ †‹ƒ˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ
o Š‡•‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ•ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‹•–• –‘ †‡„ƒ–‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹••—‡•ǡ •Šƒ’‹‰
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ†’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Mass Mobilization and Public Awarenessǣ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘••‘—‰Š––‘‘„‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡ƒ••‡•
ƒ† ”ƒ‹•‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ‹Œ—•–‹ ‡•Ǥ ”‘–‡•–•ǡ ’—„Ž‹  ‡‡–‹‰•ǡ ƒ† ƒ•• ‘˜‡‡–• ”ƒŽŽ‹‡† •—’’‘”– ˆ‘”
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• International Support and Solidarity: ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ †‹ƒˆ‘”‡†ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡•™‹–Šƒ–‹Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ
‘˜‡‡–•ƒ†•›’ƒ–Š‡–‹ ‰”‘—’•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ
o Š‡•‡‡ˆˆ‘”–••‘—‰Š–‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†ƒ‹†ˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵•‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
The Indian National Congress, among others, helped shape the independence movement and lead to the creation of an
independent India in 1947.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS BEFORE CONGRESS
• ‡‰ƒŽ̵•ˆ‹”•–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹•–™ƒ•ƒŒƒƒ‘Šƒ‘›Ǥ‡•–‡”‹†‡ƒ••Šƒ’‡†Š‹ǤŠ‡”‹–‹•Šˆ‹”•–‘–‹ ‡† †‹ƒ
‹••—‡•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‹Ǥ
o Many liberal provisions of the Charter Act of 1836 are attributed to him.
• ‘™‡˜‡”ǡhis companions founded Bengal's first political organisation, the Bangabhasha Prakashan Sabha,
in 1836.

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Political Organisation Description

Bangabhasha Prakashan • ƒŒƒ ƒ‘Šƒ ‘›ǡ ”ƒ•ƒƒ ”Ǥ Šƒ—”ǡ ƒŽ‹ƒ–Š Š‘™†Š—”›ǡ
Sabha (1836) ™ƒ”ƒƒƒ–Šƒ‰‘”‡ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”• ”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ„Šƒ•ƒ”ƒƒ•‹ƒƒ„Šƒ‹
ͳͺ͵͸Ǥ
• Š‡› ™‡”‡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ ˆ‘” †‹ƒ• ‹ Š‹‰Š‡” ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’‘•‹–‹‘•ǡ ’”‡••
ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡƒ†›‘–•̵ƒ‹†ƒ”‹’‡”•‡ —–‹‘Ǥ
• Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘‘–‡†‡‰ƒŽ‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š ’‘Ž‡‹ •ƒ†’—„Ž‹ 
‘’‹‹‘Ǥ
• –’”‘‘–‡†‡‰ƒŽ‹˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
Zamindari Association • ™ƒ”ƒƒ–Šƒ‰‘”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ƒ‹†ƒ”‹••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•–Š‡
“Landholders Association”ǡ‹ƒ” Šͳͺ͵ͺ–‘•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†Žƒ†Ž‘”†•̵‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ
• The Zamindari Association was India's first political organisation.
• ‘”‹–•‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ‹–™ƒ•–Š‡first to use constitutional demonstration.
British India Society • Š‡‡‰ƒŽ”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒ‘ ‹‡–›ǡˆ‘—†‡†„› William Adam ‹’”‹ŽͳͺͶ͵ǡ
’”‘‘–‡†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒ ‘ ‹‡–› ™ƒ• ˆ‘—†‡† ‹ ͳͺͷͳ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ‹†ƒ”‹
••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡‰ƒŽ”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒ‘ ‹‡–›ƒƒŽ‰ƒƒ–‡†Ǥ
• Methods and demands: It applied to the British Parliament to include
some of its recommendations in the company's new charter, •— Š ƒ•
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™‹–Š’‘’—Ž‹•–‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
o ‘™‡”„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–•ƒŽƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
o Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽ–ǡ‡š ‹•‡ǡƒ†’‘•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Success: ͳͺͷ͵ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ̵•‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡‘— ‹Ž‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›•‹š
‡„‡”•Ǥ
Indian Association of Calcutta • Establishment: Sisir Kumar Ghosh created the Indian League in 1875–‘
’”‘‘–‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o —”‡†”ƒƒ–Š ƒ‡”Œ‡‡ ƒ† ƒ†ƒ ‘Šƒ ‘•‡ ˆ‘—†‡† –Š‡ †‹ƒ
••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽ —––ƒ‹ͳͺ͹͸ǡ”‡’Žƒ ‹‰–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡ƒ‰—‡Ǥ
• Prominent roleǣ –”‘•‡–‘’”‘‹‡ ‡™Š‡‹––‘‘ƒˆ‘” ‡ˆ—Ž•–ƒ†‹–Š‡
̵ Ž„‡”–‹ŽŽ̵‘–”‘˜‡”•›ȋͳͺͺ͵ȌǤ
• Methodǣ –™ƒ•‡˜‹•‹‘‡†ƒ•ƒ̵ŽŽ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡̵ƒ†‡–‹
ƒŽ —––ƒ‹ͳͺͺ͵Ǥ
• Its objectives areǣ
o ‘„—‹Ž†’‘’—Žƒ”•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ
o ‘—‹–‡ †‹ƒ•ƒ”‘—†ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‡Ǥ
o Š‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘’‡‡†ƒ›‡‰ƒŽ‹ƒ†‘Ǧ‡‰ƒŽ‹„”ƒ Š‡•Ǥ
o ‘ƒ––”ƒ –Ž‘™Ǧ‹ ‘‡‡„‡”•ǡ–Š‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ”‰‡†Ž‹––Ž‡Ǥ
FACTORS FOR THE LIMITED SUCCESS OF PRE-CONGRESS ORGANISATIONS
o Lack of Unity: ƒ”Ž› †‹ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• •–”—‰‰Ž‡† –‘ ”‡–ƒ‹ —‹–›Ǥ ‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ Žƒ•Š‹‰ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ƒ†
’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•‘ˆ–‡”‡†— ‡†–Š‡‹”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹’ƒ –Ǥ
o Limited Support Baseǣ Š‡•‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘• •–”—‰‰Ž‡† –‘ ˆ‹‰Š– ”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ™‹–Š‘—– •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ
‰”ƒ••”‘‘–••—’’‘”–Ǥ
o British repressionǣŠ‡”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›“—‹ Ž›•—’’”‡••‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›†‡‡‡†ƒ–Š”‡ƒ––‘–Š‡‹”
‘–”‘ŽǤ
o Early political organisations lacked effective methods and goalsǤŠ‡›•–”—‰‰Ž‡†–‘‰ƒ‹•—’’‘”–„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›
‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†‘Ž‘ ƒŽ‹••—‡•‘”†‹†̵–’”‡•‡–ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵•‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
o Communication Challengesǣ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡–”‘—„Ž‡‘„‹Ž‹•‹‰ƒ† ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡
˜ƒ•–ƒ††‹˜‡”•‡ †‹ƒ•—„ ‘–‹‡–†—‡–‘’‘‘” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
While many political organisations before the Indian National Congress failed to achieve their goals, they set the
framework for future movements and grew nationalist consciousness in India. The 1885-founded Indian National
Congress helped India gain independence. 

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FOUNDATION OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
FACTORS LEADING TO THE FOUNDATION OF CONGRESS
• Political Awakening of MassesǣŠ‡ˆ‘—†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••‹ͳͺͺͷ™ƒ•‘–ƒŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽƒ ‹†‡–Ǥ
o –™ƒ•–Š‡ —Ž‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ™ƒ‡‹‰–Šƒ–•–ƒ”–‡†‹–Š‡ͳͺ͸Ͳ•ƒ†ͳͺ͹Ͳ•ƒ†ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡
ͳͺ͹Ͳ•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺͺͲ•Ǥ
• A.O. Hume's Initiativeǣ”‹–‹•Š ‹˜‹Ž‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ŽŽƒ –ƒ˜‹ƒ —‡”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ†ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••Ǥ ͳͺͺͷǡHume convened the Congress and
became its general secretary.
• Moderates and Early Leadership: Š‡•‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•’”‘‘–‡† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž‡ƒ•ǡƒ† †‹ƒ
‹–‡”‡•–•™‹–Š‹–Š‡”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ
• Demands for ReformsǣŠ‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›•‘—‰Š–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” †‹ƒ•‹–Š‡
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡƒ†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹Ž•—†‡”–Š‡”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Mass Mobilisationǣ‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ„”‘ƒ†‡”‘˜‡‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–›‡‰ƒ‰‡†™‹–Š ‘‘’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ
™‘”‡”•ǡ’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥ
SAFETY VALVE THEORY AND CONGRESS
• Origin of safety valve theoryǣŠ‡•ƒˆ‡–›˜ƒŽ˜‡–Š‡‘”›‹•ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘‘”†—ˆˆ‡”‹ǡ‹ ‡”‘›‘ˆ †‹ƒˆ”‘ͳͺͺͶ–‘
ͳͺͺͺǤ
o ‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– „› ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—–Ž‡–• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‰”‡••ǡ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‘—Ž† Šƒ‡Ž ƒ†
”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†’”‡˜‡–‡š–”‡‡ƒ†”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ
• Historical proof:William Wedderburn’s biography of A.O. Hume inspired the 7 volumes of secret reports.
o Š‡ ƒˆ‡–› ƒŽ˜‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‘‰”‡•• ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‹–‡• A.O. Hume's possession of 7 volumes of confidential
reports in Shimla –Šƒ–™ƒ”‡†‘ˆ„‘‹Ž‹‰—”‡•–‹ †‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Sir Valentine Chirol's 1910 book "Indian Unrest" expanded on the safety valve notion.
o Š‹”‘Ž Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‹–‹•Šˆ‘•–‡”‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••–‘”‡Ž‹‡˜‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ƒ†ƒ˜‡”–‘”‡
•‡”‹‘—• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–‘–Š‡‹”’‘™‡”Ǥ
• In 1916's Young India, Extremist leader Lala Lajpat Rai attacked Congress ‘†‡”ƒ–‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ •ƒˆ‡–›Ǧ˜ƒŽ˜‡
†‘ –”‹‡Ǥ
• R. Palme Dutt’s authoritative work, India Today, further strengthened this theory.
WHY IS THE SAFETY VALVE THEORY REFUTED?
• No historical proof was foundǣŠ‡•‡ ”‡–”‡’‘”–‘ˆ•‡˜‡˜‘Ž—‡•™ƒ•‡˜‡”ˆ‘—†‹’Š›•‹ ƒŽˆ‘”Ǥ
• Lack of British Controlǣ ‹–•Žƒ–‡”›‡ƒ”•ǡ‘‰”‡•• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†”‹–‹•Š ‘–”‘Ž„›†‡ƒ†‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ
• This contradicts the safety valve assumption –Šƒ–‘‰”‡•• ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†‘’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
• The rise of radical groups and revolutionary organisationsǣ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›–‡””‘”‹•–•ƒ†‹Ž‹–ƒ–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•
•‘—‰Š–‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡„›‘”‡†‹”‡ –ƒ†˜‹‘Ž‡–‡ƒ•ǡ’”‘˜‹‰–Šƒ–‘‰”‡••™ƒ•‘––Š‡‘Ž›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘—–Ž‡–Ǥ
• Grassroots Mobilisationǣ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡•ƒˆ‡–›˜ƒŽ˜‡‹†‡ƒǡ‘‰”‡••™ƒ•ƒ–‘’Ǧ†‘™”‹–‹•Š‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–
Šƒ‡ŽŽ‡††‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘Ǥ
o —– ‹– „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ˆ‘” †‹ƒ• –‘ ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡‹” ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” •‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡ ƒ† ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹
•Šƒ’‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•‡–‹‡–•Ǥ
• Repressive methodsǣ ”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• —•‡† ”‡’”‡••‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘†• –‘ ”—•Š ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••Ǥ
o Dufferin and his Indian allies never supported Congress, declaring, “We cannot allow Congress to exist.” The
†‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••̵•‰‘ƒŽ••Š‹ˆ–‡†ˆ”‘”‡ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡”‹–‹•Š•›•–‡–‘•‡‡‹‰‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǤŠ‹• Šƒ‰‡
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‘‰”‡••™ƒ•‘”‡–Šƒƒ•ƒˆ‡–›˜ƒŽ˜‡ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰‹–•‰”‘™‹‰†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ
These reasons refute the claim that the Indian National Congress was a British colonial safety valve. They argue that the
Congress was a more complex, organic movement that helped India gain independence.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF CONGRESS
• As per Bipin Chandra, Congress has two basic objectives.–Š‡”‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•”‡˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ”‘—†–™‘„ƒ•‹ ‘‡•Ǧ
o ‘ˆ‘•–‡”nation-buildingƒ†Indian identity.
o ‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‡‘”’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ™‘”‡”•ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒ–‘ƒ••‡„Ž‡ƒ†‘„‹Ž‹•‡
’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• The first president of the Indian National Congress, Womesh Chandra Banerjee, set three goals:

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1. Strengthening national unity. For this, Congress sessions were held nationwide. Presidents from various
regions presided over these sessions.
2. To reach out to all religions and alleviate minority worries. In the 1888 session, if a majority of Hindus or
Muslims opposed a resolution, it would not pass.
3. Congress was resolved to construct a secular nation. The Congress was fiercely secular for this.
• Social reform was off-limits to CongressǤƒ†ƒŠƒ‹ƒ‘”‘Œ‹ƒ†‡–Š‹•‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‹Š‹•’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ††”‡••–‘–Š‡
ʹ†‘‰”‡••Ǥ ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•‘‰”‡•••Š‘—Ž†‘Ž›ƒ††”‡••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ
WEAKNESSES OF CONGRESS IN ITS EARLY PHASE
• Elite Leadership: Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‘‰”‡•• ™ƒ• ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› Ž‡† „› ‰Ž‹•ŠǦ‡†— ƒ–‡†ǡ —’’‡”Ǧ Žƒ•• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• Ž‹‡
ƒ†ƒ„Šƒ‹ ƒ‘”‘Œ‹ ƒ† —”‡†”ƒƒ–Š ƒ‡”Œ‡‡Ǥ Š‹• Ž‹‹–‡† ‹–• ƒ’’‡ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ „”‘ƒ†‡” †‹ƒ ƒ••‡• ™Š‘ ™‡”‡
’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›”—”ƒŽƒ†—†‡”’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡†Ǥ
• Moderate Methods:Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ‘‰”‡••™‡”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›’‡–‹–‹‘•ǡ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡƒ††‹• —••‹‘•ǡ
‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡̶’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆ‡†‹ ƒ ›Ǥ̶Š‹•‘†‡”ƒ–‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™ƒ• ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡†ˆ‘”„‡‹‰–‘‘’ƒ••‹˜‡ƒ†
‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
• Lack of Mass Involvementǣ ‹–‹ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™‡”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ‘ˆ‹‡†–‘–Š‡—”„ƒ‡Ž‹–‡•ǡ™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡
effort made to involve the vast rural population who formed the majority of India’s demographic.
• Regional Imbalance:Š‡ ‘‰”‡•• Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› ‡–‡”‡† ‹ ƒ ˆ‡™ ”‡‰‹‘• Ž‹‡
‘„ƒ›ǡƒŽ —––ƒǡƒ†ƒ†”ƒ•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘—‡˜‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ƒ ”‘••–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ 
ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
• Slow to Address Social Issues:  ‹–• ‡ƒ”Ž› ›‡ƒ”•ǡ ‘‰”‡•• ™ƒ• ƒ—–‹‘—• ‹ ƒ††”‡••‹‰ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ
ˆ‘ —•‹‰’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‹••—‡•ǤŠ‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘ˆ–‡ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‰”‘—’•
™Š‘™‡”‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›’”‡••‹‰‹••—‡•Ž‹‡ ƒ•–‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Communication Gaps: Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”‘‰”‡••’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•
‡š Ž—†‡†ƒŽƒ”‰‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™Š‘™‡”‡‘– ˜‡”•‡†‹‰Ž‹•Šǡ–Š‡”‡„›Ž‹‹–‹‰™‹†‡”‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†
—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Ǥ
• Limited Aggressive Posture: The Congress’s early reluctance to push for complete independence and its
•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š †‘‹‹‘ •–ƒ–—• —†‡” ”‹–‹•Š ”—Ž‡ ™‡”‡ •‡‡ ƒ• ƒ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡ –‘ ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘ˆ”‘– ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ
‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ
Despite its limitations, it marked a modernisation of Indian politics by promoting national unity and making a crucial
political demand: “The basis of the government should be widened, and the people should have their proper and
legitimate share in it.”
APPROACHES AND LIMITATIONS OF MODERATE PHASE (1885 -1905)
DEMANDS OF MODERATES AND SUCCESS ACHIEVED
The Congress was "moderate" in its early years because of its demands and methods. For Example:
• Expanding the councilǣ –‹–‡†‡†–‘‡š’ƒ†–Š‡’‘™‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽƒ† ‡–”ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž•ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‹”
‡Ž‡ –‡†‡„‡”•–‘•–”‡‰–Š‡ †‹ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
o Š‡ †‹ƒ‘— ‹Ž• –‘ˆͳͺͻʹ‡š’ƒ†‡† ’‡”‹ƒŽƒ†”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡‘— ‹Ž•Ǥ
o ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡‘— ‹Ž•†‡„ƒ–‡†„—†‰‡–•ƒ†“—‡•–‹‘‡†–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
• Demand for Elections and voting powers: Š‡ Žƒ••‡•ƒ† ‘—‹–›‡„‡”•"capable of exercising it wisely
and independently"™‡”‡–Š‡‘Ž›‘‡•‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ
o ‘‹ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡—•‡†‹ ‡–”ƒŽƒ†’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹Ž•Ǥ
• Indianizing the civil service ”‡“—‹”‡†Š‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‹‰Žƒ†ƒ† †‹ƒǤ
o ͳͺ͹͹–ͺͲǡƒŠ—‰‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰†‡ƒ†‡† †‹ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ •‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ†‘’’‘•‡†‘”†›––‘̵• ‘•–Ž›
Afghan excursion•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡’ƒ‹†ˆ‘”„› †‹ƒ‡ƒ”‹‰•Ǥ
• Demanded separation of power: ‘‰”‡••ƒŽ•‘™ƒ–‡†–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ƒ†‡š–‡†
Œ—”›–”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
o Fought for press freedom: Š‡ †‹ƒ’”‡••ƒ†ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡‡”ƒ —Žƒ””‡•• –‘ˆ
ͳͺ͹ͺǤ
o Demanded economic reforms and civil rightsǣ ƒ”Ž› ‘‰”‡•• Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™‘””‹‡† ƒ„‘—– †‹ƒ̵• ’‘˜‡”–› ƒ†
’”‘˜‹†‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ

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o They demanded reducing home chargesǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‘•‡ˆ”‘‡š’‡•‹˜‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›˜‡–—”‡•ǡ extending the
Permanent Settlementǡreforming income tax ƒ†–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡ǡ”‡’‡ƒŽ‹‰ˆ‘”‡•–Žƒ™•ǡƒ†‘’’‘•‹‰ƒ•ƒŽ––ƒš
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡Ǥ
o — Š ‡ƒ•—”‡• ™‘—Ž† „‘‘•– ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ’”‡˜‡– ™‡ƒŽ–Š ‘—–ˆŽ‘™ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡ Œ‘„•ǡ ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡
•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Š‡› ‘‹‡†"No taxation without representation."
METHODS ADOPTED BY MODERATES
• Prayer and Petitionǣ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒŒƒ›‡–Šǡ‘‰”‡••”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘• ‘†‡‹‰‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ –‹‘‘”‹ƒ –‹˜‹–›
‘”•—‰‰‡•–‹‰ƒ‡™ ‘—”•‡‘ˆaction would always "regret" rather than 'condemn' and "suggest" rather than
'demand'Ǥ
o — Š‘†‡•–›™‘—Ž†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›„‡†‡”‹†‡†ƒ•‡†‹ ƒ ›̵„›̵‡š–”‡‡̵‘‰”‡••Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ•ƒ•‹‰‘ˆƒŽƒ ‘ˆ
•‡ŽˆǦ”‡•’‡ –Ǥ
• Represented people of India: Š‡”‡“—‡•–•ǡ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ™‡”‡ƒ†‡‹–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡̵’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵ƒ†
ƒ‹‡†ƒ–„”‘ƒ†‡‹‰–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‹‘”†‡”–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡̶–Š‡‹”’”‘’‡”ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡•Šƒ”‡‹
‹–Ǥ̶
• The economic critique of colonialismǣ‘˜‡”–›†‘‹ƒ–‡†‘‰”‡••†‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ†”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
o ƒ†ƒ„Šƒ‹ƒ‘”‘Œ‹ƒ†‘–Š‡”••–—†‹‡†’‘˜‡”–›ƒ†‹–• ƒ—•‡•ƒ†ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ̶”‹–‹•Š̶”—Ž‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡‡ˆ‹–
†‹ƒǤ
o ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ ƒ‘”‘Œ‹̵• ƒŒ‘” ‘’—•ǡ ‘˜‡”–› ƒ† Un-British Rule in Indiaǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š‡” ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›
‡šƒ‹‡†‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•̵•‡ ‘‘‹ ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ †‹ƒǤ
o The Poverty Problem in India (1895), Mahadev Govind Ranade's ••ƒ›• ‘ †‹ƒ  ‘‘‹ • ȋͳͺͻ͸Ȍǡ
Romesh Chunder Dutt's –™‘Ǧ˜‘Ž—‡  ‘‘‹  ‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ȋͳͻͲʹȌǡ ƒ† Subrahmanya Iyer's ‘‡
 ‘‘‹  •’‡ –• ‘ˆ ”‹–‹•Š —Ž‡ ‹ †‹ƒ ȋͳͻͲ͵Ȍǡ ƒ‘‰ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ blamed colonial rule for India's growing
poverty †—‡–‘ƒ ‘•–ƒ–̶†”ƒ‹‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–Š̶ˆ”‘ †‹ƒ–‘‰Žƒ†Ǥ
o They protested the nation's economic "drain," ̶ruralizationǡ̶ ƒ† ̶de-industrializationǡ̶ ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†
Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ –Š‡‘”›̵•ƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‘ƒ†ƒŠ‹•–‘”‹ ‹•„›ˆ‘ —•‹‰‘ †‹ƒ̵• ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›Ǥ
• Public Meetings and Conferencesǣ‘†‡”ƒ–‡•Š‡Ž†’—„Ž‹ ‡‡–‹‰•ƒ† ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•–‘”ƒ‹•‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ †‹ƒ
‹••—‡•ǤŠ‡•‡‡˜‡–•Š‘•–‡††‡„ƒ–‡•ǡ•’‡‡ Š‡•ǡƒ†‹†‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Press and Publications: ‘†‡”ƒ–‡•—†‡”•–‘‘†–Š‡‡†‹ƒ̵•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǤŠ‡›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‡™•’ƒ’‡”•ǡŒ‘—”ƒŽ•ǡƒ†
’ƒ’ŠŽ‡–•–‘•’”‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ
• Collaborating with helpful British authorities: ‘†‡”ƒ–‡• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† ‹ ˆ‘”‰‹‰ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡• ƒ† ‘‡ –‹‘• ™‹–Š
”‹–‹•Š ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ• ™Š‘ •›’ƒ–Š‹•‡† ™‹–Š †‹ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡› Ž‘„„‹‡† ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ˆ‘”
”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ†ƒ††”‡••‡† †‹ƒ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ
• Educationǣ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡• —†‡”•–‘‘† –Šƒ– ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‡’‘™‡”• †‹ƒ•Ǥ Š‡› ˆ‘—†‡† • Š‘‘Ž• ƒ† ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘”
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›ƒ†‹ˆ‘”‡† ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’Ǥ
• Use of CouncilǣŠ‡”‹–‹•Š™ƒ–‡†–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž•–‘̶„Ž‘™‘ˆˆ–Š‡‹”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•–‡ƒ̶™Š‹Ž‡‹‰‘”‹‰–Š‡‘”‡˜‘ ‹ˆ‡”‘—•
†‹ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ
o ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•—•‡†–Š‡•‡ ‘— ‹Ž•–‘‡š’”‡•• ‘ ‡”•ǡ‡š’‘•‡ƒ‹ƒ––‡–‹˜‡„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ ›ǡoppose
government policies/proposalsǡƒ†”ƒ‹•‡„ƒ•‹ ‡ ‘‘‹ ‹••—‡•ǡ‘–ƒ„Ž›’—„Ž‹ ‘‡›Ǥ
• International Forumsǣ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡• ’”‘‘–‡† –Š‡ †‹ƒ ƒ—•‡ ƒ„”‘ƒ†Ǥ Š‡› ƒ––‡†‡† ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘• –‘
”ƒ‹•‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ†•—’’‘”––Š‡‹”†‡ƒ†•Ǥ
LIMITATIONS OF MODERATES
• Limited Objectives: Š‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡•ˆ‘ —•‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‘‹‘”ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡”‡ˆ‘”•ǡˆƒ‹””‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†
‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ™‹–Š‘—– †‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡‹” ’‡–‹–‹‘• ƒ†
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–‡•‘—‰Š– ‘ ‡••‹‘•Ž‹‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† †‹ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ† ‘— ‹Ž•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡
•‡‡ƒ•‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–„›Žƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ
• Conservative Methods:Š‡›”‡Ž‹‡†‘’‡–‹–‹‘•ǡ•’‡‡ Š‡•ǡƒ†™”‹–‹‰•–‘’—–ˆ‘”–Š–Š‡‹”†‡ƒ†•ǤŠ‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š
™ƒ•‘ˆ–‡ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡†ˆ‘”„‡‹‰–‘‘’ƒ••‹˜‡ƒ†‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹’‡”‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Šǡ™Š‹ Š”‡“—‹”‡†
‘”‡ƒ••‡”–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘Ǥ
• Narrow Social Base: Š‡ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡†— ƒ–‡† ‡Ž‹–‡ ƒ† —’’‡”Ǧ‹††Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ••
’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹•Ž‹‹–‡†–Š‡‹”ƒ’’‡ƒŽƒ† ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡”ƒ••‡•‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ™Š‘™‡”‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›
’‘‘” ƒ† —†‡”’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡†Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ˆ‹‰—”‡• Ž‹‡ ƒ†ƒ„Šƒ‹ ƒ‘”‘Œ‹ ƒ† ‘’ƒŽ ”‹•Šƒ ‘ŠƒŽ‡ ™‡”‡ •‡‡ ƒ•
†‹•–ƒ–„›–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ †‹ƒ’‡ƒ•ƒ–‘”™‘”‡”Ǥ

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• Lack of Aggressive Leadership:Š‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡•™‡”‡ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”Žƒ ‘ˆƒ••‡”–‹˜‡‡••‹ ‘ˆ”‘–‹‰”‹–‹•Š
”—Ž‡ǤŠ‡‹”’‘Ž‹–‡ƒ†Ž‘›ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™ƒ•’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ•ƒ™‡ƒ‡••ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›™Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•†‹•‹••‡†
‘” ‹‰‘”‡† –Š‡‹” †‡ƒ†•Ǥ Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‘ˆ–‡ –‘‘ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• •‘ˆ– •–ƒ ‡ǡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ ”‡ˆ‘”• ƒ– –Š‡‹”
†‹• ”‡–‹‘™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›”‡ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ
• Failure to Address Broader Social Issues: Š‡‹” ˆ‘ —• ”‡ƒ‹‡† Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ‘ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹••—‡•ǡ
‡‰Ž‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‡••‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‘”• ‡‡†‡† ™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒ •‘ ‹‡–› •— Š ƒ• ƒ•–‡ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’‘˜‡”–›ǡ ƒ†
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ••‡•ǤŠ‹•Ž‹‹–‡†–Š‡‹”‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽˆƒ„”‹ ‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†”‡•–”‹ –‡†–Š‡‹”•—’’‘”–„ƒ•‡Ǥ
• Underestimation of Colonial Intentions: Š‡ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡• —†‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡ †‡’–Š ‘ˆ ”‹–‹•Š ‘‹–‡– –‘
”‡–ƒ‹‹‰ ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡” †‹ƒǤŠ‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‹–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒˆƒ‹”ƒ†Œ—•–ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Šǡ™Š‹ Š
™ƒ•‘ˆ–‡ƒ–‘††•™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ ‹–‡”‡•–•–Šƒ–—†‡”’‹‡†”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Overwhelmed by Subsequent Movements:Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡š–”‡‹•–•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘‰”‡••™Š‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†
ˆ‘”™ƒ”ƒŒȋ•‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡Ȍƒ†Žƒ–‡”–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹™‹–ŠŠ‹•ƒ••‘„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ȋŽ‹‡–Š‡‘Ǧ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘
‘˜‡‡–Ȍƒ†‡–Š‡‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‘—–†ƒ–‡†ƒ†Ž‡••‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ
CONCLUSION
Moderates were flawed but accomplished. They formed nationalist movements, educated Indians, and shaped the
Indian National Congress. Later Indian freedom struggles were radicalised by the moderates' constraints.
KEY WORDS: ‹•‡‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ‘ ‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘˜‡‡–•ǡ‡•–‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ‹††Ž‡ Žƒ••ǡ•‡‘ˆ
’”‡••ǡ”‹–‹•Šƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ ‘‘‹ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ—Ž–—”ƒŽ•—’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
ͳǤ ‘ ™Šƒ– ‡š–‹ – †‹† –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡• ’”‡’ƒ”‡ ƒ „ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ™‹†‡” ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘˜‡‡–ǫ ʹͲʹͳ
‘‡–Ǥ
ʹǤ šƒ‹‡–Š‡Ž‹ƒ‰‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›̵•̵ †‹ƒ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡̵ƒ†–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ʹͲͳͻ
‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ
͵Ǥ Š›†‹†–Š‡‘Moderates’ fail to carry conviction with the nation about their proclaimed ideology ʹͲͳ͹
ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‰‘ƒŽ•„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǫ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

7 INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT – PHASE I (1905-1917)

PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905) AND REACTIONARY POLICIES OF CURZON (1899 – 1905)

Lord Curzon became the new Viceroy of India on December 30, 1898. The partition of Bengal was announced by a Royal
Proclamation in 1903, decreasing the area of the previous province of Bengal by forming a new province of East Bengal,
which subsequently became East Pakistan and present-day Bangladesh.
LORD CURZON'S REACTIONARY POLICIES
• Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899: ‡Ž‹‹–‡†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‡†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•„›–Š‡ƒŽ —––ƒ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ˆ
ͳͺͻͻ–‘†‡’”‹˜‡ †‹ƒ•‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Hatred Towards Indians: ‡–”‡ƒ–‡† †‹ƒ•™‹–Š†‹•”‡•’‡ –Ǥ ‡Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†‡‰ƒŽ‹•ƒ• ‘™ƒ”†•ǡ™‹†„ƒ‰•ǡ—•‡Ž‡••
–ƒŽ‡”•ǡƒ†ˆ”‘–Š›’ƒ–”‹‘–•Ǥ
• Misbehave towards Indians: ‡”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••Ǥ
• Partition of Bengal: Š‡†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ™ƒ•Š‹•‘•–‡‰”‡‰‹‘—•„Ž—†‡”Ǥ –’”‘˜‡††‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‹
–Š‡Ž‘‰”—Ǥ
CURZON'S REGRESSIVE POLICIES & THEIR EFFECTS
• Pave way for political instability: —”œ‘̵• ‹’‘Ž‹–‹  •–ƒ–‡‡–• ƒ† ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•– ‹–‡–‹‘• ‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡† †‹ƒ̵•
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ—”œ‘̵•‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•–‹ ƒ –‹‘••’ƒ”‡†ƒ„ƒ Žƒ•Šǡ•–‹‰‹‰ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ
• Birth to a sense of nationhood: ‹•–›”ƒ›‰ƒ˜‡„‹”–Š–‘ƒ†‡‡’‡”•‡•‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘Š‘‘†Ǥ –Š‹•Ž‹‰Š–ǡ—”œ‘’”‘˜‡†
–‘„‡ƒ—‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ„‡‡ˆƒ –‘”‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
• Swadeshi movement: Š‡™ƒ†‡•Š‹‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‹‡‰ƒŽ‹ͳͻͲͷǡ™‹–Šƒ†‡ƒ†–‘„‘› ‘––”‹–‹•Š
’”‘†— –•‹ˆƒ˜‘—”‘ˆ™ƒ†‡•Š‹Ǥ –™ƒ•‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›–Š‡ˆ‹”•–„‹‰‘˜‡‡–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ͳͺͷ͹”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ
• Anti-colonial movement: Š‡ƒ–‹Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•ˆ‹”•–Ž‡†„›‘†‡”ƒ–‡•ǡ„—–‹–™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”‘˜‡”–ƒ‡„›
‡š–”‡‹•–•ƒ†‡š–‡†‡†–‘‡„”ƒ ‡–Š‡‡–‹”‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ‹Žƒǡ‹’‹ƒŽǡƒ†—”‘„‹†‘ Š‘•‡™‡”‡„‡‰‹‹‰–‘
‘–”‘Ž–Š‡‘‰”‡••Ǥ
• The emergence of revolutionary activities: ƒ–‡”ǡ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘••— Šƒ• —‰ƒ–ƒ”„‡‰ƒ–‘‡‡”‰‡Ǥ
Š‡›–‘‘ƒƒ –‹˜‡”‘Ž‡‹ƒ–‹Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ƒ†ƒ––‡’–‡†–‘‹•–‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•‹›‘—‰’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
LORD CURZON'S REFORMS
• Universities Commission in 1902: ‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•‘‹••‹‘‹ͳͻͲʹ–‘Ž‘‘‹–‘–Š‡‡–‹”‡‹••—‡‘ˆ
—‹˜‡”•‹–›‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Indian Universities Act of 1904: ‡ —”œ‘ ‡ƒ –‡† –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•  – ‘ˆ ͳͻͲͶ ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡
‘‹••‹‘̵•ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ†”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„”‹‰‹‰ƒŽŽ—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•‹ †‹ƒ—†‡”‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Scientific reforms: Š‡‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‡•‡ƒ” Š •–‹–—–‡™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†‹—•ƒȋ‹Šƒ”Ǧ‡‰ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡ ›ȌǤ
• Administrative: ‡™‘”‡†–‘”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡ǡ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ ‘””—’–‹‘ǡƒ†’”‘‘–‡‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
o Revitalized conservatismǣ ‡”‡˜‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹•‹ †‹ƒ„›—’†ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ‘”†ƒ›‘̵•
’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ
o Police Reform: ͳͻͲʹǡŠ‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡‘Ž‹ ‡‘‹••‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ• Šƒ‹”‡†„›‹”†”‡™ ”ƒœ‡”Ǥ—”œ‘
ƒ ‡’–‡†ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
o Established training schools: ‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–”ƒ‹‹‰• Š‘‘Ž•ˆ‘”„‘–Š‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ƒ† ‘•–ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†
’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
o NWFP established: Š‡‘”–Š™‡•– ”‘–‹‡””‘˜‹ ‡ȋ Ȍ™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡††—”‹‰–Š‡—”œ‘”‡‰‹‡ǡƒ†‹–
‘˜‡”‡†”‘—‰ŠŽ›–Š‡—’’‡” ‘—”•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡” †—•Ǥ
• Imperial Cadet Corps was established: Š‡ ’‡”‹ƒŽƒ†‡–‘”’•™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ™Š‹ ŠŽƒ–‡”•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ–‘‘Žˆ‘”
†‹ƒ‹œ‹‰–Š‡ƒ”›Ǥ
BACKGROUND AND GOVERNMENT MOTIVE FOR PARTITION
• Official reasons: ‡‰ƒŽ™ƒ•ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’”‘˜‹ ‡–Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‹Šƒ”ǡ”‹••ƒǡ‡‰ƒŽǡƒ†ƒ ƒǤƒ”–‹–‹‘
‘•‹†‡”••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡—•Ž‹’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹–‘ƒ•–‡‰ƒŽƒ†‹Šƒ”ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•”‹••ƒƒ†ƒ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒ•
ƒ‘–Š‡”’”‘˜‹ ‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Administrative ease: Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•†‘‡–‘ˆ‘•–‡”‰”‘™–Š‹‡‰ƒŽ̵•—†‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‡ƒ•–‡”
’ƒ”– ƒ† ˆ‘” ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ•‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‡‰ƒŽ ™ƒ• –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ’”‘˜‹ ‡ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‹‰
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰Ǥ
• Real motive Divide and Rule: ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‰‘ƒŽ™ƒ•–‘̵‹˜‹†‡ƒ†—Ž‡̵–Š‡‘•–ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
‘—–”›ƒ––Š‡–‹‡ǡƒ†–Š‡—•Ž‹ ‘—‹–›™ƒ•†”ƒ™ƒ™ƒ›„›–Š‡’”‘‹•‡‘ˆƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡’”‘˜‹ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Ǥ
• Attack on Bengali culture and language: ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• •ƒ™ ‹– ƒ• ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –‘ †‹ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ ‘– Œ—•– ƒ
„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–‹ ‡ƒ•—”‡ǤŠ‡› ‘•‹†‡”‡†‹–ƒ•ƒƒ––ƒ ‘–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• To break the nerve of the nationalist movement: –Š‡™‘”†•‘ˆ—”œ‘ǡ‹–ƒ‹‡†̶–‘†‡–Š”‘‡ƒŽ —––ƒǡ̶ƒ•‹–
™ƒ•–Š‡‡”˜‡ ‡–”‡‘ˆ‘‰”‡••ƒ––Š‡–‹‡ƒ†ƒ‡› ‡–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
RISLEY (HOME SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 1904)
‡‰ƒŽ‹–‡†‹•ƒ’‘™‡”Ǥ‡‰ƒŽ†‹˜‹†‡†™‹ŽŽ’—ŽŽ‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•‡‘ˆ‘—”ƒ‹‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‹•–‘•’Ž‹–—’
ƒ†–Š‡”‡„›–‘™‡ƒ‡ƒ•‘Ž‹†„‘†›‘ˆ‘’’‘‡–•–‘‘—””—Ž‡Ǥ
• Schism within Congress: Š‡ƒ”–‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ƒ—•‡†ƒ• Š‹•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘‰”‡••ǡƒ•‘†‡”ƒ–‡••‘—‰Š––‘Ž‹‹––Š‡
’ƒ”–‹–‹‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰–‘‡‰ƒŽƒŽ‘‡Ǥ
• Nationwide agitation: š–”‡‹•–•ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •‹†‡ǡ •‘—‰Š– –‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡ ƒ ƒ–‹‘™‹†‡ ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ‡ –Š‡‹”
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ˆ‡Ž–„›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ™ƒ†‡•Š‹‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
NATIONALIST RESPONSE TO PARTITION
• Rising tensions: Š‹• Š‡‹‰Š–‡‡† –‡•‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ •‹†‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ‡ –‘ ƒ ‡† ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͲ͸ •‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ
‘‰”‡••™Š‡ƒˆƒ ‡Ǧ‘ˆˆ™ƒ•ƒ˜‡”–‡†„› Š‘‘•‹‰ƒ†ƒ„Šƒ‹ƒ”‘Œ‹ƒ•’”‡•‹†‡–ȋŠ‡™ƒ•”‡‰ƒ”†‡†„›„‘–Šˆƒ –‹‘•
ƒ†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‹ŽƒǦ–Š‡Šƒ”†Ž‹‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”ǦƒŽ•‘ ‘•‡–‡†–‘Š‹•ƒ‡ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ–‘ ‡–Š‡ˆƒ˜‘—”‹–‡ˆ‘”
–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡ ›ȌǤ
VIEW-POINTS
• ƒ„‹†”ƒƒ–Š ƒ‰‘”‡ǡ ƒ Š—ƒ‹•– ’‘‡–Ǧ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ǡ ’‘•‡† ƒ ƒ‰”› ”Š‡–‘”‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –‘ ‘”† —”œ‘̵•
‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†’Žƒ‡†–‘•’Ž‹–‡‰ƒŽ‹ͳͻͲͷǤ
• Š‡†‡Ž‹ ƒ–‡•‘‰‡š’”‡••‡†„‘–Š”ƒ‰‡ƒ††‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘—–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹œ‡†™‡”‡”‡ƒ†›–‘ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ†—’•‡––Š‡
•‡––Ž‡†Œ—†‰‡–•‘ˆƒ‘’’”‡••‹˜‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–†”—‘‹–•‘™ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰‘ˆ’‘™‡”Ǥ

SWADESHI MOVEMENT (1905)

In August 1905, a boycott resolution passed in the Calcutta Town Hall assembly, and the Swadeshi movement was
officially launched.
B. G. Tilak
Swaraj or self-government is essential for the exercise of swadharma. Without Swaraj, there could be no social
reform, no industrial progress, no useful education, and no fulfilment of national life. That is what we seek, that is
why God has sent us to the world to fulfill Him.

BACKGROUND AND ACTIONS CARRIED OUT THROUGHOUT THE MOVEMENT

• Anti-partition campaign: Š‡™ƒ†‡•Š‹‘˜‡‡–‡‡”‰‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–‹Ǧ’ƒ”–‹–‹‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•Žƒ— Š‡†
‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Š†‡ ‹•‹‘–‘†‹˜‹†‡‡‰ƒŽǤ
• Swadeshi movement: Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ†‡•Š‹‘˜‡‡–ƒ––Š‡–—” ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–—”›ƒ”‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‹–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Day of sorrow: ƒ”–‹–‹‘‘ —””‡†‘ –‘„‡”ͳ͸ǡͳͻͲͷǡƒ†‹–™ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ†ƒ›‘ˆ•‘””‘™Ǥ
• Hindu Muslim unity: ƒŠ‹•™‡”‡‘––‡†ƒ•ƒ•‹‰‘ˆ ‹†—Ǧ—•Ž‹Šƒ”‘›ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡—‹‘‘ˆ–™‘‡‰ƒŽ•Ǥ
‡‘’Ž‡„ƒ–Š‡†‹•ƒ ”‡†™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•Ǥ
• National anthem and song: ‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡•—‰ƒ†‡ƒ–ƒ”ƒǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽ‘•–„‡ ƒ‡ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–Š‡Ǥƒ‰‘”‡
‘’‘•‡†̶ƒ”‘ƒ”ƒ‰Žƒ̶ˆ‘”–Š‡‡˜‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š„‡ ƒ‡ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š̵•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–Š‡‹ͳͻ͹ͳǤ
• Tricolor flag: –”‹ ‘Ž‘—”ˆŽƒ‰ȋ”‡†ǡ‰”‡‡ǡƒ†›‡ŽŽ‘™Ȍ™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡††—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ†‡•Š‹‘˜‡‡–‹‡‰ƒŽǤ –
‹ Ž—†‡†‡‹‰Š–Ž‘–—•‡•–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡‡‹‰Š–’”‘˜‹ ‡•‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒƒ†ƒ ”‡• ‡–‘‘–‘”‡’”‡•‡– ‹†—•ƒ†
—•Ž‹•Ǥ
• Revisit ancient glory: †‹ƒ• „‡‰ƒ –‘ Ž‘‘ „ƒ ‹ –‹‡ –‘ ˆ‹† †‹ƒ̵• –”‡‡†‘—• ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡› ™”‘–‡
ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž –‹‡• ™Š‡ ƒ”– ƒ† ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ • ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ •ǡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ǡ Žƒ™ ƒ†
’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡƒ† ”ƒˆ–•ƒ†–”ƒ†‡–Š”‹˜‡†Ǥ

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• Ban on imports: ‡˜‡”ƒŽ–‹‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡‡–ǡ†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ˆ‘”‡‹‰–‡š–‹Ž‡•ˆ‡ŽŽǤ„‘› ‘––‘ˆƒ Š‡•–‡”ˆƒ„”‹ 
ƒ†‹˜‡”’‘‘Ž•ƒŽ–™ƒ•™‹†‡Ž›ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†Ǥ
• Corps of Volunteers: Š‡‡š–”‡‹•–•ƒŽ•‘‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†ƒ‘”’•‘ˆ‘Ž—–‡‡”•ǡ‘”̶ƒ‹–‹•Ǥ̶ ‡‰ƒŽǡ•Š™‹‹—ƒ”
—––̵•™ƒ†‡•Š‹ƒ†Šƒ„ƒ‹–‹‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ –ƒ‹†‡†‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••Ǥ
FACT-WISE
• Fall in the quantity of imported cotton piece goods: ‡–™‡‡—‰—•–ͳͻͲͷƒ†‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻͲ͸ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ
ʹʹ’‡” ‡–ˆƒŽŽ‹–Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ‹’‘”–‡† ‘––‘’‹‡ ‡‰‘‘†•ǡͶͶ’‡” ‡–‹ ‘––‘–™‹•–ƒ†›ƒ”ǡͳͳ’‡” ‡–
‹•ƒŽ–ǡͷͷ’‡” ‡–‹ ‹‰ƒ”‡––‡•ƒ†͸ͺ’‡” ‡–‹„‘‘–•ƒ†•Š‘‡•Ǥ
• ‘”‡–Šƒƒ–‹˜‹•–‹ —’•—”‰‡ǣŠ‡‘› ‘––‘˜‡‡–ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ™ƒ•— Š‘”‡–Šƒƒ̵ƒ–‹˜‹•–‹ —’•—”‰‡̵–Šƒ–
”‡Œ‡ –‡†—”‘’‡ƒ’”‘†— –•Ǥ
THE MOVEMENT'S LEADERSHIP
• Leadership: Š‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›—”‡†‡”ƒ–Šƒƒ”Œ‡‡ǡ”‹•Šƒ—ƒ”‹–”ƒǡƒ†ƒ›ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡
‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡‡–ǡ„‘–Š‘†‡”ƒ–‡•ƒ†‡š–”‡‹•–•™‘”‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ
• In Punjab: —Œƒ„ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•Ž‡†„›Œ‹–‹‰Šƒ†ƒŒ’ƒ–ƒ‹Ǥ
• In Delhi: ‡ŽŠ‹ǡ›‡† ƒ‹†‡”ƒœƒƒ••—‡†ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
• In Madras: Š‹†ƒ„ƒ”ƒ‹ŽŽƒ‹Ž‡†–Š‡‘˜‡‡––‘–Š‡ƒ†”ƒ•”‡•‹†‡ ›ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡”‡‡”‰‹œ‡†„›‹’‹
Šƒ†”ƒƒŽ̵•Ž‘‰Ž‡ –—”‡–‘—”Ǥ
• In Bombay presidency: ǤǤ ‘ŠƒŽ‡ƒ†Ǥ Ǥ‹ŽƒŽ‡†–Š‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
SWADESHI MOVEMENT & DIVIDED CONGRESS
• Resolutions in Calcutta session: ‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹–‹‘ǡˆ‘—””‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•™‡”‡˜‘–‡†‘‹–Š‡ƒŽ —––ƒ•‡••‹‘—†‡”
ƒ†ƒŠƒ‹ƒ‘”‘Œ‹Ǧ‘› ‘––ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ™ƒ†‡•Š‹ǡƒ†‘†‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”–‹–‹‘Ǥ
• Contention over resolution: Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘••Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡–ƒ‹‡†‘””‡Œ‡ –‡†„‡ ƒ‡ƒƒŒ‘”
•‘—” ‡‘ˆ ‘–‡–‹‘‹‘‰”‡••Ǥ
• Moderates want to limit scope: ˆƒ –‹‘Ž‡†„›‘†‡”ƒ–‡••‘—‰Š––‘Ž‹‹––Š‡‘˜‡‡–̵•• ‘’‡Ǥ
• Pan-India movement: š–”‡‹•–•™ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ‡‹–ƒ’ƒǦ †‹ƒ‘˜‡‡–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ„”‘ƒ†ˆ‹‰Š–Ǥ
• Beyond partition politics & Swaraj: —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ‡š–”‡‹•–•™ƒ–‡†–‘‰‘„‡›‘†’ƒ”–‹–‹‘’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ†•‡‡ˆ—ŽŽ
™ƒ”ƒŒǡ™Š‹Ž•–‘†‡”ƒ–‡•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘—–”›™ƒ•‘–›‡–”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”•— Š†‡ƒ†•ƒ†ƒ••‘„‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
IMPACT OF SWADESHI MOVEMENT
• Emphasis given to Self-Reliance: Š‹•‹’Ž‹‡†”‡Ǧƒ••‡”–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‹‰‹–›ǡŠ‘‘—”ƒ† ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ
ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ
• Programme of Swadeshi or National Education:Bengal National College, inspired by Tagore’s Shantiniketan, was
•‡–—’™‹–Š—”‘„‹†‘ Š‘•Šƒ•‹–•’”‹ ‹’ƒŽǤ‘‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ• Š‘‘Ž•ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡••’”ƒ‰—’‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡
‘—–”›Ǥ
• Swadeshi or Indigenous Enterprises: Š‡•™ƒ†‡•Š‹•’‹”‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†‡š’”‡••‹‘‹–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ•™ƒ†‡•Š‹
–‡š–‹Ž‡ ‹ŽŽ•ǡ •‘ƒ’ ƒ† ƒ– Š ˆƒ –‘”‹‡•ǡ –ƒ‡”‹‡•ǡ „ƒ•ǡ ‹•—”ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ •Š‘’•ǡ ‡– Ǥ ’ƒ – ‹ –Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
Sphere: Tagore’s Amar Sonar Bangla written on this occasion was la–‡” ‹•’‹”‡† –Š‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•ŠǤ ƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡ—„”ƒƒ‹ƒŠƒ”ƒ–‹™”‘–‡—†‡•Šƒ ‡‡–ŠƒǤ ’ƒ‹–‹‰ǡ„ƒ‹†”ƒƒ–Šƒ‰‘”‡„”‘‡
–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ –‘”‹ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ
• Boycott of Foreign Goods: –‹ Ž—†‡†„‘› ‘––ƒ†’—„Ž‹ „—”‹‰‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰ Ž‘–Šƒ†ˆ‘”‡‹‰Ǧƒ†‡•ƒŽ–‘”•—‰ƒ”Ǥ
• Public Meetings and Processions: Š‡›‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•ƒŒ‘”‡–Š‘†•‘ˆƒ••‘„‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ”‡š’”‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Corps of Volunteers or ‘Samitis’: Š‡•‡•ƒ‹–‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••ƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‰‹ 
Žƒ–‡”Ž‡ –—”‡•ǡ•™ƒ†‡•Š‹•‘‰•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ†‘”ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”‡„‡”•Ǥ
• Imaginative use of Traditional Popular Festivals and Melas: Tilak’s Ganapati and Shivaji festivals became a
‡†‹—‘ˆ•™ƒ†‡•Š‹’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒ‘–‘Ž›‹™‡•–‡” †‹ƒǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‹‡‰ƒŽǤ
REASONS FOR THE DECLINE
• Surat split: Š‡”‡™ƒ•†‹••‡–‹‘‰”‡••ǡƒ†‹–•„”‡ƒ‹ͳͻͲ͹ȋ—”ƒ–„”‡ƒȌ™‡ƒ‡‡†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ
• Government repression: ͳͻͲͺǡ‹Žƒ™ƒ•‹’”‹•‘‡†ˆ‘”•‹š›‡ƒ”•ƒ†•Š™‹‹—ƒ”—––ƒ†‘–Š‡”•™‡”‡
‡š‹Ž‡†Ǥ
• Vacuum of leadership: ‹’‹Šƒ†”ƒƒŽƒ†—”‘„‹†‘ Š‘•Š„‘–Š•–‡’’‡†‘—–ˆ”‘’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ

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• Lack of inertia: Š‡‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•Šƒ’‡”‡†„›ƒŽƒ ‘ˆ‹‡”–‹ƒǤ
• Economic ramifications of boycott: —‡–‘Ž‹‹–‡††‘‡•–‹ •—’’Ž›ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ”ƒ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘”†‹ƒ”›’‡‘’Ž‡
‘—Ž†‘Ž‘‰‡” ‘–‹—‡–‘„‘› ‘––‹’‘”–‡†‰‘‘†•Ǥ‘–Š‡” ‘ ‡”™ƒ•Œ‘„Ž‘••Ǥ
• Harsh reaction of government: Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡ƒ –‡†Šƒ”•ŠŽ›ǡƒ†•–—†‡–•™‡”‡‡š’‡ŽŽ‡†ǡ‘–Š‡”•™‡”‡ˆ‹”‡†ǡ
ƒ†ƒ””‡•–•™‡”‡ƒ†‡Ǥ
ASSESSMENT OF SWADESHI MOVEMENT
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SWADESHI MOVEMENT
• Widespread engagement: Š‡™ƒ†‡•Š‹ƒ†„‘› ‘–– ƒ’ƒ‹‰•™‡”‡ †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‹”•––™‡–‹‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”›‘˜‡‡–•
–Šƒ–‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹‘†‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ
• Women participation: ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ǡ™‘‡™ƒŽ‡†‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‘‡•–‘Œ‘‹’”‘ ‡••‹‘•ƒ†’‹ ‡–Ž‹‡•
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–•–‘”‡••‡ŽŽ‹‰ˆ‘”‡‹‰Ǧƒ†‡‹–‡•Ǥ
• Shifted the nature of INC: Š‡ ™ƒ†‡•Š‹ ƒ† „‘› ‘–– ‘˜‡‡–• ƒŽ•‘ •Š‹ˆ–‡† –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘‰”‡••ȋ Ȍˆ”‘„‡‹‰‘•–Ž›†”‹˜‡„›‘†‡”ƒ–‡•–‘–Š‡ƒŒ‘”ƒ‰‡†ƒ‘™„‡‹‰†‡ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡‡š–”‡‹•–•
™Š‘‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡‘‰”‡••̵•ͳͻͲ͸ƒŽ —––ƒ•‡••‹‘ ƒŽŽˆ‘”•™ƒ”ƒŒ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Ideals of passive resistance emerged: Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’ƒ••‹˜‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒŠƒ–ƒ
ƒ†Š‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›—•‡†ƒ››‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ǡ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›™ƒ†‡•Š‹ƒ†„‘› ‘––
‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ
CRITICISM OF THE SWADESHI MOVEMENT
• Lack of all India participation: ‘—–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•™‡”‡‘•–Ž›—ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Peasant class unaffected: – ‘—Ž†‘–ƒŽ•‘ ƒ””›‹–ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ– Žƒ••ƒ†‹•–Š—•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡†ƒ•
ƒ‹††Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ••‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Lack of Muslim participation: Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ—•Ž‹•†‹†‘–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ǡ‘”–Š‡‹”‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–™ƒ•Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥ –Š‡
‡†ǡ–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‹ͳͻͲ͸Ǥ
• Communal angle: Š‡ ‹†—•‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Š‡’ƒ•–™Š‡–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•Š‘‘—”‡†™‡”‡†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘ ‹†—‹ƒ‰‡”›ǡ
‡„‡”•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡” ‘—‹–‹‡•ˆ‡Ž–‡š Ž—†‡†Ǥ
MUSLIM LEAGUE (1906)
The All-India Muslim League (also known as the Muslim League) was a political party founded in British India in
1906. It was founded as a political alternative to the Indian National Congress to serve the interests of Indian Muslims.
FOUNDATION
• Formed in Lucknow: ›ͳͻͲͳǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—•Ž‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›™ƒ•”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ• ”‹–‹ ƒŽǤŠ‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ
•–‡’ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–™ƒ• ƒ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ — ‘™ ‹ ‡’–‡„‡” ͳͻͲ͸ǡ ƒ––‡†‡† „› ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ
ƒ”‘—† †‹ƒǤ
• Simla deputation:   –‘„‡” ͳͻͲ͸ǡ –Š‡ ‹Žƒ ‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ••‡••‡† –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒ† ”‡•‘Ž˜‡† –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š –Š‡
’ƒ”–›̵•ƒ‹•‘–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡̵•ƒ—ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•–‘„‡Š‡Ž†‹ŠƒƒǤ
• Renaming: ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡƒ™ƒ„ƒŽ‹—ŽŽƒŠŠƒ’”‘†— ‡†ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ‹‰
–Š‡’ƒ”–›–Š‡ŽŽǦ †‹ƒ—•Ž‹‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ ›Ǥ
EARLY YEARS
• Foundation: —Ž–ƒ —Šƒƒ† ŠƒŠ ȋ‰ƒ Šƒ Ȍ ™ƒ• ƒ‡† –Š‡ —•Ž‹ ‡ƒ‰—‡̵• ˆ‹”•– Š‘‘”ƒ”› ’”‡•‹†‡–ǡ
–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡†‹†‘–ƒ––‡†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‡••‹‘‹ŠƒƒǤ
• Jinnah joined: ‘Šƒ‡†Ž‹ ‹ƒŠŒ‘‹‡†–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡‹ͳͻͳ͵Ǥ
• Initial aim: Š‡‡ƒ‰—‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†–‘–”ƒ‹•–—†‡–•ˆ‘”•‡”˜‹ ‡‹–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠƒŒǡ„—–‹–“—‹ Ž›‰”‡™‹–‘ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
PARTICIPATION IN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
• Concerned by majority rule: Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡Šƒ†ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”—‹–›‹ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡– †‹ƒǡ„—––Š‡›
™‡”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†–Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž†„‡”—Ž‡†„› ‹†—•ǡ™Š‘ƒ†‡—’–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Allied with Congress: ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘”Ž†ƒ” ȋͳͻͳͶǦͳͺȌǡ–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡ƒŽŽ‹‡†—’™‹–Š‘‰”‡••–‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰
ˆ‘” ‘‡—Ž‡‹•‹†‡–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‹”‡Ǥ
• Jinnah's 14 points: —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͻʹͲ•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻ͵Ͳ•ǡ ‹ƒŠ ‘’”‡••‡†–Š‡‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆ †‹ƒ—•Ž‹•
‹–‘ͳͶ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹†‡ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†‘‡Ǧ–Š‹”†‘ˆ—•Ž‹’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ
‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ

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• Supports war involvement: ‘‰”‡••†‡ Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ’’”‘˜‡–Š‹•’”‘ Žƒƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡”‡ƒ‹‡†
”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘ˆ ”‹–‹•Š ”—Ž‡ǡ –Š‡› †‡ ‹†‡† –‘ •—’’‘”– †‹ƒ̵• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ ™ƒ” –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ „‡––‡” ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‰
’‘•‹–‹‘ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Proponent of two-nation theory: ™Šƒ–„‡ ƒ‡‘™ƒ•–Š‡̶–™‘Ǧƒ–‹‘–Š‡‘”›ǡ̶ ‹ƒŠ„‡‰ƒ–‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡–Š‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ†‹•–‹ –—•Ž‹•–ƒ–‡ˆ”‘Žƒ†•–Šƒ–™‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒ‹ͳͻͶͲǤ
The Muslim League's goals were met four decades after its founding in Dhaka in 1906. The organization's political
leaders proposed a separate country to safeguard Muslim commercial interests. Furthermore, the concept of a distinct
Pakistan state began to gain traction among Indian Muslims.
SURAT SPLIT (1907) AND ITS IMPACT
With the selection of Dadabhai Naoroji as the new president in 1906, an impending clash was avoided; both sides were
pacified because he was admired by both. Naoroji presented the concept of 'Swaraj' at this session to reconcile
disagreements, and it was declared as the aim of Congress.
B. G. TILAK
The Extremists of today will be the Moderates of tomorrow, just as the Moderates of today were the Extremists of
yesterday.

Moderates Extremists
• Social baseǣƒ‹†ƒ”•ƒ†—’’‡”‹††Ž‡ Žƒ••‡•‹ • Social baseǣ †— ƒ–‡† ‹††Ž‡ ƒ† Ž‘™‡” ‹††Ž‡
–‘™•Ǥ Žƒ••‡•‹–‘™•Ǥ
• Ideological inspirationǣ‡•–‡”Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ† • Ideological inspirationǣ †‹ƒ Š‹•–‘”›ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
—”‘’‡ƒŠ‹•–‘”›Ǥ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ƒ† ‹†—–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•›„‘Ž•Ǥ
• Believed political connectionsǣ‹–Š”‹–ƒ‹–‘„‡‹ • Believed that political connectionsǣ ‹–Š ”‹–ƒ‹
• India’s social, political and cultural interests. ™‘—Ž†’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‡”‹–‹•Š‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
• Loyalǣ”‘ˆ‡••‡†Ž‘›ƒŽ–›–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Š”‘™Ǥ • Unworthy British Crownǣ‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‹–‹•Š
• Masses not readyǣ ‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ”‘™™ƒ•—™‘”–Š›‘ˆ Žƒ‹‹‰ †‹ƒŽ‘›ƒŽ–›Ǥ
•Š‘—Ž† „‡ Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ ‹††Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ•• ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–•‹ƒǢ • Faith in masses: ƒ†‹‡•‡ˆƒ‹–Š‹–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
ƒ••‡• ‘– ›‡– ”‡ƒ†› ˆ‘” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‡•–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ƒ†–‘ƒ‡•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•Ǥ
™‘”Ǥ • Swarajǣ‡ƒ†‡†™ƒ”ƒŒƒ•–Š‡’ƒƒ ‡ƒˆ‘” †‹ƒ
• Constitutional demandsǣ ‡ƒ†‡† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‹ŽŽ•Ǥ
”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ†•Šƒ”‡ˆ‘” †‹ƒ•‹•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ • Extra constitutional meansǣ‹†‘–Š‡•‹–ƒ–‡–‘—•‡
• Constitutional meansǣ •‹•–‡† ‘ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‡š–”ƒǦ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–Š‘†• Ž‹‡ „‘› ‘––• ƒ†
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•‘Ž›Ǥ ’ƒ••‹˜‡”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡‹”‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ
• Not a compradorǣ Š‡› ™‡”‡ ’ƒ–”‹‘–• ƒ† †‹† ‘– • Made sacrificesǣ Š‡› ™‡”‡ ’ƒ–”‹‘–• ™Š‘ ƒ†‡
’Žƒ›–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ ‘’”ƒ†‘” Žƒ••Ǥ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ

CAUSES OF SPLIT
• Disagreement: Š‡ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡– ƒ”‘•‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ‘—” ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘˜‡‡––‘–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Failure of Moderates: Š‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡•ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ƒ‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹”‘ƒ†•ǡ‡š–”‡‹•–•‰‘–ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‡†Ǥ
• International influences: š–”‡‹•–•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‹•’‹”‡†„›–™‘‘ —””‡ ‡•‘—–•‹†‡ †‹ƒǡƒ‡Ž›–Š‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‘ˆ
—••‹ƒ„› ƒ’ƒƒ†–Š‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒ”›„›–Š‹‘’‹ƒ•ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Š•Šƒ––‡”‡†–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ—”‘’‡ƒ
‹‰Š–Ǥ
• Inaction of Morley: š–”‡‹•–•™‡”‡‘’–‹‹•–‹ ƒ„‘—––Š‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡™‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ǡ‘”Ž‡›ǡ„—–Š‡†‹†
‘–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡’ƒ”–‹–‹‘“—‡•–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ‰‡”‡†–Š‡š–”‡‹•–•Ǥ
• Contention over presidentship: š–”‡‹•–•™ƒ–‡†‹Žƒ‘”ƒŽƒƒŒ’ƒ–ƒ‹ƒ•’”‡•‹†‡–ǡ„—–‘†‡”ƒ–‡•™ƒ–‡†
ƒ•Š‡Šƒ”‹‘•‡–‘„‡’”‡•‹†‡–‹–Š‡ͳͻͲ͹•‡••‹‘Ǥ
THE IMPACT
• Divided into two parties: Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••ȋ Ȍ•’Ž‹–‹—”ƒ–”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ”–›„‡‹‰†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘
–™‘’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡š–”‡‹•–•ƒ†–Š‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Weakened Congress: Š‹•• Š‹•™‡ƒ‡‡†‘‰”‡••ƒ†Šƒ’‡”‡†‹–•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ˆ‹‰Š–ˆ‘” †‹ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Prominence of extremists: ‹–Š‡š–”‡‹•–•‰ƒ‹‹‰’”‘‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›†”‹˜‹‰‘‰”‡••–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‘”‡
‹Ž‹–ƒ–ƒ†‡š–”‡‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘™‹‹‰‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Shift in government attitude: –ƒŽ•‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ•Š‹ˆ–‹–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•ƒ––‹–—†‡ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›–‘™ƒ”†•‘†‡”ƒ–‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ
• Impetus for reforms: Š‡—”ƒ–’Ž‹–™ƒ•–Š‡‹’‡–—•ˆ‘”–Š‡ͳͻͲͻ‹–‘Ǧ‘”Ž‡›‡ˆ‘”Ǥ
The Surat Split divided the Indian National Congress into Extremists and Moderates, weakening the party's fight for
independence. Extremists gained prominence, pushing Congress towards a more militant approach. The schism
indicated a shift in government policy and spurred the 1909 Minto-Morley Reforms. The split is seen as a national
disaster, halting the national movement temporarily. The Extremists' revolutionary efforts gave people new hope
against the British. After eight years, the Moderates and Extremists reunited in Lucknow in 1916, restoring momentum
to the independence movement.
RISE OF MILITANT AND REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM
The causes of the growth of extremists or militant nationalism are remarkably similar to the causes of the rise of
nationalism in India. Leaders such as Tilak, Ashwini Kumar Dutt, and others have been involved in spreading militant
nationalism since its inception. The Swadeshi Movement's leadership shifted from moderates to extremists like Bipin
Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghosh, Tilak, and others.
KARACHI CHRONICLE
What one Asiatic has done, others can do... if Japan can drub Russia, India can drub England with equal ease... let us
drive the British into the sea and take our place side by side with Japan among the great powers of the world.

REASONS BEHIND EMERGENCE

• Moderate Failure: ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘• ‹‘—• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• –Š‘—‰Š– –Šƒ– ”‹–‹•Š ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† ‘–‹—‡ •‹ ‡
”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡†‡ƒ†•Šƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ‘†‡”ƒ–‡•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡‹‰”—Ž‡‹‰Š–„‡ Šƒ‰‡†ǡ
„—––Š‹•†‹†‘–‘ —”Ǥ
• Curzon's anti-Congress stance: —”œ‘̵• ƒ–‹Ǧ‘‰”‡•• •–ƒ ‡ ‘˜‹ ‡† ƒ› –Šƒ– ‘‰”‡•• ™‘—Ž† ”‡ƒ‹ ƒ
—•‡Ž‡••‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Elevated position of Congress: ‘‰”‡•• ™ƒ• •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ› ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ‹†ƒ” ƒ† —’’‡”Ǧ
‹††Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ••‡Ž‹–‡’ƒ”–›Ǥ‘‡–••— Šƒ•ƒ‹Šƒ†”ƒ†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡‘‰”‡•••‡••‹‘ƒ•ƒ̶–Š”‡‡Ǧ†ƒ›ƒ—ƒŽ•Š‘™Ǥ̶
• Failure of The Indian Council Act (ICA), 1892: Š‡ ‘ˆͳͺͻʹ™ƒ•ƒŠ—‰‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡–Šƒ– ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡•̵–ƒ –‹ •
‹–‘“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ
• International influence: ƒ’ƒ†‡ˆ‡ƒ–•—••‹ƒ‹‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‡–•ǤŠ‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒƒ”›„›–Š‹‘’‹ƒ•
†‡‘Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ‡•–‡”•—’‡”‹‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Severe repressions: ‡’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒŽƒƒŒ’ƒ–ƒ‹ƒ†Œ‹–‹‰Š‹ͳͻͲ͹Ǥ ͳͻͲͺǡ‹–”ƒƒ†
•Š™‹‹—ƒ”—––™‡”‡†‡’‘”–‡†Ǥ ͳͻͲͺǡ‹Žƒ™ƒ••‡–‡ ‡†–‘͸›‡ƒ”•‹’”‹•‘Ǥ
• Curbed freedom: Š‡ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡ ”‡ › –•‡˜‡”‡Ž› —”–ƒ‹Ž‡†Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
o Deportation without trial: Š‡ƒ””‡•–ƒ††‡’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–—”‘–Š‡”•‹ͳͺͻ͹ǡ‡˜‡™‹–Š‘—–’—„Ž‹ ‹œ‹‰
–Š‡ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ǡ‘—–”ƒ‰‡†–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ
o Tilak was imprisoned: ‹Žƒƒ†‘–Š‡”‡™•’ƒ’‡”‡†‹–‘”•™‡”‡ ‘˜‹ –‡†–‘Š‡ƒ˜›’”‹•‘–‡”•ˆ‘”‹ ‹–‹‰
’—„Ž‹ ‘—–”ƒ‰‡–Š‡•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ
• Political consciousness: Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‡ †‹ƒ•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Šƒ–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡™ƒ•‘–„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ
–‘ †‹ƒǡƒ†‹–ƒŽ•‘”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡”‡Œ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹–‡ƒ̵•—”†‡–Š‡•‹•Ǥ
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
• Partition of Bengal: —”‹‰ —”œ‘̵• ”‡‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽ ‘ —””‡†ǡ ƒ† ‹– „‡ ƒ‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–
‹’‘”–ƒ–”ƒŽŽ›‹‰‘‡–•‹–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‹‰Š–Ǥ
• Other events: Ž‹‡–Š‡—‹ ‹’ƒŽ –ƒ†–Š‡‡ŽŠ‹ƒ”„ƒ”ǡˆ—‡ŽŽ‡†’—„Ž‹ ‘—–”ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Failure of early militant nationalists: Š‡›ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡‘˜‡‡–ƒ Ž‡ƒ”†‹”‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘”‡ƒ Š
–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ Ǥ
IMPACTS OF REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT
• Political Awareness: –•Ž‹‡–Š‡ƒ••ƒ••‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡„‘„‹‰ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•„›‰”‘—’•Ž‹‡–Š‡
—•Š‹Žƒƒ‹–‹‹‡‰ƒŽ”ƒ‹•‡†ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–ƒ‘‰ †‹ƒ•Ǥ

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• British Repression:  ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡•‡ ˜‹‘Ž‡– ƒ –•ǡ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‡ƒ –‡† Šƒ”•Š Žƒ™•ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‡
‘™Žƒ––  – ‘ˆ ͳͻͳͻǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒŽŽ‘™‡† †‡–‡–‹‘ ™‹–Š‘—– –”‹ƒŽǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† —”‡•– ƒ† ‹ ‹†‡–• Ž‹‡ –Š‡
ƒŽŽ‹ƒ™ƒŽƒƒ‰Šƒ••ƒ ”‡Ǥ
• Influence on Nationalist Movements:Š‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ†‹˜‹†‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡–ǡ ‘–”ƒ•–‹‰™‹–ŠŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Ž‹‡ ƒ†Š‹™Š‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†‘Ǧ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡„”ƒ˜‡”›‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ƒŽ•‘‹•’‹”‡†ƒ›ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡›‘—–ŠǤ
• Security Measures:Š‡”‹–‹•Š‡š’ƒ†‡†–Š‡‹”‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–•‹ †‹ƒǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ†‡Šƒ ‹‰
ƒ‰‡ ‹‡• –‘ ‘—–‡” ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ Ž‡‰ƒ › –Šƒ– ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† †‹ƒ̵• ‘™ •‡ —”‹–› ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—• ’‘•–Ǧ
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Inspiration for Future Movements: Š‡ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”Ž› ʹͲ–ŠǦ ‡–—”› ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ‹•’‹”‡† •—„•‡“—‡–
‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• Ž‹‡ —„Šƒ• Šƒ†”ƒ ‘•‡ ƒ† Žƒ–‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ —†‡”• ‘”‹‰ –Š‡‹”
‡†—”‹‰Ž‡‰ƒ ›‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡Ǥ
COMPARISON BETWEEN REVOLUTIONARY AND EXTREMIST

Aspect Revolutionary Extremist

Approach Violent resistance and radical methods Non-violent protests, petitions, and discussions

Greater autonomy within the British Empire

Goal Complete independence from British rule
initially

Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Subhas Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin
Key Figures
Chandra Bose Chandra Pal

Key
Kakori Conspiracy, Chittagong armoury raid Partition of Bengal protests, Swadeshi Movement
Incidents

Immediate overthrow of British rule, inspired Gradual increase in self-governance, influenced by

Philosophy
by global revolutionary movements moderate reforms and constitutional means

Laid foundation for wider participation in freedom

Impact on movement, influenced later policies like the Non-
Created urgency and international attention,
Freedom Cooperation Movement
inspired future generations
Struggle


THE DECLINE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT

• No mass support: –™ƒ•—ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘„‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ –Šƒ†‘•—’’‘”–ƒ‘‰–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ǤŠ‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†
‹’‡”•‘ƒŽŠ‡”‘‹ •Ǥ
• Unable to attain the goal: Š‹•‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•—ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ––ƒ‹‹–•‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Leadership vacuum: Š‡ƒ••ƒ••‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠƒ†”ƒ•‡Šƒ”œƒ†‹ƒ•Š‘‘–‹‰‡ ‘—–‡”‹ƒ’—„Ž‹ ’ƒ”‹ŽŽƒŠƒ„ƒ†
‹ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͻ͵ͳ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‡†‡†–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›•–”—‰‰Ž‡‹—Œƒ„ǡ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šǡƒ†‹Šƒ”ǤŠ‡ƒ”–›”†‘
‘ˆ—”›ƒ‡ƒŽ•‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–‡””‘”‹•–ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹‡‰ƒŽǤ
• Rethinking of means: Š‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‹‡•‹’”‹•‘‡†‹Œƒ‹Ž•ƒ†‹†ƒƒ„‡‰ƒƒ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ”‡–Š‹‹‰Ǥ
• New ideologies: ƒ”š‹•™ƒ•ƒ†‘’–‡†„›ƒŠ—‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT:
• Organised form: ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‘˜‡‡–•„‡‰ƒ–‘–ƒ‡‘ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†ˆ‘”—†‡”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Encouraged Indians: –‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† †‹ƒ•–‘˜‹‘Ž‡–Ž›‘˜‡”–Š”‘™”‹–‹•Š ‘–”‘Ž‹ †‹ƒǤ
Although they did not achieve their stated goal of achieving independence by armed revolution, they were successful in
rallying people, self-governance, reading of authority from their minds, and striking horror into the hearts of the
authorities.

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS (1909) AND RESPONSES
Morley-Minto Reforms were carried out in 1909, while Lord Minto was Governor General of India.


Lord Morley
Reforms may not save the Raj, but if they don’t, nothing else will.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• Demand of Muslim leaders:  –‘„‡”ͳͻͲ͸ǡ–Š‡Š‹Žƒ‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‡†„›–Š‡‰ŠƒŠƒǡ‡–‘”†‹–‘ƒ†
†‡ƒ†‡†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”—•Ž‹•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‹”—‡”‹ ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Š†—‡–‘
–Š‡̶˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘̶—•Ž‹•™‡”‡ƒ‹‰̶–‘–Š‡†‡ˆ‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡’‹”‡Ǥ̶
• Muslim League: Š‡•ƒ‡‰”‘—’•™‹ˆ–Ž›–‘‘‘˜‡”–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‹‡ ‡„‡”ͳͻͲ͸„›
ƒ™ƒ„ƒŽ‹—ŽŽƒŠ‘ˆƒ ƒǡƒ™ƒ„•‘Š•‹Ǧ—ŽǦ—Žǡƒ†ƒ“ƒ”Ǧ—ŽǦ—ŽǤ
• Imperial allegiance: Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡ƒ––‡’–‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡‹’‡”‹ƒŽƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡™Š‹Ž‡‡‡’‹‰–Š‡—•Ž‹‡Ž‹–‡
ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‘‰”‡••Ǥ
• Cracking down is not sufficient: Š‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡‹ ‡”‘›‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ‹–‘ǡƒ† ‘Š‘”Ž‡›ǡ–Š‡‹„‡”ƒŽ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›
‘ˆ –ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” †‹ƒǡ „‘–Š ƒ‰”‡‡† –Šƒ– ”ƒ ‹‰ †‘™ ‘ —’”‹•‹‰• ‹ ‡‰ƒŽ ™ƒ• ‹’‘”–ƒ– „—– ‘– •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ˆ‘”
”‡•–‘”‹‰•‡ —”‹–›–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠƒŒˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘”†—”œ‘̵••’Ž‹––‹‰‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ
• Instil hope: Š‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–ƒ†”ƒ•–‹ •–‡’™ƒ•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‹•–‹ŽŠ‘’‡‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ—’’‡” Žƒ••‡•ƒ†–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰
‡•–‡”‹œ‡†’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ


MONTFORD REPORT
The reforms of 1909 afforded no answer and could afford no answer to Indian problems.
POSITIVE FEATURES
• Element of self-government: –‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–„›ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”‹†‹”‡ –‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Budget voting: ‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘˜‘–‡‘ƒ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡„—†‰‡–Ǥ
• Authority to question: ‘”‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›™ƒ•‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ“—‡•–‹‘‹‰Ǥ
• Representation: Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘”‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
NEGATIVES FEATURES
• Separate Electorates: Š‡”‡ˆ‘”•‹ Ž—†‡†ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•ǡƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”—•Ž‹•Ǥ
• Fostered communalism: – ’Žƒ–‡† –Š‡ •‡‡†• ‘ˆ ‘—ƒŽ‹• ƒ† Š‹†‡”‡† †‹ƒ̵• Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ’”‘‰”‡•• –‘™ƒ”†
—‹–›Ǥ‘”†‹–‘™ƒ•†—„„‡†–Š‡̶ ƒ–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘—ƒŽŽ‡ –‘”ƒ–‡Ǥ̶
• Diversion from plight: –ƒŽ•‘†‹˜‡”–‡† †‹ƒ•̵ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ
• No real power: ‡š–‡†‡†‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡‘— ‹Ž•ǡ„—–‡„‡”•™‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ Š‘•‡‹†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒ†–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž•†‹†̵–Šƒ˜‡
ƒ›ƒ –—ƒŽ’‘™‡”•ǡ•— Šƒ•„—†‰‡–†‡„ƒ–‡ǡ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡›™‡”‡‘™’‡”‹––‡†–‘’ƒ••”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ‡– Ǥ
• Limited Association of Indians: ‹–Š–Š‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‡”‘›ƒ† ‘˜‡”‘”•Ǥƒ–›‡†”ƒ”ƒ•ƒ†‹Šƒ
ȋ‹ŠƒȌ™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•– †‹ƒ–‘„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ƒ•ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‡”‘›̵•š‡ —–‹˜‡‘— ‹ŽǤȋŠ‡—„‡”
™ƒ•Ž‹‹–‡†–‘‘‡ȌǤ
• Limited franchise: Š‡ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡Ǧ‹–™ƒ•”‡•–”‹ –‡†ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡™‘‡†‹†
‘–Šƒ˜‡˜‘–‹‰”‹‰Š–•ǡƒ†‹–™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ ‘•–”ƒ‹‡†‹‘–Š‡”™ƒ›•Ǥ
The reforms of 1909 provided the country's citizens with a shadow rather than substance. The people desired self-
government, but all they got was "benevolent despotism."
FIRST WORLD WAR (1914 -1919), ITS IMPACT AND RESPONSES
In World War I (1914-1919), Britain joined with France, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.


RESPONSES TO WORLD WAR I

Extremists Support the misguided notion: ‹ŽƒǡFor example,„ƒ ‡†–Š‡™ƒ”‡ˆˆ‘”–‹–Š‡‹•‰—‹†‡†
‘–‹‘Ǥ
–Šƒ–”‹–ƒ‹™‘—Ž†”‡™ƒ”† †‹ƒ̵•ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡™‹–Š‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
Moderates Support & expecting reciprocity: ‘†‡”ƒ–‡•ǡ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‡š’”‡••‡†–Š‡‹”•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”
–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ‡š’‡ –‹‰–Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž†”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒ–‡„›‡ƒ•‹‰‘ˆˆ‘–Š‡Ǥ
Revolutionaries Opportunity to wage war: Š‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‹‡•™‡”‡†‡–‡”‹‡†–‘–ƒ‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘™ƒ‰‡™ƒ”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ƒ†Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ


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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
IMPACT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ON THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
• India's fiscal and human losses: ‹ŽŽ‹‘• ‘ˆ ”—’‡‡• ™‡”‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡† ˆ”‘ †‹ƒ ˆ‘” —•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ™ƒ”ǡ ƒ† †‹ƒ
–”‘‘’•’‡”‹•Š‡†™Š‹Ž‡ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰‹—”‘’‡Ǥ
• The Working Class: •‡™‹†—•–”‹‡•™‡”‡„—‹Ž––‘•‡”˜‡—”‘’‡ǡ–Š‡‹††Ž‡ Žƒ••Šƒ†‰”‡ƒ–‡”™‘”‘’–‹‘•Ǥƒ‰‡•
™‡”‡Ž‘™ǡƒ†™‘”‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•™‡”‡’‘‘”Ǥ‘”‡”•Šƒ†Ž‹‹–‡†„ƒ”‰ƒ‹‹‰’‘™‡”•‹ ‡–”ƒ†‡—‹‘‹•Šƒ†›‡–
–‘ƒ “—‹”‡’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›Ǥ
• Agriculture: ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ • ‘—”‰‡ ‘ˆ •–ƒ”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘”Ž† ƒ”  ƒ—•‡† ƒ ˆƒŽŽ ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘‘†‹–› ’”‹ ‡• ‹
™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ƒ”‡–•ǤŠ‹•’—•Š‡†ˆƒ”‡”•ˆ—”–Š‡”‹–‘†‡„–Ǥ
• Politics and Nationalism: ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ‹– ƒ• ƒ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ˆ‘” ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‰ ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‹‰Š–•ǡ ƒ†
‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–™ƒ•‰”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–”‹–ƒ‹™‘—Ž†–ƒ‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘˜‡•‹ˆƒ˜‘—”‘ˆ †‹ƒ•ƒˆ–‡”
–Š‡™ƒ”Ǥ
• Economic plight: Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ’‘•‹–‹‘†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‡†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”ǤŠ‡‹†—•–”›–Šƒ––Š”‹˜‡††—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”
™ƒ•‘™ˆƒ ‡†™‹–Š Ž‘•—”‡ƒ†ƒ†”‘’‹‘—–’—–Ǥ
• Negative reciprocity: ”‘‹•‡•ƒ†‡†—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”™‡”‡†‹•”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•™ƒ•’—•Š‡†ǤŠ‹Ž‡ ‘Ž‘‹‡•
™‡”‡ ’”‘‹•‡† †‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ –Š‡› ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒ ’‘‘” „ƒ”‰ƒ‹ ‹ ”‡–—”Ǥ ‘”‡”Ž› ˜ƒ“—‹•Š‡† ƒ–‹‘•̵ ‘Ž‘‹‡• ™‡”‡
†‹•’‡”•‡†ƒ‘‰™‹‡”•ƒ•ƒ™ƒ””‡™ƒ”†Ǥ
• Dissatisfaction: ˆ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ”ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•™‡”‡†‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•ƒ –‹‘•ǤŠ‡ ‘˜‡”‡–
‘ˆ †‹ƒ –‘ˆͳͻͳͻ™ƒ•ƒ‹‡•‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡Ǥ
• Enraged Muslims: Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡––‘ƒ’‹”‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒ–›‘ˆ‡˜”‡•”‘—•‡†—•Ž‹•‡–‹‡–•
ƒ†‘’‡‡†–Š‡‰”‘—†ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‹Žƒˆƒ–‘˜‡‡–ƒ†‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Sprouting trade unions: ˆ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ”ǡ–”ƒ†‡—‹‘‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘—†‹‰‘ˆ —†‡”
‘•Š‹‹ͳͻʹͲƒ‹‰–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ•–”‹†‡•Ǥ
GHADAR PARTY AND KOMAGATA MARU INCIDENT (1915)
WORLD WAR FIRST AND GHADAR MOVEMENT
• Opportunity: Š‡™‘”Ž†™ƒ”ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ Šƒ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”‹–‡•–‘‡š’Ž‘‹––Š‡”‹–‹•Š‘˜‡”Ž‘”†•Ǥ
• Using immigrants: Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”‹–‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•’—•Š‡†‹‹‰”ƒ–•‘–Š‡™‡•–‡” ‘ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•–‘”‡–—”–‘
†‹ƒ ƒ† Žƒ— Š ƒ ƒ”‡† ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”›Ǥ ‘‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™‡”‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ” ƒ•–‡”
‘—–”‹‡•–‘’‡”•—ƒ†‡ †‹ƒ•–‘”‡–—”Ǥ
• Attempts to convert the army's devotion: Š‡‰Šƒ†ƒ”‹–‡•†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†–Š‡—Œƒ„•–ƒ–‡–‘„‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ
‘„‘†›„ƒ ‡†–Š‡—’ǡƒ†–Š‡ŠƒŽ•ƒ‡˜‡Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†–Š‡ƒ•"fallen Sikhs."‹–Š‘—–•–”‘‰Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ–Š‡‹”ƒ‹˜‡
ƒ––‡’–•–‘ ‘˜‡”––Š‡ƒ”›̵•†‡˜‘–‹‘ˆƒ‹Ž‡†Ǥ
• Turned to revolution: Š‡› ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› –—”‡† –‘ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ˆ‘” ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ǡ „—– –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– Šƒ†
•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹ˆ‹Ž–”ƒ–‡† –Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”Ǥ †ǡ ’”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‡”‡ ƒ””‡•–‡†Ǥ Š‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•”‡ƒ –‹‘™ƒ•Šƒ”•Šǡƒ†ƒ‡–‹”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•™ƒ•‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†Ǥ
THE KOMAGATA MARU INCIDENT
• Spark: Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‹ ‹†‡–•–‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‹–•’ƒ”‡†ƒ‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡• ‡ƒ”‹‘‹—Œƒ„Ǥ
• Singapore to Vancouver: Š‡ ‘ƒ‰ƒ–ƒ ƒ”— ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •Š‹’ „”‹‰‹‰ ͵͹Ͳ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ‹‰ƒ’‘”‡ –‘
ƒ ‘—˜‡”ǡ‘•–Ž›‹Šƒ†—Œƒ„‹—•Ž‹™‘—Ž†Ǧ„‡‹‹‰”ƒ–•Ǥˆ–‡”–™‘‘–Š•‘ˆŠƒ”†•Š‹’ƒ†— ‡”–ƒ‹–›ǡ
–Š‡›™‡”‡•‡–„ƒ „›ƒƒ†‹ƒƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• British influence: –™ƒ•™‹†‡Ž›ƒ••—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒƒ†‹ƒƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•™‡”‡•™ƒ›‡†„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻͳͶǡ–Š‡•Š‹’ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ Š‘”‡†‹ƒŽ —––ƒǤŠ‡†‡–ƒ‹‡‡•”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘„‘ƒ”†–Š‡–”ƒ‹‰‘‹‰–‘—Œƒ„Ǥ
ʹʹ’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡‹ŽŽ‡†‹–Š‡‡•—‹‰ Žƒ•Š™‹–Š–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡‹—†‰‡—†‰‡ǡ‡ƒ”ƒŽ —––ƒǤ
• Enraged Ghadrites: Š‡ Šƒ†” Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™‡”‡ ‡”ƒ‰‡† „› –Š‹•ǡ ƒ† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘•‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹”•– ‘”Ž† ƒ”ǡ –Š‡›
”‡•‘Ž˜‡†–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–ƒ––ƒ –‘‘˜‡”–Š”‘™”‹–‹•Š ‘–”‘Ž‹ †‹ƒǤŠ‡›‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†ˆ‹‰Š–‡”•–‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž–‘
†‹ƒǤ
THE GADAR PARTY AND MOVEMENT (1915)
• Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•ƒƒ––‡’–„›–Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”’ƒ”–›̵•”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›Ž‡ƒ†‡”•–‘Žƒ— Šƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–ƒ––ƒ ‘
”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒǤŠ‡‘—–„”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹”•–‘”Ž†ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡‘ƒ‰ƒ–ƒƒ”—‡˜‡–•’ƒ”‡†–Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
Š‡†ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹‘Ž‡–”‡˜‘Ž–‹—‡”‘—••‹–‡•ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒ™ƒ••‡–ˆ‘” ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͳǡͳͻͳͷǤ
o Revolutionary: —”‹‰–Š‡ ‹”•–‘”Ž†ƒ”ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ǤŠ‡‘•–‘–‡™‘”–Š›
‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ” ’ƒ”–›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ˆ‘—†‡† ‹ ƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ „› ƒŽƒ ƒ”†ƒ›ƒŽǡ ‘Šƒ ‹‰Š Šƒƒǡ
‘Šƒ‡†ƒ”ƒ––—ŽŽƒŠǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥ

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o Expanded influence: –™ƒ•ƒ•‡ —Žƒ”’ƒ”–›ǡƒ†‹–•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‡š’ƒ†‡†–‘‘–Š‡”•‹ƒ ‘—–”‹‡•™Š‡”‡ †‹ƒ•
Ž‹˜‡†Ǥ
o Failed attempt: •–Š‡ ‹”•–‘”Ž†ƒ”„”‘‡‘—–ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”’ƒ”–›Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‹”‡Ǥ
Š‡ʹͳ•–‘ˆ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͻͳͷ™ƒ•†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ†ƒ›‘ˆ‹•—””‡ –‹‘‹ †‹ƒǡ–‘„‡‰‹‹—Œƒ„Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’Žƒ
™ƒ•–Š™ƒ”–‡†„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Š ǡƒ† Šƒ†ƒ”‹–‡•™‡”‡ ƒ’–—”‡†ǡ’”‘•‡ —–‡†ǡƒ†ƒ›™‡”‡Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ
o British response: Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ”‡•’‘†‡† –‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ”–‹‡ †ƒ‰‡” ™‹–Š ƒ –”‡‡†‘—• ƒ”•‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ”‡’”‡••‹˜‡
‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‘•– ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ •‹ ‡ ͳͺͷ͹ǡ Ž‡† „› –Š‡ ‡ˆ‡ ‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ  –ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ’ƒ••‡† ‹ ƒ” Š ͳͻͳͷ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–‘ ”—•Š–Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
GHADAR’S EVALUATION
• Success:
o Ideological success: Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”‘˜‡‡–̵••— ‡••™ƒ•‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
o Promoted nationalism: –’”‘‘–‡†ˆ‹‡” ‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•™Š‹Ž‡„‡‹‰‡–‹”‡Ž›•‡ —Žƒ”Ǥ
• Limitations:
o Underestimated: Š‡ƒ‹ ˆŽƒ™™ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡›—––‡”Ž›—†‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡‡š–‡– ƒ†ƒ‘—–‘ˆ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘
”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ–‡˜‡”›Ž‡˜‡ŽǦ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽǡˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽǡƒ†•‘‘ǦǦ„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ›˜‹‘Ž‡–”‡˜‘Ž–Ǥ
o Unorganized: ‘–Š‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹••—‡‹•–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆƒ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǣ–Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•
•—•–ƒ‹‡†‘”‡„›–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ–•̵œ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ„›–Š‡‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‘”‰ƒ‹•‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ
o Lack of long-lasting leadership: Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”‘˜‡‡–ƒŽ•‘Žƒ ‡†ƒ•–”‘‰ƒ†Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡
‘ˆ—‹–‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡‡–̵•†‹˜‡”•‡’ƒ”–•Ǥ
o Overlooked: Š‡›‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‡†–Šƒ–”ƒŽŽ›‹‰ƒˆ‡™–Š‘—•ƒ††‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†‹‹‰”ƒ– †‹ƒ•ǡ™Š‘™‡”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›
‡‘–‹‘ƒŽŽ› Šƒ”‰‡††—‡–‘”ƒ ‹ƒŽ’‡”•‡ —–‹‘ƒ––Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ™Š‹–‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•ǡ™ƒ•ƒˆƒ” ”›ˆ”‘‘„‹Ž‹•‹‰ƒ†
‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‰ŽƒŠ•‘ˆ’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ƒ†•‘Ž†‹‡”•‹ †‹ƒǤ
However, it failed to achieve much on the political and military fronts because it lacked organized and sustained
leadership, underestimated the extent of preparation required at every level - organizational, ideological, financial, and
tactical strategic - and perhaps Lala Hardayal was unsuited for the job of an organizer.
HOME RULE MOVEMENT
The home rule movement was the Indian response to World War I that was less charged but more effective. With people
already feeling the load of wartime hardships brought on by heavy taxation and price increases, Tilak and Annie Besant
were all set to assume leadership of the campaign, which had begun with considerable enthusiasm. The League
campaign attempted to transmit to the ordinary man the message of self-government through home rule.

BACKGROUND OF THE MOVEMENT

• Disappointment of the 1909 Act: ‹–Š–Š‡†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͲͻ –ƒ†–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ‘†‡”ƒ–‡•–‘ƒ‡
Š‡ƒ†™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡‰”‘—†™‘”Šƒ•„‡‡Žƒ‹†ˆ‘”ƒ‡™‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Role of Tilak: ‹Žƒ™ƒ•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘Œƒ‹Ž‹ͳͻͳͶǡ”‡ƒ†›–‘–ƒ‡‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡””‘Ž‡ǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘‰”‡••̵Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’™ƒ•
™‹–Š‘†‡”ƒ–‡•ǡˆ‘” ‹‰Š‹–‘ˆ‘”ƒ„”‡ƒƒ™ƒ›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Influence of the Russian Revolution: Š‹Ž‡–Š‡—••‹ƒ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆͳͻͳ͹™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ‹ƒ –‹‘ǡ‹–‰ƒ˜‡ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ
‡†‰‡Ǥ
• Lucknow pact:  ‡ ‡„‡” ͳͻͳͷǡ –Š‡ –™‘ •‹†‡• ‘ˆ ‘‰”‡•• ”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‘‰”‡•• ƒ† –Š‡ —•Ž‹ ‡ƒ‰—‡
ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ — ‘™ƒ ––Š‡‡š–›‡ƒ”ǡ’Ž‡†‰‹‰–‘™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”ˆ‘””‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹–Š‡
‘—–”›Ǥ
HOME RULE LEAGUE MOVEMENT (SEPTEMBER 1916)
• Resume activities: ‹Žƒ”‡•—‡†Š‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ˆ”‘’”‹•‘‹ͳͻͳͶǤ ‡™ƒ•ƒ––‡’–‹‰
–‘‰‡–‡–”›–‘‘‰”‡••Ǥ ‹•ˆ‹”•–ƒ––‡’–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™ƒ•ˆ‘‹Ž‡†„›‘†‡”ƒ–‡•Ž‡†„›Š‡”‘œ•ŠƒŠ‡Š–ƒǤ
• Opposition decreased: ‘™‡˜‡”ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Š‡”‘œ•ŠƒŠ‡Š–ƒ̵•†‡ƒ–Šǡ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡š–”‡‹•–•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†
ƒ†–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘”‡Œ‘‹‘‰”‡••‹‡ ‡„‡”ͳͻͳͷǤ
• Attitude of moderates: Š‡”‡•‡‡‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‘–Š‡ˆ”‘–‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡ǡƒ†ƒ›Ž‡ƒ†‡”•™‡”‡
†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ‘†‡”ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Irish influence: •’‹”‡† „› –Š‡ ”‹•Š ‹•—””‡ –‹‘ǡ ” ‹‡ ‡•ƒ– ȋ–‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š ‡‘”‰‡ ”—†ƒŽ‡Ȍǡ ™Š‘ Šƒ†
‰ƒ”‡”‡† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡‡š’‡”–‹•‡‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ –‹‘˜‹ƒŠ‡”‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡŽƒ— Š‡†ƒ
‘‡—Ž‡‘˜‡‡–‹ †‹ƒ‹‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻͳ͸Ǥ
• Assistance: ƒ†‹ƒƒ†ƒƒ•™ƒ›‹›‡”ƒ••‹•–‡†Š‡”‹Š‡”ƒ––‡’–•ǤƒŽ ƒ‰ƒ†Šƒ”‹ŽƒƒŽ•‘Žƒ— Š‡†
ƒ†‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹ ƒŽŽ›•—’’‘”–‡†ƒ‘–Š‡” ‘‡—Ž‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ

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• Swaraj: ‹Žƒ–‘‘–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†Žƒ— Š‡†–Š‡ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ ‘‡—Ž‡‡ƒ‰—‡‘˜‡‡–‹ͳͻͳ͸Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡
‘‡—Ž‡‘˜‡‡–ǡ‹Žƒ’”‘ Žƒ‹‡†ǡ̶™ƒ”ƒŒ‹•›„‹”–Š”‹‰Š–ǡƒ† ™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡‹–Ǥ̶
• New political landscape: ƒ†Š‹™ƒ•‘–ƒ –‹˜‡‹–Š‡‘˜‡‡–•‹ ‡Š‡Šƒ†‘Ž›ƒ””‹˜‡†Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”ƒ†™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ
ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡™’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ
THE OBJECTIVE OF THE MOVEMENT
• To enjoy Dominion status: ̵‘‡Œ‘›‘‹‹‘•–ƒ–—•ǡƒ•‘–Š‡””‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹‡••— Šƒ•—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǡƒ†
‡™‡ƒŽƒ††‘̵Ǥ
• Promote political education: ‘’”‘‘–‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡„ƒ–‡–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Motivate Indians: ‘‘–‹˜ƒ–‡ †‹ƒ•–‘•’‡ƒ‘—–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•”‡’”‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Pressure on the British government: ‘ ’—– ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‰‘˜‡”‡– –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ †‹ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Resurrect political activity: ‘”‡•—””‡ –’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›‹ †‹ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ†Š‡”‹‰–‘–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘‰”‡••
ƒ”–›Ǥ
REASONS BEHIND THE DOWNFALL
• Moderates were appeased: ˆ–‡”‡•ƒ–̵•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡ‘†‡”ƒ–‡•™‡”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ•‡†ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‰‡”•—„•‹†‡†Ǥ
• August Declaration: ”‹–ƒ‹̵•ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ‡™‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–ƒ–‡‘–ƒ‰—‡ Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ– †‹ƒ•™‹ŽŽ„‡‰”ƒ–‡†
ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡• ‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ—Ž‹‡ Š‹• ’”‡†‡ ‡••‘” ‘”Ž‡›ǡ ™Š‘ †‡‹‡† ƒ› •— Š ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›ȌǤ ̵—‰—•–
‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘̵™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‡‰‹˜‡–‘‘–ƒ‰—‡̵•’”‘ Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Rise of Gandhi: Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹ƒ††‹• —••‹‘•‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡†‹˜‡”–‡†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ
• Vacant leadership: ‹Žƒ‘˜‡†–‘–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’˜ƒ ƒ–•’ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Communal riots: ͳͻͳ͹Ǧͳͺǡ ‘—ƒŽ”‹‘–•‡”—’–‡†Ǥ
THE MOVEMENT'S SUCCESS
• Mass support: Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ™ƒ• •— ‡••ˆ—Ž ‹ †”ƒ™‹‰ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ ǡ •‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰ ƒ Šƒ‰‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡Ž‹–‡
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‘†‡”ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Strengthened Congress: ‹Žƒƒ†‡•ƒ–̵•‡ˆˆ‘”–•”‡•—””‡ –‡†‘‰”‡••ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡— ‘™ƒ –‘ˆͳͻͳ͸Ǥ
• Pushed the government: Š‡› ’—•Š‡† –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– –‘ ’—”•—‡ ‘”‡ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–Ǧ ‘”†
”‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆͳͻͳͻǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Žƒ‹†–Š‡‰”‘—†™‘”ˆ‘” ƒ†Š‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆƒ••‘„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Shape the new course: Š‡ ‘‡—Ž‡‡ƒ‰—‡•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Šƒ†•‘‡‰‘‘†‹’ƒ –•ƒ†Š‡Ž’‡†–‘•Šƒ’‡
–Š‡‡™ ‘—”•‡–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–™‘—Ž†–ƒ‡‹–Š‡ ‘‹‰›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
It established an organizational link between the town and the country, which would be vital later on when the national
movement entered its mass phase. It gave the national movement a new dimension and a sense of urgency.
LUCKNOW PACT (DECEMBER 1916), ITS SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACTS
During World War I, Turkey fought against Britain; Muslims supported Turkey and were enraged by the British.
Congress was likewise exhausted from pleading for self-government.


A.C. Majumdar (President of the Lucknow session of the INC—1916)

After nearly ten years of painful separation and wandering through the wilderness of misunderstanding and mazes
of unpleasant controversies...both wings of the Indian Nationalist Party have come to realize the fact that united they
stand, but divided they fall.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LUCKNOW SESSION

• Unification: ˆ–‡”ƒ–‡Ǧ›‡ƒ”„”‡ƒƒˆ–‡”–Š‡—”ƒ–’Ž‹–ǡ„‘–Š‘†‡”ƒ–‡•ƒ†š–”‡‹•–•™‡”‡—‹ˆ‹‡†‹–Š‹••‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Consensus: —”‹‰–Š‡— ‘™•‡••‹‘ǡ‘‰”‡••ƒ†–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡— ‘™ƒ –ǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘•‡•—•‘–Š‡‡š–•–‡’•Ǥ
• Hindu-Muslim cooperation: – Ž‡ƒ”‡† –Š‡ †‘‘” ˆ‘” ‹†—Ǧ—•Ž‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ †‹ƒ †‡’‡†‡ ‡
‘˜‡‡–ǡƒ•‡˜‹†‡ ‡†‹–Š‡Š‹Žƒˆƒ–‘˜‡‡–ƒ†–Š‡‘Ǧ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Strengthened united: –ƒŽ•‘•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†–Š‡‘‰”‡••„›—‹–‹‰–Š‡–™‘‰”‘—’•—†‡”–Š‡•ƒ‡—„”‡ŽŽƒǤ
• Formalize communal politics: Š‡ ƒ‰”‡‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ‘ ƒ †‹•–‹ – ‘—ƒŽ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›
”‡ƒ–‡† ‘—ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ •‹ †‹ƒǤ

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• Communal veto:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡— ‘™ƒ –‘ˆͳͻͳ͸ǡƒ›Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™‘—Ž†„‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆ— –‹‘‹ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ
͵ȀͶ ‘ˆ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ› ˆƒ‹–Š ™‡”‡ ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ  ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •— Š ƒ ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ –Š‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ–›’‡‘ˆ ‘—ƒŽ˜‡–‘‹–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• Embraced Muslim League: Š”‘—‰Š–Š‹•ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ–Š‡ ƒŽ•‘–ƒ ‹–Ž›‡„”ƒ ‡†–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡̵•‘–‹‘
–Šƒ– †‹ƒ™ƒ•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘†‹•–‹ –’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‘’’‘•‹‰‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ
EVALUATION OF THE LUCKNOW SESSION
• Cooperation in the Khilafat movement: Š‹• ‘–”ƒ –Žƒ‹†–Š‡‰”‘—†™‘”ˆ‘” ‹†—Ǧ—•Ž‹ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡
Š‹Žƒˆƒ–‘˜‡‡–ƒ†‘Šƒ†ƒ• ƒ†Š‹̵•‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–„‡‰‹‹‰‹ͳͻʹͲǤ
• Colour of communalism: Š‡ ‘‰”‡•• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‰”‡‡† –‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡• ˆ‘” —•Ž‹• ‹ ’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž
‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•– ‘–‡–‹‘—•ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‘”†Ǥ
• Blunder by INC:  ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡‹••‡‡ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ‘‰”‡••̵•™‘”•–„Ž—†‡”•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘’‘–‡–
‘—ƒŽ‹•‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ‡‹–Š‡” ‹†—‘”—•Ž‹ƒ••‡•™‡”‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ
• Recognised divided interests: Š‡’ƒ –ƒ†‡‹–‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ– †‹ƒŠƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ‡ƒ Š™‹–Š‹–•‘™•‡–
‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ
• Destructive pacifist actions: Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ—•Ž‹Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•™ƒ•†‡–‡”‹‡†’”‘˜‹ ‡„›’”‘˜‹ ‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•‘‡
‘ˆ‘‰”‡••̵•‘•–†‡•–”— –‹˜‡’ƒ ‹ˆ‹•–ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ –”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†‘–‘Ž› ‘—ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘„—–ƒŽ•‘ ‘—ƒŽ
’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•Ǥ
The Congress session at Lucknow had a long-lasting influence on India. It may have temporarily brought the warring
groups together, but it legitimized the Muslim League's policies of hatred and division.
MONTAGU CHELMSFORD REFORMS (1919)
In 1918, the Mont-Ford (Montagu Chelmsford) Commission issued its report. It claimed to prepare the way for Indian
self- government, but it also sought to induce Indians to assist the British during the First World War (1914-18). For the
first time, the government of India stated its desire to gradually introduce a responsible government.


M. K. Gandhi
The Montford Reforms... was only a method of further draining India of her wealth and of prolonging her servitude.

NOTABLE FEATURES
• Indians in administration: –™ƒ•’ƒ••‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ †‹ƒ•̵‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Ten-year reformǣŠ‡ –™ƒ•‹‡ˆˆ‡ –ˆ‘”–‡›‡ƒ”•ǡˆ”‘ͳͻͳͻ–‘ͳͻʹͻǤ
• Embraced princely statesǣ Š‹•  –̵• •–”— –—”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ”‹–ƒ‹ –‘ ‡’Ž‘› –Š‡ ”‹ ‡Ž› –ƒ–‡• ȋ™Š‘ ™‡”‡
†‹”‡ –Ž›”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ–ƒ–‡•Ȍ–‘„ƒŽƒ ‡‘ˆˆ–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰†‘‹ƒ ‡‘ˆ†‘‡•–‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ
• Provincial Diarchy: ‘”–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”’”‘˜‹ ‡•ǡ–Š‡ –‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ†—ƒŽ•›•–‡‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ȋ†‹ƒ” Š›ȌǤ
• Decentralization: –†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡†•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ•̵ ‡–”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•̵ƒ†̵’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ǡ̵‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”’”‘˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ–‘’‹ •™‡”‡ˆ—”–Š‡” Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
• Reserved Subjects: ‘˜‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ̵š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹Ž̵Ǥ ‡ˆ‡ ‡ ȋ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ȍǡ
‘”‡‹‰ˆˆƒ‹”•ǡƒ†‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡”‡•‡”˜‡†Ž‹•–’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ
• Transferred Subjectsǣ†‹‹•–‡”‡†„›–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ̵‹‹•–‡”•̵‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡̵”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ
‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡‘— ‹Ž̵Ǥ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡŽ‘ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡̵–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†
Ž‹•–̵‹–‡•Ǥ
• Diarchy: Š‡–‡”̵‹ƒ” Š›̵”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‹•†—ƒŽˆ‘”‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǤŠ‹•‡™•›•–‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‹†‘–ƒ “—‹”‡
’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽǤ
• Direct Elections: ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ǡ̵‹”‡ –Ž‡ –‹‘•̵™‡”‡Š‡Ž†ǡƒ†ƒ”‡•–”‹ –‡†ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡™ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†„ƒ•‡†‘
–ƒšƒ–‹‘ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†’”‘’‡”–›‘™‡”•Š‹’‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• A bicameral system: ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡ ‡–”‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‡„‡”•‘ˆ„‘–ŠŠ‘—•‡•‹–Š‹•„‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽ•›•–‡™‡”‡
†‹”‡ –Ž›‡Ž‡ –‡†ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽ”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡‘— ‹Ž•Ǥ
• Centralisation: Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™ƒ•‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘’ƒ••Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡ ‘—–”›‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
• Veto of governor general: Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ™ƒ•‰”ƒ–‡†–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘•—‘ǡ’”‘”‘‰—‡ǡ†‹••‘Ž˜‡ǡƒ†
’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘”†‹ƒ ‡•Ǥ
• Proportion of Indians: Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ•‘–Š‡‹ ‡”‘›̵•š‡ —–‹˜‡‘— ‹Ž™ƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘–Š”‡‡‘—–‘ˆ
‡‹‰Š–ǤŠ‡—„‡”™ƒ•”ƒ‹•‡†ǡ„—––Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž”‡ƒ‹‡†‘Ž›ƒƒ†˜‹•‘”›„‘†›™‹–Š‘ƒ –—ƒŽ’‘™‡”Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• Examine the Reform Provision:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘–ƒ‰—ǦŠ‡Ž•ˆ‘”†•–—†›ǡ–Š‡”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ”‡˜‹‡™ƒˆ–‡”–‡
›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‹” ‘Š ‹‘ Ž‡† –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ȋ‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘Ȍ ‹ Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡˜‹‡™ǡ ™Š‹ Š •—‰‰‡•–‡† ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
• Self-governance for Indians: Š‡ Šƒ‰‡•Šƒ†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹’ƒ –‹–Šƒ––Š‡†‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ˆ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡
‘” ‘‡ —Ž‡ ‘—Ž† ‘ Ž‘‰‡” „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† •‡†‹–‹‘—• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ •‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ˆ‘” †‹ƒ• Šƒ† ‘™
‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›„‡ ‘‡ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘Ž‹ ›ǡƒ•‡š’”‡••‡†‹–Š‡—‰—•–‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘–ƒ‰—‡Ǥ

WALTER REID, KEEPING THE JEWEL IN THE CROWN

Devolution was intended to tie in a larger element of society to the status quo. But giving powers to local
communities meant that energies that could have been applied against the imperial power were dissipated into
communal rivalry. Division always worked for Britain’s benefit In Montford despotism proclaimed its benevolence.

DRAWBACKS OF THE REFORMS

• Limited franchise: Š‡ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡™ƒ•“—‹–‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†ǤŠ‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™ƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘
ƒ”‘—†ͳǤͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘ǡ†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ– †‹ƒ̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘„‡‘˜‡”ʹ͸Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ
• Veto of viceroy: Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Šƒ†‘ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘˜‡”–Š‡˜‹ ‡”‘›ƒ†Š‹•‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹Ž‹–Š‡ ‡–”‡Ǥ
• Inadequate subject division: Š‡ ‡–”‡̵••—„Œ‡ –†‹˜‹•‹‘™ƒ•‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ǥ––Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žǡ•—„Œ‡ –†‹˜‹•‹‘
ƒ†•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–™‘’‘”–‹‘•™‡”‡‹ŽŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†Š‡ ‡ǡ‹’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽǤ ””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‹ƒ ‡ǡ’‘Ž‹ ‡ǡ–Š‡
’”‡••ǡƒ†Œ—•–‹ ‡™‡”‡ƒŽŽ”‡•‡”˜‡†Ǥ
• Less power to provinces: ”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ ‹‹•–‡”• Šƒ† Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘˜‡” „—†‰‡–• ‘” „—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ ›ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹
ˆ”‡“—‡– ‘ˆŽ‹ –„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘Ǥ
• Ministers not consulted: ‹‹•–‡”• ™‡”‡ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ‘– ‘•—Ž–‡† ‘ ‡› •—„Œ‡ –• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǢ ‹ ˆƒ –ǡ –Š‡› ƒ› „‡
‘˜‡”–—”‡†„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”‘ƒ›ƒ––‡”†‡‡‡†‡š ‡’–‹‘ƒŽ„›–Š‡Žƒ––‡”Ǥ
RECEPTION IN INDIA
• Congress disappointment: Š‡ ‘‰”‡•• †‡‡‡† –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‘”• ̶†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰̶ ƒ† ̶—•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”›ǡ̶ ‹•–‡ƒ†
†‡ƒ†‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Unmatched to political demands: Š‡ͳͻͳͻ Šƒ‰‡•†‹†‘–‡‡– †‹ƒ̵•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡ƒ†•Ǥ
• Unified in opposition: Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹Ž ™‡”‡ —‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡•‡
’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž‡„‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‹ƒŠǡ”‡•‹‰‡†‹’”‘–‡•–Ǥ
• Betrayal of masses: Š‡•‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ™‡”‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– †‹ƒ ƒ• ƒ „‡–”ƒ›ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘̵•
•–”‘‰•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹–‹•Š™ƒ”‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥ
• Gandhi's protest: ƒ†Š‹Žƒ— Š‡†ƒ•–ƒ–‡Ǧ™‹†‡’”‘–‡•–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‘™Žƒ–– –•ǡ™‹–Š—Œƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡™ƒ›Ǥ
• Massacre: ’”‹Žͳͻͳͻǡƒ—‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•„ƒ””‹‰‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡‹ŽŽ‹‰
ƒ– ƒŽŽ‹ƒ™ƒŽƒƒ‰Š‹”‹–•ƒ”Ǥ
The Montagu Chelmsford Report would later serve as the foundation for the Government of India Act, of 1935, and,
eventually, the Constitution. These changes resulted in the essential ideas of responsible government, self-governance,
and a federal framework. The Montagu-Chelmsford Report on Indian constitutional reforms is a watershed moment in
the country's constitutional history. The Montagu Chelmsford Report on Indian constitutional reforms, along with the
Montagu Declaration, are thus worthy contenders for the title of modern India's Magna Carta.
CONTRIBUTION OF CHANDRASEKHAR AZAD
Chandrasekhar Azad was a pivotal figure in the Indian freedom struggle, known for his commitment to absolute
independence and his readiness to employ armed resistance against British colonial rule. Born on July 23, 1906, in
Bhabhra, Madhya Pradesh, Azad became a symbol of bravery and self-sacrifice in the annals of Indian history.
EARLY LIFE AND INFLUENCES
• Early Radicalization:œƒ†™ƒ•†‡‡’Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ™ƒŽƒƒ‰Šƒ••ƒ ”‡‹ͳͻͳͻǡ™Š‹ Š’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‡†Š‹•
•–”‘‰”‡•‘Ž˜‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ ‹•‡ƒ”Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡‘Ǧ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†„›ƒŠƒ–ƒ
ƒ†Š‹ ƒŽ•‘ •Šƒ’‡† Š‹• ’ƒ–Šǡ „—– Š‡ ™ƒ• †‹•‹ŽŽ—•‹‘‡† „› –Š‡ •—•’‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ Šƒ—”‹
Šƒ—”ƒ‹ ‹†‡–‹ͳͻʹʹǤ
• Turn Towards Revolutionary Activities:Š‹•†‹•‹ŽŽ—•‹‘‡–Ž‡†Š‹–‘–Š‡ ‹†—•–ƒ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘
ȋ Ȍǡ ™Š‹ Š Žƒ–‡” „‡ ƒ‡ –Š‡ ‹†—•–ƒ ‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ȋ Ȍǡ ™Š‡”‡ Š‡ ™ƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›ˆ‹‰—”‡•Ž‹‡ƒ”ƒ•ƒ†‹•‹ŽǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS
• Reformation of HRA into HSRA:  ͳͻʹͺǡ Šƒ‰ƒ– ‹‰Š ƒ† Šƒ†”ƒ•Š‡Šƒ” œƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† –Š‡ ‹†—•–ƒ
‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ȋ Ȍ‹–‘–Š‡ ‹†—•–ƒ‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ȋ ȌǤŠ‡‹”‰‘ƒŽ™ƒ•–‘—•‡
‘”‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†ƒ†˜‹‘Ž‡–‡ƒ•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ†–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ †‹ƒ„ƒ•‡†‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ
• Participation in Major Events:œƒ†™ƒ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡›ƒ –‹‘•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•Šǣ
o Kakori Train Robbery (1925): ‡†‹†‘–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹”‡ –Ž›„—–™ƒ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”ƒ–Šǡ
Š‡Ž’‹‰–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‰ƒ‹ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
o The Assembly Bombing (1929):Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ƒ –‘”•™‡”‡Šƒ‰ƒ–‹‰Šƒ†ƒ–—‡•Š™ƒ”—––ǡœƒ†
™ƒ•‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‹–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰•–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
o Shooting of Saunders (1928): ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡‹ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆƒŽƒƒŒ’ƒ–ƒ‹ǡœƒ†™ƒ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ ‘•’‹”ƒ ›
–Šƒ–Ž‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ••ƒ••‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ǤǤƒ—†‡”•ǡƒ”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”Ǥ
• Propagation of Revolutionary Ideals:œƒ†™ƒ•‡‡‘”‡ ”—‹–‹‰›‘—‰ƒ –‹˜‹•–•ƒ†•’”‡ƒ†‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‹†‡ƒŽ•
–‘‹˜‹‰‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡›‘—–Š‘ˆ †‹ƒ–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ ‡™ƒ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–”ƒ‹‹‰”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ƒ– Šƒ•‹ǡ
–—”‹‰‹–‹–‘ƒŠ—„ˆ‘””‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
STRATEGY AND IDEOLOGY
● Guerrilla Warfare: Azad advocated and practiced guerrilla tactics, which involved sudden attacks on British officials and
thefts that funded their activities. His methods were marked by a bold and uncompromising stance against the British,
differentiating him from more moderate approaches of the time.
● Vision for Post-Independence India: Although primarily focused on the overthrow of British rule, Azad and his comrades
had a vision of a socialist India where justice and social equity prevailed. They believed in the destruction of the current
system and its replacement with a socialist struct.
Legacy and Death
• Icon of Bravery and Sacrifice:Azad’s commitment to never being captured alive by the British was fulfilled when
Š‡•Š‘–Š‹•‡Žˆ‘ ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹ͹ǡͳͻ͵ͳǡ†—”‹‰ƒˆƒ ‡Ǧ‘ˆˆ™‹–Š–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡‹Žˆ”‡†ƒ”ǡŽŽƒŠƒ„ƒ†Ǥ ‡„‡ ƒ‡ƒƒ”–›”
ƒ†ƒ‡†—”‹‰•›„‘Ž‘ˆ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Inspirational Figure: ‹•Ž‡‰ƒ ›‹•’‹”‡• ‘—–Ž‡•• †‹ƒ•ǡƒ†ƒ›’—„Ž‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ†‘˜‡‡–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
ƒ‡†‹Š‹•Š‘‘”–‘ ‘‡‘”ƒ–‡Š‹••ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡ˆ‘” †‹ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
Chandrasekhar Azad remains one of the most celebrated revolutionaries in Indian history. His life is a testament to the
lengths to which passionate individuals will go to fight for their country’s freedom. His tactics, ideological commitment
to socialism, and the ultimate sacrifice continue to be revered and studied as a major part of India’s struggle for
independence.
KEY WORDS: ‘”†—”œ‘ǡƒ”–‹–‹‘‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǡ‡ƒ –‹‘ƒ”›’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ™ƒ†‡•Š‹‘˜‡‡–ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–”‡•’‘•‡ǡ—”œ‘̵•
”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ‘—ƒŽ†‹˜‹†‡ǡ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ–‹Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ǡ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ


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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

8 INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT – PHASE II (1918-1939)

DAWN OF GANDHIAN ERA

Gandhi spent over 20 years in South Africa. His Satyagraha experiments began there. While in South Africa, he founded
the daily Indian Opinion. Gandhi returned to India on January 9, 1915. He spent the first year of his life wandering
around India, studying Indian circumstances and people, before establishing the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad in
1916.
GANDHIJI'S EARLY CAREER AND TRUTH EXPERIMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
• Born and brought up: ‘Šƒ†ƒ•ƒ”ƒ Šƒ† ƒ†Š‹™ƒ•„‘”‘ –‘„‡”ʹǡͳͺ͸ͻǡ‹‘”„ƒ†ƒ”ǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ‹–Š‡
’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ–Š‹ƒ™ƒ”Ǥ ‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”™ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ–‡†‹™ƒȋ‹‹•–‡”ȌǤ
• Early career: ˆ–‡” •–—†›‹‰Žƒ™ ‹ ‰Žƒ†ǡ ƒ†Š‹ –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡† –‘ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹ ͳͺͻͺ ‹ ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Š ƒ ƒ•‡
‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰Š‹• Ž‹‡–ǡƒ†ƒ„†—ŽŽƒŠǤ
• South African experience: ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǡŠ‡™‹–‡••‡†–Š‡—‰Ž›ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ™Š‹–‡”ƒ ‹•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡Š—‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘
ƒ† ‘–‡’–•Š‘™–‘•‹ƒ•™Š‘Šƒ† ‘‡–‘‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ•Žƒ„‘—”‡”•Ǥ
• Decided to fight: ‡†‡ ‹†‡†–‘”‡ƒ‹‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹‘”†‡”–‘‘”‰ƒ‹•‡–Š‡ †‹ƒ™‘”‡”••‘–Šƒ––Š‡› ‘—Ž†
ˆ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–•Ǥ ‡•–ƒ›‡†–Š‡”‡—–‹ŽͳͻͳͶ™Š‡Š‡”‡–—”‡†–‘ †‹ƒǤ
• Indians in South Africa: Š‡ †‹ƒ• ‹ ‘—–Š
ˆ”‹ ƒ ™‡”‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘–Š”‡‡ ‰”‘—’•ǣ ‹†‡–—”‡†
†‹ƒ Žƒ„‘—”‡”•ǡ –‘ ™‘” ‘ •—‰ƒ” ’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ
‡” Šƒ–•ǡ ‘•–Ž› ‡ƒ —•Ž‹•Ǣ ƒ† ‡šǦ
‹†‡–—”‡†Žƒ„‘—”‡”•Ǥ
• Accepted racial discrimination: Š‡•‡ †‹ƒ•
™‡”‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› —‡†— ƒ–‡† ƒ† •’‘‡ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‘” ‘
‰Ž‹•ŠǤ Š‡› ƒ ‡’–‡† ”ƒ ‹ƒŽ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ
‘”ƒŽƒ•’‡ –‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ
• Disabilities were imposed: Š‡›™‡”‡‘–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†
–‘˜‘–‡ǤŠ‡› ‘—Ž†‘Ž›Ž‹˜‡‹†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–
™‡”‡—•ƒ‹–ƒ”›ƒ† ‘‰‡•–‡†Ǥ•‹ƒ•ƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒ•™‡”‡‘–’‡”‹––‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”Š‘‡•ƒˆ–‡”ͻ’ǤǤǡ‘”™‡”‡
–Š‡›’‡”‹––‡†–‘—–‹Ž‹•‡’—„Ž‹ •‹†‡™ƒŽ•Ǥ
GANDHI'S MODERATE STRUGGLE IN SOUTH AFRICA (1894-1906)
• Petitions and memorials: —”‹‰–Š‹•’Šƒ•‡ǡ ƒ†Š‹”‡Ž‹‡†‘•‡†‹‰’‡–‹–‹‘•ƒ†‡‘”‹ƒŽ•–‘–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•
‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ†”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ
• To unite Indians: ‡ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡ƒ–ƒŽ †‹ƒ‘‰”‡••ƒ†„‡‰ƒ’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ †‹ƒ‘’‹‹‘•‹‘”†‡”–‘—‹–‡
˜ƒ”‹‘—•‰”‘—’•‘ˆ †‹ƒ•Ǥ
GANDHI'S PASSIVE RESISTANCE OR SATYAGRAHA IN SOUTH AFRICA (1906-1914)
• Satyagraha: Š‡•‡ ‘†’Šƒ•‡ǡ™Š‹ Š„‡‰ƒ‹ͳͻͲ͸ǡ™ƒ•†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡–‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹̵•–ƒ –‹ ‘ˆ
’ƒ••‹˜‡”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‘” ‹˜‹Ž†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡†—„„‡†•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǤ
• Satyagraha Against Registration Certificates (1906):  ‡™ Žƒ™ ‹ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ”‡“—‹”‡† †‹ƒ• –‘ ƒ””›
”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ˆ‹‰‡”’”‹–•ƒ–ƒŽŽ–‹‡•Ǥ
• Passive Resistance Association: ƒ†Š‹‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ƒ••‹˜‡‡•‹•–ƒ ‡••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘–‘ ƒ””›‘—–ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‘ˆ
‘’’‘•‹‰–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰–Š‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ•— Š†‡ˆ‹ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Practice of resisting opponents: Š—• ™ƒ• „‘” •ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǡ ‘” †‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –”—–Šǡ –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡•‹•–‹‰
‘’’‘‡–•™‹–Š‘—–”‡•‘”–‹‰–‘˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡Ǥ
• Reaction: Š‡ †‹ƒ•ǡŽ‡†„› ƒ†Š‹ǡ”‡ƒ –‡†„›’—„Ž‹ Ž›„—”‹‰–Š‡‹””‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Compromised solution: ŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒ•– ƒ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  –Š‡ ‡†ǡ ƒ
‘’”‘‹•‡•‘Ž—–‹‘™ƒ•”‡ƒ Š‡†Ǥ
• Break the law: Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—• ƒ’ƒ‹‰™ƒ•‡š’ƒ†‡†–‘‹ Ž—†‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘‡™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•”‡•–”‹ –‹‰ †‹ƒ
‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ †‹ƒ•„”‘‡–Š‡Žƒ™„› ”‘••‹‰ˆ”‘‘‡’”‘˜‹ ‡–‘–Š‡‡š–ƒ†”‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘’”‘˜‹†‡Ž‹ ‡ ‡•Ǥ

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• Campaign Against Poll Tax and Invalidation of Indian Marriages: ’‘ŽŽ–ƒš‘ˆ–Š”‡‡’‘—†•™ƒ•‹’‘•‡†‘ƒŽŽ
‡šǦ‹†‡–—”‡† †‹ƒ•ǤŠ‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘ŽŽ–ƒš„”‘ƒ†‡‡†–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰̵•„ƒ•‡Ǥ
• Invalidation of marriages: Š‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ•–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–Œ—†‰‡‡––Šƒ–‹˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†ƒ›ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡
‘–†‘‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ —•–‘•ƒ†”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†„›–Š‡”‡‰‹•–”ƒ”‘ˆƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
GANDHI'S SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE (1893 TO 1914)
• Potential of masses: ƒ†Š‹†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ†ƒ‡‘”‘—•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ†•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ
ƒ—•‡–Šƒ–‘˜‡†–Š‡Ǥ
• United for a common cause: †‡” Š‹• ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ǡ Š‡ ™ƒ• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ „”‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡” †‹ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ› ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘• ƒ†
Žƒ••‡•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡ƒ†™‘‡Ǥ
• New methods of resistance: ƒ•ƒŽŽ• ƒŽ‡ǡŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’Š‹•‘™Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•–›Ž‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽ
ƒ•‡™‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
GANDHI'S SATYAGRAHA TECHNIQUE
• Truth & nonviolence: —”‹‰Š‹•–‹‡‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǡ ƒ†Š‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‡ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ–‡ Š‹“—‡Ǥ –™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†
‘–”—–Šƒ†‘Ǧ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡Ǥ
• Confluence of many ideologies: ‡‡”‰‡†’ƒ”–•‘ˆ †‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡™‹–Š–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–—”‹‰–Š‡
‘–Š‡” Š‡‡ƒ†‘Ž•–‘›̵•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ™Š‹ Š•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‘˜‹‘Ž‡–”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡™ƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–™ƒ›–‘ ‘„ƒ–‡˜‹ŽǤ
• Methods employed: •ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠ‹™‘”•‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†„‘› ‘––Ǥƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ‡–Š‘†•‹ Ž—†‡
”‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘’ƒ›–ƒš‡•ƒ††‡ Ž‹‹‰ƒ™ƒ”†•ƒ†’‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Willing to suffer: •ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠ‹—•–„‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘•—ˆˆ‡”‹Š‹•ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡™”‘‰†‘‡”ǤŠ‹••—ˆˆ‡”‹‰™ƒ•–‘„‡
ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹•†‡˜‘–‹‘–‘–Š‡–”—–ŠǤ
• Hatred is alien: ˜‡™Š‡ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡™”‘‰†‘‡”ǡƒ–”—‡•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠ‹™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‘‹ŽŽ™‹ŽŽ–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡™”‘‰†‘‡”Ǣ
Šƒ–”‡†™‘—Ž†„‡ƒŽ‹‡–‘Š‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ
• Only for the courageous and strong: ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ™ƒ•‘Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘—•ƒ†•–”‘‰Ǣ‹–™ƒ•‘–ˆ‘”–Š‡™‡ƒ
ƒ† ‘™ƒ”†Ž›Ǥ‹‘Ž‡ ‡™ƒ•ˆƒ˜‘—”‡†‘˜‡” ‘™ƒ”†‹ ‡Ǥ
• Means: Š‘—‰Š–ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡™‡”‡‡˜‡”–‘„‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ• ‘—Ž†‘–Œ—•–‹ˆ›–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ
GANDHI' S INITIAL SATYAGRAHA AFTER ARRIVING IN INDIA
1. THE CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA OF 1917
• Peasants' cause: ”‹–‹•Šˆ‘” ‡†’‘‘”’‡ƒ•ƒ–•–‘ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡‹†‹‰‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡›Šƒ†‘‘–Š‡”‘’–‹‘Ǥ
• Tinkathia System:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹ƒ–Š‹ƒ›•–‡ǡˆƒ”‡”•™‡”‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘‰”‘™ †‹‰‘‘͵ȀʹͲ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Žƒ†
ƒ†™‡”‡‘Ž›’‡”‹––‡†–‘‡‡’‘‡Ǧ–Š‹”†‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹‰‘–Š‡›’”‘†— ‡†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”–™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•Šƒ†–‘„‡‰‹˜‡
–‘”‹–‹•ŠȀ—”‘’‡ƒ’Žƒ–‡”•Ǥ
• Indigo exploitation: Š‡ ‡‰ƒŽ ‡ƒ ›  – ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ”‡ƒ –‹‘ƒ”› ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ‹†‡† ‹†‹‰‘ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ „›
ƒ†ƒ–‹‰’‡ƒ•ƒ–•–‘’Žƒ–͵ȀʹͲƒ†‹•‘‡ ƒ•‡•—’–‘ͷȀʹͲǡ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Žƒ†•™‹–Š‹†‹‰‘Ǥ
• Initiative by Raj Kumar Shukla: ƒ•ƒ‹†‹‰‘’Žƒ–‡”ˆ”‘Šƒ’ƒ”ƒȋ‹Šƒ”Ȍ™Š‘‡– ƒ†Š‹Œ‹ƒ†—”‰‡†Š‹
–‘˜‹•‹–Šƒ’ƒ”ƒ–‘•‡‡–Š‡‹•‡”›‘ˆ–Š‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‘”•Ǥ
• Fight the harsh plantation system: ͳͻͳ͹ǡŠ‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†–‘Šƒ’ƒ”ƒǡ‹Šƒ”ǡ–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•–‘ˆ‹‰Š––Š‡
Šƒ”•Š’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡Ǥ
• Constructive work: ‡„‡‰ƒ ‘†— –‹‰”—”ƒŽ Ž‡ƒǦ—’•ǡ–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ• Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ•ǡƒ†’‡”•—ƒ†‹‰
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•–‘ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š’—”†ƒŠǡ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†–Š‡‘’’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ™‘‡Ǥ
• Organised protests and strikes: ƒ†Š‹Ž‡†‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†’”‘–‡•–•ƒ†•–”‹‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡Žƒ†Ž‘”†•ǡ™Š‘•–”— ƒ
ƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Š ‰‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘”‡ ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘˜‡”ˆƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡‰‹‘̵•
’‘‘”ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ
• Leader of the masses: –™ƒ•†—”‹‰–Š‹••–”—‰‰Ž‡–Šƒ– ƒ†Š‹™ƒ•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘„›–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ’—ƒ†ƒŠƒ–ƒǤ
2. MILLS STRIKE IN AHMEDABAD, 1918
• Movement among cotton mill workers: ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†–‘Šƒ†ƒ„ƒ†‹ͳͻͳͺ–‘‘”‰ƒ‹•‡ƒ•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ
‘˜‡‡–ƒ‘‰ ‘––‘‹ŽŽ™‘”‡”•Ǥ
• Plague bonus: ‘”‡”•†‡ƒ†‡†ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•ǡ–Š‡ ‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡̵Žƒ‰—‡‘—•̵ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡’‹†‡‹ Ǥ
• Mahatma Gandhi intervention: ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ ‹–‡”˜‡‡† ‹ ƒ †‹•’—–‡ ƒ† ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‡† „‡–™‡‡ Šƒ†ƒ„ƒ†
™‘”‡”•ƒ†‹ŽŽ‘™‡”•Ǥ

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• Strike: ‡”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Š‡™‘”‡”•–‘‰‘‘•–”‹‡ƒ†•‡‡ƒ͵ͷΨ™ƒ‰‡”ƒ‹•‡Ǥƒ”Ž‹‡”–Š‡™‘”‡”•™‡”‡ƒ•‹‰
ˆ‘”ͷͲΨ”ƒ‹•‡ǤǤ ‡ˆƒ•–‡†–‹ŽŽ†‡ƒ–Šǡƒ†‹ŽŽ‘™‡”•†‡ ‹†‡†–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡™‘”‡”•ƒ”‹•‡Ǥ
• Gandhi's key lieutenants: ƒ•—›ƒ ‡Š ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹̵• ‡› Ž‹‡—–‡ƒ–• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǤ Š‡ ™ƒ•ǡ
Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‹•–‡”‘ˆ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‘™‡”•ƒ† ƒ†Š‹̵• Ž‘•‡ˆ”‹‡†ǡ„ƒŽƒŽƒ”ƒ„Šƒ‹Ǥ
• 'Ahembdabad Textile Labour Association: ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡ ̵Š‡„†ƒ„ƒ† ‡š–‹Ž‡ ƒ„‘—” ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘̵
†—”‹‰–Š‡‹ŽŽ•–”‹‡Ǥ –’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ†Š‹™‹–Šƒ—”„ƒƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ„ƒ•‡ƒ†‹• ”‡†‹–‡†™‹–Š•‡––‹‰–Š‡–‘‡ˆ‘”
‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ

3. KHEDA OR KAIRA SATYAGRAHA, 1918

• Supported the peasants: ‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†ƒƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–̵•Š‡†ƒ†‹•–”‹ –Ǥ
• Crop failure and a plague epidemic: —‡–‘ ”‘’ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ƒ†ƒ’Žƒ‰—‡‡’‹†‡‹ ǡ–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡†ƒ™‡”‡—ƒ„Ž‡
–‘’ƒ›–Š‡”‡˜‡—‡ƒ††‡ƒ†‡†–Šƒ–‹–„‡Ž‘™‡”‡†Ǥ
• Increased revenue: ‡•’‹–‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡˜‡—‡Ǥƒ”†ƒ”ƒŽŽƒ„Š„Šƒ‹ƒ–‡Žƒ†
‘–Š‡” †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ†Š‹ƒ• –‘—”‡† –Š‡ ‘—–”›•‹†‡ǡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•‹‰ –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”• ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ –Š‡ ™‹–Š ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
• Preferring to keep the movement strictly Gujarati: ƒ› ‡”ƒ‰‡† —Œƒ”ƒ–‹• ˆ”‘ Š‡†ƒ„ƒ† ƒ† ƒ†‘†ƒ”ƒ
Œ‘‹‡† –Š‡ ”‡˜‘Ž–̵• ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡”•ǡ „—– ƒ†Š‹ ƒ† ƒ–‡Ž †‹••—ƒ†‡† –Š‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‘ˆ †‹ƒ• ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ
’”‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘‡‡’–Š‡‘˜‡‡–•–”‹ –Ž› —Œƒ”ƒ–‹Ǥ
• Revenue was waived: ˆ–‡” ˆƒ ‹‰ ƒ —‹–‡† ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‰‘˜‡”‡– ”‡ƒ Š‡† ƒ ƒ‰”‡‡‡–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡
”‡˜‡—‡™ƒ•™ƒ‹˜‡†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–›‡ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰›‡ƒ”Ǥ


Gains from Champaran, Ahmedabad, and Kheda

• Satyagraha techniqueǣ ƒ†Š‹†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡–Š‡—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‘ˆŠ‹••ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ–‡ Š‹“—‡Ǥ
• Feet among the massesǣ ‡ˆ‘—†Š‹•ˆ‡‡–ƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ••‡•ƒ†•–ƒ”–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ’‘’—Žƒ”ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ǥ
• Strengths and weaknessesǣ ‡ ˆ‘—† Š‹• ˆ‘‘–‹‰ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ƒ••‡• ƒ† ‰ƒ‹‡† ƒ „‡––‡” ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
•–”‡‰–Š•ƒ†™‡ƒ‡••‡•Ǣ
• Respect and dedicationǣ ‡‰ƒ‹‡†–Š‡”‡•’‡ –ƒ††‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ›ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡›‘—–ŠǤ
GANDHI' S MAJOR IDEOLOGIES
• Truth and nonviolence: Š‡–™‹ ƒ”†‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹ƒ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ”‡–”—–Šƒ†‘˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡Ǥ
o Truth:  ‘”†‹‰–‘ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹ǡ‹•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–”—–Š‘ˆ–”—–Šˆ—Ž‡••‹™‘”†ƒ† ‘†— –ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡
–”—–ŠǦ–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ‘†‹•–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡–”—–Šȋ•‹ ‡ ‘†‹•ƒŽ•‘”—–ŠȌǡƒ†‘”ƒŽ‹–›Ǧ–Š‡‘”ƒŽŽƒ™•ƒ†
‘†‡Ǧ‹•‹–•ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Nonviolence: ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•‹’Ž›„‡‹‰’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž‘”–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆ‘˜‡”–˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ǡ”‡‰ƒ”†‡†„›ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹–‘
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ –‹˜‡Ž‘˜‡Ǧ–Š‡’‘Žƒ”‘’’‘•‹–‡‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡‹‡˜‡”›™ƒ›Ǥ
• Satyagraha: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘Š‹• ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡‘˜‹‘Ž‡–ƒ –‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǤ –‡–ƒ‹Ž• Šƒ‡ŽŽ‹‰
–Š‡’—”‡•–•‘—Žˆ‘” ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡˜‡”›‹Œ—•–‹ ‡ǡ‘’’”‡••‹‘ǡƒ†‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Means of securing rights: –‹•ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ•‡ —”‹‰”‹‰Š–•–Š”‘—‰Š’‡”•‘ƒŽ’ƒ‹™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ—•‹‰‘Šƒ”–‘‘–Š‡”•Ǥ
• Sarvodaya: ƒ”˜‘†ƒ›ƒ‹•ƒ’Š”ƒ•‡–Šƒ–‡ƒ•̵‹˜‡”•ƒŽ’Ž‹ˆ–̵‘”̵”‘‰”‡••‘ˆŽŽ̵Ǥ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹ ‘‹‡†–Š‡’Š”ƒ•‡ƒ•
–Š‡–‹–Ž‡‘ˆŠ‹•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘Š—•‹̵•–”ƒ –‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ǡ̶–‘Š‹•ƒ•–Ǥ̶
• Swaraj: Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡™‘”†•™ƒ”ƒŒŽ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ•̶•‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡ǡ̶ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹‰ƒ˜‡‹––Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ‡–‹”‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘
–Šƒ– ‘˜‡”•ƒŽŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ
• Sum total of individual swaraj: ‘” ƒ†Š‹Œ‹ǡ•™ƒ”ƒŒ‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™ƒ•–Š‡•—–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™ƒ”ƒŒȋ•‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡Ȍǡ
Š‡ ‡Š‡•–”‡••‡†–Šƒ–•™ƒ”ƒŒ‡ƒ–‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ƒ‡•–‘ˆŠ‹• ‘—–”›‡Ǥ
• Trusteeship: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹’”‘’‘•‡†”—•–‡‡•Š‹’ƒ•ƒ•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ –Š‡‘”›Ǥ
• Trustees of trusts: –‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡•ƒ‡ Šƒ‹•ˆ‘”™‡ƒŽ–Š›’‡‘’Ž‡–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ•–”—•–‡‡•‘ˆ–”—•–•–Šƒ– ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡
‰‡‡”ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• Swadeshi: ™ƒ†‡•Š‹‹•–Š‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‘ƒ –‹‰„‘–Š’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š‹‘‡̵•Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›Ǥ
• Community and self-sufficiency: –‹•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ ‘—‹–›ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ
RELEVANCE OF GANDHIAN THOUGHTS IN PRESENT CONTEXT
• Civil Services: ”—–Š ‹• ‡–”ƒŽ –‘ ƒ†Š‹ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡ ƒ• Š‡ Šƒ• •–”‹˜‡† –‘ „‡ –”—–Šˆ—Ž –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– Š‹• Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ 
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡––‹‰•ǡ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ–Š‡—”‰‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‹•‹•ǡ ƒ†Š‹ƒ˜‹‡™•‘–”—–Š™‡”‡‹””‡˜‘ ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

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• Value of truthfulness: ƒ–‹‡‘ˆ’‡”˜ƒ•‹˜‡ ‘””—’–‹‘ǡ–Š‹•˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–”—–Šˆ—Ž‡••–‘‘‡•‡Žˆƒ†–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹•
”‹–‹ ƒŽˆ‘” ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•Ǥ
• Non-Violence: ‹•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹ƒ‹•ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹™‡ƒ’‘—•‡†„› ƒ†Š‹Œ‹–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–
†‹ƒ̵•ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•ŠƒŒǤ
• Secularism: ƒ†Š‹ƒ‹•™ƒ•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž›ƒ†ˆƒ‹–ŠǦ™‹•‡–‘Ž‡”ƒ–ǡƒ†–Š‡™‘”Ž†–‘†ƒ›‡‡†•‘”‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž›ƒ†
ˆƒ‹–ŠǦ™‹•‡–‘Ž‡”ƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡‹’Žƒ ‡•™Š‡”‡˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡‹• ‘‹––‡†‹–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
• Tolerance: ‹•‘ ‹‡–›™‹ŽŽƒ‹†‹‡—–”ƒŽ‹•‹‰–Š‡‡–Š‘ ‡–”‹ „‹ƒ•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†–Šƒ–‹•‘ —””‹‰‘ƒ†ƒ‹Ž›„ƒ•‹•‘
–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ ƒ•–‡ǡ‡–Š‹ ‹–›ǡƒ†ƒ”‡ƒǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•Ǥ
• Formation of the Casteless Society: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹ ™ƒ• ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ•–‡ •›•–‡ ƒ† ‘‹‡† –Š‡ –‡” ƒ”‹Œƒ –‘
Š‘‘—”–Š‡Ž‘™‡” ƒ•–‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• Gandhian Socialism: ƒ†Š‹̵•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•‹•‘”‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Šƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡƒ• ƒ†Š‹‹Œ‹’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›
ˆ”‡‡‘ˆ’‘˜‡”–›ǡŠ—‰‡”ǡƒ†—‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ™‹–Š—‹˜‡”•ƒŽƒ ‡••–‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡Ǥ
• Guiding principles: ”‘ ’‘˜‡”–› ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ƒ”˜ƒ Š‹•Šƒ „Š‹›ƒ ƒ† —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ ȋ›—•Šƒ
Šƒ”ƒ–Ȍ–‘•‹ŽŽ †‹ƒ’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ǡ ƒ†Š‹ƒ‹••‡”˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡‰—‹†‹‰’”‹ ‹’Ž‡Ǥ
• Decentralisation: Š‡ ƒ†Š‹ƒ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” †‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ƒ „‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† ‹ †‡‘ ”ƒ ‹‡• –Š”‘—‰Š
‡’‘™‡”‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ––Š‡‰”ƒ••Ǧ”‘‘–•Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ
• Local self-governance: For example,–Š‡ †‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•ƒ†‘’–‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡„›‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰
–Š‡ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–‹ƒŒƒ†—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›•›•–‡•‹”—”ƒŽƒ†—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
• Cleanliness: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹’Žƒ ‡†ƒŠ‹‰Š˜ƒŽ—‡‘ Ž‡ƒŽ‹‡••ǡ‘”™ƒ Š–ƒǡƒ•Š‡—•‡†–‘•ƒ›ǡ̵™ƒ Š–ƒ ‹‡˜ƒ̵Ǥ
• Individual's internal cleanliness: ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹• Ž‡ƒŽ‹‡••‘˜‡‡–‹•ƒ„‘—–‘”‡–ŠƒŒ—•–’Š›•‹ ƒŽ Ž‡ƒŽ‹‡••
ƒ†–Š‡‡‡†–‘’Žƒ ‡‘”‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ̵•‹–‡”ƒŽ Ž‡ƒŽ‹‡••Ǥ
• Corruption-free society: Š—•ǡ‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ Ž‡ƒ”‘ƒ†•ƒ†–‘‹Ž‡–•ˆ‘”ƒ Ž‡ƒ †‹ƒǡ™‡‡‡†ƒ ‘””—’–‹‘Ǧˆ”‡‡
•‘ ‹‡–›™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ†ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Sustainability: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–̶–Š‡ƒ”–ŠŠƒ•‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”Š—ƒ‡‡†•ǡ„—–‘–ˆ‘”Š—ƒ‰”‡‡†Ǥ̶
• Ethical Importance: ƒ†Š‹ƒ‹•Šƒ•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘™„‡ ƒ—•‡•‘ ‹‡–›‹••‡‡‹‰ƒ
†‡ Ž‹‡‹˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ
Gandhiji's political efforts provided us with independence, but his philosophies continue to enlighten India and the
world even after so many years. Every individual should thus adhere to the key Gandhian ideologies in their daily lives
in order to have a happy, prosperous, healthy, peaceful, and sustainable future.
IMPACT ON FREEDOM STRUGGLE AFTER GANDHI’S ARRIVAL
The entry of Mahatma Gandhi in the national freedom struggle dates back to 1915 when he returned from South Africa
after two decades of socio/political struggle. Gandhi’s style of politics, as developed through his political experiments
in South Africa, changed the character of the national movement for freedom in India, which, until his arrival, was
representing the classes:
• Narrow social/political base: Š‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•‹”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒ‡‘ˆƒ””‘™
•‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ „ƒ•‡Ǥ Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ”‡•–”‹ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ••
‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–•‹ƒǤ
• Concentrated class interests: ‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•ƒ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‰”‘—’‹–‡”‡•–•
and class consciousness. E.g., The Zamindari association (landholder’s society) was founded to safeguard the
‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†Ž‘”†•Ǥ
• Narrow demands:Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡† Žƒ••„‹ƒ•ǤǤ‰Ǥǡ
†‹ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ‘”‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•‡– Ǥ
• Western educated intellectualsǣŠ‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†— ƒ–‡†
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ™Š‘‘”‡‘ˆ–‡–Šƒ‘–™‡”‡ƒŽ‘‘ˆˆ”‘–Š‡’Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ•–ƒ”˜‹‰‹ŽŽ‹‘•‹–Š‡Š‹–‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ
• Absence of organizational coherence:
o Š‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›‘ˆ’”ƒ›‡”ǡ’”‘–‡•–ǡ’‡–‹–‹‘†‹†‘–›‹‡Ž†ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡‘—– ‘‡•Ǥ
o Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ ƒ• ’”‘’‘—†‡† „› –Š‡ ‡š–”‡‹•– Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž‡† –‘ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡– ƒ
†‡†‹ ƒ–‡††‹”‡ –‹‘Ȁˆ‘ —•ǤǤ‰Ǥǡ—”ƒ–•’Ž‹–†‹•”—’–‡†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ǢŽ‹‹–‡†‘—– ‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•
‘ˆŠ‡ Šƒ†ƒ”‡š–”‡‹•–‰”‘—’Ǥ
o ƒ –‘”•Ž‹‡Žƒ ‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ†‹˜‡”‰‡ ‡•„‡–™‡‡‡š–”‡‹•–•ƒ†‘†‡”ƒ–‡•ǡ ‘—ƒŽ”‹‘–•ǡƒ†
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”•Ž‡†–‘’‡–‡”‹‰‘—–‘ˆ ‘‡—Ž‡Ž‡ƒ‰—‡•Ǥ
Though the political activities before the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi laid the foundation for the national movement, the
Gandhian nature of politics changed its very character: 

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• Mass orientation in the national movement:Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•Š‹ˆ–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ƒ••‡•ǤǤ‰Ǥǡ
–Š‡Šƒ’ƒ”ƒƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǡŠ‡†ƒ•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ‡– Ǥǡ„”‘—‰Š––Š‡’Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ
• Mainstreaming of subaltern: Gandhi’s advent in the national freedom struggle brought the hitherto neglected
Žƒ••‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ”‹Œƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǣ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ™‘‡ ‹ ‹˜‹Ž ‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡
‘˜‡‡–ǡ‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–‡– Ǥ
• Emphasis on means over endǣ ƒ†Š‹ƒ•–›Ž‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •‰ƒ˜‡ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ ƒ†‡–Š‹ ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘˜‡‡–ǡ ™‹–Š Žƒ”‰‡” ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ
‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡‹Šƒ—”‹Šƒ—”ƒǤ
• Gandhian ideas:
o ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ ȋ–Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –”—–Š ƒ† ‘˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡Ȍ ‰‹˜‡ „› ƒ†Š‹Œ‹ Šƒ‰‡† –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ •–”—‰‰Ž‡
–‘™ƒ”†•’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž’”‘–‡•–•Ǥ
o ™ƒ”ƒŒǣ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹’‘’—Žƒ”‹•‡†ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†‡š’ƒ†‡†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘‹–‘‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǤǤ‰Ǥǡ
’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆŠƒ†‹ƒ†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
o Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹ƒ ’”‘–‡•–• Š‡Ž’‡† ˆ”‡‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡̵• ‹†• ˆ”‘ Š‡‰‡‘› ‘ˆ ˆ‡ƒ” ”‡ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡
”‹–‹•ŠǤ
• Nation building: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹‰ƒ˜‡ƒŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ Ȁ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‹
–Š‡ –ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ‹†—Ǧ—•Ž‹ —‹–›ǡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡– Ǥ
• Resilient modus-operandi:  ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–”—‰‰Ž‡‘”‡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡–ǡ ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹†‡˜‹•‡† –Š‡
•–”—‰‰Ž‡–”— ‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǤǤ‰Ǥǡ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹”‡•—‡†–Š‡‹˜‹Ž‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ʹ†Ǥ
The Gandhian influence in the national freedom struggle is instrumental in shaping the values, ideas, and, interest of
contemporary India. The same is reflected in our vision of Vasudev kutumbkam, liberal democracy, welfare of masses
etc.
THE KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (1919 TO 1922)
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 laid the groundwork for Hindu Muslim unity in national struggle. The Turkey issue
presented an opportunity for Gandhi to further establish unity links among Hindus and Muslims in preparation for a
combined effort against the British.
ORIGIN OF CONCEPT OF NON-COOPERATION:
• British rule because of cooperation of indians: ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹•ƒ‹†‹Š‹•”‡‘™‡†„‘‘ ‹†™ƒ”ƒŒȋͳͻͲͻȌ
–Šƒ– ”‹–‹•Š ”—Ž‡ ‹ †‹ƒ ™ƒ• ˆ‘—†‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ• ƒ† Šƒ† ’‡”•‹•–‡† ‘Ž› „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Without indians comply british will end: ˆ †‹ƒ•ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ ‘’Ž›ǡ”‹–‹•Š ‘–”‘Ž‹ †‹ƒ™‘—Ž†‡†‹ƒ›‡ƒ”ǡ
ƒ†™ƒ”ƒŒ™‘—Ž†–ƒ‡‹–•’Žƒ ‡Ǥ
• Success of the Rowlatt Satyagraha: ‹–Š–Š‡•— ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‘™Žƒ––ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ—†‡”Š‹ǡ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹†‡ ‹†‡†–‘–ƒ‡
–Š‹‰•–‘–Š‡‡š–Ž‡˜‡Žǡˆ”‘ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠ–‘‘Ǧ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


Co-operation vs. Non-Cooperation

• Events which drove to non-cooperationǣŠ‹Ž‡ ƒ†Š‹™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Šǡ‡˜‡–•‹
—Œƒ„ (Jallianwala Bagh, Martial Law, Hunter report) ƒ† —”‡›̵• –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ ŠƒŽ‹ˆƒ †”‘˜‡ Š‹ –‘
‡„”ƒ ‡–Š‡‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘”‘—–‡Ǥ
• Indians stop cooperating, the rule will crumbleǣ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ƒ• ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› •ƒ‹†ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ‘Ž› †‹ƒ
‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‡’–”‹–‹•Š ‘–”‘Ž‹ †‹ƒ‰‘‹‰ǡƒ†‹ˆ †‹ƒ••–‘’ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ǡ–Š‡”—Ž‡™‹ŽŽcrumble.

THE BACKGROUND OF MOVEMENT:

• Launch: —‰—•–ͳǡͳͻʹͲǡ–Š‡̵‘Ǧ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǦŠ‹Žƒˆƒ–̵‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•Žƒ— Š‡†Ǥ
• Calcutta Congress resolution: ‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻʹͲǡ–Š‡‘‰”‡••’ƒ••‡†ƒ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹ƒŽ —––ƒǡ’”‡•‹†‡†‘˜‡”„›
ƒŽƒƒŒ’ƒ–ƒ‹ǡ ƒ‰”‡‡‹‰–‘ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹̵•’Žƒ ˆ‘”‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–—–‹Ž–Š‡™”‘‰•‘ˆ—Œƒ„
ȋ ƒŽ‹ƒ™ƒŽƒƒ‰ŠȌƒ†Š‹Žƒˆƒ–™‡”‡—†‘‡ƒ†™ƒ”ƒŒ™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ
• Each with its own special objective: ƒ”‹‘—••‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘—’•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‹•‘˜‡‡–ǡ‡ƒ Š™‹–Š‹–•‘™
•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǡƒ†‹–™ƒ•”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡†‹ƒ‰’—”‡••‹‘‹‡ ‡„‡”ͳͻʹͲǤ
• Swaraj's appeal: Š‡›ƒŽŽ”‡ƒ –‡†–‘™ƒ”ƒŒ̵•ƒ’’‡ƒŽǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡–‡”‡ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Š‹‰•–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ

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• Challenged the foundations of the British Empire: ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡•‹ ‡–Š‡ͳͺͷ͹‹•—””‡ –‹‘ǡ‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‹”‡Ǥ
• Boost to the movement: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹ˆƒ‘—•Ž›•–ƒ–‡†ǡ"Swaraj is possible within one year if non-cooperation is
maintained as a movement."
• Students participation: Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ•–—†‡–•†‡•‡”–‡†”‹–‹•Š• Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†ƒ‡™ ”‘’‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
• Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ”‘•‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ‹ƒ‹Ž‹ƒǡƒ•Š‹‹†›ƒ’‹–Šǡ‹Šƒ”‹†›ƒ’‹–Šǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•ǤŠ‡•‡‹•–‹–—–‡•
™‡”‡Ž‡†„›ƒ›Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰—„Šƒ•ŠŠƒ†”ƒ‘•‡ǡƒŽƒƒŒ’ƒ–ƒ‹ǡƒ†ƒ‹” —••ƒ‹Ǥ
• Tilak-Swaraj fund: Š‡ ‹ŽƒǦ™ƒ”ƒŒ ˆ—†ǡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –‘ Š‘‘—” ‹Žƒ ƒ† ˆ—‡Ž ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǡ ™ƒ•
‘˜‡”•—„• ”‹„‡†„›‘”‡–Šƒ•ͳ ”‘”‡Ǥ
• Opposition of Jinnah: ‹ƒŠƒ†ƒŽ˜‹›ƒ‘’’‘•‡†–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ™ƒ”ƒŒǡƒ† ‹ƒŠ“—‹––Š‡‘‰”‡••ƒˆ–‡”ƒͳͷǦ›‡ƒ”
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Participation of leaders: ƒ› ’”‘‹‡– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ”‘˜‹ ‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘–‹ŽƒŽ ‡Š”—ǡ
”—•Š‘––ƒƒ•ƒ†‘ǡ ƒ‡•ŠŠƒƒ”‹†›ƒ”–Š‹ǡ ƒ–ǡƒ†ƒŽƒŠƒ†—”Šƒ•–”‹ǡ–‘‘’ƒ”–ǤƒŽƒƒŒ’ƒ–ƒ‹Ž‡†
–Š‡—Œƒ„’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ǡƒ„ƒƒŠƒ†”ƒŽ‡†–Š‡˜ƒ†Š’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ǡƒ†ƒ––ƒ„Šƒ‹‹–ƒ”ƒƒ‹›ƒŽ‡†–Š‡†Š”ƒ’‡ƒ•ƒ–•Ǥ
• Non-cooperation in TownsǣŠ‡‘˜‡‡–„‡‰ƒ™‹–Š‹††Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ••’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹ ‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ•–—†‡–•
“—‹–‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǧ”—‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡŠ‡ƒ†ƒ•–‡”•ƒ†–‡ƒ Š‡”•”‡•‹‰‡†ǡƒ†Žƒ™›‡”• ‡ƒ•‡†’”ƒ –‹•‹‰Ǥ
• Council elections of 1920 boycotted: Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‘ˆͳͻʹͲ™‡”‡„‘› ‘––‡†‹ƒŽŽ’”‘˜‹ ‡•‡š ‡’–ƒ†”ƒ•ǡ
™Š‡”‡–Š‡ —•–‹ ‡ƒ”–›ǡ–Š‡‘Ǧ”ƒŠƒ’ƒ”–›ǡ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž™ƒ•‘‡™ƒ›–‘‘„–ƒ‹’‘™‡”Ǥ
SIGNIFICANCE OF NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT:
• Economic consequences: Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘•‡“—‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‡”‡ ‘”‡ †”ƒƒ–‹ Ǥ ‘”‡‹‰ ‰‘‘†•
™‡”‡„‘› ‘––‡†ǡŽ‹“—‘”•–‘”‡•™‡”‡’‹ ‡–‡†ǡƒ†ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Ž‘–Š‹‰™ƒ•„—”‡†‹ƒ••‹˜‡„‘ˆ‹”‡•Ǥ
• Stifled in urban areas: ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡‡–™ƒ••–‹ˆŽ‡†‹—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡
ˆƒ ––Šƒ–Šƒ†‹™ƒ•‘”‡‡š’‡•‹˜‡–Šƒƒ••Ǧ’”‘†— ‡†‹ŽŽ Ž‘–Šǡƒ†–Š‡—”„ƒ’‘‘” ‘—Ž†̵–ƒˆˆ‘”†‹–ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡
†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•‹ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡„‘› ‘––‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š‹•–‹–—–‹‘•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›’”‘˜‹†‡†˜‹–ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Non-Cooperation in Rural AreasǣŠ‡‘˜‡‡–‘˜‡†ˆ”‘ ‹–‹‡•–‘”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰’‡ƒ•ƒ–ƒ†–”‹„ƒŽ
ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
CONGRESS'S CONCERNS ABOUT NON-COOPERATION:
• Hesitant to boycott: ƒ›‡„‡”•‘ˆ‘‰”‡••ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‡”‡ƒ’’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡
Š‡•‹–ƒ– –‘ „‘› ‘–– –Š‡ ‘˜‡„‡” ͳͻʹͲ ‘— ‹Ž ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› –Š‘—‰Š– –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ™‘—Ž† •’ƒ” ’—„Ž‹ 
—”‡•–Ǥ
• Heated debate: ‡–™‡‡‡’–‡„‡”ƒ†‡ ‡„‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŠ‡ƒ–‡††‡„ƒ–‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘‰”‡••Ǥ ‘”ƒ–‹‡ǡ‹–
ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†Ž‹‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘’‘‹–‘ˆ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘˜‡‡–̵••—’’‘”–‡”•ƒ†‘’’‘‡–•Ǥ
• Led by Gandhi: ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹Ž‡†–Š‡‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ȋͳͻʹͲǦʹʹȌǤ‡–‡”ƒ••— Šƒ•ƒŽ ƒ‰ƒ†Šƒ”
‹Žƒǡ ‹’‹ Šƒ†”ƒ ƒŽǡ ‘Šƒƒ† Ž‹ ‹ƒŠǡ ƒ† ‹‡ ‡•ƒ– ™‡”‡ ˜‡Š‡‡–Ž› ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽǤ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡›‘—‰‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• Š‡‡”‡†ƒ†•—’’‘”–‡† ƒ†Š‹Œ‹Ǥ
• Widespread support: ‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•™‡”‡‡„”ƒ ‡†„›–Š‡‘‰”‡••ƒ”–›ǡƒ†Š‡Šƒ†™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘
—•Ž‹ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• •— Š ƒ• „—Ž ƒŽƒ œƒ†ǡ —Š–ƒ” Š‡† •ƒ”‹ǡ ƒ‹ ŒƒŽ Šƒǡ „„ƒ• ›ƒ„Œ‹ǡ ƒ—Žƒƒ
‘Šƒƒ†Ž‹ǡƒ†ƒ—ŽƒƒŠƒ—ƒ–Ž‹Ǥ
REASONS FOR GANDHI WITHDREW FROM THE MOVEMENT:
• Chauri-Chaura incidents (1922): ƒ†Š‹„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ†‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›Ž‡ƒ”‡†‘”‰”ƒ•’‡†–Š‡‘˜‹‘Ž‡–™ƒ›Ǥ
 ‹†‡–•Ž‹‡Šƒ—”‹ǦŠƒ—”ƒ‹‰Š–•’ƒ”–Š‡‹†‘ˆ’ƒ••‹‘ƒ†‡‡”‰›–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†”‡†‡”–Š‡‘˜‡‡–˜‹‘Ž‡–‹
‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ
• Violent movement: ˜‹‘Ž‡–‘˜‡‡– ‘—Ž†„‡”‡ƒ†‹Ž›•—’’”‡••‡†„›–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†‡š’Ž‘‹–
–Š‡‹ ‹†‡ ‡•‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ•‘–‘—–‹Ž‹•‡–Š‡–ƒ–‡̵•ƒ”‡†ˆ‘” ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡’”‘–‡•–‘”•Ǥ
• Signs of wear and tear: Š‡‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘•Š‘™‹‰•‹‰•‘ˆ™‡ƒ”ƒ†–‡ƒ”ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ–—”ƒŽ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•
‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘•—•–ƒ‹ƒ›‘˜‡‡–ƒ–ƒŠ‹‰Š’‹– Šˆ‘”ƒ‡š–‡†‡†’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ
• Not interested in negotiations: Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†–‘„‡‘–‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Khilafat issue faded: Š‡ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘̵• ‘”‡ˆ‘ —•ǡ–Š‡Š‹Žƒˆƒ–‹••—‡ǡŽ‹‡™‹•‡ˆƒ†‡†“—‹ Ž›Ǥ—”‡›̵•’‡‘’Ž‡”‘•‡—’
‹‘˜‡„‡”ͳͻʹʹǡŽ‡†„›—•–ƒˆƒƒƒŽƒ•Šƒǡƒ††‡’‘•‡†–Š‡—Ž–ƒ‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‘™‡”Ǥ—”‡›Šƒ•„‡‡†‡ Žƒ”‡†
ƒ•‡ —Žƒ”•–ƒ–‡Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡Š‹Žƒˆƒ–‹••—‡„‡ ƒ‡‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ǥ
• Rewrote 'The Treaty of Severs': Š‡”‹–‹•Š”‡™”‘–‡̵Š‡”‡ƒ–›‘ˆ‡˜‡”•̵‹ˆƒ˜‘—”‘ˆ—”‡›ǤŠ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ—‹–›
˜ƒ‹•Š‡†ǡƒ†—•Ž‹•™‡”‡‘Ž‘‰‡”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‘‰”‡••Ǥ

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• Ali brothers' and Muslims' support: Š‡Ž‹„”‘–Š‡”•̵ƒ†—•Ž‹•̵•—’’‘”–™ƒ•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹ Ǥ
•–Š‡‹”•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ—•‡†™‹†Ž‡†ǡ•‘†‹†–Š‡‹”•Ǥ
• Moplah incident: Š‡‘’ŽƒŠ‹ ‹†‡– ƒ—•‡†–”‡‡†‘—•Š‘•–‹Ž‹–›„‡–™‡‡ ‹†—•ƒ†—•Ž‹•Ǥ
Achievements Shortcomings
• Congress became a popular party: ”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ • Swaraj not accomplished: ™ƒ”ƒŒǡ ƒ•
‘•–•‡”‹‘—• ”‹–‹ ‹••Ž‡˜‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘‰”‡•• †‡ Žƒ”‡†ǡ™ƒ•‘–ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡†‹ƒ›‡ƒ”Ǥ
™ƒ•–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–›‘ˆ‡Ž‹–‡•”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰Œ—•–ƒˆ”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‹•Ǥ
–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ • Muslim Alienationǣ ƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ
• Participation of all sectionsǣ ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆŠ‹Žƒˆƒ–Ǥ
ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ •‡ –‹‘•Ǥ ”‘ –Š‡ ͳͻʹͲ ‘‰”‡•• ‡••‹‘ǡ –Š‡ Š‡Ž‹„”‘–Š‡”•„Žƒ‡†‘‰”‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”
Œ‘‹‹‰ ‘•– ™ƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› —–ǡ ƒ• ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ Œ‘‹‹‰ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡Ǥ —”–Š‡” ‘‰”‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ –‹‘•†”‡™
–ƒ‹‰‹–‹–‘‡˜‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ†‡š’ƒ†‹‰‹–•ƒ••„ƒ•‡Ǥ Ž‡••‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹  ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘—•Ž‹•Ǥ
• Powerful leaders emergedǣŠ‡Š‹Žƒˆƒ–‘˜‡‡–’”‘†— ‡† • Divide in Congress: ‹–Š–Š‡”‡ ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡
•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ—Žƒƒ œƒ†ǡ ƒ‹ˆ—††‹ ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ƒ› †‹•Ž‹‡† ‹–ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘–Š‡”•
‹– ŠŽ‡™ǡ•ƒ”‹ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥ ‰”‡™ ‡ƒ‰‡” –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ ’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ
• Charkha as a National Symbolǣ ƒ†Š‹ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ”‡•Š ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ‰‹˜‹‰„‹”–Š–‘–Š‡™ƒ”ƒŒƒ”–›Ǥ
‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ „ƒ ‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ ‘˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ ƒ† • Revival of Revolutionary activity: Š‹•
•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǡ ™Š‹ Š Žƒ–‡” „‡ ƒ‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ –‘‘Ž• ˆ‘” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽ•‘ ‰ƒ˜‡ „‹”–Š –‘ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ
”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› ƒ –‹˜‹–› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‡‰ƒŽ̵•
• Muslims also participatedǣ‹–Š–Š‡‡š ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘’ŽƒŠ †‹˜‹•‹‘Ǥ
‹•—””‡ –‹‘ ‹ ƒŽƒ„ƒ”ǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– •ƒ™ —•Ž‹ • Mass Reach: Šƒ†‹™ƒ•—ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ’‘‘”ǡ ™Š‹ Š †”‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡ ƒ† Ž‘™‡”
• Remove British fearǣ‡‘˜‡†’‡‘’Ž‡̵•ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š‹‰Š– Žƒ••‡•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”–Š‘—‰Š–•Ǥ
• Educational institutes formedǣ ƒ› ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‡•
™‡”‡ˆ‘”‡†ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ‹ƒ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ •Žƒ‹ƒǡ‹Šƒ”‹†›ƒ’‡‡–Š,
ƒ•Š‹‹†›ƒ’‹–Šǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–‹†›ƒ’‹–Šǡ
• ƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥ
SWARAJ PARTY (1923)
REASONS FOR FORMATION OF SWARAJ PARTY
• Decision to call off: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹̵• †‡ ‹•‹‘ –‘ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‡”ƒ‰‡† –Š‡ ƒ••‡•Ǥ ‹• Œ—†‰‡‡– ™ƒ• Šƒ”•ŠŽ›
”‹–‹ ‹•‡†„›Š‹• ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‘–‹ŽƒŽ‡Š”—ǡƒ•ƒ†‡Žƒ”ǡ‹–ŠƒŽ„Šƒ‹ƒ–‡Žǡ ƒ’ƒ”†‡ǡ”‹‹˜ƒ•
›‡‰‡”ǡƒ† ƒ›ƒ”ǡ™Š‘ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡™ƒ”ƒŒƒ”–›Ǥ
• Congress Khilafat-Swarajya Party: Š‡ ̵‘‰”‡•• Š‹Žƒˆƒ–Ǧ™ƒ”ƒŒ›ƒ ƒ––›̵ Žƒ‹† –Š‡ ‰”‘—†™‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ̵™ƒ”ƒŒ
ƒ”–›̵‘ ƒ—ƒ”›ͳǡͳͻʹ͵Ǥ
• Enter legislative councils: ––Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ”‡•–”‹ –‹˜‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‹–•‡„‡”•–‘‡–‡”
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹Ž•ȋ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†—†‡”–Š‡‘–ˆ‘”†‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆͳͻͳͻȌ„› ‘–‡•–‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‹‘”†‡”–‘™”‡ –Š‡
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ˆ”‘™‹–Š‹ƒ†—•‡‘”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡–‘ ‘’‡Ž–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘ ‘ ‡†‡–‘–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ”†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ
‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Pro-changers & No-changers: Š‡ •—’’‘”–‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–”› ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ™‡”‡ ‘™ ƒ• ̵”‘ Šƒ‰‡”•ǡ̵ ƒ†
‹ Ž—†‡†   ƒ•ǡ ‘–‹ŽƒŽ ‡Š”—ǡ ƒ‹ ŒƒŽ Šƒǡ ƒ†   ‡Žƒ”ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘’’‘‡–• ™‡”‡ ‘™ ƒ• ̵‘Ǧ
Šƒ‰‡”•ǡ̵ƒ†‹ Ž—†‡†ƒŽŽƒ„Šƒ‹ǡƒŒ‡†”ƒ”ƒ•ƒ†ǡ‹Œ‹ƒ”ƒ‰Šƒ˜ƒ Šƒ”‹ƒ”ǡƒ†ƒŒ‰‘’ƒŽƒ Šƒ”‹Ǥ
o Gaya session: Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ†‹––ƒ ‡‘ˆ’”‘Ǧ Šƒ‰‡”•™ƒ•”‡Œ‡ –‡†‹–Š‡‘‰”‡•• ƒ›ƒ‡••‹‘Ǥ
o Productive work among the masses: Š‡›ȋ‘ǦŠƒ‰‡”•Ȍ•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‡–‡”‹‰ ‘— ‹Ž•™‘—Ž††‹•–”ƒ ––Š‡
ˆ”‘ †‘‹‰ ’”‘†— –‹˜‡ ™‘” ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ••‡• ƒ† –Šƒ– Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡• ‡–‡”‹‰ ‘— ‹Ž• ™‘—Ž† ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ‰‡–
’—ŽŽ‡†‹–‘–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ† ‘˜‡”–‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡”—„„‡”•–ƒ’•Ǥ
• Swaraj Party as a part of the Congress: ”‘ǦŠƒ‰‡”• •‡‹œ‡†‘ –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ƒ† ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡ ™ƒ”ƒŒ ƒ”–›Ǥ
ƒ–‡”ǡ‹ƒ‡‡–‹‰‹‡ŽŠ‹‹ͳͻʹ͵ǡ–Š‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•™‡”‡”‡•‘Ž˜‡†–‘ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡š–‡–ǡƒ†‹–™ƒ•’”‘ Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡
™ƒ”ƒŒƒ”–›‹•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘‰”‡••Ǥ
o Initially Gandhi's opposition: Š‡ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹”‡–—”‡†ˆ”‘’”‹•‘ǡŠ‡™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›Š‘•–‹Ž‡–‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ‘— ‹Ž
–”›ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ™ƒ”ƒŒ‹•–•‹’‡†‹‰ ‘— ‹Ž‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‰”‘—†•Ǥ

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o Accept the constructive work: •–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠŠ‘’‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‹–‡””—’–‹‘ ƒ†Š‹„‡‰ƒ–‘ƒ ‡’––Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹˜‡
™‘”‘ˆ™ƒ”ƒŒ‹•–•‹‘‰”‡••ǡƒ†™ƒ”ƒŒ‹•–•™‡”‡‰‹˜‡ˆ—ŽŽ•—’’‘”–ƒ––Š‡‡Ž‰ƒ—‡••‹‘‘ˆͳͻʹͶǤ
• Dominion Status as immediate goal: Š‡ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒƒ”–›̵•ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‘•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–̶™Š‹Ž‡•™ƒ”ƒŒ‹•–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ
‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–›ǡ–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ™‘—Ž†„‡‘‹‹‘–ƒ–—•̶ƒ†–Šƒ–̶‹–‹•ƒ’ƒ”–›™‹–Š‹‘‰”‡••ƒ†‘–ƒ”‹˜ƒŽ
’ƒ”–›Ǥ̶
• Non-cooperation within the legislature: – Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡›™‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒ‰‡‹‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǡ
†‹•”—’–‹‰„—•‹‡••ƒ††”ƒ™‹‰ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ
• Elections and Repercussions: Š‡’ƒ”–›”ƒ‹–Š‡ͳͻʹ͵ǦʹͶ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ†‰ƒ‹‡†ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ•‡ƒ–•†‡•’‹–‡Šƒ˜‹‰
Ž‡•• –‹‡ –‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‡Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ ”‡ƒ–‡† ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘ ‰‘˜‡”‡–• ‹ ’”‘˜‹ ‡• ƒ† ”ƒ‹•‡† ”— ‹ƒŽ –‘’‹ • ‹ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•Ǥ
• Withdraw from legislatures: ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ †‡ƒ–Š ‘ˆ  ƒ• ‹ ͳͻʹͷǡ ™ƒ”ƒŒ‹•–• †‡ ‹†‡ –‘ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ ˆ”‘
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘‹’Ž‡‡–•‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡”‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ
• 'Responsivist Party: ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘–Š‡” ‡„‡”• ‡Ž‡ –‡† –‘ •–ƒ›ƒ† Œ‘‹ ƒ †‹•–‹ – ’ƒ”–›ǡ –Š‡ ̵‡•’‘•‹˜‹•– ƒ”–›ǡ̵
™Š‹ Š•–‹ŽŽ•—’’‘”–‡† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠȋƒŒ’ƒ–ƒ‹ǡƒ†ƒ‘ŠƒƒŽ˜‹›ƒǡ‡Žƒ”ǡƒ† ƒ›ƒƒ”ȌǤ
• 1926 election performance: —‡ –‘ ‘—‹–› ƒ’ƒ‹‰• „› ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ ™‡ƒ‡‹‰ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ ƒ–‹Ǧ
‹ —„‡ ›ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–›†‹†‘–†‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽ‹–Š‡ͳͻʹ͸‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ•‹–Šƒ†’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ
ASSESSMENT OF SWARAJ PARTY:
Success Swarajist Shortcomings
• Defeating the Public Safety Billǣ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ‹–ƒƒ‰‡†–‘’—ŽŽ‘ˆˆ•‘‡ • Unable to make a dent in
‰‘‘†Œ‘„•ǡ•— Šƒ•†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡—„Ž‹ ƒˆ‡–›‹ŽŽ‘ˆͳͻʹͺǡ™Š‹ Šƒ––‡’–‡† government policies: Š‡›
–‘†‡’‘”–•—„˜‡”•‹˜‡‡Ž‡‡–•‹•’‹”‡†„› ‘—‹•–‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ™‡”‡ —ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ‡ ƒ †‡– ‹
• Filled the political voidǣŠ‡›ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ˜‘‹† Ž‡ˆ–„› ƒ†Š‹Œ‹̵• ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ† ™‡”‡
ƒ„•‡ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ• ‡‡™Š‡–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•ƒ–‹–• •‘‘†”ƒ™‹–‘’‘™‡”’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ
™‡ƒ‡•–Ǥ • Unable to connect: Š‡› ™‡”‡
• Exposed the hollownessǣŠ‡›‡š’‘•‡†–Š‡Š‘ŽŽ‘™‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͳͻ –Ǥ —ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘‡ – ™‹–Š –Š‡
• Political awarenessǣŠ‡ƒ –‹˜‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ‘–‹ŽƒŽƒ†ƒ•‹–Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ Ǥ
ƒ••‡„Ž›†”‡™–Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹ƒǡ™Š‹ Š•‡”˜‡†–‘’‹“—‡’‡‘’Ž‡̵• • Alienated Muslim supporters:
‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‡™‘”‹‰•‘ˆ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•ƒ†”ƒ‹•‡†–Š‡‹”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Š‡› ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡† —•Ž‹
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ •—’’‘”–‡”•‘ˆ”—”ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ
• Revealed the true nature of regional governmentsǣ –”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Š‡–”—‡ • Suffering of Bengal's
ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡–• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ Š‘ŽŽ‘™‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͻͳͻ peasants: Š‡› ™‡”‡ Ž‹‡™‹•‡
”‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ ’‘™‡”Ž‡•• –‘ ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡
• Intensive budget studyǣ –ƒŽ•‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Š‡„—†‰‡–ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘” •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ̵•’‡ƒ•ƒ–•Ǥ
–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ǡƒ‹–‡•‹˜‡„—†‰‡–•–—†›™ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ
THE SIMON COMMISSION (1928)
• Introductionǣ”‡ƒ–‡†‹”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡–ǡ–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘™ƒ•–ƒ•‡†™‹–Š‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰–Š‡
ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ •›•–‡ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ͳͻͳͻ  – ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ‹‰ ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘”
‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‹‘‘‹••‹‘™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹1928Ǥ
• Committee to review the progress of the governance model: Š‡ †‹ƒ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ †‡ƒ†‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡
„—”†‡•‘‡†‹ƒ” Š›•›•–‡‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–„‡”‡˜‹•‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ –ͳͻͳͻ‹–•‡Žˆ•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ
‘‹––‡‡™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•–‹–—–‡†ƒˆ–‡”–‡›‡ƒ”•–‘”‡˜‹‡™–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‘†‡ŽǤ
• Not a single Indian member: Š‡ †‹ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡‡”ƒ‰‡†ƒ†‹•—Ž–‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹‘‘‹••‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š
™ƒ•–‘†‡–‡”‹‡ †‹ƒ̵•ˆ—–—”‡ǡ†‹†‘–‹ Ž—†‡ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ †‹ƒ‡„‡”Ǥ


Proposals of Simon Commission

• Outline of a new constitutionǣ‘—–Ž‹‡‘ˆƒ‡™ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘™ƒ•’”‘’‘•‡†Ǥ
• Diarchy should be abolishedǣ‹ƒ” Š›•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǡƒ†‹‹•–‡”•ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•Š‘—Ž†
„‡‡–”—•–‡†™‹–ŠƒŽŽ’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ –™ƒ••–ƒ— ŠŽ›‘’’‘•‡†–‘†‹ƒ” Š›‹–Š‡ ‡–”‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ
†‹ƒ” Š›ǡ‹–ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Proposed a fully federal unionǣ –’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ–ƒˆ—ŽŽ›ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ—‹‘ǡ‡„”ƒ ‹‰„‘–Š”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒƒ†–Š‡
”‹ ‡Ž›–ƒ–‡•ǡ™ƒ•–Š‡‘Ž›Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”ƒ•™‡”ˆ‘”ƒ—‹–‡†ǡƒ—–‘‘‘—• †‹ƒǤ
• Franchise be expandedǣ –’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡„‡‡š’ƒ†‡†ƒ†–Š‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‹•‡š’ƒ†‡†Ǥ

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RESPONSE OF NATIONALISTS AND CONGRESS:
• Congress opposed: ‘‰”‡••ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘‘’’‘•‡‹– ‹ ƒ†”ƒ•‹ͳͻʹ͹Ǥ Š‡ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘”‹–• ”‹–‹ ‹•™ƒ•–Šƒ–ǡ
†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‘‹••‹‘̵•‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆƒ••‡••‹‰ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•‹ †‹ƒǡƒŽŽ‘ˆ‹–•‡„‡”•™‡”‡™Š‹–‡ǡ™‹–Š
‘ †‹ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Go back, Simon: Š‡–Š‡‹‘‘‹••‹‘ƒ””‹˜‡†‹ †‹ƒ‹ͳͻʹͺǡ‹–™ƒ•‡–„›„Žƒ ˆŽƒ‰•ƒ†–Š‡ Šƒ–̶ ‘
„ƒ ǡ‹‘Ǥ̶
EMERGENCE OF A NEW GENERATION OF YOUTH
• Opportunity for youth to demonstrate their worth: Š‡‹‘‘‹••‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”›‘—–Š–‘
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”™‘”–ŠǤŠ‹•‘‹••‹‘ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆƒŽƒƒŒ’ƒ–ƒ‹ǡˆ—‡ŽŽ‡†–Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆŠƒ‰ƒ–‹‰Š
ƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥ
• Emergence of new socialist ideologies: ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘ǡƒ‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ›‘—–Šˆ—ŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‡‡”‰‡†
–‘ ’”‘‹‡ ‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Šƒ‰ƒ– ‹‰Š ƒ† —„Šƒ•ŠǤ Š‹• ‹ˆŽ—š ‘ˆ ›‘—–Š •ƒ™ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡™ •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–
‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ
IMPACT OF THE APPOINTMENT OF SIMON COMMISSION ON THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT:
• Massive socio economic reforms along socialist lines: –’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ„‘‘•––‘”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•†‡ƒ†‹‰‘–‘Ž›
‘’Ž‡–‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ••‹˜‡•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡ˆ‘”•ƒŽ‘‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–Ž‹‡•Ǥ
• Organise mass action: Š‡–Š‡‹‘‘‹••‹‘™ƒ•ƒ‘— ‡†ǡ–Š‡‘‰”‡••ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†‘ƒ –‹˜‡’Žƒǡ™ƒ•
‰‹˜‡ƒ‹••—‡‘™Š‹ Š–‘‘”‰ƒ‹•‡ƒ••ƒ –‹‘Ǥ
• Prospects for Indian unity: ‘”†‹”‡Š‡ƒ†̵• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•–‘’”‘†— ‡ƒƒ‰”‡‡† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘
™ƒ•‡„”ƒ ‡†„›ƒ›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‰”‘—’‹‰•ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡’”‘•’‡ –•ˆ‘” †‹ƒ—‹–›ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†„”‹‰Š–ƒ––Š‡‘‡–Ǥ
THE NEHRU REPORT (1928)
The 'Nehru Report' (1928) was a paper proposing a proposed new Dominion constitution (not a constitution in and of
itself) for India. It was drafted by an All Parties Conference committee chaired by Motilal Nehru, with his son Jawaharlal
serving as secretary. This committee had nine other members, including two Muslims. While the report did not advocate
for complete independence, the constitution proposed in the Nehru report called for India to have dominion status
within the British Commonwealth. The majority of its proposals became the foundation of independent India's
constitution.


RECOMMENDATIONS
1. It requested Dominion Status.
2. It had a Bill of Rights, unlike the eventual Government of India Act 1935.
3. It made no provision for distinct electorates or weightage for minorities.
4. It pushed for a federal framework.
5. Separation of the state and religion.
6. A parliamentary system of government.
7. Residual authority with the federal/central government
8. Adult franchise number eight.
9. Linguistic redistribution of province boundaries.

WHY REPORT WAS OPPOSED?

• Abolished the Communal/Separate Electorate: –ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡‘—ƒŽȀ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‡”ƒ‰‡†
–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹‘”‹–›’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Dominion Status: –”‡“—‡•–‡†‘‹‹‘–ƒ–—•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ †‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǧ‘–Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ‡˜‡ ƒ™ƒŠƒ”
ƒŽ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡† ™‹–Š Š‹• ˆƒ–Š‡” ȋƒ• •‡‡ „› Š‹• †‡•‹”‡ ˆ‘” —”ƒ ™ƒ”ƒŒ ƒ ›‡ƒ” Žƒ–‡”ȌǤ Š‡ ̵ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ˆ‘” †‹ƒ
‡ƒ‰—‡̵™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†„›‡Š”—ƒ†—„Šƒ•ŠǤ
• Sectarian clash: Š‡ ”‡’‘”– ™ƒ• ‘– ƒ ‡’–‡† „› –Š‡ —•Ž‹ ‡ƒ‰—‡ǡ ‹†— ƒŠƒ•ƒ„Šƒǡ ‘” ˆ‡”˜‡– ‹Š•ǡ ƒ† ‹–
’”‡’ƒ”‡†–Š‡• ‡ƒ”‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ•‡ –ƒ”‹ƒ Žƒ•ŠǤ
JINNAH'S 14 POINT:
• ”‡•’‘•‡ǡ‘Šƒƒ†Ž‹ ‹ƒŠˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†Š‹• ‘—”–‡‡‘‹–•‹ͳͻʹͻǡ™Š‹ Š„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ƒ‹†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡
—•Ž‹ ‘—‹–›ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡–—‹–‡† †‹ƒǤ
• Main points of 14-Point Formula:
o ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ†‹•–”‹ –•

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o ͵͵Ψ‘ˆ•‡ƒ–•‹ ‡–”ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”—•Ž‹•Ǥ
o ”‘˜‹ ‡•Šƒ˜‡”‡•‹†—ƒŽ’‘™‡”•Ǥ
o ‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ—–‘‘›
o ‘ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡ ‡–”‡™‹–Š‘—––Š‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ– ‘’”‹•‡–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o †‡“—ƒ–‡—•Ž‹”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•‡”˜‹ ‡•
DEMAND OF PURNA SWARAJ (1929)
• Background: ˆ–‡”–Š‡‡Š”—‡’‘”–ǡ™Š‹ Š†‡ˆ‹‡†–Š‡‹”‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•„›•–ƒ–‹‰‘‹‹‘–ƒ–—•ƒ•–Š‡‹”†‡ƒ†ǡ
ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ŽƒŽ‡Š”—ǡ—„Šƒ•Šƒ†”ƒ‘•‡ǡƒ†ƒ–›ƒ—”–‹„‡ ƒ‡‘”‡ƒ••‡”–‹˜‡Ǥ
• Hesitancy: ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–‹ŽƒŽ‡Š”—ƒ† ƒ†Š‹™‡”‡Š‡•‹–ƒ––‘‰‹˜‡—’–Š‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–•–Š‡›Šƒ†™‘„› Žƒ‹‹‰
‘‹‹‘–ƒ–—•ǡƒ†–Š‡›—”‰‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‰”ƒ––Š‡ƒ›‡ƒ”̵•–‹‡Ǥ
• Liberals stance: Š‹•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‹†‘–‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘ˆŽ‹„‡”ƒŽ•‘” ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ƒŽƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥ
• Purna swaraj: ‡ ‡„‡”ͳͻʹͻǡ–Š‡ƒŠ‘”‡‘‰”‡••ǡ’”‡•‹†‡†‘˜‡”„› ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ŽƒŽ‡Š”—ǡˆ‘”ƒŽ‹•‡†–Š‡†‡ƒ†
ˆ‘”̵—”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒǡ̵‘”ˆ—ŽŽ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ˆ‘” †‹ƒǤ
• Indian flag: ‡ ‡„‡”͵ͳǡ ƒ™ƒŠƒ”—ˆ—”Ž‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒˆŽƒ‰ƒ––Š‡ƒ˜‹ƒƒ–‹†‹‰Š–Ǥ


FOLLOWING MAJOR CHOICES WERE MADE

• Boycottǣ‘› ‘––‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ
• Poorna Swarajǣ—•Šˆ‘”‘‘”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒǤ
• Right to resignǣŽŽ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘”‡•‹‰Ǥ
• Freedom Day: –™ƒ•’”‘ Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ– ƒ—ƒ”›ʹ͸ǡͳͻ͵Ͳǡ™‘—Ž†„‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡†ƒ• ”‡‡†‘ƒ›ǡ™‹–Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•
–ƒ‹‰ƒ ‘‹–‡––‘ˆ‹‰Š–ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡–‡ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
• Generational shift in leadershipǣŠ‡ƒŠ‘”‡•‡••‹‘ƒŽ•‘•ƒ™ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•Š‹ˆ–‹Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ
• Gandhi's leadershipǣ – ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ †‡–‡”‹‡† –Šƒ– ƒ ‹˜‹Ž †‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ ‘˜‡‡– ™‘—Ž† „‡ Žƒ— Š‡† —†‡”
ƒ†Š‹̵•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ
• Commitments made for Purna Swarajǣƒ–‹‘™‹†‡‡‡–‹‰™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡–—”‘—–ˆ”‘
„‘–Š”—”ƒŽƒ†—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ™‹–Š ‘‹–‡–•ƒ†‡ˆ‘”—”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒǤ
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT OF 1930
Following the government's inaction on the Nehru Report and its failure to agree on any demand for even dominion
status, Gandhiji sought a fresh strategy amid mounting discontent among the Congress and the nation as a whole.
DEMANDS OF MAHATMA GANDHI:
• Demand for Purna Swaraj:  ƒ—ƒ”›͵ͳǡͳͻ͵Ͳǡ•Š‘”–Ž›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”—”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒ™ƒ•ƒ†‡ǡŠ‡•—„‹––‡†
ƒŽ‡––‡”–‘‹ ‡”‘› ”™‹‘—–Ž‹‹‰‡Ž‡˜‡†‡ƒ†•ȋͳͳ’‘‹–•ȌǤ
• Broaden objective: Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ™ƒ• –‘ „”‘ƒ†‡ –Š‡ †‡ƒ†• •‘ –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ Žƒ••‡• ™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒ •‘ ‹‡–› ‘—Ž†
‘‡ –™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ†Œ‘‹ˆ‘” ‡•‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ
• Prominent Demands: Š‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡†ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•ǡ–‘–ƒŽ’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‹•‘‡”•ǡ–Š‡
Ž‡˜›‘ˆ†—–›‘ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Ž‘–Šǡ–Š‡‹••—ƒ ‡‘ˆˆ‹”‡ƒ”Ž‹ ‡ ‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡†— –‹‘‘ˆŽƒ†”‡˜‡—‡„›ͷͲΨǡ–Š‡”‡†— –‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡—’‡‡–‡”Ž‹‰‡š Šƒ‰‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ‡ †‹ƒ‡š’‘”–•’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡”˜‡‘ˆ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ•Š‹’’‹‰ˆ‘” †‹ƒ•ǡ
ƒ†–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ––ƒšǤ
• Most stirring demand: Š‡ ‘•– •–‹””‹‰ †‡ƒ† ™ƒ• –‘ ”‡’‡ƒŽ –Š‡ •ƒŽ– Šƒ”‰‡Ǥ ƒŽ– ™ƒ• •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ™ƒ•
‘•—‡†„›„‘–Š–Š‡”‹ Šƒ†–Š‡’‘‘”ǡƒ†‹–™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘‘†‹–‡•Ǥ
• Exposed the most repressive face of British authority: ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ ‡š’‘•‡† –Š‡ ‘•– ”‡’”‡••‹˜‡ ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ
”‹–‹•Šƒ—–Š‘”‹–›„›–ƒš‹‰•ƒŽ–ƒ†‰”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ‘‘’‘Ž›‘‹–•’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
INDIAN RESPONSE TO THE PROPOSED 11 POINTS:
• Constraints: Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• •‘‡ ‹””‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‘‰ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ͳͳ ’‘‹–•ǡ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ƒ•
‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”ƒŒ‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‹••—‡†‘Ž›ƒ•Š‘”––‹‡ƒ‰‘Ǥ
• Support of industrial class: Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ Žƒ••™Š‘Ž‡Š‡ƒ”–‡†Ž›•—’’‘”–‡† ƒ†Š‹ƒ†‡ƒ†•‹ˆ—ŽŽ•‹ ‡–Š‡›
‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡ƒ•‘”‡‘ˆƒ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• No response to the demands: ˆ –Š‡ †‡ƒ†• ™‡”‡ ‘– ‡– „› ͳͳ ƒ” Šǡ ‘‰”‡•• ™‘—Ž† ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡ ƒ ‹˜‹Ž
†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡Ž‡––‡”Ǥ ”™‹”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘„ƒ”‰ƒ‹ǡƒ††‡ƒ†•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‘”‡•’‘•‡Ǥ
• Historic salt march: ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹„‡‰ƒŠ‹•Š‹•–‘”‹ •ƒŽ–ƒ” Š™‹–Š͹ͺ‘ˆŠ‹•Ž‘›ƒŽ˜‘Ž—–‡‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ”‘Œ‹‹
ƒ‹†—ǤŠ‡‘‰”‡••‰ƒ˜‡ ƒ†Š‹–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘‹‹–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‹˜‹Ž‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ

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• Mass participation: Š‘—•ƒ†••™ƒ”‡†–‘Š‡ƒ”ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹™Š‡”‡˜‡”Š‡™‡–ǡƒ†Š‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†™Šƒ–Š‡
‡ƒ–„›•™ƒ”ƒŒƒ†‡šŠ‘”–‡†–Š‡–‘†‡ˆ›–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥ
• Violation of Salt laws: Š‡‘˜‡‡–†”‡™Žƒ”‰‡ ”‘™†•Ǥ˜‡”›™Š‡”‡ǡ•ƒŽ–Žƒ™•™‡”‡„”‘‡Ǥ‘‡–‘‘’ƒ”–‹
Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡”• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ ƒŽƒ ȋ‡Š”—̵• ™‹ˆ‡Ȍ ƒ† ™ƒ”—’ ƒ‹ ȋ‡Š”—̵• ‘–Š‡”Ȍ ™‡”‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡ˆ”‘–Ǥ 
ƒŒƒ‰‘’ƒŽ Šƒ”‹Ž‡†–Š‡ƒ” Š‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‡Žƒ’’ƒŽ‡†–Š‡ƒ” Š‹ƒŽƒ„ƒ”Ǥ
• In various parts of the country: Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›†‹•‘„‡›‡†–Š‡•ƒŽ–„ƒǡƒ†‡
•ƒŽ–ǡƒ††‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–•ƒŽ–ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Disobedience: • –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‰ƒ‹‡† –”ƒ –‹‘ǡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‘–Š‹‰ ™ƒ• „‘› ‘––‡†ǡ ƒ† Ž‹“—‘” •–‘”‡• ™‡”‡
’‹ ‡–‡†Ǥ‡ƒ•ƒ–•”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘’ƒ›”‡˜‡—‡ƒ† Š‘™‹†ƒ”–ƒš‡•ǡ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•“—‹–ǡƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–”‡•‹†‡–•„”‘‡
ˆ‘”‡•–”—Ž‡•‹—‡”‘—•Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡–‡”‹‰‡•‡”˜‡† ‘”‡•–•–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –™‘‘†ƒ†‰”ƒœ‡Ž‹˜‡•–‘ Ǥ
• Widespread boycott: ‘††›–”‡‡•™‡”‡Šƒ ‡††‘™‹’”‘–‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†„‘› ‘––‘ˆ„‘‘œ‡•–‘”‡•Ǥ
• Khudai Khidmatgar Movement: Šƒ „†—Ž ƒˆˆƒ” Šƒ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡ Š—†ƒ‹ Š‹†ƒ–‰ƒ” ‘˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡
’”‘˜‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡•– ”‘–‹‡”Ǥ
• Rani Gaidillieu: Š‘ƒ•™‡”‡† ƒ†Š‹̵• ƒŽŽ‹ƒ‹’—”ƒ––Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆͳ͵ǡ™ƒ••‡–‡ ‡†–‘Ž‹ˆ‡‹’”‹•‘‡–ƒ†
™ƒ•‘Ž›Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡†‹ͳͻͶ͹Ǥ
• No Chowkidar tax: Š‡Š‘™‹†ƒ”ƒš‘Ǧƒ›‡–ƒ’ƒ‹‰™ƒ•Žƒ— Š‡†‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›̵•‡ƒ•–Ǥ
• Violation of Forest rules: ‘”‡•–”—Ž‡•™‡”‡‘ˆ–‡„”‘‡‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”ƒ† ‡–”ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Bardoli Satyagraha (1928): ƒ–‡Ž‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡ƒ”†‘Ž‹ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒŒ—•–„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹˜‹Ž‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–ǡ
ƒ†‹–„‡ ƒ‡ƒ‘†‡Ž‘Ǧ–ƒš ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›†—”‹‰–Š‡‹˜‹Ž‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• 'No-Revenue, No Rent': ‘–Š‡”–›’‡‘ˆ̵‘Ǧ‡˜‡—‡ǡ‘‡–̵ ƒ’ƒ‹‰™ƒ••‡‡‹ǤŠ‡‘Ǧ‡˜‡—‡ ƒŽŽ™ƒ•
‹••—‡†–‘ƒ‹†ƒ”•ǡ™Š‘™‡”‡‘”†‡”‡†‘––‘’ƒ›”‡˜‡—‡–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡‘Ǧ‡– ƒŽŽ™ƒ•‹••—‡†–‘
—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‘”•Ǥ
• Public mobilisation strategies: —„‡”‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ‘„‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‡”‡—•‡†ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰”ƒ„Šƒ–Š‡”‹•
ƒ†ƒ–”‹ƒ•ȋ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡™•’ƒ’‡”ȌǤƒƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†ˆ‘” Š‹Ž†”‡ǡƒ†ƒŒƒ”‹ȋƒ–Ȍ‡ƒˆ‘”‰‹”Ž•Ǥ
REACTION OF THE BRITISHERS:
• Arrest of Congress leaders: ‘ ‡”‡† ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• „‡‰ƒ ƒ””‡•–‹‰ ‘‰”‡••
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‘‡„›‘‡Ǥ
• Violent fights: Š‹•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹˜‹‘Ž‡–ˆ‹‰Š–•‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒŽƒ ‡•Ǥ
• Ruthless repression policy: –‡””‹ˆ‹‡†‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡•’‘†‡†™‹–Šƒ”—–ŠŽ‡••”‡’”‡••‹‘’‘Ž‹ ›Ǥƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠ‹•™Š‘
™‡”‡’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž™‡”‡ƒ––ƒ ‡†ǡ™‘‡ƒ† Š‹Ž†”‡™‡”‡„‡ƒ–‡ǡƒ†ƒ”‘—†͸ͲǡͲͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡Œƒ‹Ž‡†Ǥ
• Detention of Prominent politicians: ƒŒƒ‰‘’ƒŽƒ Šƒ”‹ǡƒŽŽƒ„Šƒ‹ǡ ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ǡƒ†ƒ‘ŠƒƒŽ˜‹›ƒǡ ‡‰—’–ƒǡ
ƒ†‘–Š‡”’”‘‹‡–’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘†‡–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ ƒ›ͳͻ͵Ͳǡ ƒ†Š‹™ƒ• ƒ’–—”‡†ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’™ƒ•
Šƒ†‡†–‘„„ƒ•›ƒ„Œ‹ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ””‡•–‡†Ǥƒ”‘Œ‹‹‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›•‡‹œ‡†–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†ǡ„—–•Š‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘Œƒ‹Ž‡†Ǥ
• Congress was proclaimed unconstitutional: Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹••—‡† —‡”‘—• ”‡’”‡••‹˜‡ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ̵ ƒ†
‘‰”‡••™ƒ•’”‘ Žƒ‹‡†— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǤ
ASSESSMENT OF MOVEMENT
Positives Failures
• Historic salt marchǣ ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ „‡‰ƒ Š‹• • Not move all social groupings: Š‡ ƒ„•–”ƒ –
Š‹•–‘”‹  •ƒŽ– ƒ” Š ™‹–Š ͹ͺ ‘ˆ Š‹• Ž‘›ƒŽ ˜‘Ž—–‡‡”•ǡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ•™ƒ”ƒŒ†‹†‘–‘˜‡ƒŽŽ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‰”‘—’‹‰•Ǥ
‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ”‘Œ‹‹ƒ‹†—ǤŠ‡‘‰”‡••‰ƒ˜‡ ƒ†Š‹–Š‡ • Untouchables: ‡ •— Š ‰”‘—’ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘̵•
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘‹‹–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‹˜‹Ž‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ ̵—–‘— Šƒ„Ž‡•ǡ̵™Š‘„‡‰ƒ ƒŽŽ‹‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒŽ‹–
• Mass participationǣ Š‘—•ƒ†• •™ƒ”‡† –‘ Š‡ƒ” ‘”‘’’”‡••‡†‹–Š‡ͳͻ͵Ͳ•Ǥ
ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹™Š‡”‡˜‡”Š‡™‡–ǡƒ†Š‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡† • Muslims are apathetic: š ‡’– ˆ‘” –Š‡  
™Šƒ– Š‡ ‡ƒ– „› •™ƒ”ƒŒ ƒ† ‡šŠ‘”–‡† –Š‡ –‘ †‡ˆ› —†‡” Šƒ „†—Ž ƒˆˆƒ” Šƒǡ —•Ž‹• ƒ”‡
–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥ ƒ’ƒ–Š‡–‹ Ǥ Š‡› ™‡”‡ ’‘Žƒ”‹•‡† „› Ž‡ƒ†‡”•̵
• Broaden objectiveǣŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡™ƒ•–‘„”‘ƒ†‡–Š‡ ‘—ƒŽ ”Š‡–‘”‹  ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•
†‡ƒ†••‘–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ Žƒ••‡•™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–› ‘—Ž† ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡‹”†‡ƒ†•Ǥ
‘‡ –™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ†Œ‘‹ˆ‘” ‡•‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ • Lukewarm support: Š‡ †—•–”‹ƒŽ Žƒ•• ‹• ‘Ž›
• Support of Industrial classǣ Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ Žƒ•• ’”‘˜‹†‹‰Ž—‡™ƒ”•—’’‘”–Ǥ
™Š‘Ž‡Š‡ƒ”–‡†Ž› •—’’‘”–‡† ƒ†Š‹ƒ †‡ƒ†• ‹ ˆ—ŽŽ • Poor participants: ‡ƒ•ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ’‘‘”
•‹ ‡ –Š‡› ‘•‹†‡”‡† –Š‡ ƒ• ‘”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡ ‘‘‹  ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ
ƒ–—”‡Ǥ

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NON-COOPERATION VS. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
• Contravene colonial laws: •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ•‹’Ž›”‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Šǡƒ•–Š‡›Šƒ††‘‡‹ͳͻʹͳǦʹʹǡ
’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡‘™ƒ•‡†–‘ ‘–”ƒ˜‡‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽŽƒ™•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
• Ultimate freedom: Š‡‰‘ƒŽ–Š‹•–‹‡™ƒ•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
• Gandhi into the international stage: Ž–Š‘—‰Š —•Ž‹ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ™ƒ• Ž‘™ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ ƒ• ™ƒ• Žƒ„‘—”
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‹• ƒ’ƒ‹‰Žƒ— Š‡† ƒ†Š‹‹–‘–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ǡ™‘‡Œ‘‹‡†‹
Š—‰‡—„‡”•‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Countrywide participation: ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›™Š‡”‡ƒ•ǡ‹
‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‹ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‹•‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Decline: ‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–ˆƒ†‡†‘ ‡‹–‰”‡™˜‹‘Ž‡–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡Šƒ—”‹Šƒ—”ƒ‹ ‹†‡–ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•ǡ‹
ƒˆ–‡”ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹•‹‰‡†ƒ’ƒ –™‹–Š ”™‹ǡ–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰†‡ Ž‹‡†Ǥ
Comparison of Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement in the Indian freedom
struggle:

Aspect Non-Cooperation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement

‹‡‡”‹‘† ͳͻʹͲǦͳͻʹʹ ͳͻ͵ͲǦͳͻ͵Ͷ

ƒ— Š‡†› ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹

‘› ‘–– ‘ˆ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‰‘‘†•ǡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ˆ—•ƒŽ –‘ ‘„‡› ‡”–ƒ‹ Žƒ™•ǡ †‡ƒ†•ǡ ƒ†
‡› ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ ƒ† ‘ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ  Ž—†‡•–Š‡ƒŽ–
‘—”–•Ǥ ƒ” Šƒ•ƒ‡›‡˜‡–Ǥ

ƒŽŽ‹ƒ™ƒŽƒ ƒ‰Š ƒ••ƒ ”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘™Žƒ–– ƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‘ˆ ‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–ƒ–
‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ—•‡
 – †‹• ‘–‡–

‘Ǧ˜‹‘Ž‡– ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‘Ǧ ‘Ǧ˜‹‘Ž‡– ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ „—– ™‹–Š ƒ †‹”‡ –
‡–Š‘†•
‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Žƒ™•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ‹‰•ƒŽ–Ȍ

‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š
‘ƒ––ƒ‹™ƒ”ƒŒȋ•‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡Ȍƒ•†‡ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡
„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ Žƒ™• ƒ† –‘ †‡ƒ† —”ƒ ™ƒ”ƒŒ ȋ ‘’Ž‡–‡
‘‰”‡••
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ȍ

‘˜‡”‡– —’’”‡••‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ””‡•–•ǡ ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡”‡ ”ƒ †‘™ǡƒ••ƒ””‡•–•ǡ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–

‡•’‘•‡ ‘ ‡••‹‘•Ž‹‡–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘™Žƒ–– – –Š‡‡ ‘†‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡

–”‡‰–Š‡‡† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ •Š‘™‡† –Š‡ Šƒ ‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹•ǡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
—– ‘‡Ȁ ’ƒ – power of mass movements, led to Gandhi’s ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‡–‹‘ǡ‡˜‡–—ƒŽ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”
ƒ””‡•– ‰”‡ƒ–‡”•‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡

WHY WAS SALT SELECTED AS THE IMPORTANT THEME?

• Most inhuman poll tax: • ƒ†Š‹’—–‹–ǡ̶Š‡”‡‹•‘‘–Š‡”ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǡ„›–ƒš‹‰™Š‹ Š–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–
ƒ”‡ƒ Š–Š‡•–ƒ”˜‹‰‹ŽŽ‹‘•ǡ–Š‡•‹ ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›Š‡Ž’Ž‡••ǤǤǤ‹–‹•–Š‡‘•–‹Š—ƒ’‘ŽŽ–ƒšǤ̶
• Instantly linked the ideal of swaraj: ƒŽ–ǡŽ‹‡Šƒ†‹ǡ‹•–ƒ–Ž›Ž‹‡†–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ•™ƒ”ƒŒ™‹–Šƒ‘•–’ƒŽ’ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†
—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”—”ƒŽ’‘‘”Ǥ
• Symbolic association with mass suffering: –ƒˆˆ‘”†‡†–Š‡—”„ƒ’—„Ž‹ –Š‡ Šƒ ‡‘ˆ•›„‘Ž‹ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š
ƒ•••—ˆˆ‡”‹‰Ǥ
GANDHI – IRWIN PACT OR DELHI PACT (MARCH 1931) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
• •”‹–‹•Š”‡’”‡••‹‘‰‘–‘”‡•‡˜‡”‡†—”‹‰–Š‡‹˜‹Ž‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–ǡ‘”†‹ƒ”›’‡‘’Ž‡•—ˆˆ‡”‡†Ǥ
• •— Š ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǡƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ Š‘•‡–‘ ƒŽŽ‘ˆˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ ‡‘”‡ǡƒ†Š‡ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šƒ›‘–Š‡”•ǡ
™ƒ•ƒ””‡•–‡†Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
• ‘‰”‡••†‹†‘–ƒ––‡†–Š‡‹ƒ—‰—”ƒŽ‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ƒ––‡†‡†„›–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡ǡ ‹†—
ƒŠƒ•ƒ„ŠƒǡŠƒ„‡”‘ˆ”‹ ‡•ǡ‹„‡”ƒŽ•ǡƒ†ƒŽ‹–•ǡƒ†‹–™ƒ•–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ–ƒ›ƒ ‘”†”‡ƒ Š‡†™‹–Š‘—–‘‰”‡••̵
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ‹‰Ž‡••Ǥ
• ”™‹™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ‰‡”–‘ˆ‹†ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡƒ†‹ƒ•›„‘Ž‹ ‰‡•–—”‡ǡŠ‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‹•‘‡”•ƒ††‡ ‹†‡†–‘
•’‡ƒ†‹”‡ –Ž›–‘ ƒ†Š‹Ǥ
• –Š‹• ‘–‡š–ǡ ƒ†Š‹ƒ†‡ƒƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹–Š ”™‹‘ƒ” Šͷǡͳͻ͵ͳǤ
• Š‡ ƒ – „”‘—‰Š– ‘‰”‡•• ‘ ‡“—ƒŽ ˆ‘‘–‹‰™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ƒ† ”™‹̵• ‘˜‡ ™ƒ• ”‹–‹ ‹•‡† ‹ ”‹–ƒ‹ ˆ‘”
–ƒ‹‰—’–‘‘— Š”‘‘Ǥ
PROPOSED CONDITIONS
• Suspends its civil disobedience campaign: Š‡ †‹ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‰”‡•• •—•’‡†• ‹–• ‹˜‹Ž †‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡
ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ
• Participation in RTC: ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••‹–Š‡‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ
• Withdrawal of restrictions: ‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ‘ˆƒŽŽ‘”†‹ƒ ‡•‹••—‡†„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Š ‘˜‡”‡–‹’‘•‹‰”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•
‘–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••Ǥ
• Removal of the salt tax: Š‡”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ––ƒš’‡”‹––‡† †‹ƒ•–‘Žƒ™ˆ—ŽŽ›’”‘†— ‡ǡ–”ƒ†‡ǡƒ†•‡ŽŽ•ƒŽ–ˆ‘”
–Š‡‹”‘™’”‹˜ƒ–‡—•‡Ǥ
THINGS THAT THE BRITISH REFUSED TO ACCEPT AS PART OF THE GANDHI-IRWIN PACT OR THE DELHI PACT:
• Police investigation: Š‡‘‰”‡••̵”‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”ƒ’‘Ž‹ ‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹–‘ƒ””‡•–•ƒ†ƒ–”‘ ‹–‹‡• ‘‹––‡††—”‹‰
–Š‡‹˜‹Ž‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•†‡‹‡†Ǥ
• Not accept the commutation: ‡™‹ŽŽ‘–ƒ ‡’––Š‡ ‘—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠƒ‰ƒ–‹‰Š̵•ƒ†Š‹• ‘’ƒ‹‘•̵•‡–‡ ‡•Ǥ
• Refused to accept the extremist demand: Š‡ƒ ‘”†ƒŽ•‘”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘ƒ ‡’––Š‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ•̵†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒ’‹†
”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ†• ‘ˆ‹• ƒ–‡††—”‹‰–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ
THE PACT'S OUTCOME:
• Attend in a Round Table Conference: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘ƒ––‡†ƒ‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹‘†‘ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ†Š‹Ǧ ”™‹ƒ –ǡƒ†–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘‹––‡†–‘”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‹•‘‡”•Ǥ
• Criticised by extremists: Š‡ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ ™ƒ• ”‹–‹ ‹•‡† „› ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ• ˆ‘” ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰ –‘ ‰ƒ”‡” Ž‡ƒ” ‰ƒ‹• ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†ˆ‘”•—””‡†‡”‹‰‘™ƒ”ƒŒ̵•†‡ƒ†„›ƒ‰”‡‡‹‰–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ
• Advantage of the occasion: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–Š—‰‡‘˜‡‡–•ƒ”‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ›ˆŽ‡‡–‹‰ǡƒ†
Š‡ƒ––‡’–‡†–‘–ƒ‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘„›‡š–”ƒ –‹‰•‘‡‰ƒ‹•ˆ”‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
WAS THE GANDHI-IRWIN PACT A REVERSAL?
• Not a retreatǣ ƒ†Š‹̵•†‡ ‹•‹‘–‘ŠƒŽ– ‹˜‹Ž†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ƒ•ƒ‰”‡‡†‹–Š‡ ƒ†Š‹Ǧ ”™‹ƒ –™ƒ•‘–ƒ”‡–”‡ƒ–ǡ
• Limited capacity of masses to sacrifice: Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‡•–‘ƒ‡•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ǡ—Ž‹‡–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ –‹˜‹•–•ǡ
‹•Ž‹‹–‡†Ǣƒ†Š‡”‡™‡”‡•›’–‘•‘ˆ–‹”‡†‡••ƒˆ–‡”‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻ͵Ͳǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ƒ‘‰•Š‘’‡‡’‡”•ƒ†
‡” Šƒ–•™Š‘Šƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡†•‘‡‡”‰‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ

KARACHI SESSION (MARCH 1931)

• Goal was to approve the Gandhi-Irwin Pact: Š‡ ƒ†Š‹Ǧ ”™‹’ƒ –™ƒ• ”‹–‹ ‹•‡†„›”ƒ†‹ ƒŽƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•„‡ ƒ—•‡
‹–™ƒ•—ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘„–ƒ‹ˆ”‘–Š‡‹ ‡”‘›ƒ ‘‹–‡––‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ˆ‘” †‹ƒ•Ǣ‹–Šƒ†‘–‡˜‡ƒ‰”‡‡†
–‘–Š‡†‡ƒ†–Šƒ–Šƒ‰ƒ–‹‰Š̵•ƒ†Š‹•–™‘ ‘”ƒ†‡•̵†‡ƒ–Š•‡–‡ ‡•„‡ ‘—–‡†–‘Ž‹ˆ‡‹’”‹•‘‡–Ǥ –™ƒ•
†—„„‡†ƒ„‘—”‰‡‘‹•‡’ƒ –•‹ ‡‹–‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‡†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡••‹‘̵•‰‘ƒŽ™ƒ•–‘ƒ’’”‘˜‡–Š‡ ƒ†Š‹Ǧ
”™‹ƒ –Ǥ
• Meeting to endorse the agreement: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹’‡”•—ƒ†‡†–Š‡‡‡–‹‰–‘‡†‘”•‡–Š‡ƒ‰”‡‡‡–Ǥ‰‡”‡†’”‘–‡•–‘”•
‰”‡‡–‡† Š‹ ™‹–Š ƒ „Žƒ  ˆŽƒ‰ ƒ† ˆŽ‘™‡”•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹ ƒ† ‘‰”‡•• ™‡”‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† ƒ• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‹–Šƒ– ‘‰”‡••„›–Š”‡‡‰”‘—’•ǣ–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡ǡ–Š‡”‹ ‡Ž›–ƒ–‡•ǡƒ†„‡†ƒ”ȋ™Š‘
ƒ —•‡†‘‰”‡••‘ˆ†‹•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆŽ‘™‡” ƒ•–‡•ȌǤ
SIGNIFICANCE OF SESSION
• Endorsed Gandhi-Irwin Pact: –‡†‘”•‡†–Š‡‡ŽŠ‹ƒ –‘”–Š‡ ƒ†Š‹Ǧ ”™‹ƒ –Ǥ
• Resolution on Fundamental Rights: –‘˜‡†ƒ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ǡƒ†–Š‡†”ƒˆ–
”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘™ƒ•™”‹––‡„› ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ƒŽ‡Š”—ȋ–Š‡•‡••‹‘™ƒ•’”‡•‹†‡†‘˜‡”„›ƒŽŽƒ„Šƒ‹ƒ–‡ŽȌǤ
• Underlined it as a goal of purna swaraj: –‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ—”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ƒ†—†‡”Ž‹‡†
‹–ƒ•ƒ‰‘ƒŽǤ

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• Interests of minorities will be protected: –ƒŽ•‘•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ‹‘”‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘–‡ –‡†ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•
–Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
• Recognised sacrifices: –”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†Šƒ‰ƒ–‹‰Š̵•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•̵˜ƒŽ‹ƒ–•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡Ǥ
• Foundation of Congress's political and economic agendas: Š‡ ƒ”ƒ Š‹ ‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–
„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘‰”‡••̵•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ‰‡†ƒ•‹•— ‡‡†‹‰›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE, ITS SIGNIFICANCES AND IMPACTS
• Boycott of first RTC: Š‡‘‰”‡••„‘› ‘––‡†–Š‡‹ƒ—‰—”ƒŽ‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ȋͳͻ͵ͲȌǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ƒ––‡†‡†
„›’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•ǡ„‡†ƒ”ǡ ƒ†‘–Š‡”‘Ǧ‘‰”‡••’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ„‡†ƒ”ƒŽ•‘„”‘ƒ Š‡†–Š‡‘–‹‘ ‘ˆƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡
‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” ƒŽ‹–•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹ƒŠ ”‡“—‡•–‡† •–”‘‰‡” •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†• ˆ‘” —•Ž‹• ȋ„‘–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ”‡“—‡•–• ™‡”‡
”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡ͳͻ͵ʹ‘—ƒŽ™ƒ”†ȌǤ
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact: ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ ƒ†Š‹Ǧ ”™‹ƒ –ǡ ƒ†Š‹™ƒ•†‹•’ƒ– Š‡†ƒ•ƒ‘‰”‡••†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡Ǥ
CONCERNING THE SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE:
• Constitutional evolution envisioned: Š‡ ”‘—† –ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ™ƒ• ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘
‡˜‹•‹‘‡†„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Šǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‹‘‘‹••‹‘–‘Žƒ›‘—–ƒˆ—–—”‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆƒ –‹‘
ˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ
• Essentially a single conference divided: Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‘—†–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•™‡”‡Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•ˆ‹”•–ǡ•‡ ‘†ǡƒ†
–Š‹”†Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‡‹ ‘””‡ ––‘ ƒŽŽ‹––Šƒ–„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™ƒ•‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡†‹˜‹†‡†‘˜‡”–Š”‡‡•‡••‹‘•Ǥ
• New Viceroy Willingdon: ”™‹™ƒ•”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›‡™‹ ‡”‘›‹ŽŽ‹‰†‘‹’”‹ŽǡŒ—•–„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‡ ‘†‘—†
ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡƒ†Š‡™ƒ•‘–”‡ƒ†›–‘ƒ†‘’– ”™‹̵•Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Non-Congress parties: Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ƒŽ•‘ Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‘Ǧ‘‰”‡•• ’ƒ”–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡ ‘† ‘—† ƒ„Ž‡
‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ
• Negotiations broke down: ƒ†Š‹Œ‹–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†–‘‘†‘ˆ‘”–Š‡•—‹–‹‡ ‡„‡”ͳͻ͵ͳǡ„—–‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•„”‘‡
†‘™‘˜‡”–Š‡‹‘”‹–›‹••—‡Ǥ‘–‘Ž›—•Ž‹•”‡“—‡•–‡†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǣ–Š‹•–‹‡ǡ‹‘”‹–‹‡•Ž‡†„›„‡†ƒ”
†‡ƒ†‡†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ
OUTCOMES:
• Formation of NWFP and Sindh: Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–™‘‡™—•Ž‹ǦƒŒ‘”‹–›’”‘˜‹ ‡•ǡ ƒ†‹†ŠǤ
• Indian Consultative Committee: ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ †‹ƒ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹˜‡‘‹––‡‡Ǥ
• Communal Award: Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ—‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ‘—ƒŽ™ƒ”†Ǥ
• Conservative government: Š—” Š‹ŽŽ̵•‡™”‹‰Š–Ȁ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘’Žƒ ‡‘‰”‡••‘ƒ‡“—ƒŽ
ˆ‘‘–‹‰ƒ†–‘‘ƒ•–”‘‰•–ƒ ‡Ǣƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡‡™‹ ‡”‘›”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘‡‡–™‹–Š ƒ†Š‹Œ‹Ǥ
• Congress was proclaimed illegal: ƒˆˆƒ” Šƒ ƒ† ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ŽƒŽ ‡Š”— ™‡”‡ „‘–Š ‹’”‹•‘‡†ǡ –Š‡ ‘‰”‡•• ™ƒ•
’”‘ Žƒ‹‡†‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽǡƒ†ƒ•Ž‡™‘ˆ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•™‡”‡’—–‹’Žƒ ‡–‘’”‡˜‡–‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰•ǡ”ƒŽŽ‹‡•ǡƒ†„‘› ‘––•Ǥ
• Harsh stance against Gandhi: Š‡’”‡••™ƒ•”‡•–”ƒ‹‡†ǡƒ†‘‰”‡••™ƒ••–‹ŽŽˆƒ ‹‰ƒ„ƒǤ ‘”‡”‹ ‡”‘› ”™‹
Šƒ† –ƒ‡ ƒ Šƒ”•Š •–ƒ ‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ†Š‹ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡™ ‹ ‡”‘› ‹ŽŽ‹‰†‘ ƒ† ‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ –ƒ–‡ †‡ ‹†‡† ‘– –‘
‡‰ƒ‰‡ƒ›‘”‡Ǥ
• Relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement: ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹”‡Žƒ— Š‡†–Š‡‹˜‹Ž‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–
™‹–Š ’”‘ˆ‘—† –”‡’‹†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– Žƒ•–‡† ‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ ›‡ƒ”ǡ „—– „› ͳͻ͵Ͷǡ ‹– Šƒ† Ž‘•– •–‡ƒ ‘™‹‰ –‘
‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ”ƒ••‡–Ǥ


CAUSES OF THE SECOND PHASE OF THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT'S FAILURE

• ƒŒ‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•™‡”‡‹’”‹•‘‡†
• ‘‘”‡ƒ•ƒ–”›—’’‘”–
• ƒ†Š‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘™‹‡”–‹ƒƒ†ƒ‘„˜‹‘—•†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–

NATIONALISTS' NEXT LINE OF ACTION

• Council entrance: ƒ–ƒ›ƒ—”–‹’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ ‘— ‹Ž‡–”ƒ ‡‘–Š‡™ƒ”ƒŒ‹•–Ž‹‡–‘„”‡ƒ–Š‡Ž—ŽŽ‹ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š
™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„›Š—Žƒ„Šƒ‹‡•ƒ‹ƒ†•ƒ”‹Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‘‰”‡••”ƒ‹–Š‡ͳͻ͵Ͷ‡–”ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ†™‘™‹–ŠƒŽƒ”‰‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Congress Socialist Party: ‹–Š‹‘‰”‡••ǡƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ —””‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡‘‰”‡••‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–
ƒ”–›‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•ƒŽ‡ˆ–ǦŽ‡ƒ‹‰’ƒ”–›Ǥ
• Nonviolent resistance could not be won: ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡƒ›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–‘˜‹‘Ž‡–”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡
”‹–‹•Š ‘—Ž†‘–„‡™‘Ǥ

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• Hindustan Socialist Republican Army: Š‡ ‹†—•–ƒ‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ”›ȋ Ȍ™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†‹ͳͻʹͺƒ•
ƒ ‘ˆˆ•Š‘‘– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†—•–ƒ ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ˜‹•‹„Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ƒ– ƒ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹
‡”‘œ‡•ŠƒŠ‘–Žƒˆ‹‡Ž†‹‡ŽŠ‹Ǥ
• HSRA targeted symbols of British power: Šƒ‰ƒ–‹‰Šǡ ƒ–‹ƒ•ǡƒ†Œ‘› Š‘•Š™‡”‡ƒ‘‰‹–•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǤŠ‡
–ƒ”‰‡–‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•›„‘Ž•‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š’‘™‡”‹ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒǤ
• Bomb in the Legislative Assembly: Šƒ‰ƒ– ‹‰Š ƒ† ƒ–—‡•™ƒ” —––ƒ †‡–‘ƒ–‡† ƒ „‘„ ‹ –Š‡ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
••‡„Ž›‹’”‹ŽͳͻʹͻǤ‡ˆˆ‘”–™ƒ•ƒ†‡–Š‡•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”–‘„Ž‘™—’–Š‡–”ƒ‹–Šƒ–‘”† ”™‹™ƒ•–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰‹Ǥ
COMMUNAL AWARD (1932) AND POONA PACT (1933):
Following the failure of Round Table Talks, the British government declared that if a consensus on the separate
representation of minorities could not be established, a unilateral communal award would be made. The government
kept its promise in the shape of the 1932 Communal Award.
COMMUNAL PRIZE AND ITS AFTERMATH:
• Separate electorates: Ͷ—‰—•–ͳͻ͵ʹǡ”‹–‹•Š”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ƒ•ƒ› ‘ƒŽ†‹••—‡†–Š‡‘—ƒŽ™ƒ”†–‘
‰”ƒ–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡•–‘‹‘”‹–› ‘—‹–‹‡•‹ †‹ƒǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰—•Ž‹•ǡ‹Š•ǡƒ†ƒŽ‹–Ǥ
• Special constituencies: Š‡†‡’”‡••‡† Žƒ••‡•™‡”‡ƒŽŽ‘––‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ•‡ƒ–•–‘„‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†„›•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡•
‹™Š‹ Š‘Ž›˜‘–‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡†‡’”‡••‡† Žƒ••‡• ‘—Ž†˜‘–‡Ǥ
• Award was opposed by Congress: Š‡ ƒ™ƒ”† ™ƒ• ‘’’‘•‡† „› ‘‰”‡•• ƒ† ‘–Š‡”  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ‰”‘—’• •‹ ‡ ‹–
’”‘˜‹†‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ƒ†™ƒ••‡‡ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ”‹–ƒ‹̵•̵‹˜‹†‡ƒ†—Ž‡̵’”‘‰”ƒ‡Ǥ
• English Attack on Hindu-Muslim Unity: ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹™ƒ• ‘—–”ƒ‰‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ™ƒ”† ƒ† •–”‘‰Ž› ‘’’‘•‡† ‹–Ǥ
ƒ†Š‹”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡’”‹œ‡ƒ•ƒ̶‰Ž‹•Š––ƒ ‘ ‹†—Ǧ—•Ž‹‹–›Ǥ̶
CONCERNS OF GANDHI:
• Abolition of untouchability and discrimination, not greater separation: ‡ ‘–‡†‡†–Šƒ–™Šƒ–ƒŽ‹–•”‡“—‹”‡
‹•–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ††‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘–‰”‡ƒ–‡”•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†•‹‹Žƒ”‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡
ƒ™ƒ”†‘ˆ—•Ž‹•Šƒ˜‹‰•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡•ƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›™ƒ–‹‰ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Hunger strike: ‘’”‘–‡•––Š‹•™ƒ”†ǡŠ‡™‡–‘ƒ‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‡Š—‰‡”•–”‹‡ƒ–‡”™ƒ†ƒ‡–”ƒŽ ƒ‹Ž‘‡’–‡„‡”
ʹͲǡͳͻ͵ʹǤ
• Support for Communal Award: ƒ› ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ ‹‘”‹–› ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ ‘•– ‘–ƒ„Ž› ƒŽ‹– Ž‡ƒ†‡” ”  
„‡†ƒ”ǡ•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡‘—ƒŽ™ƒ”†Ǥ
• Seats reserved: ƒ†ƒ‘ŠƒƒŽ˜‹›ƒ™‘”‡†ƒ•ƒ‡†‹ƒ–‘”„‡–™‡‡ ƒ†Š‹ƒ†„‡†ƒ”ǡƒ†ƒˆ–‡”Ž‡‰–Š›
†‹• —••‹‘•ǡ ƒ†Š‹ƒ†”„‡†ƒ”ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ•‹‰Ž‡ ‹†—‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ǡ™‹–ŠƒŽ‹–•Šƒ˜‹‰•‡ƒ–•”‡•‡”˜‡†
™‹–Š‹‹–ȋ‹”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒŽ‹–•‡ƒ–•™‡”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ƒ –ȌǤŠ‹•‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡‘‘ƒƒ –Ǥ
• Religious electorates: –Š‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•—•Ž‹ƒ†‹Šǡ”‡ƒ‹‡†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Gandhi redoubled his efforts: ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‹•†‡ƒŽǡ ƒ†Š‹”‡†‘—„Ž‡†Š‹•‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡ƒŽ‹–•Ǥ ‡ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡
ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ ƒ”‹Œƒƒ†•’‡–ƒ›‡ƒ”†‘‹‰ ‘—‹–›™‘”ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–•ƒ††‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Opposition: ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†—•™‡”‡˜‡Š‡‡–Ž›‘’’‘•‡†–‘Š‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ

VIEWS OF AMBEDKAR ON COMMUNAL AWARD
• Supportiveǣ ‡„ƒ ‡†–Š‡‘—ƒŽ™ƒ”†Ǥ
• Views on Gandhiǣ ƒ†Š‹ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ „‡†ƒ”ǡ ™ƒ• ™‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ —•Ž‹• ƒ† ‹Š• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡
‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ†Š‹™ƒ•Š‡•‹–ƒ––‘‘ˆˆ‡”• Š‡†—Ž‡† ƒ•–‡•†‹•–‹ –‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡•Ǥ

IMPACT OF POONA PACT ON DALITS

• Failed to achieve the ultimate goal: ‡•’‹–‡ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• –‘ –Š‡ ‘’’”‡••‡† Žƒ••‡•ǡ –Š‡
‘‘ƒƒ –ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ†‡’”‡••‡† Žƒ••‡ƒ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡‘Ž† ‹†—•‘ ‹ƒŽ
•–”— –—”‡–‘’‡”•‹•–™Š‹Ž‡ƒŽ•‘‰‹˜‹‰„‹”–Š–‘ƒ•Ž‡™‘ˆ‹••—‡•Ǥ
• Pact turned the poor into political tools: Š‡ƒ ––—”‡†–Š‡’‘‘”‹–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡‡’Ž‘›‡†„›
ƒŒ‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ƒ•–‡ ‹†—‘—–ˆ‹–•Ǥ
• Rendered the oppressed classes leaderless: – ”‡†‡”‡† –Š‡ ‘’’”‡••‡† Žƒ••‡• Ž‡ƒ†‡”Ž‡•• •‹ ‡ ƒ—–Š‡–‹ 
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ••‡•™‡”‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡ˆ‡ƒ––Š‡•–‘‘‰‡•’‹ ‡†ƒ†•’‘•‘”‡†„› ƒ•–‡ ‹†—‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Hindu social order: ›†‡›‹‰–Š‡‹’‘˜‡”‹•Š‡† Žƒ••‡•ƒ†‹•–‹ –‹˜‡ƒ††‹•–‹ – Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ‹–•—„Œ‡ –‡†–Š‡–‘–Š‡
‹†—•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘”†‡”Ǥ

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• Hampered the development of an ideal society: Š‡‘‘ƒƒ –ƒ›Šƒ˜‡Šƒ’‡”‡†–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ
•‘ ‹‡–›ˆ‘—†‡†‘‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡŽ‹„‡”–›ǡˆ”ƒ–‡”‹–›ǡƒ†Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
• Rights and freedoms of the Dalits: –’”‡Ǧ‡’–‡†–Š‡”‹‰Š–•ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ‹–•„›”‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡
ƒ•ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ††‹•–‹ –‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŽ‹–•‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡–
†‹ƒǤ
GANDHI’S HARIJAN CAMPAIGN AND THOUGHTS ON CASTE
Determined to undermine the destructive aims of the government's divide-and-rule programme, Gandhi abandoned all
other interests and launched a frenzied campaign against untouchability—first from prison and then, after his release
in August 1933, from outside jail.
GANDHI'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST UNTOUCHABILITY:
• Founded the All India Anti-Untouchability League: Š‹Ž‡ ‹’”‹•‘‡†ǡ Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡† –Š‡ ŽŽ †‹ƒ –‹Ǧ
–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡ƒ‰—‡‹‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻ͵ʹƒ†–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽ ƒ”‹Œƒ‹ͳͻ͵͵Ǥ
• Satyagraha Ashram in Wardha: ˆ–‡”Š‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡŠ‡‘˜‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ•Š”ƒ‹ƒ”†Šƒǡ˜‘™‹‰‘––‘
”‡–—”–‘–Š‡ƒ„ƒ”ƒ–‹•Š”ƒ—–‹Ž™ƒ”ƒŒ™ƒ•™‘Ǥ
• Led a Harijan tour throughout the country: ”‘ƒ”†Šƒǡ Š‡Ž‡†ƒ ƒ”‹Œƒ–‘—”–Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ‘—–”›ˆ”‘
‘˜‡„‡”ͳͻ͵͵–‘ —Ž›ͳͻ͵Ͷǡ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ʹͲǡͲͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–”‡•™Š‹Ž‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰ˆ—†•ˆ‘”Š‹•‡™Ž›ˆ‘”‡† ƒ”‹Œƒ‡˜ƒ
ƒ‰Šƒ†’”‘‘–‹‰–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹ƒŽŽ‹–•ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Advocate for the Harijans: ‡—”‰‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹•–•–‘˜‹•‹– ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ”‹Œƒ•̵•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ
‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–Ǥ
• Seriousness of his work: ‡ ˆƒ•–‡† –™‹ ‡ǡ ‘ ƒ› ͺ ƒ† —‰—•– ͳ͸ǡ ͳͻ͵Ͷǡ –‘ ’‡”•—ƒ†‡ Š‹• •—’’‘”–‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡
•‡”‹‘—•‡••‘ˆŠ‹•™‘”ƒ†–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –Ǥ
• Targeted by traditional and conservative elements: ƒ†Š‹ ™ƒ• –ƒ”‰‡–‡† „› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡
‡Ž‡‡–•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–Š‹• ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‡•‡‰”‘—’•†‹•”—’–‡†Š‹•‡‡–‹‰•ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†„Žƒ ˆŽƒ‰’”‘–‡•–•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‹ǡ
ƒ†ƒ —•‡†Š‹‘ˆ„‡‹‰ƒ–‹Ǧ ‹†—Ǥ
• Pledged official backing against Congress: Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ’Ž‡†‰‡† ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ „ƒ ‹‰ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘‰”‡•• ƒ† –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž
‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ —‰—•–ͳͻ͵Ͷǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘’Ž‹‡†„›†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡’Ž‡–”›‹ŽŽǤ
• Entire abolition of untouchability: ‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡–‹”‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ••‡‡„›Š‹•’‡–‹–‹‘
–‘‘’‡–‡’Ž‡†‘‘”•–‘—–‘— Šƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ
• Performing 'penance' for the untold hardships inflicted on Harijans: ‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ ƒ•–‡
‹†—•’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰̵’‡ƒ ‡̵ˆ‘”–Š‡—–‘Ž†Šƒ”†•Š‹’•‹ˆŽ‹ –‡†‘ ƒ”‹Œƒ•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡŠ‡™ƒ•‘–Š‘•–‹Ž‡–‘Š‹•
”‹–‹ •ǡ•— Šƒ•„‡†ƒ”Ǥ̶ ‹†—‹•†‹‡•‹ˆ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ž‹˜‡•Ǣ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›—•–†‹‡‹ˆ ‹†—‹•‹•–‘Ž‹˜‡ǡ̶Š‡
•–ƒ–‡†Ǥ
• Humanist and rational concepts: ‹•‡–‹”‡‡ˆˆ‘”–™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‘Š—ƒ‹•–ƒ†”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–•Ǥ ‡•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–
–Š‡Šƒ•–”ƒ•†‘‘–•ƒ –‹‘—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†‹ˆ–Š‡›†‘ǡ–Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†„‡‹‰‘”‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–˜‹‘Žƒ–‡•Š—ƒ†‹‰‹–›Ǥ
• Not favoured inter-caste weddings and inter-dining: ƒ†Š‹ ™ƒ• ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ ‘„‹‹‰ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ – ‘ˆ
—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Šƒ–‘ˆ‹–‡”Ǧ ƒ•–‡™‡††‹‰•ƒ†‹–‡”Ǧ†‹‹‰„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†•— ŠŽ‹‹–•‡š‹•–‡†
ƒ‘‰ ƒ•–‡ ‹†—•ƒ†ƒ‘‰ ƒ”‹Œƒ•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ
• Differed from Ambedkar: ‹‡™‹•‡ǡŠ‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡ ƒ•–‡•›•–‡ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ–Š‹•’‘‹–ǡŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡†ˆ”‘„‡†ƒ”ǡ™Š‘—”‰‡†–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•–‡•›•–‡
‹‘”†‡”–‘‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Varnashram system: Šƒ–‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ˆŽƒ™•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”ƒ•Š”ƒƒ•›•–‡ǡ ƒ†Š‹„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‹–™ƒ•‘–
™‹ ‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›ƒ•—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›™ƒ•Ǥ
• Harijan campaign featured: ƒ†Š‹̵• ƒ”‹Œƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡† ƒ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‘” ƒ‰‡†ƒ ˆ‘” ƒ”‹Œƒ• –Šƒ–
‹ Ž—†‡†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ•ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ›‰‹‡‡ǡƒ„•–ƒ‹‹‰ˆ”‘„‡‡ˆƒ† ƒ””‹‘ ‘•—’–‹‘ǡƒ†”‡†— ‹‰—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›
ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ
IMPACT OF CAMPAIGN'S:
• Not intended to be a political movement: ƒ†Š‹ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž›•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰™ƒ•‘–‹–‡†‡†–‘„‡ƒ
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”–‘’—”‹ˆ› ‹†—‹•ƒ† ‹†— —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
• Spread the message of nationalism to Harijans: Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›•’”‡ƒ†–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘
ƒ”‹Œƒ•ǡ ™Š‘ ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ Žƒ„‘—”‡”• ‹ ‘•– ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†’‡ƒ•ƒ–ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ

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IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN GANDHI AND AMBEDKAR
• Similarities:
o Symbolic Acts of Protestǣ ‘–Š ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ •›„‘Ž‹  ƒ –• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘’’”‡••‹‘ǡ ƒ†Š‹ „—”‡† ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Ž‘–Šǡ
„‡†ƒ”„—”‡†ƒ—•”‹–‹ǡ„‘–Š•›„‘Ž‹œ‹‰„‘†ƒ‰‡ˆ‘” †‹ƒǤ
o Shared Belief in Change: Šƒ”‡† ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ
‘’—Ž•‹‘Ǥ
▪ †˜‘ ƒ–‡†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Limited State Sovereigntyǣ†‘”•‡†Ž‹‹–‡†•‘˜‡”‡‹‰’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡–‘•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
o Opposed Violent Meansǣˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž‡–Š‘†•Ǥ
▪ ’Šƒ•‹œ‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽŠƒ”‘›ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ƒ†’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Differences
o Freedom and Democracyǣ ƒ†Š‹ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† ‹ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™”‡•–‹‰ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ˆ”‘ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ „‡†ƒ”
‡š’‡ –‡†ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘„‡„‡•–‘™‡†„›‹’‡”‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡”•Ǥ
o Contrasting Views on the Parliamentary Systemǣ„‡†ƒ”ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•
ƒ†Š‹Šƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡”‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”‹–ǡˆ‘”‡•‡‡‹‰–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”†‘‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Approach to Social Issuesǣ ƒ†Š‹ˆ‘ —•‡†‘‡”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‹‰—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›–Š”‘—‰Š‘”ƒŽƒ –•ƒ†ƒ–‘‡‡–ǡ
™Š‹Ž‡„‡†ƒ”ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‡‡†‹‡•Ǥ
▪ „‡†ƒ” ˜‹‡™‡† —–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ• ƒ ƒŒ‘” •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ†Š‹ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‹– ƒ‘‰ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ
o Views on Caste and Hinduismǣ ƒ†Š‹†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†„‡–™‡‡ ƒ•–‡ƒ†˜ƒ”ƒǡ˜‹‡™‹‰ ƒ•–‡ƒ•ƒ†‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ
„‡†ƒ”†‡‘— ‡† ‹†—• ”‹’–—”‡•ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ•–‡•›•–‡Ǥ
▪ „‡†ƒ” ‘’’‘•‡† –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‹†— —‹–›ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ƒ†Š‹ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† †‹ƒ —‹–› ƒ† ƒ––”‹„—–‡† ‹–•
†‹˜‹•‹‘–‘”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
o Means and Endsǣ„‡†ƒ”•—’’‘”–‡†Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†‡ƒ•ˆ‘”Œ—•–‡†•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ†Š‹•–”‡••‡†’—”‹–›‘ˆ‡ƒ•ˆ‘”
†‡–‡”‹‹‰–Š‡‡†Ǥ
▪ Gandhi opposed mechanization’s dehumanizing impact, while Ambedkar believed machinery could benefit
•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
o Approach to Law and Constitutionǣ ƒ†Š‹•—’’‘”–‡††‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡–‘—Œ—•–Žƒ™•ˆ‘”Œ—•–‹ ‡ǡƒ†„‡†ƒ”
‹ Ž‹‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ ‡‘ˆŽƒ™ƒ† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
o Perception of Untouchablesǣ ƒ†Š‹˜‹‡™‡†—–‘— Šƒ„Ž‡•ƒ•‹–‡‰”ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ ‹†— ‘—‹–›ǡ™Š‹Ž‡„‡†ƒ”
”‡‰ƒ”†‡†–Š‡ƒ•ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹‘”‹–›Ǥ
o Communication and Methodsǣ ƒ†Š‹ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ „‡†ƒ” •’‘‡ ‹ ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ
ƒ†Š‹ —–‹Ž‹œ‡† ‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ Šƒ”–ƒŽǡ •ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǡ „‡†ƒ” Ž‡ƒ‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ™ ƒ†
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•Ǥ
THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935
The Act established an all-India federal framework consisting of principal states and provinces. The inclusion of the
Princely States was conceived as a counterbalance to the provinces' burgeoning nationalism.
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ACT:
• Established Federalism: – ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹• ‹ †‹ƒǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡• ƒ† ’”‘˜‹ ‡• ƒ• ‹–•
‘•–‹–—‡–•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•–ǡ”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‹•–ǡƒ†‘ —””‡–‹•–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‹ ‡Ž›–ƒ–‡•
†‹†‘–ƒ’’”‘˜‡ǡ–Š‹•‡˜‡”„‡ ƒ‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
• Provincial Diarchy: ”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ —–‘‘› ”‡’Žƒ ‡† ”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ ‹ƒ” Š› ‹–”‘†— ‹‰ ‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ‘˜‡”‡– ‹
”‘˜‹ ‡•ǤŠ‡ ‘˜‡”‘”—•–‘™ƒ –‘–Š‡ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–‡”•™Š‘”‡’‘”––‘–Š‡”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• Bicameralism: ‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽ‹•™ƒ•‹’Ž‡‡–‡†‹•‹š‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡˜‡’”‘˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Bicameral federal legislature: Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘–‘„‡ƒ„‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽˆ‡†‡”ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™‹–Š†‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒ–‡™‡‹‰Š–
‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡ȋ’”‹ ‡Ž›Ȍ•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•™‡”‡–‘„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡††‹”‡ –Ž›„›–Š‡
”—Ž‡”•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡Ž‡ –‡†„›–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• Burma was separated from India: —”ƒ™ƒ••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ †‹ƒƒ†‰‹˜‡–Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆƒ’”‘˜‹ ‡Ǥ
• Diarchy was introduced at the federal level: ‹ƒ” Š›™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†ƒ––Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽȀ ‡–”ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ–
–Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ
• Governor General and Provincial Governors were given emergency powers: Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–™ƒ•–‘
ƒ’’‘‹– –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”•Ǥ Š‘—‰Š ’”‘˜‹ ‡• ™‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡ ’‘™‡”ǡ ‘˜‡”‘”• ™‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡

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•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’‘™‡”•ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘˜‡–‘Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† ‘’Ž‡–‡ ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡
‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡ƒ†–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡Ǥ
• Separate Electorates: ‘” ‹†—•ƒ†—•Ž‹•ǡ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡™‡”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•ƒ†ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ͳͻͲͻƒ†
ͳͻͳͻ –•Ǥ
• Limited Franchise: Ž›ͳͶΨȋͳȀ͸Ȍ‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒ̵•–‘–ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‰”ƒ–‡†–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘˜‘–‡Ǥ
• Key portfolios remained under British control: †‡ˆ‡ ‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‹‰ƒˆˆƒ‹”•”‡ƒ‹‡†‘—–•‹†‡‹–•’—”˜‹‡™ǡ™Š‹Ž‡
–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ‡š‡” ‹•‡†•’‡ ‹ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘˜‡”–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰•—„Œ‡ –•Ǥ
• Budget votes: ™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘’‡”‹––‡†Ǥ
• 'Idea of Collective Representation': Š‡–‡”•̵‘–‡‘ˆ‘‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡̵ƒ†̵ †‡ƒ‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘̵™‡”‡
‘‹‡†Ǥ
• Other provisions: ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ –‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‘—”–ǡƒ ‡†‡”ƒŽƒȋ Ȍǡƒ ‡†‡”ƒŽ—„Ž‹ 
‡”˜‹ ‡‘‹••‹‘ǡƒ†•‘‘Ǥ
THE ASSESSMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935:
• 'Totally disappointing': Š‡  – ™ƒ• †‡‡‡† ̵–‘–ƒŽŽ› †‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰̵ „› ‘‰”‡••Ǥ Š‡ ƒ – ™ƒ• —‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ›
‘†‡‡†Ǥ ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ŽƒŽ‡Š”—†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡ –ƒ•̶ƒ ƒ”™‹–Š‘—–‡‰‹‡•ǡ„—–ƒŽŽ„”ƒ‡•Ǥ̶
• No mention of the Dominion Status: – ƒ†‡ ‘ ‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‹‹‘ –ƒ–—• ’”‘‹•‡† „› –Š‡ ‹‘
‘‹••‹‘Ǥ
• Provision for separate electorates: –ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†ˆ—”–Š‡”
†‹˜‹†‡–Š‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥ‘‰”‡••Šƒ•Ž‘‰„‡‡‘’’‘•‡†–‘ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡Ǥ
• First 'provincial elections: Š‡ˆ‹”•–̵’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•̵™‡”‡Š‡Ž†‹ ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͻ͵͹‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ –ǡƒ†
–Š‡› ‘ Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽƒ”‰‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ †‹ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡‘‰”‡••ǡ™Š‹ Š”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ
ƒŒ‘”‹–›‹ͺ‘—–‘ˆͳͳ’”‘˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Safeguards' and special responsibilities': —‡”‘—• ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•̵ ƒ† •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ
‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ –‡†ƒ•„”ƒ‡•‘–Š‡ –̵•’”‘’‡”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Rigid constitution: Š‡ –‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ”‹‰‹† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘™‹–Š‘”‘‘ˆ‘”‹–‡”ƒŽ‰”‘™–ŠǤŠ‡”‹‰Š––‘ƒ‡†
™ƒ•”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
Despite criticism at the time, many of the Act's provisions were accepted by the government of India after Independence,
and this act was a landmark in terms of concessions offered to Indians and reforms proposed in the governing system.
In its 1935 session, Congress for the first time openly demanded the institution of a Constitutional Assembly based on
adult franchise to draft the Constitution.
ELECTIONS OF 1937
Jawahar Lal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, Congress Socialists, and Communists were all opposed to holding provincial
elections for the first time in 1937, as required by the 1935 Act. They were against the participation in elections,
because-
• Weaken the Struggle for Freedom:ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹‡Ž‡ –‹‘™‘—Ž†™‡ƒ‡–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••ƒ†‡•‘ˆƒ”‹•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”
ˆ”‡‡†‘„›‰‹˜‹‰ƒ‹’”‡••‹‘–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡–Šƒ–‘‰”‡•••—’’‘”–•–Š‡‘’’”‡••‹˜‡”‡‰‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
• Responsibility without power': ••—‹‰ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ƒˆ–‡” ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ‡ƒ• Šƒ˜‹‰ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ™‹–Š‘—– ’‘™‡”̵
„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”—Ž‹‰•–”— –—”‡Šƒ•̵– Šƒ‰‡†— ŠǤ••—‹‰–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡™‘—Ž†”‡‘˜‡–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›•’‹”‹––Šƒ–
–Š‡‘˜‡‡–Šƒ•Šƒ†•‹ ‡ͳͻͳͻǤ
• Short-term strategy: –Š‡”•ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ‘‰”‡••”‡ƒ‹•‘ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǡ
‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•‹•‘Ž›ƒ•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”•–”ƒ–‡‰›–‘„—•––Š‡ –‘ˆͳͻ͵ͷˆ”‘™‹–Š‹ƒ††‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡ –̵•
Š‘ŽŽ‘™‡••Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ•–”ƒ–‡‰›™‹–Š–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• ‹–Š –Š‹• ƒ••—”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ™ƒŠƒ” Žƒ— Š‡† ƒ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ‹ ͳͻ͵͸ǡ ƒ‹‰ –Š”‡‡ ’‘‹–• Ž‡ƒ” ‹ Š‹• ‡Ž‡ –‹‘
ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‘ǣ
1. The goal of Congress is still to achieve independence.
2. Congress continues to oppose the 1935 Act.
3. The formation of the Constituent Assembly remains a top priority for Congress (in 1936, the INC proposed the
formation of the Constitution Assembly to form the Indian constitution).
• Congress performance: ‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽǡ ‹†ǡ —Œƒ„ǡ ••ƒǡ ƒ† –Š‡  ǡ ‘‰”‡•• ™‘ –Š‡
ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ’”‘˜‹ ‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”‡†‹‹•–”‹‡•‹ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ‘ƒ– Š–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ’”‘‹•‡•ǡ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ”‡†— ‡† –Š‡‹” •ƒŽƒ”‹‡• ƒ† –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡† ‘ –”ƒ‹• ‹ •‡ ‘† ƒ† –Š‹”† Žƒ••Ǥ – ‹•–‹–—–‡† —‡”‘—• ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ
‡ƒ –‡†—‡”‘—•Žƒ™•ǡƒ†”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‹•‘‡”•Ǥ

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ELECTION RESULTS IN 1937
• Widened the schism between the Congress and the League: –™‹†‡‡†–Š‡• Š‹•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘‰”‡••ƒ†–Š‡
‡ƒ‰—‡ǡƒ†‹–„‡ ƒ‡‘”‡ ‘—ƒŽƒ†•–”‹†‡–‹‹–•†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ–‹‘Ǣ
• The League broadened its social support: Š‡ ‘‰”‡••̵• ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ –‘ ‘„‹Ž‹•‡ –Š‡ —•Ž‹ ƒ••‡• ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ͵Ͳ•
ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡‡ƒ‰—‡–‘„”‘ƒ†‡‹–••‘ ‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–Ǥ
• However, Congress's performance was hampered by a number of factors, including:
o Centre is more powerful: Š‡”‡– ’‘™‡” ”‡ƒ‹‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡–”‡ǡ ƒ† ‹ ‡”‘›• ƒ† ‘˜‡”‘”• Šƒ† –Š‡
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘˜‡–‘–Š‡‹””‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǣƒ†
o Limited financial resources: ‘‰”‡••Šƒ†Ž‹‹–‡†ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‡–”‡”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰–Š‡Ž‹‘̵••Šƒ”‡Ǥ
• Elites in legislative councils:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡ Šƒ‹•‘ˆ„‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽ‹•‹’”‘˜‹ ‡•ǡ‹‘•–’”‘˜‹ ‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡
™‡”‡̵Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹Ž•̵–Šƒ–™‡”‡‡Ž‡ –‡†‘ƒŽ‹‹–‡†ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡„ƒ•‹•ƒ†™‡”‡‘ —’‹‡†„›Žƒ†Ž‘”†•ǡœƒ‹†ƒ”•ǡ
ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡Ž‹–‡•Ǥ
• Reform plans were also thwarted: ‘‰”‡••̵•”‡ˆ‘”’Žƒ•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘–Š™ƒ”–‡†„›˜‡•–‡†‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ
ASSESSMENT OF CONGRESS RULE
• Use council work to their advantage: ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‹–‡”ƒŽ•–”‹ˆ‡ǡ‘’’‘”–—‹•ǡƒ†ƒ†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”’‘™‡”Šƒ†„‡‰—
–‘‡‡”‰‡ƒ‘‰‘‰”‡••‡„›ͳͻ͵ͻǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘—•‡ ‘— ‹Ž™‘”–‘–Š‡‹”ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡–‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡‡š–‡–Ǥ
• State power to advance its goals: ‡„‡”•‘ˆ‘‰”‡••†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ‘˜‡‡– ‘—Ž†—•‡•–ƒ–‡’‘™‡”–‘
ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‹–•‰‘ƒŽ•™‹–Š‘—–„‡‹‰ ‘Ǧ‘’–‡†Ǥ
• Able to control communal riots: Š‡‹‹•–”‹‡•™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘–”‘Ž ‘—ƒŽ”‹‘–•ǡƒ† ‘— ‹Ž™‘”ƒ••‹•–‡†‹
‡—–”ƒŽ‹•‹‰ƒ›’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›Š‘•–‹Ž‡‡Ž‡‡–•ȋŽƒ†Ž‘”†•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ȌǤ
• See the shape of things: ‡‘’Ž‡ ‘—Ž†•‡‡–Š‡•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‹‰•–‘ ‘‡‹ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡™ƒ•™‘Ǥ
• Weakened the myth: †‹ƒƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡™‘”™‡ƒ‡‡†–Š‡›–Š–Šƒ– †‹ƒ•™‡”‡—ˆ‹––‘”—Ž‡Ǥ
• Raised the hopes of the industrial working class: Š‡ƒ••‹˜‡‘‰”‡••–”‹—’Š‹–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Šƒ†”ƒ‹•‡†–Š‡
Š‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ™‘”‹‰ Žƒ••Ǣ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•Š‡‹‰Š–‡‡†‹Ž‹–ƒ ›ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‹• ‘–‡–‹‘„ƒ›ǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ
–Š‡‹–‡†”‘˜‹ ‡•ǡƒ†‡‰ƒŽƒ–ƒ–‹‡™Š‡–Š‡‘‰”‡••™ƒ•„”‘—‰Š– Ž‘•‡”–‘ †‹ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ
KEY WORDS: ƒ†Š‹ƒ‡”ƒǡƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǡŠƒ’ƒ”ƒǡŠ‡†ƒǡ‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹˜‹Ž‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ǡƒŽ–ƒ” Šǡ—‹– †‹ƒǡ
™ƒ”ƒŒǡ”—•–‡‡•Š‹’ǡ ƒ”‹Œƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡ—”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒǡ‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ‘—ƒŽ‹•ǡ‘‘ƒƒ –ǡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ
†‹ƒ –ͳͻ͵ͷǤ


PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ͳǤ ”‹‰‘—––Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹˜‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡•‘ˆƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹†—”‹‰–Š‡‘Ǧ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡– ʹͲʹͳ
ƒ†‹˜‹Ž‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
ʹǤ ƒ›˜‘‹ ‡•Šƒ†•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†ƒ†‡”‹ Š‡†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡–†—”‹‰–Š‡ ƒ†Š‹ƒ’Šƒ•‡Ǥ ʹͲͳͻ
Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡Ǥ
͵Ǥ Š”‘™Ž‹‰Š–‘–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–•‘ˆƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹‹–Š‡’”‡•‡––‹‡•Ǥ ʹͲͳͺ
ͶǤ ‹• —••–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ™‘‡‹–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›†—”‹‰–Š‡ ƒ†Š‹ƒ’Šƒ•‡Ǥ ʹͲͳ͸
ͷǤ ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘ˆ —„Šƒ•Š Šƒ†”ƒ ‘•‡ ƒ† ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ ‹ –Š‡ ʹͲͳ͸
•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
͸Ǥ ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ƒ†”ǤǤ„‡†ƒ”ǡ†‡•’‹–‡Šƒ˜‹‰†‹˜‡”‰‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡŠƒ†ƒ ʹͲͳͷ
‘‘‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‡Ž‹‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‘™–”‘††‡ǤŽ— ‹†ƒ–‡Ǥ
͹Ǥ –™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž›–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡‹–•Š‹•–‘”‹ –ƒ•‘ˆ†”ƒˆ–‹‰–Š‡ ʹͲͳͷ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ˆ‘” †‡’‡†‡– †‹ƒ ‹ Œ—•– –Š”‡‡ ›‡ƒ”• „—– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‰ƒ‹‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡
‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ –ǡͳͻ͵ͷǤ‹• —••Ǥ
ͺǤ ‘™†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡™‹–Š‘—–ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ǫ ʹͲͳͶ
‹• —••Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

9 INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT – PHASE III (1939-1947)

SECOND WORLD WAR AND INDIA: IMPACTS

During the Second World War (1939–1945), Viceroy Linlithgow declared India at war with Germany, without
consultations with Indian politicians.
Indians' Attitude Towards War:
• Possibility of freedom: –ƒ”–‹‰ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‘˜‡‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ†”‡•‹•–‹‰”‹–‹•Šƒ––‡’–•–‘‰ƒ–Š‡”
†‹ƒ̵•”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡™ƒ”Ǥ
• Capitalise on Britain's problems: ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‹†— ƒŠƒ•ƒ„Šƒ ƒ† –Š‡ —•Ž‹
‡ƒ‰—‡„ƒ ‡†–Š‡”‹–‹•Š™ƒ”‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥ
• Fascism as a greater threat to mankind: ƒ• ‹• ™ƒ• •‡‡ ƒ• ’‘•‹‰ ƒ ‘”‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡ƒ ‡ –‘ Š—ƒ‹–›ǡ
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ†‡•‹”‡–‘ƒ‹†”‹–ƒ‹‹–Š‡ƒ” ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
IMPACT OF World War II
• Political:
o India's Independence: Š‘”–Ž›ƒˆ–‡”‰ƒ‹‹‰‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‹ͳͻͶ͹ǡ”‹‡‹‹•–‡”Ž‡‡–––Ž‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘—”ƒ”–›
•–ƒ”–‡†–Š‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡ˆ‘”‰‹˜‹‰ †‹ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
o Crushing Quit India Movement: ͳͻͶʹǡ–Š‡›’—–ƒ‡†–‘ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ƒ†–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••̵•
ƒ’ƒ‹‰–‘Šƒ˜‡’‡‘’Ž‡"Quit India."‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡ”‹–ƒ‹ˆ‘—‰Š––‘‘–Šƒ†ƒ‹Ž–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡—‹–›‘ˆ †‹ƒ
ȋƒ†‹–•ƒ”›ȌǤ
o Leader in the Decolonization of the World: ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‡ ‘†‘”Ž†ƒ”ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡™‘”Ž†
„‡‰ƒ„ƒ ‹‰–Š‘•‡™Š‘‘’’‘•‡†”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡Ǥ
• Social:
o Food Shortage: Š‡”‡™ƒ••‡˜‡”‡ˆ‘‘†• ƒ” ‹–›‹ †‹ƒƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ—‡”‘—• ”‘’ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•Ǥ
o Bengal Famine of 1943: Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ–‘ŠƒŽ–•—’’Ž‹‡•ˆ”‘ †‹ƒ‹ˆƒ˜‘—”‘ˆ–Š‘•‡‹‡‡†
‘Ž›ˆ—‡Ž‡†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•̵†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘–‘ˆ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
o Internationalism and racial equality: Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ„‘—” ƒ”–› ƒ‡ –‘ ’‘™‡” ‹ ”‹–ƒ‹ ‹ ͳͻͶͷǡ ‹– ™ƒ•
‘‹––‡†–‘ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ•ǡ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†”ƒ ‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
• Economic:
o Between 1939 and 1945: ‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡ ‘‘›Ǥ
o Rising inflation: •ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ™ƒ”‡š’‡•‡•ǡ †‹ƒ̵•–‡”Ž‹‰ƒŽƒ ‡ ••—‡ƒ›„‡–Š‡ƒ‹ ‘–”‹„—–‘”–‘–Š‡
‘—–”›̵•‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Economic imbalances: ”‘—‰Š–‘„›‹••—‡•™‹–Š —””‡ ›‡š Šƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‡š Šƒ‰‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ

AUGUST OFFER (1940)

Major political organisations had to join forces in order to secure the long-term, steady, and continuous support of
Indians towards the war effort. On August 8, 1940, Viceroy of India Lord Linlithgow spoke on behalf of the British
Parliament, and his remarks became known as the "August Offer."
Objectives:
• Dominion Status: –’”‘’‘•‡†‘‹‹‘•–ƒ–—•ƒ• †‹ƒ̵•‡†‰‘ƒŽǤ
• Democratic Government: ‘‡™ˆ‘”‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–™‘—Ž†„‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†™‹–Š‘—––Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆ‹‘”‹–‹‡•‹
’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
• Constituent Assembly: –™‘—Ž†„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ”–‘†‡ ‹†‡ †‹ƒ̵• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
• Expand the Viceroy’s Council: ‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ —„‡”‘ˆ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ
Response from different sections:
• Congress: Š‡›–—”‡††‘™–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›•ƒ‹†‹–™ƒ•›‡–ƒ‘–Š‡””‹–‹•Š‡ˆˆ‘”––‘̶†‡› †‹ƒŠ‡”ƒ–—”ƒŽ
”‹‰Š–‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ̶
• Muslim League: Ž–Š‘—‰Š ‹– ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˆˆ‡” ƒ• ̶’”‘‰”‡••ǡ̶ ‹– –‘‘ ‹••—‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ˆ‘” ‘– ‘•—Ž–‹‰
†‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡‹ ‡”‘›̵• ‘— ‹Ž̵•’”‘Œ‡ –‡†‡Žƒ”‰‡‡–Ǥ

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• Hindu Mahasabha: Š‹•‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ••‡”–‡†–‘•’‡ƒˆ‘” ‹†—‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ™ƒ•”‡ ‡’–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡ˆˆ‡”ƒ†
‡˜‡•™‹ˆ–Ž›’”‘’‘•‡†•‘‡‘ˆ‹–•‡„‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹ ‡”‘›̵• ‘— ‹ŽǤ
INDIVIDUAL SATYAGRAHA (1940) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Gandhiji and the Congress wanted to avoid disrupting the War effort, which a mass movement could have done. Thus,
they restricted the movement to individual involvement. Vinoba Bhave was the first to offer satyagraha, followed by
Nehru. By May 1941, about 25,000 people had been arrested for participating in the satyagraha, demonstrating
individual commitment to nonviolence and civil disobedience while maintaining pressure on the British .
Objectives:
• ‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–’ƒ–‹‡ ‡™ƒ•‘––Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ™‡ƒ‡••Ǥ
• ‘ ‘˜‡›–Š‡•‡–‹‡––Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡†‘‘– ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡™ƒ”ƒ†Šƒ˜‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†„‡–™‡‡ƒœ‹•ƒ†–Š‡†—ƒŽ
ƒ—–‘ ”ƒ ›–Šƒ–”—Ž‡† †‹ƒǤ
• ‘‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ•‡ ‘† Šƒ ‡–‘’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ ‡’––Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‰”‡••Ǥ
• Š‡ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠ‹™‘—Ž†ƒ” Š–‘™ƒ”†•‡ŽŠ‹ƒ†”‡’‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ –‹‘‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‹ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–†‘‡•‘–†‡–ƒ‹–Š‡
(Delhi Chalo Movement)Ǥ
Significance
• Defining Mindset: – ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘†‡ˆ‹‹‰–Š‡‹†•‡–„‡Š‹† †‹ƒ̵••–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Legitimacy: †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‘˜‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ƒ—•‡ƒ†–Š‡‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘‹–‡–„›
”‡•’‡ –ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ†‘˜‹‘Ž‡–Ž›”‡“—‡•–‹‰‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Sense of Purpose: –‡’‘™‡”‡†–Š‡ƒ†‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ’—”’‘•‡ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰–Š‡–‘–ƒ‡ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘™
ˆƒ–‡ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Outcome
• Constraints of Gandhiji: Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ˆƒ ‡† Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• †—‡ –‘ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹̵• ‘•–”ƒ‹–•ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ Ž‹‹–‡†
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–•Ǥ
• Reluctance in Bihar:  ‹Šƒ”ǡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• Š‘•‡ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ Š‡•‹–ƒ–‡† –‘ ”‡•‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹”
’‘•‹–‹‘•‹—‹ ‹’ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•Ǥ
• Impact on Cripps Proposal: Š‹•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒŽ‡†–‘–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‹’’•”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ™Š‹ Š‘–ƒ„Ž›†‹˜‡”‰‡†
ˆ”‘–Š‡—‰—•–‘ˆˆ‡”„›‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž›ƒ†–Š‡‘’–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ›”‘˜‹ ‡–‘
™‹–Š†”ƒ™ǡ—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰–Š‡–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›–‘™ƒ”†• †‹ƒ̵•’ƒ”–‹–‹‘Ǥ
CRIPPS MISSION (1942): SIGNIFICANCE AND CONSEQUENCES
Congress intended to take advantage of the circumstance by stepping up its efforts in the pursuit of independence.
There was clearly little hope of unifying the Congress and the Muslim League around a shared agenda as their
divisions were rapidly growing.
Objective:
• ‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ƒHindu-Muslim agreement on a constitutional arrangement ƒ†’‡”•—ƒ†‡–Š‡ †‹ƒ•–‘†‡Žƒ›–Š‡‹”
•–”—‰‰Ž‡—–‹Žƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡ ‘†‘”Ž†ƒ”Ǥ
Proposals:
• Dominion Status: †‹ƒ™‘—Ž†„‡‰‹˜‡†‘‹‹‘•–ƒ–—•™‹–Š–‘–ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒŽƒ†‡š–‡”ƒŽƒ—–‘‘›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ”
™ƒ•‘˜‡”Ǥ
• Constituent Assembly for New Constitution: ‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž›™‘—Ž†„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”ƒ†
‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘™”‹–‡ †‹ƒ̵•‡™ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
o Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•™‡”‡•—’’‘•‡†–‘‡Ž‡ ––Š‡ƒ••‡„Ž›‡„‡”•—•‹‰ƒ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘
•›•–‡Ǥ
• Option to Opt Out: Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‡•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‘’–‹‘–‘‘’–‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†‹‘‹ˆ–Š‡›†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡†™‹–Š–Š‡
‡™ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Interim Government during War: ‹–‡”‹‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—• †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•™‘—Ž†„‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡™ƒ”Ǥ
Significance:
• Constitution Formation: Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” †”ƒˆ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ™ƒ• –‘ „‡ •‘Ž‡Ž› ‡–”—•–‡† –‘ †‹ƒ
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Detailed Plan for Constituent Assembly: ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ™ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–
ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—‡–ƒ••‡„Ž›Ǥ

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• Provincial Autonomy: ƒ Š ’”‘˜‹ ‡ Šƒ† –Š‡ ‘’–‹‘ –‘ †‡˜‹•‡ ‹–• ‘™ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ Žƒ›‹‰ –Š‡ ‰”‘—†™‘” ˆ‘”
†‹ƒ̵•‡˜‡–—ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹–‹‘Ǥ
• Increased Indian Administration: •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–’‘”–‹‘‘ˆƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘–”‘Ž™ƒ•†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†–‘ †‹ƒ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•
†—”‹‰–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†Ǥ
• Freedom to Exit Commonwealth: †‹ƒ ™ƒ• ‰”ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ –‘ ‡š‹– –Š‡ ‘‘™‡ƒŽ–Š ‹ˆ ‹– ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
Causes of Failure:
• Incapacity of Cripps: Š‡‹’ƒ••‡™ƒ•ƒ†‡™‘”•‡„›”‹’’•̵‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•–”ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡”ƒˆ–‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š‹•
”‹‰‹†̶–ƒ‡‹–‘”Ž‡ƒ˜‡‹–̶•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Expansion of the executive council only: ”‹’’•Šƒ†„‡ˆ‘”‡—•‡†–Š‡–‡”•̶ ƒ„‹‡–̶ƒ†̶ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ̶
„—–Š‡Žƒ–‡” Žƒ”‹ˆ‹‡†–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†‡”‡Ž›‹–‡†‡†–‘”‡ˆ‡”–‘ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹ŽǤ
• Procedure for accession lacked clarity: ‡ ‡••‹‘™ƒ•–‘„‡†‡ ‹†‡†„›ƒ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘’ƒ••‡†„›–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™‹–Š
ƒ͸Ͳ؏ƒŒ‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Treaty transferring power: —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• — Ž‡ƒ” ™Š‘ ™‘—Ž† ‹’Ž‡‡– ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡– –Š‡ –”‡ƒ–›
–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‹‰’‘™‡”Ǥ


Churchillian Negativism Crippsian Constructiveness

• ‡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Š‡ ‡ ‡••‹–› –‘ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ƒŽŽ‘™ • ‹” –ƒˆ‘”† ”‹’’• ™ƒ• ƒ Ž‘‰–‹‡ •—’’‘”–‡” ‘ˆ
†‹ƒ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ„—–•‘—‰Š––‘’—–‹–‘ˆˆƒ•Ž‘‰ †‹ƒ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ƒ† ƒ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”
ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘— ‹Žˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ„‘—”ƒ”–›Ǥ
• Š—” Š‹ŽŽ ’—„Ž‹ Ž› •–ƒ–‡†ǡ ̶  Šƒ˜‡ ‘– „‡ ‘‡ –Š‡ • Ž‡‡– ––Ž‡‡ ƒ† ‡Š”— ƒ‰”‡‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ
‹‰̵• ‹”•– ‹‹•–‡” ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ’”‡•‹†‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—‡– ••‡„Ž› —•‹‰ –Š‡
Ž‹“—‹†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‹”‡Ǥ̶ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽƒ†—Ž–ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡†—”‹‰–Š‡‹”ͳͻ͵ͺ‡‡–‹‰Ǥ
QUIT INDIA (1942) OR AUGUST KRANTI
Background:
• Š‡”‹’’•‹••‹‘̵•ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡Ǥ
• Š‡†‡’Ž‘›‡–‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ˆ‘” ‡•‡ƒ”–Š‡ †‹ƒ„‘”†‡”Ǥ
• ‘‘†•—’’Ž›’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ†”‹•‹‰’”‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Š‡ƒ›˜‹‡™’‘‹–•‹•‹†‡–Š‡‘‰”‡••Ǥ
Resolution for Complete Independence (Quit India Resolution):
• Š‡‡‡–‹‰Š‡Ž†‘ —Ž›ͳͶǡͳͻͶʹǡ‹ƒ”†Šƒǡ•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆƒˆ‹‰Š–ƒ†’ƒ••‡†ƒ†”ƒ—‰Š–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘
ƒŽŽ‹‰ˆ‘”–‘–ƒŽ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ –Š‡†”ƒ—‰Š–ǡ‹–™ƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‹–‹•Š™‘—Ž†
‘– ‘•‡––‘–Š‡†‡ƒ†•Ǥ
Significance:
• Gandhi’s Centrality: ƒ†Š‹̵• –™‡–›Ǧ‘‡Ǧ†ƒ› ˆƒ•– Š‡Ž’‡† Š‹ ”‡‰ƒ‹ Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡–̵• •›„‘Ž‹ 
Ž‡ƒ†‡”Ǥ
• Independence a priority: –’—––Š‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ––Š‡–‘’‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–̵•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡
’”‹‘”‹–›Ž‹•–Ǥ
• Manner of Transfer: —–—”‡ †‹• —••‹‘• ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š
‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ”‡’‡”‹––‡†Ǥ
• Freedom became evident: ”‡‡†‘™ƒ•‘Ž‘‰‡”—’ˆ‘”‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ”ǡ–Š‹•„‡ ƒ‡ƒ„—†ƒ–Ž›
‡˜‹†‡–Ǥ
• Constructive Work: Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ ‘‰”‡•• ƒ –‹˜‹–› •Š‹ˆ–‡† –‘ ‘•–”— –‹˜‡ ™‘”ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ˆ‘ —• ‘
”‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡„”ƒ ŠǤ
How Did the Quit India Movement Differ From Other Gandhian Movements?
• Historical Interpretations: ‘–Š ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† —‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡• †‡„ƒ–‡ –Š‡ •’‘–ƒ‡‹–› ˜‡”•—•
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ƒ†‘Ǧ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡‹–Š‡—‹– †‹ƒ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Departure from Nonviolence:Š‡‘˜‡‡–•ƒ™ƒ†‡’ƒ”–—”‡ˆ”‘ ƒ†Š‹ƒ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ‘˜‹‘Ž‡–”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ
™‹–Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•†‡˜‹•‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘””‡•‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Involvement of Key Figures:”‘‹‡–ˆ‹‰—”‡••— Šƒ•ƒƒ‘Šƒ”‘Š‹ƒǡ ƒ›ƒ’”ƒƒ•Šƒ”ƒ›ƒǡ”—ƒ•ƒˆŽ‹ǡ
•Šƒ‡Š–ƒǡ‹Œ—ƒ–ƒ‹ǡŠŠ‘–—„Šƒ‹—”ƒ‹ǡ Š›—–ƒ–™ƒ”†Šƒǡ— Š‡–ƒ”‹’ƒŽƒ‹ǡƒ†ǤǤ ‘‡ƒ™‡”‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ

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• Rural Support:Š‡‘˜‡‡–‰ƒ”‡”‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘”—”ƒŽƒ••‡•ƒ ”‘••”‡‰‹‘•Ž‹‡‘„ƒ›ǡ†Š”ƒǡ
––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šǡ‹Šƒ”ǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ”‹••ƒǡƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡƒ†‡‰ƒŽǤ
• Emergence of Parallel Governments:ƒŽƒ Š‡”‹”‹••ƒǡƒŽ— ƒ–‹›ƒƒ”ƒ”‹‡‰ƒŽǡƒ†ƒ–ƒ”ƒ‹ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ
™‹–‡••‡†–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡•–”— –—”‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Challenge to State Authority: Ž‹‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† ƒ ̶ˆ‹‰Š– –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹‹•Š̶
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ’‘•‹‰ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ Š‹‡”›Ǥ
• Considered the Most Un-Gandhian Movement: ƒ†Š‹̵•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•–‘•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡
ƒ–‹‘•–‘‘†‹ ‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡—‹– †‹ƒ‘˜‡‡–ǡ‡ƒ”‹‰‹––Š‡”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‡‹‰
–Š‡‘•–—Ǧ ƒ†Š‹ƒ‘ˆƒŽŽ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ
Scholar View: Gandhi was a politician, after all, said Francis Hutchins. He was a savvy operator. Non-violence was no
longer necessary if he could mobilise large numbers of people.
Was Quit India Movement a spontaneous outburst, or an organized rebellion?
Spontaneous Organized
•  ‡‘”‘—• ™ƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ ‘„ ”ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– • Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡—‹– †‹ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–Šƒ–‹–
Ž‡‰‡†•”‡ˆ‡”–‘ƒ•–Š‡̶—‰—•–‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘̶ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ™ƒ• ‘”‡ –Šƒ Œ—•– ƒ —’”‡’ƒ”‡† ’‘’—Žƒ ‡̵•
–Š‡ƒ””‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡–‘’Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ ‹’‡–—‘—•”‡ƒ –‹‘Ǥ
• ‹ ‡ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ Š‹‰Š ‡ Š‡Ž‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‰”‡•• • Š‡ ’”‡ ‡†‹‰ –™‘ †‡ ƒ†‡• ‘ˆ ƒ•• ‘„‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹Œƒ‹Ž„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–•–ƒ”–‡†ǡ‹–™ƒ• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ† ”‡ ‡–Ž› „‡‡ Ž‡† „› ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ
˜‹‘Ž‡–ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‘—–‘ˆ ‘–”‘Žˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ”–Ǥ ‘‡ –‡† ƒ† ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡† ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡
• ˜‡”›‘‡ ™ƒ• –ƒ‡ ƒ„ƒ  „› –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡–̵• ‘‰”‡••ǡŠƒ†„‡‡ ‘†— –‡†‘ƒˆƒ”‘”‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ
——•—ƒŽŽ› Š‹‰Š ‹–‡•‹–›Ǥ – ™ƒ• ̶„› ˆƒ” –Š‡ ‘•– –‘‡ƒ†Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Žƒ‹†–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•— Šƒ
•‡”‹‘—• ”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ •‹ ‡ ͳͺͷ͹ǡ̶ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹ ‡”‘› ‘ˆŽƒ‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‹Ž‹–Š‰‘™Ǥ • ‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ͻ–Š ‘ˆ —‰—•–ǡ –Š‡ ‘‰”‡•• Ž‡ƒ†‡”• Šƒ†
• Š‡—‹– †‹ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ•Ž‹‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ –™‡Ž˜‡Ǧ’‘‹– ƒ‰‡†ƒ –Šƒ– ‹ Ž—†‡† „‘–Š
Ǥ Ǥ —– Š‹•ǡ™ƒ•ƒ̶•’‘–ƒ‡‘—•”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘̶ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ’Žƒ•ƒ†–Š‡–›’‹ ƒŽ ƒ†Š‹ƒ•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ
–Šƒ–”‡•—Ž–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘‰”‡••̵•‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ –‡ Š‹“—‡•Ǥ
’‘’—Žƒ ‡–‘̶ˆ‹‰Š––‘–Š‡ˆ‹‹•ŠǤ̶
British power in India was not overthrown by the Quit India Movement. However, this was one movement that showed
the strength and fortitude of various Indian groups to fight the haughtiness of the imperial authority and the elitism of
the Indian political class.
C R FORMULA OR RAJAJI FORMULA AND GANDHI -JINNAH TALKS (1944):
C. Rajagopalachari came up with the Rajagopalachari formula (also known as the C. R. formula or Rajaji formula) to
break the political impasse between the All India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress on the independence
of British India.
Main Points of the Formula:
• —•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡™‹ŽŽ•—’’‘”––Š‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡†‡ƒ†ƒ†‡„›‘‰”‡••Ǥ
• ‡ƒ‰—‡–‘™‘”™‹–Š‘‰”‡••–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• ˆ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ”ǡƒ’‘ŽŽ™ƒ•Š‡Ž†–‘†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘––Š‡‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡—•Ž‹ǦƒŒ‘”‹–›”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ‘”–Š
‡•–ƒ†‘”–Šƒ•– †‹ƒ•Š‘—Ž†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡‹”‘™•‘˜‡”‡‹‰•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹–‹‘‹•ƒ ‡’–‡†ǡƒ ‘‘ƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†–‘’”‘–‡ – ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–”ƒ†‡ǡƒ††‡ˆ‡ ‡Ǥ
• Š‡ƒˆ‘”‡‡–‹‘‡† ‘†‹–‹‘•™‘—Ž†‘Ž›ƒ’’Ž›‹ˆ‰Žƒ†‰ƒ˜‡ †‹ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
Gandhi-Jinnah Talks and Jinnah’s Objection:
• ƒ†Š‹•—‰‰‡•–‡† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š ‹ƒŠ„ƒ•‡†‘Š‹•–™‘Ǧƒ–‹‘‹†‡ƒƒˆ–‡”„‡‹‰”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘’”‹•‘ǤŠ‡
ˆ‘”—Žƒ•‡”˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• ƒ†Š‹ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‹ƒŠ –Š‡  ˆ‘”—Žƒ ƒ• ƒ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘Ǥ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ƒˆ–‡” –™‘ ™‡‡• ‘ˆ †‹• —••‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ†Š‹Ǧ
‹ƒŠ‡‡–‹‰•‡†‡†‹ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡Ǥ
• Gandhi’s View: ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡–ƒŽ•ˆƒ‹Ž‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™•Ǥ
• Jinnah’s Objection:
o ‹ƒŠ™‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡two-nation doctrine to be accepted „›–Š‡‘‰”‡••Ǥ

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o ‡†‡ƒ†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡plebiscite only allow votes from North West and North East Muslims, ‘–ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ‹ƒŠ–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ––Š‡League acted as the voice of all Muslims ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ†—Ž–ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡ ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”„›–Š‡
ˆ‘”—Žƒ™ƒ•—‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ
•  –Š‡ ‘”–ŠǦ™‡•–ǡ Sind, Baluchistan, the North-West Frontier Province, and Punjab, ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–ǡ
Assam and Bengal, ‹ƒŠŠƒ†•–ƒ‡†ƒ Žƒ‹ˆ‘””‹–‹•Š †‹ƒ”‘˜‹ ‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ƒ––Š‡–‹‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡
ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›—•Ž‹’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
SHIMLA CONFERENCE AND WAVELL PLAN (1945)
Background:
• ‘”†ƒ˜‡ŽŽǡ–Š‡‡™ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ™Š‘Šƒ†•— ‡‡†‡†‘”†‹Ž‹–Š‰‘™ǡ–”‹‡†–‘‡†–Š‡‹’ƒ••‡‹ †‹ƒ‹
 –‘„‡”ͳͻͶ͵Ǥ
• ƒ˜‡ŽŽ Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– ‘‰”‡•• ƒ† ‹–• ƒŽŽ‹‡• ‡‡†‡† –‘ ”‡ˆ‘ —• –Š‡‹” ”‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –‘™ƒ”†•
"some more profitable channel, namely, dealing with the administrative problems of India and trying to
solve the constitutional problems."
Schemes under the Plan:
• Restructuring of Governor-General's Executive Council:Š‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ™ƒ•–‘
—†‡”‰‘”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡™ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘™ƒ•—†‡”™ƒ›Ǥ
• Balanced Representation: Š‡‘— ‹Ž™ƒ•–‘‹ Ž—†‡‡“—ƒŽ—„‡”•‘ˆ—•Ž‹•ƒ† ‹†—•ǡ‡•—”‹‰„ƒŽƒ ‡†
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŒ‘”‡–Š‹ ‰”‘—’•Ǥ
• Maintenance of Governor-General's Veto:Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ̵•˜‡–‘’‘™‡”™‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹‹–ƒ –ǡ‹–™ƒ•
‡š’‡ –‡†–‘„‡—•‡†•’ƒ”‹‰Ž›Ǥ
• Delegation of External Affairs:‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”‡š–‡”ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”•™ƒ•–‘„‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ–‘
ƒ †‹ƒ ‘— ‹Ž‡„‡”Ǥ
• Formation of Executive Council:  ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ’’‘‹–‡† „› –Š‡ ‹ ‡”‘› ™ƒ• –‘ ‘˜‡‡ –‘
•‡ —”‡Œ‘‹–‘”•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž‹•–•‘ˆ†‡•‡”˜‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•’ƒ”–›Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™š‡ —–‹˜‡‘— ‹ŽǤ
• Anticipation of Provincial Minister Resumption: –™ƒ•ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‹‹•–‡”•™‘—Ž†”‡•—‡–Š‡‹”
‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
Shimla Conference
• To Discuss Wavell Plan:  ‘˜‡–‹‘‘ˆʹͳ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽˆ‹‰—”‡•™ƒ••—‘‡†–‘Š‹Žƒǡ–Š‡•—‡” ƒ’‹–ƒŽ
‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š ‘˜‡”‡–ǡ–‘†‡„ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ˜‡ŽŽŽƒ̵•’”‘˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ
• No Consensus: ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‹• —••‹‘•™‡”‡•–— ™Š‡‹– ƒ‡–‘ Š‘‘•‹‰—•Ž‹†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡•Ǥ
o –™ƒ•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–‘‰”‡••Žƒ ‡†–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘ƒ’’‘‹–ƒ›—•Ž‹•–‘–Š‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‘— ‹ŽǤ
o ‹ƒŠƒŽ•‘‹•‹•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡„‡ƒ Žƒ—•‡•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ˜‘–‡ ƒ‘Ž›„‡ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„›–™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•‘ˆ‡„‡”•‹
–Š‡‡˜‡–‘ˆƒ˜‘–‡„‡‹‰†‹˜‹†‡†ƒ†ƒ—•Ž‹‡„‡”‘„Œ‡ –‹‰Ǥ
o Š‡—•Ž‹Ž‡ƒ‰—‡†‹†‘–”‡Ž‡–ƒ†ƒ˜‡ŽŽ†”‘’’‡†–Š‡’ŽƒǤ
• Negotiation Failed: ‘”†ƒ˜‡ŽŽ ‘ Ž—†‡†–Š‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡„› Žƒ‹‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž‡†ǤŠ‡•—‹–
™ƒ•”—‹‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ’‘••‹„Ž›‡†‹‰ †‹ƒ̵• Šƒ ‡•‘ˆ„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ—‹–‡†ǡ‹†‡’‡†‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
INDIA NATIONAL ARMY (INA) OR AZAD HIND FAUJ AND INA TRIALS: SIGNIFICANCE
Mohan Singh founded the India National Army (INA), also known as Azad Hind Fauj, for the first time in 1942. On
October 21, 1943, during the Second World War, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose resurrected it to ensure India's complete
independence from the British Raj.

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
• Post Tripuri Crisis (1938-1939): •™‡•ƒ™‹–Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”„‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ—„Šƒ•‘•‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ ‘”™ƒ”†Ž‘ 
™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘‰”‡••–‘’”‘‘–‡ ‘—‹•–ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡"Tripuri crisis".
• The Daring Escapeǣ‡–ƒ‹‡†‹ —Ž›ͳͻͶͲ—†‡”–Š‡̶‡ˆ‡ ‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ –̶ǡ™ƒ•’Žƒ ‡†—†‡”Š‘‡ƒ””‡•–Ǥ ƒ
"daunting escape"ˆ”‘ƒŽ —––ƒǡ–‘ ”‘•• †‹ƒˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ•––‘–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–ǡ–Š”‘—‰Šƒ„—Ž‹–‘–Š‡‘˜‹‡–
‹‘ǡƒ†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›–‘‡”Ž‹Ǥ
• Provisional Government of Free Indiaǣ – ™ƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† „› —„Šƒ• ‘•‡ ‹  –‘„‡” ͳͻͶ͵ǡ ƒ† ‹– ™ƒ•
‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†„› ƒ’ƒƒ†‡‹‰Š–‘–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Delhi ChaloǣŠ‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–†‡ Žƒ”‡†™ƒ”‘ ”‡ƒ–”‹–ƒ‹ƒˆ–‡”—„Šƒ•‹••—‡†Š‹•™‡ŽŽǦ‘™ ƒŽŽǡ
"Delhi Chalo."

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• Surrender after Nuclear attackǣˆ–‡”–Š‡†”‘’’‡†ƒ–‘‹ „‘„•‘ ‹”‘•Š‹ƒƒ†ƒ‰ƒ•ƒ‹ȋ‹—‰—•–

ͳͻͶͷȌǡ ƒ’ƒ™ƒ• ‘’‡ŽŽ‡†–‘•—””‡†‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡ ™ƒ•Ž‡ˆ––‘ˆ‹‰Š–‹–•™ƒ›„ƒ —†‡”†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ

Post Surrender of INA:

• Š‡20,000 INA soldiers ™Š‘•—””‡†‡”‡†™‡”‡“—‡•–‹‘‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡„‡‹‰”‡–—”‡†–‘ †‹ƒǤ
o "Greys" and "Whites,": Š‡ ‘‡• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ™Š‘ •‡‡‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ̶‹•Ž‡†̶ „› ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ ƒ† 
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒǤŠ‡›™‡”‡‡‹–Š‡””‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‘””‡Š‹”‡†‹–‘–Š‡ƒ”›Ǥ
o "Blacks": –Š‡”•ǡ™Š‘™‡”‡‘”‡†‡˜‘–‡†–‘–Š‡ ƒ—•‡ǡ™‡”‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•̶Žƒ •̶ƒ†•—„Œ‡ –‡†–‘ ‘—”–ƒ”–‹ƒŽǤ
• There were eleven trials in total: Š‡‘•–™‡ŽŽǦ‘™‘‡–‘‘’Žƒ ‡ƒ–‡ŽŠ‹̵•‡† ‘”–ƒ†‹˜‘Ž˜‡†–Š‡–Š”‡‡
 ‘ƒ†‡”•ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ‡Š‰ƒŽǡ Ǥ Ǥ Š‹ŽŽ‘ǡ ƒ† ŠƒŠ ƒ™ƒœ ŠƒǤ ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ —”†‡”ǡ ƒ† ƒ ‡••‘”› –‘ —”†‡”
Šƒ”‰‡•™‡”‡„”‘—‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡Š‰ƒŽǡŠ‹ŽŽ‘ǡƒ†ŠƒǤ
• Fundamental Idea behind Public Trial: Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•’—„Ž‹ –”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•–‘„”—–ƒŽŽ›’—‹•Šƒ”›
‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ˆ‘”–”‡ƒ•‘ƒ†‹ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡̶Š‘””‘”•̶‹ˆŽ‹ –‡†„› Ǥ
Significance:
• Tricolor on Indian Soil:‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‹‰ƒ†‡•ǡƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ƒ”›ǡƒ†˜ƒ ‡†–‘–Š‡ †‹ƒ„‘”†‡”ǡ
™Š‡”‡–Š‡ †‹ƒˆŽƒ‰™ƒ•Š‘‹•–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡‹‘Š‹ƒǡƒ‰ƒŽƒ†ǡ‹ƒ” ŠͳͻͶͶǤ
• Political Impact: ̵•ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Šƒ†ƒ’”‘ˆ‘—†‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ†—”‹‰–Šƒ–’‡”‹‘†Ǥ
• Surge of Revolution:Š‡ƒ–‹‘™‹–‡••‡†ƒ•—”‰‡‘ˆ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›ˆ‡”˜‘”ƒ•–ƒŽ‡•‘ˆ ̵•‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›„”ƒ˜‡”›
ƒ†•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡••’”‡ƒ†ƒ‘‰–Š‡ †‹ƒ’‘’—Žƒ ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡„ƒ––Ž‡Ǥ
• Heightened Patriotism: Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒƒ”‡†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ †‹ƒ’ƒ–”‹‘–‹•ǡ•—”’ƒ••‹‰–Š‡‹”
ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡”•Ǥ
• Inspirational Vision of Independence: ‡•’‹–‡‹–•‡„”ƒ ‡‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡–‡ƒ•ǡ—„Šƒ•ŠŠƒ†”ƒ‘•‡̵•‰”ƒ†˜‹•‹‘
ˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵• Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ‹•–‹  ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ  ‹‰‹–‡† —’”‡ ‡†‡–‡† ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ †‹ƒ
’‘’—Žƒ ‡Ǥ
RIN RATING MUTINY (1946)
The 1946 Naval Uprising, also known as the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, was an uprising by Indian sailors, soldiers, police
officers, and civilians against the British administration in India.
Significance:
• ‹Ž‹–ƒ ›™ƒ•˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•„‡‹‰‡š’”‡••‡†„›–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡̵•ˆ‡ƒ”Ž‡••„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ
• Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘—’Šƒ†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆ”‡‡‹‰‹’ƒ –‘’‡‘’Ž‡̵•’•› Š‡•Ǥ
• Š‡ —’”‹•‹‰™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
• Š‡•‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ž‡†–Š‡”‹–‹•Š–‘ƒ‡•‘‡ ‘ ‡••‹‘•Ǥ
Limitations:
• Violent Nature: Ž‹‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —‹–›ǡ –Š‡•‡ —–‹‹‡• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ˜‹‘Ž‡–
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–‘ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Militant Participation:ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•Ž‹‹–‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–‘‘”‡‹Ž‹–ƒ–‰”‘—’•™‹–Š‹–Š‡”ƒ•Ǥ
• Restricted Geographical Spread:Š‹Ž‡–Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡” ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘‡š–‡†‡†–‘”‡‘–‡”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡•‡—–‹‹‡•
™‡”‡•Š‘”–ǦŽ‹˜‡†ƒ† ‘ˆ‹‡†–‘•‡Ž‡ –—”„ƒ ‡–‡”•Ǥ
• Organizational Communal Harmony:Š‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‘—ƒŽŠƒ”‘›™ƒ•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ
‰‡—‹‡ Š—ƒ —‹–›ǡ ™‹–Š —•Ž‹ ”ƒ–‹‰• •‡‡‹‰ ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ‰—‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘‰”‡•• ƒ† ‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•
”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡”‡•–Ǥ
• Continued British Authority:‡•’‹–‡ƒ†‡ Ž‹‡‹‘”ƒŽ‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ ›ǡ–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†•–”‘‰
‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘•—’’”‡••†‹••‡–Ǥ
Reaction of Indian Leaders:
• Gandhi:  ‘–”ƒ•––‘ƒ–‡Žƒ†‡Š”—ǡ™Š‘ˆ‹”•–ƒ ‡’–‡†‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–Ž‡ƒ†‡””—ƒ•ƒˆŽ‹̵•‘ˆˆ‡”–‘˜‹•‹–‘„ƒ›„—–
“—‹ Ž›”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†̶–Š‡‡ ‡••‹–›‘ˆ —”„‹‰–Š‡™‹Ž†‘—–„—”•–‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ǡ̶ ƒ†Š‹™ƒ•Œ—•–ƒ•Š‘•–‹Ž‡–‘–Š‡”‡„‡Žƒ˜ƒŽ
”ƒ–‹‰•Ǥ
• Nehru: ‡ƒ†‡”• Ž‹‡ ‡Š”— „‡‰ƒ –‘ ‘•‹†‡” ƒ ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ̶–”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘ˆ ’‘™‡”̶ ˆ”‘ ”‹–‹•Š –‘ †‹ƒ Šƒ†•ǡ –‘ „‡
™‘”‡†‘—–‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ–™‘–‘ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Congress: —‡–‘–Š‡–‹‹‰ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡—’”‹•‹‰•ǡ‘‰”‡••†‹†‘–ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›•—’’‘”––Š‡Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡ƒŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ
• ƒŽ‡‘˜‡‡– ‘—Ž†„‡•–ƒ”–‡†ǡ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ‡› ‘’‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘‰”‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›

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• Communist: Š‡›„ƒ ‡†–Š‡™‘”‡”•ƒ†‹•—”‰‡–•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘‡š’ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ‘‰’‘‘”’‡ƒ•ƒ–•
ƒ†•Šƒ”‡ ”‘’’‡”•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡”‹‘–•‹‘„ƒ›ƒ†ƒŽ —––ƒǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡›Šƒ†•–”‘‰•—’’‘”–ƒ‘‰
‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ™‘”‡”•Ǥ


Impact of Naval Mutiny on British Colonial Aspirations

• Unification of Cause: Š‡—–‹›ƒ”‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‘‡–™Š‡”‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ˆ”‘†‹˜‡”•‡„ƒ ‰”‘—†•ǡ
„‘–Š™‹–Š‹–Š‡‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡•–”‡‡–•ǡ•Š‡†„Ž‘‘†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‘‘ ƒ—•‡Ǥ
• Confirmation of Departure: Š‡ ‘ —””‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡   —–‹› •‹‰ƒŽ‡† ƒ Ž‡ƒ” ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š
‹–‡–‹‘•–‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡ †‹ƒ™‡”‡‹‹‡–Ǥ
• Core Uprising: Š‡ —–‹› ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵• ƒ”‡† ˆ‘” ‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ•–”‘‰Š‘Ž†‹ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‹”‡ƒ†•—’’”‡••‹‰†‹••‡–Ǥ
• Ripple Effect: ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡  ”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘›ƒŽ ‹” ‘” ‡ —’”‹•‹‰ǡ –Š‡   —–‹› ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† –Š‡
—Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—–‹‰ †‹• ‘–‡–Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’”‡ ‡†‹‰ ‹ ‹†‡–• Šƒ† ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •–‹””‡† ˆ‡”˜‘” ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ †‹ƒ
’‘’—Žƒ ‡Ǥ
• Liberation of Thought: Š‡ —–‹›̵• ‘ —””‡ ‡ Šƒ† ƒ ’”‘ˆ‘—† ‹’ƒ – ‘ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ ’—„Ž‹  †‹• ‘—”•‡Ǥ Š‡
ƒ””‡•–‘ˆƒ”ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”‹• ”‹„‹‰̶“—‹– †‹ƒ̶‘  ƒŽ™ƒ”ƒ –‡†ƒ•ƒ ƒ–ƒŽ›•–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹‡” ‡—’”‹•‹‰Ǥ
• Broad Support: Š‡ ”‡˜‘Ž– ‰ƒ”‡”‡† •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ „ƒ ‹‰ ˆ”‘ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š
‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡˆ—”–Š‡”•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ›‹‰‹–••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‹ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ

SECOND WORLD WAR AND AFTERMATH

• Strands of National Upsurge: —”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–™‘›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ”‹–‹•Šƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡–™‘ƒ‹–Š”‡ƒ†•‘ˆ

–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—’”‹•‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ›„‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ǣ
o Tortuous Negotiation: ”†—‘—•†‹• —••‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ‘‰”‡••ǡƒ†—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡–Šƒ–™‡”‡
’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›ƒ””‡†„›‹–‡”‰”‘—’˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ƒ†”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†–Š‡†‹˜‹•‹‘Ǥ
o Sporadic and Localised Upsurge: ™ƒ˜‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘™‹†‡•–”‹‡•™ƒ•‡’‹•‘†‹ ǡŽ‘ ƒŽ‹•‡†ǡˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›“—‹–‡‹Ž‹–ƒ–ǡ
ƒ†Ž‡†„›™‘”‡”•ǡ’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ǡƒ†•–ƒ–‡’‡‘’Ž‡•Ǥ
British policy towards India after war:
• Divert the Indians' attention ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ •—„Ǧ ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ Ž‹„‡”–›ǡ ƒ† ‹ˆ ƒ– ƒŽŽ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ †‹˜‹†‡ ƒ†
†‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡Ǥ
• ›”‡ ‘‰‹•‹‰–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡ƒ•–Š‡‡š Ž—•‹˜‡˜‘‹ ‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ—•Ž‹•ƒ†—•‹‰–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡̵•†‡ƒ†
ˆ‘”ƒ‹•–ƒ–Š‡›•— ‡‡†‡†‹dividing Hindu and Muslim.
•  ‘”†‹‰–‘VP Menon, ƒ„‘—”˜‹ –‘”›™ƒ•ƒ‹ˆƒ –‘””‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ’‘™‡”Ǥ
• ˆ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ”ǡ‹–™ƒ•inconvenient and significantly less profitable to govern directly ‘˜‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘›‹‘”†‡”–‘
”‡ƒ’‹–•‡ ‘‘‹ „‡‡ˆ‹–•ǡ„—––Š‡‘”Ž†ƒ”†‹†‘–‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡ƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘”‡˜‹–ƒŽ‹•‡‹–
–Š”‘—‰Š‡™™ƒ›•ǡ•— Šƒ•NEO-COLONIALISM.
Change in Government‘s Attitude:
• Shift in Global Power Dynamics:Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‡†–‘ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•Š‹ˆ–‹‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’‘™‡”†›ƒ‹ •ǡ™‹–Š
–Š‡Ž‘•‹‰‹–••–ƒ–—•ƒ•ƒƒŒ‘”’Žƒ›‡”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ƒ†‡‡”‰‡†ƒ••—’‡”’‘™‡”•ǡ„‘–Š•—’’‘”–‹˜‡‘ˆ
†‹ƒ̵•‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Understanding of Indian Needs:Š‡‡™ƒ„‘—”ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•
ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ
• Rise of Socialist-Radical Administrations: ™ƒ˜‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–Ǧ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–••™‡’–ƒ ”‘••—”‘’‡†—”‹‰
–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†ǡ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–‘™ƒ”†•‹–• ‘Ž‘‹‡•Ǥ
• Economic Strain on Britain:Š‡”‹–‹•Š‡ ‘‘›•—ˆˆ‡”‡†•‡˜‡”‡•‡–„ƒ •ǡƒ†–Š‡‡šŠƒ—•–‹‘‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š•‘Ž†‹‡”•
ˆ—”–Š‡”™‡ƒ‡‡†–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ’‘™‡”̵•”‡•‘Ž˜‡Ǥ
• Anti-Imperialist Sentiments in Southeast Asia:ˆˆ‘”–•–‘”‡ƒ••‡”– ”‡ Šƒ†—– Š†‘‹ƒ ‡‹‘—–Š‡ƒ•–•‹ƒ
ˆƒ ‡†•–”‘‰”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡˆ—‡Ž‡†„›ƒ–‹Ǧ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•–•‡–‹‡–•‹‹‡–ƒƒ† †‘‡•‹ƒǤ
• Fear of Uprisings: ‡ƒ†‡”• ™‡”‡ ƒ’’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ”‡•—”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͻͶʹ ‘‰”‡•• —’”‹•‹‰ǡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰ –Š‡
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† †‹•–—”„ƒ ‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ––ƒ • ‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ —”‡•–ǡ Žƒ„‘” •–”‹‡•ǡ ƒ†
‹Ž‹–ƒ”›†‹• ‘–‡–Ǥ
• Inevitability of Elections: ‹˜‡–Š‡Žƒ’•‡‘ˆ”‡ ‡–‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”„‘–Š–Š‡‡–”‡ƒ†’”‘˜‹ ‡•‹ͳͻ͵Ͷƒ†ͳͻ͵͹
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ‘†— –‹‰‡™‡Ž‡ –‹‘•’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ”„‡ ƒ‡ƒ—ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡‡ ‡••‹–›Ǥ 

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ELECTION OF 1945
Performance of Congress
• ‘‰”‡••‰‘–91 per cent of non-Muslim votes.
• ‘‰”‡•• ƒ’–—”‡†ͷ͹‘—–‘ˆͳͲʹ•‡ƒ–•‹–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›Ǥ
• –Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ‹–‰‘–ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‹‘•–’”‘˜‹ ‡•‡š ‡’–‹‡‰ƒŽǡ‹†Šƒ†—Œƒ„Ǥ
• Š‡‘‰”‡••ƒŒ‘”‹–›’”‘˜‹ ‡•‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡ ƒ†••ƒ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡„‡‹‰ Žƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‹•–ƒ
Performance of Muslim League
• —•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡‰‘–86.6 per cent of the Muslim votesǤ – ƒ’–—”‡†–Š‡͵Ͳ”‡•‡”˜‡†•‡ƒ–•‹–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›Ǥ
• –Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ‹–‰‘–ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‹‡‰ƒŽƒ†‹†ŠǤ
• Ž‹‡‹ͳͻ͵͹ǡ‘™–Š‡‡ƒ‰—‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–•‡Žˆƒ•–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–’ƒ”–›ƒ‘‰—•Ž‹•Ǥ
Significance
• Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’ƒ”–›Ǥ
• Š‡‡ƒ‰—‡™‘ƒŽŽ—•Ž‹ ‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡•ƒ†Š‡ ‡–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•’”‘˜‡†–‘„‡ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ˜‹ –‘”›ˆ‘” ‹ƒŠǤ
• Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•™‹–‡••‡† ‘—ƒŽ˜‘–‹‰‹ ‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡•–”‘‰ƒ–‹Ǧ”‹–‹•Š—‹–›•Š‘™‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•—’•—”‰‡•†—‡
–‘ǣ
o Separate Electorates:‡‹ˆ‘” ‡† ‘—ƒŽ†‹˜‹•‹‘•„›‡•—”‹‰‘Ž›—•Ž‹•˜‘–‡†ˆ‘”—•Ž‹ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•
ƒ† ‹†—•ˆ‘” ‹†— ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ
o Limited franchiseǣ ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹ ‡•ǡ Ž‡•• –Šƒ ͳͲ ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž† ˜‘–‡ ƒ† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ
••‡„Ž›ǡŽ‡••–Šƒͳ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡Ǥ
CABINET MISSION (1946): SIGNIFICANCE AND CONSEQUENCES
Introduction:
• Š‡ ƒ„‹‡– ‹••‹‘ Žƒ ™ƒ• ‹ response to Indian
political parties and representatives failing to reach an
agreement, –Š‡ƒ„‹‡–‹••‹‘ƒ†‹ ‡”‘›ǡ‘”†ƒ˜‡ŽŽǡ
‹••—‡† ƒ •–ƒ–‡‡– ‘ ƒ› ͳ͸ǡ ͳͻͶ͸ǡ ™Š‹ Š ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†
”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—–”›̵• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
• Members: Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ˆ‘” †‹ƒǡ‘”†‡–Š‹ Ǧ
ƒ™”‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”ƒ†‡ǡ‹”–ƒˆˆ‘”†
”‹’’•ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‹”•–‘”†‘ˆ–Š‡†‹”ƒŽ–›ǡǤǤŽ‡šƒ†‡”Ǥ
Plan of the Mission:
• 3-Tier Structure: ‘” –Š‡ ‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ –Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–
‹••‹‘ ”‡ ‘‡†‡† ƒ –Š”‡‡Ǧ–‹‡”‡† ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ
•–”— –—”‡™‹–Š’”‘˜‹ ‡•ƒ†’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Central Power: ‹‘ ‘˜‡”‡–™‘—Ž†„‡‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ
Œ—•– ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ †‡ˆ‡ ‡ǡ ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ‹–
™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡ ‘‡› ‡‡†‡† ˆ‘”
–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Residual Power: ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹‹‰’‘™‡”•™‘—Ž†„‡‰”ƒ–‡†–‘
’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǡ ‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ™‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ”‡‡ –‘
‘”‰ƒ‹•‡‹–‘‰”‘—’•ǡŠƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•ƒ†‡š‡ —–‹˜‡„”ƒ Š‡•ǡƒ†„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ Š‘‘•‡™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ
•—„Œ‡ –•–‘–ƒ Ž‡Œ‘‹–Ž›Ǥ
• Election of Constitutional Assembly: Š‡”‡ ‡–Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ••‡„Ž‹‡•™‡”‡–‘‡Ž‡ –ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ
••‡„Ž›–‘™”‹–‡ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ –™‘—Ž† ‘˜‡‡‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ–‹‘‡˜‡Ž„‡ˆ‘”‡†‹˜‹†‹‰‹–‘three
groups-
o Group A : ‘•‹•–‘ˆ ‹†—ƒŒ‘”‹–›”‘˜‹ ‡•
o Group B : —•Ž‹ƒŒ‘”‹–›”‘˜‹ ‡•‹‘”–Š‡•–
o Group C :  Ž—†‡‡‰ƒŽƒ†••ƒ
o Chief Commissioner’s Provinceǣ Š”‡‡ ȋ‡ŽŠ‹ǡ Œ‡”Ǧƒ”™ƒ”ƒ Ƭ ‘‘”‰Ȍ ™‘—Ž† Œ‘‹ ”‘—’  Ƭ ‡
ȋƒŽ— Š‹•–ƒȌ™‘—Ž†Œ‘‹ ”‘—’
• Princely States: Š‡› ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‰‹˜‡ ‡‘—‰Š ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘•–‹–—‡– ••‡„Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š
†‹• —••‹‘•Ǥ

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• Power to withdraw: Š‡”‘˜‹ ‡•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘™‹–Š†”ƒ™ˆ”‘ƒ› ”‘—’ƒˆ–‡”ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Šƒ†
„‡‡ˆ‹ƒŽ‹•‡†ƒ––Š”‡‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•ȋ‹‘ǡ ”‘—’ǡƒ†”‘˜‹ ‡Ȍǡ„—–‘–ˆ”‘‹‘Ǥˆ–‡”–‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡› ‘—Ž†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›
”‡˜‹•‹––Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•’”‘˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ
• Independence to be ultimate Objective: Š‡–Š‡”™‹–Š‹‘”‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‘‘™‡ƒŽ–Šǡ™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡
—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ
Significance:
• Impact on Constituent Assembly: ‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ̶–ƒ–‡ ƒ’‡”ǡ̶ –Š‡ Žƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ
†‡„ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž›ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‡Š”—̵•„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
• Source of Legitimacy:Š‡Žƒ•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›ˆ‘”–Š‡••‡„Ž›ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒŽ•‘Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰”‘‘ˆ‘”
–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡••‡„Ž›ƒ••‡”–‡†‹–•Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›ƒ•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡
†‹ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•‘Ž‡Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ
• Academic Importance: Š‡ ƒ„‹‡– ‹••‹‘ Žƒ ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡŽƒ™ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡƒ†Š‹•–‘”›ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‘•‡’‡”–ƒ‹‹‰–‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•ƒ†’ƒ”–‹–‹‘Ǥ
• Lord Wavell's Perspective: ‘”† ƒ˜‡ŽŽ̵• ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘• —†‡”• ‘”‡ –Š‡ †‹‹‹•Š‹‰ ”‹–‹•Š ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‹ †‹ƒǡ
Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘’”‡•–‹‰‡ƒ†’ƒ•–‘‡–—ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡™ƒ‹‰Ǥ

Acceptance and Rejection
•  —‡ ͸ ƒ† —‡ ʹͶǡ ͳͻͶ͸ǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ —•Ž‹ ‡ƒ‰—‡ ƒ† ‘‰”‡•• ‡†‘”•‡† –Š‡ Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” •–”ƒ–‡‰›
’”‘’‘•‡†„›–Š‡ƒ„‹‡–‹••‹‘Ǥ
•  —Ž›ͳͻͶ͸ǡ’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•Š‡Ž†‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž›Ǥ
• ‡Š”— †‡ Žƒ”‡† ‘ —Ž› ͳͲǡ ͳͻͶ͸ǡ ̶‡ ƒ”‡ ‘– „‘—† „› ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ –‘
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž›Ǥ
• ”‡•’‘•‡–‘‡Š”—̵•”‡ƒ”•‘ —Ž›ʹͻǡͳͻͶ͸ǡŠ‡‡ƒ‰—‡™‹–Š†”‡™‹–•ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”•–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ†
‹••—‡†ƒ ƒŽŽˆ‘”̶†‹”‡ –ƒ –‹‘̶„‡‰‹‹‰‘—‰—•–ͳ͸–‘„”‹‰ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹•–ƒǤ
Response:
• Muslim League:  ‡’–‡†‹–‘–Š‡presumption that Pakistan's premise ƒ†ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡„—‹Ž–‹–‘–Š‡’Žƒ
ƒ†™‘—Ž†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›”‡•—Ž–‹ƒ‹•–ƒ̵•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–Ǥ
• Congress: „Œ‡ –‡†„ƒ•‡†‘Ǧ
o Independence was a top priorityǡ„—––Š‡ƒ„‹‡–‹••‹‘•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡™‘—Ž†„‡‰”ƒ–‡†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
o –‘„Œ‡ –‡†–‘–Š‡combination of Assam and the NWFP, ™Š‡”‡ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•—•Ž‹ǡ™‹–Š
‘–Š‡”—•Ž‹Ǧ†‘‹ƒ–‡†•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
o –†‡ƒ†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡Centre be given more authority •‘–Šƒ–‹– ƒ•–‡’‹™Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ ”‹•‹•‘”ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡
‘ŽŽƒ’•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ
Reasons for the Cabinet Mission's Failure:
• Congress’ Rejection: Š‡ ‘‰”‡•• ’ƒ”–› ”‡ˆ—•‡† –‘ ƒ ‡’– –Š‡ ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‹‡– ‹••‹‘ǡ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‘’’‘•‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ†‹˜‹†‹‰’”‘˜‹ ‡•„ƒ•‡†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž‹‡•ƒ†ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ•–”‘‰‡” ‡–”ƒŽ
‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Introduction of Fresh Plan:Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‹†—ǦƒŒ‘”‹–›ƒ†—•Ž‹ǦƒŒ‘”‹–›
”‡‰‹‘•ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–ŠƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•‰‹˜‡–Š‡‘’–‹‘–‘Œ‘‹–Š‡—‹‘‘””‡ƒ‹‹†‡’‡†‡–Ǥ
• Congress’ Dismissal of Second Proposal: Š‡‘‰”‡••”‡Œ‡ –‡†–Š‡•‡ ‘†’”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ’”‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹
–Š‡‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž›Ǥ
• Muslim League’s Objection:Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡‘„Œ‡ –‡†–‘–Š‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹” —••ƒ‹„›‘‰”‡••ǡƒ••‡”–‹‰
‹–••‘Ž‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘”‡’”‡•‡–—•Ž‹•ƒ†ƒ„•–ƒ‹‹‰ˆ”‘ˆ—”–Š‡”’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•Ǥ
• Direct Action Day:—‰—•–ͳ͸ǡͳͻͶ͸ǡ ‹ƒŠ ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”̶‹”‡ – –‹‘ƒ›ǡ̶—”‰‹‰—•Ž‹•–‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ƒ†
†‡ƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒǡ‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‹‰–‡•‹‘•ƒ† ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ


Interim Government
• On September 2, 1946ǡƒ‘‰”‡••Ǧ†‘‹ƒ–‡† –‡”‹ ‘˜‡”‡–Ž‡†„›‡Š”—™ƒ••™‘”‹‘—–‘ˆˆ‡ƒ”–Šƒ–
‘‰”‡•• ™‘—Ž† –ƒ‡ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ƒ –‹‘Ǥ ‡Š”— ‘–‹—‡† –‘ ƒ••‡”– –Šƒ– Š‹• ’ƒ”–› ‘’’‘•‡† –Š‡ ƒ†ƒ–‘”›
‰”‘—’‹‰Ǥ
• ‡•’‹–‡ ‹–• ƒ‡ǡ –Š‡ –‡”‹ ‘˜‡”‡– ƒ‘—–‡† –‘ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ ‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹ ‡”‘›̵• ‘Ž†
‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
• On October 26, 1946, ƒ˜‡ŽŽ“—‹‡–Ž›‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†–Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡‹–‘–Š‡ –‡”‹ ‘˜‡”‡–.

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MOUNTBATTEN PLAN (1947) OR 3RD JUNE PLAN AND RESPONSES TO IT BY VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS

Š‹•Žƒ™™ƒ•’ƒ••‡†–‘ƒ‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–™‘‹†‡’‡†‡–‘‹‹‘•‹ †‹ƒǡ–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡ ‡”–ƒ‹

’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ –‘ˆͳͻ͵ͷǤŠ‹•ƒ –‹‘„‡ ƒ‡‘™ƒ•–Š‡‘—–„ƒ––‡Žƒ‘”–Š‡͵ —‡
ŽƒǤ
Features:
• Clause 1: †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒ™‘—Ž†‡‡”‰‡ƒ•–™‘‹†‡’‡†‡–‘‹‹‘•‘—‰—•–ͳͷǡͳͻͶ͹Ǥ
• Clause 2: Š‡ –‡””‹–‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ ‘‹‹‘• ™‘—Ž† „‡ †‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ ƒ „‘—†ƒ”›
‘‹••‹‘ǤŽŽ †‹ƒ”‘˜‹ ‡•ǡ‡š ‡’––Š‘•‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‰ƒ‹•–ƒǡ™‘—Ž†„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘‹‹‘Ǥ
• Common Governor General: ”‘˜‹•‹‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡ˆ‘”ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ„‘–Š‘‹‹‘•ƒ‰”‡‡†Ǥƒ Š
‘‹‹‘ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘˜‡”‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† „› ‹• ƒŒ‡•–› –‘ ”‡’”‡•‡– –Š‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡
‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ
• Legislative Authority:ƒ Š‘‹‹‘̵•Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘‡ƒ –Žƒ™•‰‘˜‡”‹‰‹–•‘™–‡””‹–‘”›Ǥ
• Exercise of Power:Š‡‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž›‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘‹‹‘™‘—Ž†‡š‡” ‹•‡ƒŽŽ’‘™‡”•˜‡•–‡†‹–Š‡‘‹‹‘
‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• Secretary of Commonwealth Relations:Š‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡™‘—Ž†‘˜‡”•‡‡ƒ––‡”• ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡‘‹‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†
ƒ‹•–ƒǡ‡•—”‹‰ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘‘™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ
Responses:
• Gandhi and Azad: Š‡› •’‘‡ ‘—– ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‘—–„ƒ––‡ Žƒ‹• ’Žƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ ƒ†Š‹ ™ƒ•
‡š–”‡‡Ž›—’•‡–ƒ†—”‰‡†’‡‘’Ž‡‘––‘ƒ ‡’––Š‡†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒ–ˆƒ ‡˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ ‡”ƒŽŽ‹‡†–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ ‡–‘ ‘„ƒ–‹–Ǥ
• Congress' Position: ‘‰”‡••ƒ ‡’–‡†–Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘ƒ› ‡–”‡•„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡
‡š‹•–‹‰ƒ••‡„Ž›–‘’”‘ ‡‡†™‹–Š†”ƒˆ–‹‰ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡‰‹‘•‹–”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ™ƒ›‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡
‹’ƒ••‡–Šƒ–‡š‹•–‡†ƒ––Š‡‘‡–Ǥ
• Muslim League Objections: ‹ƒŠ̵• ‹–”ƒ•‹‰‡– †‡ƒ†• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ƒ‰—‡ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ”‹‰Š– –‘ •‡Ž‡ – ƒŽŽ
—•Ž‹‡„‡”•ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡„‡ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ ‘—ƒŽ˜‡–‘‹–Š‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǡ™‹–Šƒ –‹‘•‘’’‘•‡†„›—•Ž‹•
”‡“—‹”‹‰ƒ–™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•ƒŒ‘”‹–›ǡ™‡”‡–Š‡ƒ‹ ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡̵•„”‡ƒ†‘™Ǥ
• Dickie Bird Plan: Š‡ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ „› ƒ”†ƒ” ƒ–‡Ž ƒ† Ǥ Ǥ ‡‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘ˆ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –‘ –™‘ ‡–”ƒŽ
‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǡ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒǡ‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ‰”ƒ–•‘ˆ‘‹‹‘–ƒ–—•ǡŽ‡†–‘‡Š”—̵•‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡’Žƒƒ†
‹–•ƒ„ƒ†‘‡–Ǥ

THE ROLE OF BRITISH IMPERIAL POWER IN COMPLICATING THE PROCESS OF TRANSFER OF POWER DURING
THE 1940s

Š‡ͳͻͶͲ•™‡”‡–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–̵•‘•–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–†‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ”‹–‹•Š ’‡”‹ƒŽ‘™‡”Šƒ†‘˜‡†’ƒ™•–‘

ƒ‡–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ’‘™‡”ƒ›–Š‹‰„—–ƒ•‘‘–Š’”‘ ‡••†—‡–‘–Š‡‡ ‡••‹–›‘ˆ•‡‡‹‰ †‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹
‘”Ž†ƒ” Ǥ


1. August Offer: • –™ƒ•‹–‡†‡†–‘™‹ †‹ƒ̵••—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡™ƒ”„›”‡ ‘‡†‹‰ǣ

• Š‡‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ ‡”‘›̵•‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹Ž–‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ †‹ƒ•ƒ†
• Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆƒ †‹ƒǦƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘•–‹–—‡–ƒ••‡„Ž›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ”Ǥ
• Outcomeǣ–Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”™‡”‡”‡Œ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡ †‹ƒ•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›†‹†
‘– ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ‘–”‘Ž ‘˜‡” –Š‡‹” ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ† ”‡“—‹”‡† ‹‘”‹–‹‡•̵
ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
2. 1942's Cripps • Š‡‹••‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡†”‹‰‹†‘ˆˆ‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹‡š–”‡‡Ž›—•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”›ˆ‘”
Mission: –Š‡ †‹ƒ•ƒ†™‡”‡ƒ†‡„›ƒ—•–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘‰‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡•
ƒ†Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ•‹”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ
• Outcome: Š‡ ”‹’’• ‹••‹‘̵• ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‡”‡Ž› •‡”˜‡† –‘ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡
”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž› •‡– –Š‹• ‡š’‡†‹–‹‘ ‹ ƒ ‡ˆˆ‘”– –‘ ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ †‹ƒ
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ

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3. Wavell Plan and • ‘„”‡ƒ–Š‡‹’ƒ••‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
Shimla Conference, • ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡™ š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹Ž ™‹–Š †‹ƒ• ‘•–‹–—–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‹–•
1945: ‡„‡”•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‹ ‡”‘›ƒ†‘ƒ†‡”‹Š‹‡ˆ„‡‹‰–Š‡•‘Ž‡‡š ‡’–‹‘•Ǥ
• Š‡”‡™‡”‡•—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡ †‹ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ‡˜‡”›’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘„—–
–Š‡†‡ˆ‡ ‡‘‡Ǥ
• —•Ž‹•ǡ ™Š‘ ƒ†‡ —’ ‘Ž› ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ʹͷΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ ™‡”‡
‰”ƒ–‡†–Š‡’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡–‘„‡‘˜‡””‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡ͳͶǦ‡„‡””‘’‘•‡†š‡ —–‹˜‡
‘— ‹Ž„› Š‘‘•‹‰•‹š”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ
• Outcome: Š‹Ž‡†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡†‡ƒ†ǡ‘‰”‡••†‡ˆ‡†‡†‹–•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘
‘‹ƒ–‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆ”‘ƒ› ‘—‹–›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰—•Ž‹•ǡ–‘–Š‡‘— ‹ŽǤ
4. The Cabinet Mission • –•‘—‰Š––‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ ‘•–‹–—‡–ƒ••‡„Ž›ƒ†ƒ‹–‡”‹ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
of 1946: •  ƒ†ƒ–‘”› ‰”‘—’‹‰ ‘ˆ ’”‘˜‹ ‡• ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘–‡–‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹••‹‘̵•
•—‰‰‡•–‹‘Ǥ
• Š‡—•Ž‹‡ƒ‰—‡™ƒ–‡†‹––‘„‡”‡“—‹”‡†ǡ„—–‘‰”‡•••ƒ™‹–ƒ•‘’–‹‘ƒŽǤ
• Outcome: ‘‰”‡•• •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› ”‡Œ‡ –‡† –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ• ”‡•—Ž–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ —•Ž‹
‡ƒ‰—‡ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘’‘—†‡†ƒ––‡”•„›ƒ‘— ‹‰"direct action".
Conclusion: Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› •–‘‡† •‡ –ƒ”‹ƒ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰• ™‹–Š ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ‹••—‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ –Š‡
’ƒ”–‹–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡ͳͻͶͲ•‡†‡†—’„‡‹‰ƒ–‹‡‘ˆ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ–‰ƒ˜‡”‹•‡–‘ƒ‡™™‘”Ž†ƒ†™Š‡”‡–Š‡
”‹–‹•Š‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž›Ž‘•––Š‡‹”‰”‡ƒ–‡••Ǥ

KEY WORDS: ‡ ‘†‘”Ž†ƒ”ǡ‹ ‡”‘›‹Ž‹–Š‰‘™ǡ †‹ƒ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ—‹– †‹ƒ‘˜‡‡–ǡ—‰—•–ˆˆ‡”ǡ †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ

ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǡ ”‹’’• ‹••‹‘ǡ ǡ œƒ† ‹† ƒ—Œǡ Š‹Žƒ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ ƒ˜‡ŽŽ Žƒǡ ƒ„‹‡– ‹••‹‘ǡ ‘—–„ƒ––‡ Žƒǡ
ƒ”–‹–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ


PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ͳǤ ••‡••–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š‹’‡”‹ƒŽ’‘™‡”‹ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‰–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ’‘™‡”†—”‹‰ ʹͲͳͻ
–Š‡ͳͻͶͲ•Ǥ
ʹǤ  ™Šƒ– ™ƒ›• †‹† –Š‡ ƒ˜ƒŽ —–‹› ’”‘˜‡ –‘ „‡ –Š‡ Žƒ•– ƒ‹Ž ‹ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‘ˆ ”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ʹͲͳͶ
ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•‹ †‹ƒǫ


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10 ROLE OF DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS IN INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

The Indian freedom struggle relied on diverse stakeholders, with women playing a crucial yet often overlooked role.
When male leaders were imprisoned, women bravely assumed leadership, ensuring the movement's continuity. Despite
facing exploitation and hardship, they actively participated in the anti-imperialist movement, demonstrating
remarkable courage. Their sacrifices were integral to India's quest for liberation, highlighting the indispensable role of
women in shaping history.
ROLE PLAYED BY WOMEN IN THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT
ROLE OF WOMEN BEFORE THE GANDHIAN PHASE
• Early Phase:
o ”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‡Ž Malcolm ™ƒ• †‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡† ‹ ‰—‡”‹ŽŽƒ ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ „› Bhima Bai HolkarǤ Š‡ Ž‡† –Š‡ ™ƒ” ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡
”‹–‹•Š‹ͳͺͳ͹Ǥ
o ƒ›™‘‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰Rani Channama of Kittur and Rani Begam Hazrat Mahal ‘ˆ˜ƒ†Šǡˆ‘—‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡
”‹–‹•Šƒ•– †‹ƒ‘’ƒ›‹–Š‡ͳͻ–Š ‡–—”›ǡ— Š„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ͳͺͷ͹”‡˜‘Ž–Ǥ
o Maharani Velu Nachiyar ȋͳ͹͵Ͳ–ͳ͹ͻ͸Ȍ„”ƒ˜‡Ž›ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ”›ƒ††‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
o Gauri Parvati Baiǡ –Š‡ “—‡‡ ‘ˆ ”ƒ˜ƒ ‘”‡ ’—– ƒ ˆ‘ —• ‘ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‰‹”Ž•̵ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š Š‡Ž’‡†
™‘‡–‘‘˜‡” ‘‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ ƒ†‡‹ •–‹‰ƒǤ
• First War of Independence (1857-58):
o –Š‡ƒ”‘ˆ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ȋ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡˜‘Ž–Ȍ‘ˆͳͺͷ͹ǡ™‘‡’Žƒ›‡†ƒ ‘‡†ƒ„Ž‡”‘Ž‡Ǥ
o Chauhan Rani, Tapasvini Maharani, Rani of Ramgarh, Rani Jindan Kaur, Rani Tace Bai, Baiza Bai, and Rani
Tace Ž‡†–Š‡‹”ƒ”‹‡•‹–‘„ƒ––Ž‡™‹–Š ‘—”ƒ‰‡Ǥ
o Rani Lakshmi Bai ‘ˆ Šƒ•‹•‡–ƒ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–”—‡’ƒ–”‹‘–‹•–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‡”„”ƒ˜‡”›ƒ†‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ
• Swadeshi Movement: ‘‡™‡”‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘™‡ƒ˜‡ Ž‘–Š‡•ǡ†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘—•‹‰‹’‘”–‡†‰‘‘†•ǡƒ†–‘‘
’ƒ”–‹’‹ ‡–‹‰ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•–‘ˆ‘” ‡Ž‹“—‘”•–‘”‡•–‘ Ž‘•‡Ǥ
ROLE OF WOMEN DURING GANDHIAN PHASE
• Non-cooperation movement (1920s)
o ‘‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹–™‘•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•’”‘ ‡••‡•ǣ
o Š‡ †‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  •’Š‡”‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡„› –Š‡› –‘‘ ’ƒ”– ‹ –Š‡ •–”‡‡–• ™‹–Š‘—– ‘’”‘‹•‹‰ –Š‡‹”
†‘‡•–‹ ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǣƒ†
o Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‘‡•–‹ •’Š‡”‡ǡ™Š‡”‡„›–Š‡›†‡ƒŽ–™‹–Š•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•™Š‡”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•
”‡’–‹–‘–Š‡Š‘‡†—‡–‘–Š‡ƒ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š—•„ƒ†•ƒ†•‘•Ǥ
• Civil Disobedience and the Dandi Salt March (1930s):
o Mass Awareness: ‘‡˜‘Ž—–‡‡”•–‘‘’ƒ”–‹†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ”ƒŽŽ‹‡•ǡ’”‘–‡•–•ǡƒ†’”ƒ„Šƒ–’Š‡”‹•†—”‹‰
–Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
o Leading rolesǣ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ƒ””‡•–‘ˆ‡ǡ™‘‡̵•‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ••—‡†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘” ‘–‹—‹‰ ‹˜‹Ž
†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ
o Constructive activitiesǣŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘‡’–—’–Š‡ ƒ†Š‹ƒ ‘•–”— –‹˜‡’”‘‰”ƒǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡†™‡ƒ˜‹‰ Ž‘–Š
ƒ†ˆƒ•–‹‰ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ’ƒ••‹˜‡”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡”‡‘™ƒ••‡˜‹ƒ•ǡ‘”• ‘—–•Ǥ
o Salt Satyagrahaǣ
▪  –Š‡ ͳͻ͵Ͳ•ǡ Kamladevi Chattopadhyay ”‘•‡ –‘ ’”‘‹‡ ‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ†Š‹ƒ ‘˜‡‡–ǡ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡ƒŽ–ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǤ
▪ ƒ”‘Œ‹‹ƒ‹†—Ž‡†Dharsana Salt Satyagraha.
o Mobilization of Women: ˜‡”ƒ–Š‘—•ƒ††‡˜ƒ†ƒ•‹™‡”‡‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†‹†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š„›ƒ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ Ž‡ƒ†‡”
—”‰ƒ„ƒ‹–‘Š‡ƒ” ƒ†Š‹̵••’‡‡ ŠǤ—Š–—Žƒš‹‡††›ǡƒ”‰”‡–‘—•‹•ǡƒ†ƒ”‘Œ‹‹ƒ‹†—™‡”‡‹’”‹•‘‡†Ǥ
• Quit India Movement (1942)
o Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹•‡”•“—‹ Ž›ƒ””‡•–‡†ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡‘•–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ––Š‡–‹‡Ǥ
o ‘‡’”‘’‡ŽŽ‡†–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‹ͳͻͶʹ„›‘”‰ƒ‹•‹‰’”‘–‡•–ƒ” Š‡•ǡŠƒ”–ƒŽ•ǡƒ††‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ”‹•‹‰
ƒ””‡•–•ǡƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‰ƒ–‹Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
o Sucheta Kripalani ‘ˆˆ‡”‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒƒ– ƒ‹œƒ„ƒ†ƒ†™ƒ•‹’”‹•‘‡†ˆ‘”–™‘›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

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WOMEN'S CONTRIBUTION DURING FREEDOM MOVEMENTS
• Social and Women Mobilisation: ‘‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ž‹‡ƒ•–—”„ƒ ƒ†Š‹ǡƒ†ƒ˜‹–”‹ƒ‹Š—Ž‡ǡ ƒ‡ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–‘ƒŽ–‡”
–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽˆƒ„”‹
• Revolutionary Movements: †‹ƒ™‘‡ƒŽ•‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‘˜‡‡–•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡•ǡ•— Š
ƒ•ǦKalapana Datta ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡”ƒ‹†‘–Š‡Š‹––ƒ‰‘‰ƒ”‘—”›Ǥ
o Rani Gaidineliu, ƒŽ•‘’‘’—Žƒ”Ž›‘™ƒ•̶Queen of Naga̶™ƒ•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡–
ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
o Pritilata Waddekar Ž‡†–Š‡fifteen revolutionaries in the 1932 ƒ”‡†ƒ––ƒ ‘–Š‡ƒŠƒ”–ƒŽ‹—”‘’‡ƒŽ—„
• Raising voice of freedom at International platform: Bhikaji Cama ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡ ”‡‡ †‹ƒ‘ ‹‡–›‹–Š‡‹–‡†
‹‰†‘ƒ†™ƒ•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•‘–Š‡” †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‹”•– —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
o Vijay Laxmi Pandit •’‘‡—’ˆ‘” †‹ƒƒ––Š‡‡‡–‹‰‹ƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘Ǥ
• Establishment of Social institutionsǣ ‹•–”‹ – ‘‰”‡•• ‘‹––‡‡• ƒ† ‹†‡’‡†‡– ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘• Ž‹‡
ƒ•Š–”‹›ƒ –”‡‡ ƒ‰Šƒ• ™‡”‡ ‘„‹‡†Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‹†‘™•ǡ • Š‡†—Ž‡†Ȁƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹•‡† •‡ –‹‘•ǡ ‹†—Ȁ—•Ž‹ǡ
ƒ†—•Ž‹™‘‡™‡”‡ƒŽŽ‹ Ž—†‡†Ǥ
LIMITATIONS OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
• Absence of Leadership Roles: ‘‡ ™‡”‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ƒ„•‡– ˆ”‘ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–
‘˜‡‡–ǡ‘ˆ–‡’”‘˜‹†‹‰•—’’‘”––‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰’Žƒ•ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†„›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ž‹‡–Š‡
Ǥ
o Example:‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‹”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ǡˆ‹‰—”‡•Ž‹‡”‹–‹Žƒ–ƒƒ††‡†ƒ”ƒ†ƒŽ’ƒƒ—––‘ˆ–‡‘’‡”ƒ–‡†
—†‡” –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ƒŽ‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡• •— Š ƒ• —”›ƒ ‡ǡ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹‹–‡† Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ”‘Ž‡• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ –‘
™‘‡Ǥ
• Lack of Scientific Education: ‹‹–‡†ƒ ‡••–‘‡•–‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰—’’‡”Ǧ‹††Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ••™‘‡Š‹†‡”‡†–Š‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ǡ•‡ —Žƒ”ǡŽ‹„‡”ƒŽǡƒ†• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ
• Influence of Patriarchal Society:Š‡†‘‹ƒ ‡‘ˆ’ƒ–”‹ƒ” Š›”‡†‹”‡ –‡†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘™ƒ”†•‡ǡ‹’‡†‹‰
™‘‡̵•ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–‹ƒ–‹‘Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ‹‡†™‘‡–‘†‘‡•–‹
”‘Ž‡•Ǥ
• Social Stigma: ‘‡™‡”‡‘ˆ–‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ•™‡ƒƒ†‹ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•̵Šƒ”•Š
”‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”Ž‹‹–‡†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Underrepresentation: ‘‡ ™‡”‡ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹ ’”‘‹‡– ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• •— Š ƒ• ‘‰”‡•• ƒ† Žƒ„‘” —‹‘•ǡ
™‹–Šˆ‡™‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’”‘Ž‡•Ǥ
o Example:‹‹–‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹‘‰”‡••‡„‡”•Š‹’ƒ†Žƒ„‘”—‹‘‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

ROLE OF GANDHIJI IN WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION FOR NATIONAL MOVEMENT

• “A yagna is incomplete without women taking part in it” ǦGandhi Ji during NCM
• ”‘Lakshmibai to Bhima Holkarǡ™‘‡†‹•’Žƒ›‡†—ˆŽ‹ Š‹‰ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†—”‹‰ †‹ƒ̵•’”‡Ǧ ƒ†Š‹ƒˆ”‡‡†‘
•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
• ƒ–‡”ǡ™‘‡–—”‡†‹–‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‘–Š‡”Š‘‘†Ǥ—––Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•Š‹ˆ–‹
™‘‡̵•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡–ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹Ǥ
• Women’s Role with Gandhi Ji:
o Opposed social evils: ‡‘’’‘•‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‹Ž•Ž‹‡–Š‡’—”†ƒŠ•›•–‡ǡ Š‹Ž†ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ƒ†’”‘‘–‡†‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Increased active participation: ‘”‡™‘‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹̵•‹•‹•–‡ ‡‘‘Ǧ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ƒ†
Š‹•‡’Šƒ•‹•‘—’Š‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡†‹‰‹–›‘ˆ™‘‡•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠ‹•Ǥ
o Non-Cooperation Movementǣ—”‹‰–Š‡ǡƒ›™‘‡™‡”‡•‡–‡ ‡†–‘’”‹•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡Ǥ
o Civil Disobedience Movement: Šƒ”ƒ•ƒƒ ƒŽ– ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ ™ƒ• Ž‡† „› ƒ”‘Œ‹‹ ƒ‹†—Ǥ ƒŽƒ ‡˜‹ ƒ††”‡••‡†
‡‡–‹‰•ƒ†’”‡’ƒ”‡†•ƒŽ–ǤNari Satyagraha Committee ™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ
o Quit India MovementǣŠ‡ ƒ†Š‹•ƒ‹†ǡ̶‘‘”†‹‡̶ǡ•Šƒ‡Š–ƒ’‡”•‹•–‡†‹„”‘ƒ† ƒ•–‹‰—–‹Ž–Š‡‹”ƒ””‡•–Ǥ
SAROJINI NAIDU AND HER ROLE IN FREEDOM MOVEMENT
• During Bengal DivisionǣŠ‡Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–†—”‹‰–Š‡ͳͻͲͷ’”‘–‡•–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ
• Role as INC memberǣƒ”‘Œ‹‹ƒ‹†—•–ƒ”–‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡ˆƒ‘—•ƒ•ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹ͳͻͳ͹ǤŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ̵•
•‡ ‘†ˆ‡ƒŽ‡’”‡•‹†‡–‹ͳͻʹͷǤ
• Social Service: Š‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†–Š‡ƒ‹•‡”Ǧ‹Ǧ ‹†ƒ™ƒ”†ˆ”‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ‘”Š‡”•‡”˜‹ ‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡ †‹ƒ
’Žƒ‰—‡‡’‹†‡‹ ǡƒ†•Š‡•‡”˜‡†ƒ•’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–ˆ”‹ ƒ †‹ƒ‘‰”‡••‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤ

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• Raised voice for women's RightsǣŠ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›‹–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘‡̵• †‹ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†–‘‘†‘™‹–Šƒ†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‘’”‘‘–‹‰™‘‡̵•˜‘–‹‰”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Salt Satyagraha: Š‡ ™ƒ• ƒ Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž †‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ ‘˜‡‡– ƒ† ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ’”‘–‡•–‡”• ƒ– –Š‡
Šƒ”ƒ•ƒƒ•ƒŽ–’Žƒ–†—”‹‰–Š‡•ƒŽ–•ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǤ
• Quit India Movement: Š‡™ƒ•Š‡Ž†‹†‡–‡–‹‘‹ͳͻͶʹ†—”‹‰–Š‡—‹– †‹ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ
WOMEN’S AND REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES
• Pritilata Waddedar:
o She ™ƒ•ƒ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–ƒ†Œ‘‹‡†ƒ‰”‘—’Š‡ƒ†‡†„›—”›ƒ‡Ǥ
o Š‡‹•‘™ˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ†‹‰fifteen revolutionaries in the 1932 armed attack ‘–Š‡ƒŠƒ”–ƒŽ‹—”‘’‡ƒŽ—„Ǥ
o Š‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‹‡•–‘” Š‡†–Š‡ Ž—„ƒ†™‡”‡Žƒ–‡” ƒ—‰Š–„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‡Ǥ
• Kalpana Dutta:
o Š‡Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ”›ǤŠ‡ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š”‹–‹Žƒ–ƒƒ††‡†ƒ”‹ͳͻ͵ͳƒ––ƒ ‡†–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ Ž—„
‹Š‹––ƒ‰‘‰Ǥȉ
o ƒ–‡”•Š‡™ƒ•„‘‘‡†—†‡”–Š‡Chittagong Armoury Raid ƒ•‡ƒ†™ƒ••‡–‡ ‡†–‘Ž‹ˆ‡‹’”‹•‘‡–Ǥ
Women's contributions to the Indian freedom struggle were crucial and cannot be measured or quantified. They ranged
from being ordinary people to leading the mass movement. Author Katherine Mayo criticised Hindu men and the
treatment of women as property within the family in her book Mother India. Nationalists and reformers were forced
to concentrate on families and establish a nonviolent home environment. Additionally, this criticism forged Indian men
and women together for national honour.
ROLE OF CAPITALIST CLASS IN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
• †‹ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹• ‡‡”‰‡† ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‘‹† ”‡ƒ–‡† †—‡ –‘ ™ƒ”–‹‡ ‹’‘”– •—„•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† Šƒ‰‡• ‹
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡Ǥ
• †—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• ™‡”‡ relatively weak ‹ –Š‡ ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”› ƒ† ™‡”‡ —ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ’—– ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•–‘ƒ‡‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘‹’‘”–‡“—‹’‡–ƒ†™‘”‡”•ˆ”‘”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ
o Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ †‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•̵ ‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹‰ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” †‹ƒ ‹†—•–”›ǡ–Š‡› †‹† ‘– „ƒ  –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
o ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ‡‘–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”›ǡ •’ƒ”‹‰ ‡‘”‘—• ƒ••
‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ
• Industrialist Role during Swadeshi and Non-Cooperation Movement;
o —”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ†‡•Š‹‘˜‡‡–ȋͳͻͲͷǦͲͺȌǡ–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–•”‡ƒ‹‡†‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡„‘› ‘––ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘.
o ‘‡‡–”‡’”‡‡—”••—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–ǤG. D. Birla ƒ†Purushottam Das ™‡”‡ƒ‘‰
–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–•™Š‘‘’’‘•‡†–Š‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Industrialist role during Civil Disobedience Movement:
o Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•– Žƒ•• Žƒ”‰‡Ž› •—’’‘”–‡† –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž †‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡‹” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡
‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡––‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ƒ›”‡ƒŽ–”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ
o ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡˜‹‘Ž‡–ƒ••”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘™ƒ•‘’’‘•‡†„›–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–•„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‘’‡‡†–Š‡†‘‘”–‘
•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•ǡƒ†–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†–Š‡˜‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•‹ †‹ƒǤ
Reason to support the movement:
• Strengthening of Indian Rupees: –Š‡Hilton Young Commission's ƒ†˜‹ ‡ǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒ”—’‡‡™ƒ••–”‡‰–Š‡‡†
ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•Š’‘—†‹ͳͻʹ͸ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•‘– ‘†— ‹˜‡–‘–Š‡‡š’‘”–‘ˆ‰‘‘†•Ǥ
• Exemption of British goods from import duty: ‘ ’”‘–‡ – †‹ƒ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ͳͻʹͻ–͵Ͳ ‡ ‘‘‹ 
†‘™–—”ǡ –Š‡ ‹’‘”– †—–› ™ƒ• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ˆ”‘ ͷΨ –‘ ͳͳΨǡ „—– ”‹–‹•Š ‰‘‘†• ‰‘– ‘”‡ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ† ™‡”‡
‡š‡’–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‹•Š‹‡‹†—–›Ǥ
Women Leaders Who Contributed to Framing of Constitution of India

Women Leaders Details

Sarojini Naidu • ƒ”‘Œ‹‹ ƒ‹†— ™ƒ• ƒ ”‡‘™‡† ’‘‡–ǡ ˆ‡‹‹•–ǡ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹•– ™Š‘ ƒ”†‡–Ž›
(1879-1949) Šƒ’‹‘‡†women's emancipation, anti-imperialism, and civil rights.
• ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ•Š‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ˆ‡ƒ–‘ˆ„‡ ‘‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•– †‹ƒ™‘ƒ–‘„‡‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ•
–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••Ǥ

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• ‡” •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‡š–‡†‡† –‘ †‹ƒ̵• ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ǡ ƒ† •Š‡
‹‘”–ƒŽ‹œ‡†Š‡”‹†‡ƒŽ•–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‡”ƒ Žƒ‹‡†ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›"In The Bazaars of Hyderabad,"
’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͻͳʹǤ

Dakshayani • ‘”‹ͳͻͳʹǡƒ•Šƒ›ƒ‹‡Žƒ›—†ŠƒŠƒ‹Ž‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡—Žƒ›ƒ” ‘—‹–›ƒ†‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•

Velayudhan ƒ’”‘‹‡–ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ˆ‘”decentralization of the constitution draft.
(1912-1978) • Š‡ ˜‡Š‡‡–Ž› ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‘”› ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ƒ†
˜‘ ‹ˆ‡”‘—•Ž›condemned caste discrimination.
• ‡Žƒ›—†Šƒ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ”‡Ž‹‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡
‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡”‡Ž›‹–•Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡š‡ —–‹‘Ǥ

Begum Aizaz • •–Š‡‘Ž›—•Ž‹™‘ƒ‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž›‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ‡‰—‹œƒœƒ•—Ž’Žƒ›‡†

Rasul (1909- ƒ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹•Šƒ’‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹‘̵•ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‘ —‡–Ǥ
2001) • ‡” ‘‹–‡––‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ†‹‘”‹–›”‹‰Š–•™ƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡”‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡††—”‹‰Š‡”
–‡—”‡ƒ•‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ‘ ‹ƒŽ‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ†‹‘”‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘ͳͻ͸ͻ–‘ͳͻ͹ͳǤ
•  ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‡” ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ǡ •Š‡ ™ƒ• Š‘‘”‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—•
Padma Bhushan award in 2000.

Hansa Jivraj • ƒ•ƒ ‹˜”ƒŒ ‡Š–ƒǡ ƒ —Ž–‹ˆƒ ‡–‡† ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ™ƒ• ƒ ˆ‡”˜‡– ˆ‡‹‹•–ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹•–ǡ
Mehta (1897- ”‡ˆ‘”‹•–ǡƒ†‡†— ƒ–‘”Ǥ
1995) • Š‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹†”ƒˆ–‹‰ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†–‹”‡Ž‡••Ž›ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”‰‡†‡”
‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ‹†‡Ž‹„Ž‡ƒ”‘ †‹ƒ̵• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ
• ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ ‡Š–ƒ ™ƒ• ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ‹ ”‡˜‹•‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•ƒŽ ‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
—ƒ‹‰Š–•ǡ—†‡”• ‘”‹‰–Š‡‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ‰‡†‡”’ƒ”‹–›Ǥ

Leela Roy (1900- • ‡‡Žƒ ‘›ǡ ƒ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ Ž‡ˆ–‹•– ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ ƒ† †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ™‘”‡”ǡ •’‡ƒ”Š‡ƒ†‡† —‡”‘—•
1970) ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰™‘‡̵•”‹‰Š–•ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• ‡”’‹‘‡‡”‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–•‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ̶Jayasreeǡ̶ †‹ƒ̵•‹ƒ—‰—”ƒŽƒ‰ƒœ‹‡
ƒƒ‰‡†‡–‹”‡Ž›„›™‘‡ǡ‹ͳͻ͵ͳǤ
• ‘›̵• ƒ†˜‘ ƒ › ‡ ‘’ƒ••‡† ‘– ‘Ž› educational empowerment ˆ‘” ‰‹”Ž• „—– ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡
’”‘‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ vocational training, ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ Š‡” Š‘Ž‹•–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘™ƒ”†• •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ
—’Ž‹ˆ–‡–Ǥ

Durgabai • —”‰ƒ„ƒ‹‡•Š—Šǡ”‡˜‡”‡†ˆ‘”Š‡”—™ƒ˜‡”‹‰ ‘‹–‡––‘ ƒ†Š‹ƒ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡƒ†‡

Deshmukh (1909- •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•–”‹†‡•‹–Š‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ™‘‡̵•‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǥ
1981) •  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ Š‡” ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—‡– ••‡„Ž›ǡ ‡•Š—Š̵• –‡—”‡ ƒ• –Š‡
Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘— ‹Ž‘‘‡̵•†— ƒ–‹‘—†‡”• ‘”‡†Š‡”†‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘
ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰‰‡†‡”‹ Ž—•‹˜‹–›‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡•Ǥ
• ‡” Ž‡‰ƒ › ‡†—”‡• ƒ• ƒ –‡•–ƒ‡– –‘ Š‡” –‹”‡Ž‡•• ‡†‡ƒ˜‘”• –‘™ƒ”†• ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ƒŠƒ–ƒ
ƒ†Š‹̵•˜‹•‹‘‘ˆƒŒ—•–ƒ†‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ

Ammu • — ™ƒ‹ƒ–Šƒǡ ƒ •–ƒŽ™ƒ”– ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹•– ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ™‘”‡”ǡ ‘˜‡” ƒ‡ ›”‹ƒ†
Swaminathan ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–‘‡‡”‰‡ƒ•ƒ„‡ƒ ‘‘ˆ”‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡’‘™‡”‡–Ǥ
(1894-1978) • ‡•’‹–‡ˆƒ ‹‰‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‹”–‡‡ǡ™ƒ‹ƒ–Šƒ‡„ƒ”‡†‘ƒŒ‘—”‡›‘ˆ
•‡ŽˆǦ‡†— ƒ–‹‘—†‡”Š‡”Š—•„ƒ†̵•‰—‹†ƒ ‡ǡƒ•–‡”‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—••—„Œ‡ –•ǡ‘–ƒ„Ž›‰Ž‹•ŠǤ
• ‡”—™ƒ˜‡”‹‰†‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ—•‡•‡ƒ”‡†Š‡”–Š‡‡•–‡‡‡†–‹–Ž‡‘ˆ'Mother of the
Yea”̵ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‡̵• ‡ƒ” ‹ ͳͻ͹ͷǡ •›„‘Ž‹œ‹‰ Š‡”
‡†—”‹‰‹’ƒ –‘•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ

Renuka Ray • ‡—ƒƒ›̵•†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†–‡—”‡ƒ•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ŽŽ †‹ƒ‘‡̵•‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ†

(1904-1997) Š‡” •—„•‡“—‡– ”‡ ‡‹’– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Padma Bhushan in 1988 —†‡”• ‘”‡ Š‡” ’”‘ˆ‘—†
‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘ †‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• ‡” ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ •Šƒ’‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ ‘–ƒ„Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š Š‡” Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡
committee on Social Welfare and Welfare of Backward Classes in 1959, ”‡ˆŽ‡ –• Š‡”
—™ƒ˜‡”‹‰ ‘‹–‡––‘•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India

• Š”‘—‰Š Š‡” •‡‹ƒŽ ™‘”, "My Reminiscences: Social Development During the
Gandhian Era and After," ƒ› ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
Žƒ†• ƒ’‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ†—”‹‰’‹˜‘–ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‡’‘ Š•Ǥ

Kamla Chaudhry • ƒŽƒŠƒ—†Š”›ǡƒˆ‘”‹†ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‹‰—”‡‹ †‹ƒ̵•ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡ǡ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†—™ƒ˜‡”‹‰

(1908-1970) ”‡•‘Ž˜‡ƒ††‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ƒ–‹‘̵•‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• ‡” ƒ –‹˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—‡– ••‡„Ž› ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡– ƒ’’‘‹–‡– –‘ –Š‡
”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–—†‡”• ‘”‡Š‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘ƒ–‹‘Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–•
’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Šƒ—†Š”›̵• ‹†‡Ž‹„Ž‡ Ž‡‰ƒ › •‡”˜‡• ƒ• ƒ ’‘‹‰ƒ– ”‡‹†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ’Žƒ›‡† „›
™‘‡‹•Šƒ’‹‰ †‹ƒ̵•†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ˆƒ„”‹ ƒ†•‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ

Purnima • —”‹ƒƒ‡”Œ‡‡̵•„”‹‡ˆ›‡–‹’ƒ –ˆ—Ž–‡—”‡‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž›„‡–™‡‡ͳͻͶ͸

Banerjee (1911- ƒ† ͳͻͷͲ ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡• Š‡” —™ƒ˜‡”‹‰ ‘‹–‡– –‘ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• ƒ –‹˜‹• ƒ† ”—”ƒŽ
1951) †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
• ‡” ‘ ‡”–‡† ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ —’Ž‹ˆ– ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ”—”ƒŽ
‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ –Š‡”†‡‡’Ǧ”‘‘–‡†‡’ƒ–Š›ƒ††‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†••‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ„‡––‡”‡–Ǥ
• ƒ‡”Œ‡‡̵• ‡†—”‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒ › ‘–‹—‡• –‘ ‹•’‹”‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• –‘ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹
‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•ƒ –‹˜‹•ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –’‘•‹–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ

Rajkumari Amrit • ƒŒ—ƒ”‹ ”‹– ƒ—”̵• ‹ŽŽ—•–”‹‘—• ƒ”‡‡” •’ƒ‡† ˜ƒ”‹‘—• †‘ƒ‹•ǡ ˆ”‘ Š‡” ƒ –‹˜‡
Kaur (1887- ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ †‹ƒ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘˜‡‡– –‘ Š‡” •–‡™ƒ”†•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”‹ƒŽ
1964) ’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘•Ǥ
• ‡”—™ƒ˜‡”‹‰ƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›ˆ‘”ƒUniform Civil Codeƒ†•–ƒ— Š•—’’‘”–ˆ‘””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‹‰Š–•
ƒ† —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡ —†‡”• ‘”‡ Š‡” ‘‹–‡– –‘ ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ‹ Ž—•‹˜‹–› ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ
Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
• ƒ—”̵•‡†—”‹‰Ž‡‰ƒ ›•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ–‡•–ƒ‡––‘Š‡”‹†‘‹–ƒ„Ž‡•’‹”‹–ƒ†–‹”‡Ž‡••‡ˆˆ‘”–•
–‘™ƒ”†•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ ƒ†‡‰ƒŽ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ

Vijaya Lakshmi • ‹Œƒ›ƒ ƒ•Š‹ ƒ†‹–̵• –”ƒ‹Ž„Žƒœ‹‰ –‡—”‡ ƒ• India's ambassador to the Soviet Union
Pandit (1900- ˆ”‘ ͳͻͶ͹ –‘ ͳͻͶͻ —†‡”• ‘”‡• Š‡” ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ •Šƒ’‹‰ †‹ƒ̵• ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’‘Ž‹ › ƒ†
1990) †‹’Ž‘ƒ–‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• •–Š‡ˆ‹”•–™‘ƒ–‘Š‘Ž†ƒ ƒ„‹‡–’‘•‹–‹‘‹–Š‡’”‡Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‡”ƒǡƒ†‹–•Šƒ––‡”‡†
‰‡†‡”„ƒ””‹‡”•ƒ†’ƒ˜‡†–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ™‘‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ
• ‡” †‹’Ž‘ƒ–‹  ƒ —‡ ƒ† —™ƒ˜‡”‹‰ ‘‹–‡– –‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‡”‡•–• ‘–‹—‡ –‘
‹•’‹”‡ƒ•’‹”‹‰†‹’Ž‘ƒ–•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‡”•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‰Ž‘„‡Ǥ

Annie Mascarene • ‹‡ ƒ• ƒ”‡‡̵• ‰”‘—†„”‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–• ƒ• ƒ Žƒ™›‡” ƒ† ‡„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–
(1902-1963) —†‡”• ‘”‡Š‡”–”ƒ‹Ž„Žƒœ‹‰Œ‘—”‡›–‘™ƒ”†•‰‡†‡”’ƒ”‹–›ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• ‡”’‹˜‘–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡†”ƒˆ–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Hindu Code Bill†—”‹‰–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘
”‡ˆŽ‡ –•Š‡”—™ƒ˜‡”‹‰ ‘‹–‡––‘ƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ†™‘‡̵•”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• ƒ• ƒ”‡‡̵•‡†—”‹‰Ž‡‰ƒ ›•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ’‘‹‰ƒ–”‡‹†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ
™‘‡̵•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‹‰’‘•‹–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡™‹–Š‹Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•Ǥ 

Sucheta Kriplani • — Š‡–ƒ”‹’Žƒ‹̵•’‘‹‰ƒ–”‡†‹–‹‘‘ˆ̶ƒ†‡ƒ–ƒ”ƒ̶†—”‹‰–Š‡ †‡’‡†‡ ‡‡••‹‘

(1908-1974) ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—‡– ••‡„Ž› ‡’‹–‘‹œ‡• Š‡” —™ƒ˜‡”‹‰ ’ƒ–”‹‘–‹• ƒ† ‘‹–‡– –‘
†‹ƒ̵•ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
• ‡” •‡‹ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ˆ‘—†‹‰ –Š‡ ŽŽ †‹ƒ ƒŠ‹Žƒ ‘‰”‡•• ‹ ͳͻͶͻ —†‡”• ‘”‡• Š‡”
†‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘ Šƒ’‹‘‹‰™‘‡̵•”‹‰Š–•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡’‘™‡”‡–Ǥ
• ”‹’Žƒ‹̵• ‹†‘‹–ƒ„Ž‡ •’‹”‹– ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‹•’‹”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ™‘‡ –‘
ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ ––”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ

Malati Choudhury • ƒŽƒ–‹Š‘—†Š—”›̵•’‹‘‡‡”‹‰ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡ˆ‘—†‹‰‘–Š‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡

(1904-1998) †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘—†‡”• ‘”‡Š‡”‡†—”‹‰ ‘‹–‡––‘‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•ƒ –‹˜‹•ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ
”‡ˆ‘”Ǥ

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• ‡•’‹–‡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ™‹–Š ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ ‡„‡”•ǡ Š‘—†Š—”› ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† –Š‡ ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ
”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ˆ‘” ƒ†—Ž–• ƒ† ”—”ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ ‹ ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ
’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ
• Š‘—†Š—”›̵•Ž‡‰ƒ ›•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ’‘‹‰ƒ–”‡‹†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•
ƒ –‹˜‹•ƒ†–Š‡‡†—”‹‰‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹†”‹˜‹‰•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ

CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIALISTS DURING NATI ONAL MOVEMENT

• Institution building for the interest of the nation:

o ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–• Ž‹‡ G.D. Birla and Purshottamdas Thakurdas ƒ†‡ ƒ ‡ˆˆ‘”– –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǦŽ‡˜‡Ž
‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ‹ƒ ‡ƒ† ‘‡” ‡ƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡‘”‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†—”‘’‡ƒ‹–‡”‡•–•‹ †‹ƒǤ
o Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘„„›™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
o Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‘”– —Ž‹ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
(FICCI) in 1927ǡ™‹–ŠƒŽƒ”‰‡ƒ†”ƒ’‹†Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
o —†‹‰ˆ‘” ”‡‡†‘‘˜‡‡–ǣŠ‡ „”ƒ Š‘ˆƒ†”ƒ••–ƒ–‡™ƒ•ˆ—†‡†„›Š‹†ƒ„ƒ”ƒ‹ŽŽƒ‹Ǥ
o ™ƒ†‡•Š‹–‡”’”‹•‡•ǣˆ–‡”‹’‘•‹‰ƒ„‘› ‘––‘‹’‘”–‡†‰‘‘†•ǡ–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•– Žƒ••†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†™ƒ†‡•Š‹‹–‡•ƒ•ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ
o for instance, ™ƒ†‡•Š‹–‡š–‹Ž‡‹ŽŽ•ǡˆƒ –‘”‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ‡•‘ƒ’ƒ†ƒ– Š‡•ǡ–ƒ‡”‹‡•ǡ„ƒ•ǡ‹•—”ƒ ‡ˆ‹”•ǡ‡– Ǥ
• Favoured constitutional forms of struggle: Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• ˆƒ˜‘—”‡† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ
ƒ••’”‘–‡•–„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‡ƒ•‘•-
o ‡ƒ” ’‡”•‹•–‡† –Šƒ– •—•–ƒ‹‡† ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž †‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ ™‘—Ž† —Ž‡ƒ•Š ˆ‘” ‡• –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ƒ‡ –Š‡
‘˜‡‡–•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›Ǥ
o ‹ ‡ ƒ•• ’”‘–‡•– ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –Š”‡ƒ–‡‡† –Š‡ Žƒ••̵• ˜‡”› ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ƒ† ’”‡˜‡–‡† †ƒ›Ǧ–‘Ǧ†ƒ› ƒ –‹˜‹–› ˆ”‘
‘–‹—‹‰ǡ–Š‡capitalists did not support a prolonged all-out conflict against the British government.

ROLE OF LABOUR AND COMMUNIST CLASS IN FREEDOM STRUGGLE

• Š‡—••‹ƒ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆͳͻͳ͹‹•’‹”‡† †‹ƒ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ƒ†‘˜‡†–Š‡–‘™ƒ”†••‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•Ǥ

• Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡‡– ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘˜‹ ‡† –Š‡ –Šƒ– †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ƒ “—‹”‡†
•‘Ž‡Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‹”•– ‘”Ž† ƒ”ǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ™‘”‹‰ Žƒ•• ”‡ƒ‹‡† •–‡ƒ†ˆƒ•– †‡ˆ‡†‡”• ‘ˆ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ˆ”‡‡†‘• —–‹Ž
—‰—•–ͳͻͶ͹Ǥ
•  ‘†— ‹˜‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ˆ‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ‹†‡ƒ• ™ƒ• ’”‘˜‹†‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ ‰‘–
ƒ “—ƒ‹–‡†™‹–Šclass war, economic inequality, the fight against financial exploitation, etcǤ
• October 17, 1920ǡ–Š‡‘—‹•–ƒ”–›‘ˆ †‹ƒ™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‹TashkentǤ

ROLE OF LABOUR AND COMMUNIST CLASS

• Promotion of Unity: ‘—‹•–• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡ ‘”‡”•̵ ƒ† ‡ƒ•ƒ– ƒ”–› ȋȌ ‹ ͳͻʹͺǡ ‹•’‹”‡† „› –Š‡
‡ƒ•ƒ–•̵ƒ†‘”‡”•̵ƒ”–›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǡˆ‘•–‡”‹‰—‹–›ƒ‘‰–Š‡Žƒ„‘” Žƒ••Ǥ
• Advocacy for Workers' Rights:‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•–”‹‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡ͳͻʹͺ•–”‹‡‘˜‡‡––‘–ƒŽ‹‰͵ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘™‘”‹‰
†ƒ›•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‘„ƒ›–‡š–‹Ž‡•–”‹‡‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ”‘—†ͳͷͲǡͲͲͲ™‘”‡”•ˆ‘”•‹š‘–Š•ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡’”‘–‡•–
ˆ‘”™‘”‡”•̵”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Formation of Unions:Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ŽŽǦ †‹ƒ”ƒ†‡‹‘‘‰”‡••ȋ Ȍƒ†–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ”ƒ†‡‹‘•ȋ Ȍƒ”‡†ƒŒ‘”‹Ž‡•–‘‡•‹–Š‡™‘”‡”•̵‘˜‡‡–ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–”‡‰–ŠǤ
• Contribution to Infrastructure: ‘”‡”•’Žƒ›‡†ƒ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹ ‘•–”— –‹‰”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ƒ†’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘”
†‹ƒ̵•‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ƒ‹†‹‰†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ
• Development of Mass Communication:‡ƒ†‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘—‹•– Žƒ••‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•
–‘”ƒ‹•‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†’”‘‘–‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ‘‰™‘”‡”•Ǥ
o šƒ’Ž‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ•‹’ƒ†ƒ ƒ‡”Œ‡‡̵• "Working Men's Club" ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‰ƒŽ‹ǦŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ Bharat
Shramjibi,ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ǤǤ‘Šƒ†‡›̵•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡"Bombay Millhands' Association"ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Š‹’‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽ̶‹„ƒ†Š—Ǥ̶ 

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CONSPIRACY CASE ASSOCIATED WITH COMMUNIST CLASS

Conspiracy Case Reasons

Peshawar Conspiracy • —‡”‘—•—•Ž‹—ŒƒŠ‹”•Œ‘‹‡†Roy's military academy ‹ƒ•Š‡–ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–
Case (1922–1927) ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†‹•’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡—Ž–ƒ‘ˆ—”‡›Ǥ
• Š‡›™‡”‡ƒ’’”‡Š‡†‡†‘–Š‡‹”™ƒ›„ƒ –‘‡•Šƒ™ƒ”ǡ„›–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡Ǥ
Kanpur Bolshevik • ‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘—‹•–• S. A. Dange, Nalini Gupta, Muzaffar Ahmad, and Shaukat
Conspiracy Case, 1924 Usmani ™‡”‡ –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ ‘•’‹”ƒ › ƒ•‡ –Šƒ– Žƒ‹‡† –Š‡› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ
”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‰”‘—’™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ‘˜‡”–—”‹‰”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
Lahore conspiracy case • ‘‡š’”‡••‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡—„Ž‹ ƒˆ‡–›‹ŽŽƒ†”ƒ†‡‹•’—–‡•‹ŽŽǡ™Š‹ Š„‘–Š
(1928-1929) •‡‡–‘”‡•–”‹ ––Š‡ ‹˜‹ŽŽ‹„‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‹‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†™‘”‡”•‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ǥ
• April 8, 1929, Bhagat Singh and others †‡–‘ƒ–‡†ƒ„‘„™‹–Š‹–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ
‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž›Ǥ
• Š‡› ˆƒ ‡† –”‹ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ ‘•’‹”ƒ › ƒ•‡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ Lahore conspiracy
caseǤ
Meerut Conspiracy Case • ‘”† ”™‹ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† †”ƒ ‘‹ƒ ƒ–‹Ǧ ‘—‹•– ƒ –‹‘• „› ƒ””‡•–‹‰ 31
(1929-1933) communists On 14th March 1929.
• Š‡ ‘—‹•–• ™‡”‡ ƒ —•‡† ‘ˆ ‘•’‹”‹‰ –‘ —•‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ •–”‹‡• ƒ† ƒ”‡†
—’”‹•‹‰•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒǤŠ‡›™‡”‡’”‘•‡ —–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‹•ƒ–‡‡”—–Ǥ
ROLE OF PRINCELY STATES IN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
• Š‡ †‹ƒ•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ˆ”‘”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡™ƒ•‹•‡’ƒ”ƒ„Ž›Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡‹
–Š‡ †‹ƒ”‹ ‡Ž›–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Š‡’”‹ ‡•”—Ž‡†‘˜‡”ƒ„‘—–ʹȀͷ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„ ‘–‹‡–™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†ƒ„‘—–ͳȀ͵”†–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š
’‹”‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
• The British created an invisible wall between ‘British India’ and the ‘Princely India’ by governing the latter
indirectly through hereditary princes, who were supposedly fully autonomous, but for British ‘paramountcy’.
CONTRIBUTION OF PRINCELY STATES DURING THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT
• Support for 1857 Revolt: ”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•Ž‹‡ Šƒ•‹ǡƒ”‡‹ŽŽ›ǡƒ† ƒ‰†‹•Š’—”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ͳͺͷ͹”‡˜‘Ž–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
• Political Mobilizationǣ”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•™‡”‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘••— Šƒ•”ƒŒƒƒ†ƒŽ•‘”–ƒ–‡‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ
• Exemplary Leadershipǣ ‘‡ ”—Ž‡”•ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ ‘ŽŠƒ’—” •–ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› Šƒ’‹‘‡† ‘†‡” ‹†‡ƒ•ǡ ’—„Ž‹ 
™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡƒ†–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
• Promotion of Democratic Reforms: †‡ƒ•‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ† ‹˜‹ŽŽ‹„‡”–‹‡•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›’‡”‡ƒ–‡†’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•ǡ
‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›‹–”‘†— ‡†„›‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ƒ†”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‹‡••‡‡‹‰”‡ˆ—‰‡–Š‡”‡Ǥ
• Integration with Quit India Movement (1942):‡•‹†‡–•‘ˆƒ–‹˜‡•–ƒ–‡•Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡—‹– †‹ƒ‘˜‡‡–—’‘
‘‰”‡••̵• ƒŽŽǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ‹‰‹‰–Š‡‹”•–”—‰‰Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡”‡ˆˆ‘”–•‹”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒǤ
NATIONAL MOVEMENT WITH VARIOUS IDEOLOGICAL STRANDS AND EXPANDED ITS SOCIAL BASE
• Nationalist Revolution:
o Š‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‹‡•‡˜‹•‹‘‡†–Š‡–ƒ–‡ƒ•‹–™‘—Ž†„‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰–‘–ƒŽ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
o Š‡› ™‘”‡† †‹Ž‹‰‡–Ž› –‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡ ™‘”‡”•ǡ •–—†‡–•ǡ ƒ† ’‡ƒ•ƒ–• –‘ ƒ – ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ–ƒŽ›•– ˆ‘” ƒ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†
•–”—‰‰Ž‡™‹–Šƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‰‘ƒŽǤ
o ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡–”ƒ‹”‘„„‡”›‹ƒ‘”‹ǡ™‡”‡—•‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡‘‡›Ǥ
o Š‡›‘—–Š™‡”‡‹ ‹–‡†„› ‘‰‡•ŠŠƒ†”ƒŠƒ––‡”Œ‹ǡƒ Š‹ƒ›ƒŽǡƒ†—Œƒ„ƒ—Œƒ™ƒƒ„ŠƒŽ‡†„›Šƒ‰ƒ–
‹‰ŠǤ
• Gandhismǣ
o Š‡ ƒ•• „ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ™ƒ• ‡š’ƒ†‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ†Š‹•ǡ ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹˜‡
’”‘‰”ƒǤ
o ‘‰”‡••—†‡”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ ƒ†Š‹Œ‹™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘‡ –™‹–Š †‹ƒ̵•”—”ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡
o Struggle-Truce-Struggle formulaǤ
o ––Š‡‡†ǡ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹•‡†•‘ ‹‡–›Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒ•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ

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o Ex: Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ˆ‘” –‡’Ž‡ ‡–”›ǡ –Š‡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”‹Œƒ•ǡ ƒ† ˆƒ”‡” ’”‘–‡•–• ‹ Šƒ’ƒ”ƒ ƒ† Š‡†ƒǡ
ƒ„‘—”‘˜‡‡–•ƒ–Š‡†ƒ„ƒ†‹ŽŽ•‡– Ǥ
• Communism:
o Š‡™‘”‹‰ Žƒ••Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡‘˜‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
o MN Roy ™ƒ•–Š‡‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘„‡Š‹†–Š‡‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ–†”‡™‹ƒ› †‹ƒ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡•‡––‹‰—’
‘ˆ–Š‡‘—‹•–ƒ”–›‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹ͳͻʹͷǤ
o Š‡›‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†•–”‹‡•‹‘„ƒ›ǡ ǡƒ†•‘—–Š‡””ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›ƒˆ–‡”‘„‹Ž‹•‹‰–Š‡™‘”‹‰ Žƒ••Ǥ
o –‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†–Š‡ˆ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡ƒ†™‘–Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Feminism:
o ƒ†Š‹ƒ‡–Š‘†•Šƒ˜‡‹’”‘˜‡†™‘‡̵•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‰”‘—’•Ž‹‡–Š‡All Indian Women's Association
Šƒ†”‹•‡–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ˆ‘”‡ˆ”‘–Ǥ
o ‹˜‹Ž†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ƒ†‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘„‘–Šˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†ƒ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Rise of Socialism:
o ‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•„‡‰ƒ–‘‰ƒ‹‰”‘—†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ͳͻʹͲ•ƒ†„‡ ƒ‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘’‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
o –™ƒ•ƒ’Ž›”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†‹–Š‡ ‘‰”‡••‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹•‘ˆ™‡ŽŽǦ‘™ˆ‹‰—”‡•Ǥ ‡Š”—ǡ‘•‡ǡ
ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›„”‘—‰Š–—’‹••—‡•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰™‘”‡”•ƒ†’‡ƒ•ƒ–•Ǥ
o ‘”‡”•̵ ƒ† ’‡ƒ•ƒ–•̵ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ǡ •’”‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ”š‹•– ƒ† ‘—‹•–
‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ
• Communalismǣ
o ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹•‹ŽŽ—•‹‘‡–Ǥ
o —”‹‰–Š‹•–‹‡ǡ ‹†—ƒŠƒ•ƒ„Šƒƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ‰—‡„‘–Š‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ƒ”‡•—”‰‡ ‡Ǥƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•™‡”‡˜‹Ž‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•
–”ƒ‹–‘”•ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ”’•› Š‘Ž‘‰›•Ž‘™Ž›–‘‘Š‘Ž†Ǥ
o Š‡ ‘‰”‡••‡̵•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘”‡•‹•––Š‡’”‡••—”‡ƒ†ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒ ‘—ƒŽ‘”•‡‹Ǧ ‘—ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡Ǥ
o Š‡–™‘’”‘‹‡–‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡Muslim League and Hindu MahasabhaǤ
• Caste-based Movements:
o Š‡› ‡‡”‰‡† ƒ• ƒ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‘ ƒ–”‘ ‹–‹‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ•–‡Ǥ ‘˜‡‡–• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ —•–‹ ‡ ƒ”–›ǡ –Š‡ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡•’‡ –
‘˜‡‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹‘ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ”ƒ‹•‡†ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ”—‡Ž ƒ•–‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡„‡‹‰
ƒ””‹‡†‘—–Ǥ
o Š‡›–‘‘’ƒ”–‹”‘—†–ƒ„Ž‡†‹• —••‹‘•–‘˜‘‹ ‡–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•ƒ†ƒ‡†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Peasants:
o ǡ –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ ƒ† ›‘–™ƒ”‹ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‘„ƒ› ƒ† ƒ†”ƒ• ™‹–‡••‡†
’‡ƒ•ƒ–ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–‡ƒ ›Žƒ™•ǡŽ‘™‡””‡–•ǡ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡˜‹ –‹‘ǡƒ†”‡Ž‹‡ˆˆ”‘†‡„–Ǥ
ƒ”†ƒ”ƒŽŽƒ„Š„Šƒ‹ƒ–‡ŽȋͳͻʹͺȌŽ‡†–Š‡ƒ”†‘Ž‹ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ‹ —Œƒ”ƒ–Ǥ
• The Labour Class:
o Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‘––‘ ‹ŽŽ ™‘”‡”•̵ •–”‹‡ ‹ ‘„ƒ› ȋͳͻͳͻ ƒ† ͳͻʹͲȌǡ –Š‡› –‘‘ ’ƒ”– ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘
‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
o Š‡‹”ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡”ƒ†‡‹‘ –‘ˆͳͻʹ͸„‡ ƒ‡Žƒ™ǤŠ‡”‹–‹•Š™‡”‡†‡ƒŽ–ƒ•‡”‹‘—•„Ž‘™„›
–Š‡Žƒ„‘—”•–”‹‡•–Šƒ––‘‘’Žƒ ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ˜ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž–‘ˆͳͻͶ͸
„‡‡ˆ‹–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Extremist Ideology:
o š–”‡‹•–• ˆƒ˜‘—”‡† •–”‘‰ ƒ•• †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ™ƒ”ƒŒ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’‡–‹–‹‘‹‰ ƒ† ’”ƒ›‡”
’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆ‘†‡”ƒ–‡•Ǥ
o ›ˆ‘—†‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ–Š‡›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†–Š‡‡‡†–‘‘„‹Ž‹œ‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ˆ‘”‡‹‰”—Ž‡Ǥ

FOREIGN PARTICIPATION IN FREEDOM MOVEMENT

• Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‘ˆ —‡”‘—• ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”• –‘ ‘—” •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ˆ‘” ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ”‡ ‹‡ƒ•—”ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š –‘‘ ‘˜‡”
†‹ƒ̵•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ••‡›ǤŠ‡‹†‹‰‡‘—•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘•
†‡ Ž‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‹• ‘Ž‘‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†„”ƒ˜‡Ž›ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•–‘‰ƒ‹ –Š‡‹”‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ—‡”‘—•ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•ƒŽ•‘
‘–”‹„—–‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›–‘ †‹ƒ̵•ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡•’ƒ‘ˆͳͷͲ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –Ǥ


“A foreigner deserves to be welcomed only when he mixes with the indigenous people as sugar does with milk.”
Mahatma Gandhi

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CONTRIBUTION OF FOREIGNERS TO THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT
• Intellectual Awakening: ‘”‡‹‰‡”•Š‡Ž’‡†’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‹–‹•Š̵••—’’”‡••‹˜‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†
‘–Š‡”’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†’‡‘’Ž‡–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
o –™ƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡”•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†„›ˆƒ –‘”•Ž‹‡–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆˆ”‡•Š‡ ‘‘‹ ˆ‘” ‡•ǡ–Š‡
‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‡•–‡” —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†ƒ†‡‡’‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
‘—‹–›Ǥ
• Nationalism and Democratic System: Š‡ ”‹•‹‰ –‹†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ƒ† †‡‘ ”ƒ › ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘—† ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‹
‘˜‡‡–•–‘†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹•‡–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡•ƒ†™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡†—”‹‰–Š‡Žƒ•–†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ
• Promoted scientific-based education: Š‡‘‘†̵•‹•’ƒ– Š‘ˆͳͺͷͶƒ†•—„•‡“—‡–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‡’Šƒ•‹•‡†• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ 
•–—†› ƒ† ‡•–‡” —””‹ —ŽƒǤ Š‹• Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ —”‘’‡ƒ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ‘†‡Ž•ǡ
’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ‘”‡‘†‡”ƒ†• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Encouraged freedom of the Press: ”‡••™‡”‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–˜‹‡™•ǡ —•–‘•ƒ† —Ž–—”‡•Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘‡’”‡••ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™‡”‡„ƒ””‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ‹•‹‰‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†‘„‹Ž‹•‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
–Š‡Ǥ
• Fought for human rights: Š‡Žƒ™‘ˆŽƒ† ‘ ‡’–ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–•™‡”‡’”‘‘–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡
‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‹ †‹ƒǤ
ANNIE BESANT AND HER CONTRIBUTION
• Š‡‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–™‡ŽŽǦ‘™ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•™Š‘•‡ƒ‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‹–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘ǤŠ‡˜‹•‹–‡† †‹ƒ‹
1893 –‘’”‘‘–‡–Š‡‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• ƒ–‡”ǡ•Š‡™ƒ•‹•’‹”‡†„›–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ”‘”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ƒ†’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›„‡ ƒ‡ƒƒ –‹˜‡
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–Ǥ
• •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰–Š‡ ‘‡—Ž‡‡ƒ‰—‡™ƒ•–Š‡‘•–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡‘˜‡‡–ˆ‘” †‹ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• ‹‡‡•ƒ–ƒ†‘ƒ›ƒƒŽ ƒ‰ƒ†Šƒ”‹Žƒ’Žƒ›‡†’‹˜‘–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡•‹ƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰–Š‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–ǡ
ƒ”‹‰ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ––—”‹‰’‘‹–‹ †‹ƒ̵•’”‘Ž‘‰‡†•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
• Organized in the manner of the Irish local government movementǡ–Š‡ ”—•ƒ†‡•‘—‰Š––‘„”‹‰—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒƒ†
ƒƒ†ƒ—†‡”–Š‡†‘‹‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǤŠ‹•’Žƒ›‡†ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹‹–‡•‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
KEY WORDS: ƒŽ ƒ‰ƒ†Šƒ” ‹Žƒǡ ™ƒ†‡•Š‹ ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ‘‡ —Ž‡ ‡ƒ‰—‡ǡ ƒ”†ƒ” ƒŽŽƒ„Š„Šƒ‹ ƒ–‡Žǡ ‹–› ƒ†
–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ŽƒŽ‡Š”—ǡ—”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒǡ—„Šƒ•ŠŠƒ†”ƒ‘•‡ǡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”›ǡ”ǤǤǤ„‡†ƒ”ǡƒŽ‹–‹‰Š–•ǡ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ‹ƒ›ƒ ƒ‘†ƒ” ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”ǡ ‹†—–˜ƒǡ ‘’ƒŽ ”‹•Šƒ ‘ŠƒŽ‡ǡ †— ƒ–‹‘ ‡ˆ‘”ǡ ƒ”‘Œ‹‹ ƒ‹†—ǡ ‘‡̵•
’‘™‡”‡–Ǥ


PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ͳǤ ‹ ‡–Š‡†‡ ƒ†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻʹͲ•ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ƒ “—‹”‡†˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•–”ƒ†•ƒ† ʹͲʹͲ
–Š‡”‡„›‡š’ƒ†‡†‹–••‘ ‹ƒŽ„ƒ•‡Ǥ‹• —••Ǥ


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11 SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION IN

INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
The Indian freedom struggle was a long and arduous journey that involved the contributions and sacrifices of numerous
individuals. Here are some of the important personalities who played key roles in India's fight for independence.
BAL GANGADHAR TILAK - THE LION OF MAHARASHTRA
• Early Life and Education:
o Birth: ƒŽ ƒ‰ƒ†Šƒ”‹Žƒ™ƒ•„‘”‘ —Ž›ʹ͵ǡͳͺͷ͸ǡ‹ƒ–ƒ‰‹”‹ǡƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǤ ‡ ƒ‡ˆ”‘ƒ‹††Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ••
”ƒŠ‹ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ
o Education: ‹Žƒ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†Š‹•‡ƒ”Ž›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‡ ƒ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‹—‡ǡ™Š‡”‡Š‡‡š ‡ŽŽ‡†‹ƒ ƒ†‡‹ •ƒ†
†‹•’Žƒ›‡†ƒ‡‡‹–‡”‡•–‹•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ
o Influence of Brahmo Samaj:—”‹‰Š‹• ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡›‡ƒ”•ǡŠ‡™ƒ•†‡‡’Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡”ƒŠ‘ƒƒŒƒ†„‡ ƒ‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Role in the Indian National Congress:
o Joining INC: ‹ŽƒŒ‘‹‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••‹ͳͺͻͲƒ†‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•ƒvocal nationalist leader.
• Promotion of Swadeshi and Boycott Movements:
o ‹Žƒ ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ’”‘‘–‹‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ†‡•Š‹ ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ ‹†‹‰‡‘—•
‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡„‘› ‘––‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š‰‘‘†•Ǥ
o ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡™‡”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵•’”‘‰”‡••ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
o ‹Žƒ̵•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†’‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Š‡Ž’‡†‘„‹Ž‹•‡–Š‡ƒ••‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡
™ƒ†‡•Š‹ ƒ† ‘› ‘–– ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ ™Š‹ Š •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹’ƒ –‡† –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ ‘‘› ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† ”‹–‹•Š
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Advocacy for Home Rule and Self-Government:
o ͳͻͳ͸ǡ‹Žƒ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ŽŽ †‹ƒ ‘‡—Ž‡‡ƒ‰—‡ǡ†‡ƒ†‹‰•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ‘” †‹ƒǤ
o ‡ƒ‹‡†–‘—‹–‡ †‹ƒ•ƒ ”‘••”‡‰‹‘•ƒ† ‘—‹–‹‡•—†‡”–Š‡ ‘‘‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆƒ––ƒ‹‹‰Š‘‡”—Ž‡Ǥ
o ‹Žƒ̵•‡ˆˆ‘”–•Žƒ‹†–Š‡‰”‘—†™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡•—„•‡“—‡– ‘‡—Ž‡‘˜‡‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š„‡ ƒ‡ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
• Journalism and Mass Mobilization:
o ‹Žƒ’Žƒ›‡†ƒ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹—–‹Ž‹•‹‰–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆŒ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–‘–Š‡ƒ••‡•Ǥ
o ‡ˆ‘—†‡†–™‘‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ‡™•’ƒ’‡”•ǡ‡•ƒ”‹ȋ‹ƒ”ƒ–Š‹Ȍƒ†ƒ”ƒ–Šƒȋ‹‰Ž‹•ŠȌǡ™Š‹ Š•‡”˜‡†ƒ•’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ••‘„‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ‹Žƒ̵•’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‘”ƒ–‘”›•‹ŽŽ•ǡ ‘—’Ž‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ ‘‡ –™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘‘’‡‘’Ž‡–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‹•™”‹–‹‰•ǡ
Š‡Ž’‡†‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹•‡’—„Ž‹ •—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Contributions to Cultural and Educational Revival:
o ‹Žƒ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹ •‡–‹‡–•ƒ‘‰ †‹ƒ•Ǥ
o ‡’Žƒ›‡†ƒ‡›”‘Ž‡‹”‡˜‹˜‹‰ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ”‹•‹‰–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ‡•ŠŠƒ–—”–Š‹ƒ•ƒ’—„Ž‹ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǡ–—”‹‰
‹–‹–‘ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”‡š’”‡••‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–ˆ‡”˜‘—”Ǥ
o ‹ŽƒƒŽ•‘‡’Šƒ•‹•‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ—•‹ ǡƒ†Š‹•–‘”›ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ’”‹†‡
ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡ †‹ƒ’‘’—Žƒ ‡Ǥ
o ͳͺͺͶǡŠ‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡‡ ƒ†— ƒ–‹‘‘ ‹‡–›ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ‹‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ™ƒ”‡‡••
ƒ‘‰ †‹ƒ•Ǥ
• Opposition to British Rule and Imprisonment:
o ‹Žƒ ‘’‡Ž› ”‹–‹ ‹•‡† ”‹–‹•Š ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒŽŽ‹‰ ˆ‘” †‹ƒ •‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ ‡† –‘ ”‹–‹•Š
‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ‡ˆƒ ‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ””‡•–•ǡ–”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ†‹’”‹•‘‡–•„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡ™Š‘•ƒ™Š‹ƒ•ƒ’”‘‹‡––Š”‡ƒ–
–‘–Š‡‹” ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡Ǥ
o ‡•’‹–‡ ‹’”‹•‘‡–ǡ ‹Žƒ ”‡ƒ‹‡† •–‡ƒ†ˆƒ•– ‹ Š‹• ‘‹–‡– –‘ –Š‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ
†‡ˆ‡†‹‰–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
• Legacy and Influence:
o ƒŽ ƒ‰ƒ†Šƒ”‹Žƒ̵• ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ†‹†‡ƒŽ• ‘–‹—‡–‘‹•’‹”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ †‹ƒ•Ǥ
o ‹•‡’Šƒ•‹•‘•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽŽ‡ˆ–ƒŽƒ•–‹‰‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘˜‡‡–Ǥ 

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Ideology of Tilak:
• ‹Žƒ̵• ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰› ™ƒ• •Šƒ’‡† „› Š‹• —™ƒ˜‡”‹‰ ‘‹–‡– –‘ –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‘ˆ •‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽǡ ƒ†
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹  ˆ‡”˜‘”Ǥ ‹• ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ† ƒ –‹‘• Š‡Ž’‡† ‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡ ƒ••‡• ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘‡–— ‘ˆ –Š‡
ˆ”‡‡†‘‘˜‡‡–‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ™ƒ›•Ǥ
1. Swaraj and Self-Governance: Tilak's foremost ideology revolved around the concept of Swaraj, which
advocated for self-governance and independence for India. Tilak's passionate advocacy for Swaraj resonated
with Indians, inspiring them to strive for freedom and self-determination.
2. Cultural Nationalism: Tilak believed cultural revival was essential to Indian pride and unity. He promoted
Indian festivals, music, literature, and traditions. Ex: Tilak revived Ganesh Chaturthi as a public festival to
express nationalist sentiments and instill a strong sense of Indian identity.
3. Mass Mobilisation: Tilak believed in mobilising the masses for freedom. Tilak spread nationalist ideas and
encouraged commoners to fight British rule through his newspapers Kesari and Maratha.
4. Swadeshi and Boycott Movements: He advocated for economic nationalism, urging Indians to boycott British
goods and support indigenous industries.
5. Resistance against Colonial Oppression: Tilak openly criticised British policies and administration,
highlighting the exploitation of Indian resources and the denial of basic rights to the Indian people. He actively
opposed oppressive measures such as the partition of Bengal and the imposition of heavy taxes.
Tilak's ideology helped shape the Indian freedom movement by infusing it with a spirit of nationalism, cultural revival,
and mass mobilisation. His unwavering commitment to the principles of Swaraj and self-governance, along with his
emphasis on cultural identity and economic independence, provided a strong ideological foundation for the struggle
against British colonial rule.

THE IDEOLOGY OF SARDAR VALLABH BHAI PATEL - THE IRON MAN OF INDIA

• Unity and Integration:

o ƒ–‡Ž̵• ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›”‡˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ—‹–›ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‡’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡• ‹–‘ƒ
—‹–‡† †‹ƒǤ
o šǣ ƒ–‡Ž ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡” ͷͲͲ ’”‹ ‡Ž› •–ƒ–‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‹‘ ƒˆ–‡”
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ‡•—”‹‰–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
• Non-violent Resistance and Satyagraha:
o •’‹”‡† „› ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹̵• ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ǡ ƒ–‡Ž ‡„”ƒ ‡† –Š‡ ‡–Š‘† ‘ˆ ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ
(nonviolent resistance)ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•–‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
o ‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘˜‹‘Ž‡– ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒŽ– ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒ ƒ† —‹– †‹ƒ
‘˜‡‡–•ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ•• ‹˜‹Ž†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Strong Leadership and Organisational Skills:
o ƒ–‡Žǡ †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‹”•–‡’—–›”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ ‘‡ˆˆƒ‹”•Š‡Ž’‡†—‹–‡–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†„—‹Ž†ƒ•–”‘‰
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘Ž‡ƒ†ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹•‡’‡‘’Ž‡™ƒ•‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‹ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‹‰Š–‡”•
ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ ‘‘‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Empowerment of Farmers and Peasants:
o ‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰Žƒ†”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•̵”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
o ƒ–‡Ž̵•‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ‹‡†–‘‡’‘™‡”ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ǡƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡‹”•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•ƒ†‡•—”‹‰
–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Secularism and Social Harmony:
o ƒ–‡Ž̵•‹ Ž—•‹˜‡˜‹•‹‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡•–”‡‰–Šƒ††‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒˆ”‡‡†‘‘˜‡‡–ƒ†Žƒ‹†–Š‡
ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ•‡ —Žƒ”ƒ†’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ ‹†‡’‡†‡– †‹ƒǤ
• Commitment to Constitutionalism and Democracy:
o ƒ–‡Ž•–”‘‰Ž›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‹–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ††‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ
o ‡’Žƒ›‡†ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡†”ƒˆ–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ‡•—”‹‰–Šƒ–‹–”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†–Š‡ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”ƒ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's ideology focused on unity, non-violence, strong leadership, and social harmony. His vision of
a united and integrated India, coupled with his strategic and organizational skills, played a crucial role in the success of
the freedom movement. 

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PRAHAAR 2024: Modern India
CONTRIBUTION OF JAWAHARLAL NEHRU - THE ARCHITECT OF MODERN INDIA
• Leadership in the Indian National Congress:
o ‡Š”—‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•ƒ’”‘‹‡–Ž‡ƒ†‡”™‹–Š‹–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••ƒ†’Žƒ›‡†ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹•Šƒ’‹‰
‹–•’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ
o ‡•‡”˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ ƒ•‹‘•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰†›ƒ‹ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
ƒ†ƒ Ž‡ƒ”˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
• Vision for a Modern India:
o ‡Š”—‡˜‹•‹‘‡†ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡– †‹ƒ–Šƒ–‡„”ƒ ‡†‘†‡”‹–›ǡ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ –‡’‡”ǡƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ• ‹‡ ‡ǡƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ• ƒ–ƒŽ›•–•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
o ‡Š”—̵• ˜‹•‹‘ Žƒ‹† –Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵•  ’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡  ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ
• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ž‹‡–Š‡ †‹ƒ •–‹–—–‡•‘ˆ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋ •ȌǤ
• Advocacy for Purna Swaraj:
o ‡Š”—™ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ— Šƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡–‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘”—”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒǤ
o ‡ ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹  ƒŠ‘”‡ ‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹ ͳͻʹͻǡ ™Š‹ Š †‡ƒ†‡† ˆ—ŽŽ
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ†–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ•‘˜‡”‡‹‰”‡’—„Ž‹ ‹ †‹ƒǤ
o Š‡Lahore Resolutionƒ”‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹Ž‡•–‘‡‹–Š‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡–‡ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ”‘”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
• Role in the Non-Cooperation Movement:
o ‡Š”— ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹̵• ‘Ǧ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ƒ ƒ–‹‘™‹†‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ
‘˜‹‘Ž‡–”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
o ‡‘„‹Ž‹•‡†›‘—–Šƒ†’Žƒ›‡†ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹‘”‰ƒ‹•‹‰’”‘–‡•–•ǡ„‘› ‘––•ǡƒ† ‹˜‹Ž†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ
• Contribution to the Indian Constitution:
o ‡Š”—̵• ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘™ƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ǥ
o ‡ •‡”˜‡† ƒ• –Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—‡– ••‡„Ž›̵• ‘‹––‡‡ ‘ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‹‰Š–•ǡ •Šƒ’‹‰ –Š‡
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†Ž‹„‡”–‹‡•‡•Š”‹‡†‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
o ‡Š”—̵•‡’Šƒ•‹•‘•‡ —Žƒ”‹•ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽŒ—•–‹ ‡ǡƒ††‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‰—‹†‡†–Š‡†”ƒˆ–‹‰’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
• Foreign Policy and Non-Aligned Movement:
o ‡Š”—’Žƒ›‡†ƒ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹•Šƒ’‹‰ †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‘”‡‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ†‹–••–ƒ ‡ƒ•ƒ‡—–”ƒŽƒ†‘ǦƒŽ‹‰‡†ƒ–‹‘
†—”‹‰–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”‡”ƒǤ
o ‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡ǡ†‹•ƒ”ƒ‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ‡Š”—̵•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‹ Šƒ’‹‘‹‰–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ‘ǦƒŽ‹‰‡–’‘•‹–‹‘‡† †‹ƒƒ•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–˜‘‹ ‡‘–Š‡
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Initiatives for Social Welfare and Economic Development:
o ‡Š”—’”‹‘”‹–‹•‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ• ”— ‹ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆƒ–‹‘Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ
o ‡ ‹–”‘†— ‡† ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ† ’”‘‰”ƒ‡• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‡”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‹‰ ’‘˜‡”–›ǡ ’”‘‘–‹‰ Žƒ† ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ ƒ†
ƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ‡Š”—̵•‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡ ‹˜‡Ǧ‡ƒ”Žƒ•ǡ–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ •‡ –‘”‡–‡”’”‹•‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘
• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•Ǥ
• Legacy as India's First Prime Minister:
o ‡Š”—̵•Ž‡‰ƒ ›ƒ• †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‹”•–”‹‡‹‹•–‡”‹•ƒ”‡†„›Š‹•‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ•–”‘‰ƒ††‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ‹•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Žƒ‹†–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵•†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ•‡ —Žƒ”‹†‡–‹–›ǡƒ† ‘‹–‡––‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ
Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
o ‡Š”—̵•˜‹•‹‘ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘–‹—‡–‘•Šƒ’‡‘†‡” †‹ƒ̵•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ

CONTRIBUTION OF NETAJI SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE

• Defiance against British Rule:
o —„Šƒ•ŠŠƒ†”ƒ‘•‡˜‡Š‡‡–Ž›‘’’‘•‡†”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡‹ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
o ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‹ƒ‘”‡‹Ž‹–ƒ–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ†ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ”‡†”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
”‹–‹•Š‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•Ǥ
• Leadership in the Indian National Congress:
o ‘•‡•‡”˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••‹ͳͻ͵ͺƒ†ͳͻ͵ͻǤ
o ‡’Žƒ›‡†ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹•Šƒ’‹‰–Š‡‘‰”‡••̵ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡ƒ†’—•Š‹‰ˆ‘”‘”‡
ƒ••‡”–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ
• Formation of the Forward Bloc:
o ‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‘‰”‡••̵‘†‡”ƒ–‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ‘•‡ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡ ‘”™ƒ”†Ž‘ ‹ͳͻ͵ͻǤ

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o Š‡ ‘”™ƒ”† Ž‘  ƒ‹‡† –‘ —‹–‡ ƒ† ‘„‹Ž‹•‡ Ž‹‡Ǧ‹†‡†  ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‘‹––‡† –‘  –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡–‡
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
o ‘•‡̵•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‹–Š‡ ‘”™ƒ”†Ž‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”–Š‘•‡™Š‘•‘—‰Š–ƒ‘”‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘–Š‡
ˆ”‡‡†‘‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Establishment of the Indian National Army (INA):
o ‘•‡̵•‘•–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘™ƒ•–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”›ȋ Ȍ‹ͳͻͶʹǤ
o ‘•‡̵•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†Š‹•”ƒŽŽ›‹‰ ”›‘ˆ̶ ‹˜‡‡„Ž‘‘†ǡƒ† •ŠƒŽŽ‰‹˜‡›‘—ˆ”‡‡†‘̶‹•’‹”‡†ƒ› †‹ƒ•–‘
Œ‘‹–Š‡ƒ”‡†•–”—‰‰Ž‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤ
• Axis Powers and the Azad Hind Government:
o ‡‡‹‰‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵•ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡ǡ‘•‡•‘—‰Š–ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡š‹•‘™‡”•†—”‹‰
‘”Ž†ƒ” Ǥ
o ‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡œƒ† ‹† ‘˜‡”‡–‹‡š‹Ž‡ƒ†•‘—‰Š–”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ˆ‘”‹–ƒ•–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ
†‹ƒǤ
o Š‡œƒ† ‹† ‘˜‡”‡–’Žƒ›‡†ƒ•›„‘Ž‹ ƒ†‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹„‘Ž•–‡”‹‰–Š‡‘”ƒŽ‡‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•
ƒ†‰ƒ‹‹‰‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ
• Raising International Awareness:
o ‘•‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ǡ•‡‡‹‰‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡•ˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵•‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
o ‡•‘—‰Š–ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘ ‘—–”‹‡•Ž‹‡ ‡”ƒ›ǡ ƒ’ƒǡƒ† –ƒŽ›–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
o ‘•‡̵• ‡ˆˆ‘”–• Š‡Ž’‡† ”ƒ‹•‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ †‹ƒ ˆ”‡‡†‘ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ƒ† ‰ƒ”‡”‡† •—’’‘”– ˆ”‘
˜ƒ”‹‘—•“—ƒ”–‡”•Ǥ
• Legacy as a National Hero:
o —„Šƒ•ŠŠƒ†”ƒ‘•‡̵•—™ƒ˜‡”‹‰ ‘‹–‡––‘ †‹ƒ̵•‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ†Š‹•‹Ž‹–ƒ–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†‡Š‹
ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽŠ‡”‘ƒ†ƒ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‘ ‘‡Ǥ
o ‹•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ† ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‘–‹—‡–‘„‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡†ǡ™‹–ŠŠ‹•ˆƒ‘—••Ž‘‰ƒ̶ ƒ‹ ‹†̶„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ”ƒŽŽ›‹‰ ”›
ˆ‘”’ƒ–”‹‘–‹ ˆ‡”˜‘—”Ǥ
Bose's contributions to the freedom movement serve as a reminder of the diverse strategies employed by Indian leaders
to challenge British rule.
COMPARISON OF IDEOLOGIES: JAWAHARLAL NEHRU AND SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE
Ideology Jawaharlal Nehru Subhash Chandra Bose
Approach to • †˜‘ ƒ–‡†‘˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ƒ†’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž‡ƒ• • ‡Ž‹‡˜‡† ‹ ƒ ‘”‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ†
Freedom ˆ‘”ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ƒ”‡†”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡
Role in Congress • ‡”˜‡† ƒ• ”‡•‹†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ • ‡”˜‡† ƒ• ”‡•‹†‡– ƒ† Žƒ–‡” ˆ‘”‡† –Š‡
‘‰”‡•• ‘”™ƒ”†Ž‘ 
Armed Struggle • ‹† ‘– ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› •—’’‘”– ƒ”‡† •–”—‰‰Ž‡ • •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”›ȋ Ȍ
ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹–‹•Š ƒ†Ž‡†ƒ”‡†‘˜‡‡–•
International • †˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ‘ǦƒŽ‹‰‡– ƒ† ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž • ‘—‰Š– •—’’‘”– ˆ”‘ š‹• ‘™‡”• †—”‹‰
Support ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡‹‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”• ‘”Ž†ƒ” 
Leadership Style • ’Šƒ•‹œ‡† †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ • †‘’–‡† ƒ ‘”‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ •–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ
• ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
Legacy • ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ‘†‡” • ‡˜‡”‡† ƒ• ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Š‡”‘ ƒ† •›„‘Ž ‘ˆ
†‹ƒǡˆ‘ —•‡†‘•‡ —Žƒ”‹•ƒ††‡‘ ”ƒ › ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡

COMPARISON OF IDEOLOGIES: JAWAHARLAL NEHRU AND MAHATMA GANDHI

Ideology Jawaharlal Nehru Mahatma Gandhi
Approach to • †˜‘ ƒ–‡† ‘˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ ƒ† ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž • ’Šƒ•‹œ‡† ‘˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ ƒ• ƒ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ†
Freedom ‡ƒ• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–‘‘Ž
Role in Congress • ‡”˜‡†ƒ•”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ • ‡”‰‡† ƒ• –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ˆ‹‰—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘‰”‡•• ‘‰”‡••
Socioeconomic • ‘ —•‡†‘‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† • ’Šƒ•‹•‡† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡ ƒ† ”—”ƒŽ
Vision ‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
Relationship with • †˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ‹š‡† ‡ ‘‘› ƒ† • †˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” •‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ†
West –‡ Š‘ ”ƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹†‹‰‡‘—•‹†—•–”‹‡•

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Approach to Caste •  ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”• • ‘ —•‡† ‘ —’Ž‹ˆ–‡– ‘ˆ ƒŽ‹–• ƒ†
System ƒ†‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ‡”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›
Leadership Style • †‘’–‡†ƒ‘”‡’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ƒ†‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ • ‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘”ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽ
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‡šƒ’Ž‡
Legacy • ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ‘†‡” †‹ƒ • ‡˜‡”‡†ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ
‹ ‘‹ ˆ‹‰—”‡
Examples:
• Nehru's Non-violence Emphasis:
o  –‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹‘˜‹‘Ž‡– ‹˜‹Ž†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
o †˜‘ ƒ ›ˆ‘”‘ƒŽ‹‰‡–’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‹ †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‘”‡‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›Ǥ
• Gandhi's Nonviolence Leadership:
o ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‹–Š‡ƒŽ–ƒ” Šƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š•ƒŽ–‘‘’‘Ž›Ǥ
o ›„‘Ž‹œ‹‰–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ‘˜‹‘Ž‡–”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‹–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
• Nehru's Industrialization Vision:
o •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡’—„Ž‹ •‡ –‘”‡–‡”’”‹•‡•Ž‹‡ ƒ† Ǥ
o ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹ †‹ƒ̵•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘‰”‡••ƒ†‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Gandhi's Rural Development Focus:
o ”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆŠƒ†‹ƒ†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
o  ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‡’‘™‡”‡–‹”—”ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Nehru's Mixed Economy Advocacy:
o †—•–”‹ƒŽ‘Ž‹ ›‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆͳͻͷ͸ƒ‹‡†ƒ–„ƒŽƒ ‹‰•–ƒ–‡ ‘–”‘Žƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡‡–‡”’”‹•‡Ǥ
o ‘•–‡”‡†‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Š”‘—‰Šƒ‹š‡†‡ ‘‘›ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ
• Gandhi's Self-Sufficiency Promotion:
o ƒŽŽˆ‘”™ƒ†‡•Š‹†—”‹‰–Š‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
o  ‘—”ƒ‰‡†„‘› ‘––‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š‰‘‘†•ƒ†•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”‹†‹‰‡‘—•‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
These examples within the table provide specific instances where the ideologies of Nehru and Gandhi translated into
concrete actions and achievements, substantiating their contributions to the Indian freedom struggle.
COMPARISON OF IDEOLOGIES: SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE AND MAHATMA GANDHI

Ideology Mahatma Gandhi Subhash Chandra Bose

Approach to ’Šƒ•‹œ‡† ‘˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ ƒ• ƒ ‡ƒ• –‘ †˜‘ ƒ–‡† ƒ ‘”‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ– ƒ† ƒ”‡†
Freedom ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡
Role in Congress ‡”‰‡†ƒ•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ˆ‹‰—”‡ƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‘‰”‡••„—–
Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘‰”‡•• Žƒ–‡”ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡ ‘”™ƒ”†Ž‘ 
Leadership Style ‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‘”ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ† ’‡”•‘ƒŽ †‘’–‡† ƒ ‘”‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ •–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ
‡šƒ’Ž‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
Relationship with †˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ†‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š ‡Œ‡ –‡† †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ƒ†
the British –Š‡”‹–‹•Š •‘—‰Š–ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘š‹•‘™‡”•
International †˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ‘ǦƒŽ‹‰‡– ƒ† ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ‘—‰Š–•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘š‹•‘™‡”•†—”‹‰
Support ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡‹‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”• ‘”Ž†ƒ” 
Legacy ‡˜‡”‡†ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ ‡˜‡”‡†ƒ•ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽŠ‡”‘ƒ†•›„‘Ž‘ˆ
‹ ‘‹ ˆ‹‰—”‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡
Examples:
• Gandhi's Leadership Style:
o Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›‘”ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ
o ”ƒ –‹ ‡†•‹’Ž‹ ‹–›ƒ†ƒ—•–‡”‹–›ǡ‹•’‹”‹‰‹ŽŽ‹‘•™‹–Š’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–”—–Šǡ‘˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ǡƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡Ǥ
o ’Šƒ•‹œ‡† †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ƒ† ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ˆ‘” ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‹ ‘—† ƒ„Ž‡
‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ˆ‘”’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
• Bose's Leadership Style:
o †‘’–‡†ƒƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰‹•–”‘‰Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ† ‡–”ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
o •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†œƒ† ‹† ‘˜‡”‡–‹‡š‹Ž‡ǡ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ 

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• Approach to Dialogue:
o ƒ†Š‹ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ†‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Šǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ
o ‘•‡”‡Œ‡ –‡††‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ†•‘—‰Š–•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘š‹•‘™‡”•†—”‹‰‘”Ž†ƒ” Ǥ
• International Relations:
o ƒ†Š‹’”‘‘–‡†‘ǦƒŽ‹‰‡–ƒ†’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡ǡ•Šƒ’‹‰–Š‡‘ǦŽ‹‰‡†‘˜‡‡–†—”‹‰–Š‡‘Ž†
ƒ”Ǥ
o ‘•‡•‘—‰Š–ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘š‹•‘™‡”•ǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰†‹’Ž‘ƒ–‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š ‡”ƒ›ǡ ƒ’ƒǡƒ† –ƒŽ›–‘ƒ‹†
†‹ƒ̵•ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
While both Gandhi and Bose played significant roles in the Indian freedom struggle, they had contrasting approaches
and ideologies. Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence and civil disobedience appealed to the masses, while Bose's militant
approach resonated with those seeking a more aggressive resistance against the British. Their different ideologies and
leadership styles left distinct legacies in India's history, with Gandhi revered as the Father of the Nation and Bose as a
national hero and symbol of resistance.
DR B.R. AMBEDKAR'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
Introduction:
o ”ǤǤǤ„‡†ƒ”ǡƒ”‡˜‡”‡†ˆ‹‰—”‡‹ †‹ƒŠ‹•–‘”›ǡƒ†‡•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
o Ž‘‰•‹†‡Š‹•ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‘’’‘•‡†”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒŽƒ•–‹‰‹’ƒ –
‘ †‹ƒ̵•“—‡•–ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
Championing Dalit Rights:
o „‡†ƒ”‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŽ‹– ‘—‹–›ǡ ‘„ƒ–‹‰ ƒ•–‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–•ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ—’Ž‹ˆ–‡–Ǥ
o ‡ˆ‘—‰Š–ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡“—ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ–‘–Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡”•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
o Example: ”‰ƒ‹œ‡† –Š‡ Mahad Satyagraha in 1927ǡ †‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ ‡•• –‘ ’—„Ž‹  ™ƒ–‡” •‘—” ‡• ˆ‘” ƒŽ‹–•ǡ
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‘”›’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
Role in Drafting the Indian Constitution:
o „‡†ƒ” Šƒ‹”‡† –Š‡ ”ƒˆ–‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—‡– ••‡„Ž›ǡ •Šƒ’‹‰ ƒ ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹‘̵•†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ
o ‹•˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽŒ—•–‹ ‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†‡›’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǡsuch as Article 17ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‹‰—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
o Example: „‡†ƒ”̵• †”ƒˆ–‹‰ ‘ˆ ”–‹ Ž‡ ͳ͹ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‡† —–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡• Š‹• —™ƒ˜‡”‹‰
‘‹–‡––‘‡”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‹‰ ƒ•–‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‰‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
Advocacy for Women's Rights:
o „‡†ƒ”ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”™‘‡̵•”‹‰Š–•ƒ†‰‡†‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰ƒ†ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆƒ ‡†
„›™‘‡‹ †‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
o ‹•’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡˜‹‡™• ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡”‘˜‡‡–ˆ‘”™‘‡̵•”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
o Example: —’’‘”–‡† –Š‡ ‹†— ‘†‡ ‹ŽŽ –‘ ”‡ˆ‘” Žƒ™• ‰‘˜‡”‹‰ ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ ‹Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡ǡ ‡– Ǥǡ Žƒ›‹‰ –Š‡
ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”™‘‡̵•”‹‰Š–•”‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ
Striving for Education and Economic Empowerment:
o „‡†ƒ” •–”‡••‡† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  ‡’‘™‡”‡– ˆ‘” ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ
ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
o •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–•Ǥ
o Example: ‘—†‡†–Š‡‡‘’Ž‡̵•†— ƒ–‹‘‘ ‹‡–›‹ͳͻͶͷǡˆ‘ —•‹‰‘‡†— ƒ–‹‰ƒŽ‹–•ƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‰”‘—’•Ǥ
Conclusion:
o „‡†ƒ”̵•—Ž–‹ˆƒ ‡–‡† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ǡ•’ƒ‹‰ƒŽ‹–”‹‰Š–•ǡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ†”ƒˆ–‹‰ǡ™‘‡̵•‡’‘™‡”‡–ǡ
ƒ† ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹’ƒ –‡† †‹ƒ̵• ˆ”‡‡†‘ •–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ ‹• Ž‡‰ƒ › ƒ• ƒ ƒ” Š‹–‡ – ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ Œ—•–‹ ‡
‘–‹—‡•–‘‹•’‹”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
VINAYAK DAMODAR SAVARKAR
• Introductionǣ‹ƒ›ƒƒ‘†ƒ”ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”ǡ ‘‘Ž›‘™ƒ•‡‡”ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”ǡ™ƒ•ƒ’”‘‹‡–ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‹‰Š–‡”ǡ
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”ǡƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ ‡’Žƒ›‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹•Šƒ’‹‰–Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–†‹• ‘—”•‡ƒ†ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵•‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ˆ”‘”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡Ǥƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”̵•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†
‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‘–‹—‡–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Advocacy for Hindutva: ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”‹•‘™ˆ‘”’‘’—Žƒ”‹•‹‰–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ ‹†—–˜ƒǡ™Š‹ Š‡’Šƒ•‹•‡•–Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹ ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ ‹†—‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ ‡ƒ”‰—‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡—‹–›ƒ† ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹†—•ƒ•ƒ ‘Š‡•‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ

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ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‘” ‡Ǥƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”̵•ƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›ˆ‘” ‹†—–˜ƒƒ‹‡†–‘ˆ‘•–‡”ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ’”‹†‡ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ‘‰ ‹†—•
ƒ†–‘ ‘—–‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘˜‡”•‹‘•Ǥ
• Example: ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”̵•„‘‘̶••‡–‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ ‹†—–˜ƒ̶’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͻʹ͵ ‘—–Ž‹‡•Š‹•˜‹•‹‘ ˆ‘”ƒ ‹†—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
‡’Šƒ•‹•‡•–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ—‹–›ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦƒ••‡”–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‹†— ‘—‹–›Ǥ
• Revolutionary Activities: ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡Ǥ ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†
‹ ƒ”‡† ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ƒ• ƒ ‡ƒ• –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ƒ† ‹•’‹”‡† ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ™‹–Š Š‹•
”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› ‹†‡ƒŽ•Ǥ ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”̵• †ƒ”‹‰ ƒ –‹‘• ƒ† ™”‹–‹‰• „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ› ˆ”‡‡†‘
ˆ‹‰Š–‡”•Ǥ
o Exampleǣƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡„Š‹ƒ˜Šƒ”ƒ–‘ ‹‡–›‹ͳͻͲͶǡƒ•‡ ”‡–”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ‹‡†
–‘ ‘˜‡”–Š”‘™ ”‹–‹•Š ”—Ž‡ ‹ †‹ƒǤ ‡ ™ƒ• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ† ‡š‡ —–‹‰
”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›ƒ –•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–‹•Š‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–•Ǥ
• Contributions to Indian Literature: ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”™ƒ•ƒ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‹ ™”‹–‡”ƒ†’‘‡–™Š‘—•‡†Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ•ƒ‡†‹—–‘
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡Š‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–ƒ†”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‹†‡ƒ•Ǥ ‹•™”‹–‹‰•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ•–”—‰‰Ž‡•ˆƒ ‡†„› †‹ƒ•
ƒ† ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” ƒ —‹–‡† ˆ”‘– ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”̵• Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘”• ‘–‹—‡ –‘ •Šƒ’‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–
†‹• ‘—”•‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
o Exampleǣ ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”̵• ƒ‰— ‘’—•ǡ ̶ƒŽ‡ ƒ‹̶ ȋŽƒ  ƒ–‡”Ȍǡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ͳͻͲ͹ǡ ‹• ƒ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‘˜‡Ž –Šƒ–
†‡’‹ –•–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ †‹ƒˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‹‰Š–‡”•™Š‘™‡”‡‡š‹Ž‡†–‘–Š‡‘–‘”‹‘—•‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ƒ‹Ž‹†ƒƒƒ†
‹ ‘„ƒ” •Žƒ†•ǤŠ‡„‘‘’‘”–”ƒ›•–Š‡Šƒ”†•Š‹’•‡†—”‡†„›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‹•‘‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”—™ƒ˜‡”‹‰•’‹”‹–‹
–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ†˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ
• Contribution to the Formation of Hindu Mahasabha: ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”’Žƒ›‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‹†—ƒŠƒ•ƒ„Šƒǡƒ ‹†—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ͳͻͳͷǤ ‡ƒ‹‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘” ‹†—•
–‘—‹–‡ƒ†’”‘‘–‡–Š‡‹”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–•ǤŠ‡ ‹†—ƒŠƒ•ƒ„Šƒ„‡ ƒ‡ƒƒŒ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽˆ‘” ‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”
‹†—”‹‰Š–•ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ
• Exampleǣ ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ” •‡”˜‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†— ƒŠƒ•ƒ„Šƒ ˆ”‘ ͳͻ͵͹ –‘ ͳͻͶ͵Ǥ —”‹‰ Š‹• –‡—”‡ǡ Š‡
™‘”‡† –‘ •–”‡‰–Š‡ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡š’ƒ† ‹–• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‹ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ
‹†—‹–‡”‡•–•‹–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤ
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's contributions to the Indian freedom struggle and nationalist discourse are
significant. His Hindutva advocacy, revolutionary activities, literary works, and the founding of the Hindu Mahasabha
shaped Indian politics and society. Savarkar's ideas continue to spark debate, making him a major figure in Indian
history.
GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a prominent Indian social and political reformer who played a significant role in India's
struggle for independence from British rule. Born on May 9, 1866, Gokhale was a leading figure in the early phase of the
freedom movement and contributed to various aspects of Indian society.
• Advocate for Education and Social Reform: ‘ŠƒŽ‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‡”‰—••‘‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰‡†— ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”
‡’‘™‡”‡–Ǥ
• Example:Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡—”–—”‡†ˆ—–—”‡ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‹‰Š–‡”•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Political Leadership and Reform: ‘ŠƒŽ‡̵•‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ž‡†–‘–Š‡‘”Ž‡›Ǧ‹–‘‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆͳͻͲͻǡ‡š’ƒ†‹‰ †‹ƒ
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Example:Š‡”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ”‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡’‘™‡”‡–ˆ‘” †‹ƒ•Ǥ
• Advocacy for Economic and Industrial Development: ‘ŠƒŽ‡•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒ †—•–”‹ƒŽ ‘‹••‹‘–‘
’”‘‘–‡‹†‹‰‡‘—•‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
o ExampleǣŠ‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‹‡†–‘”‡†— ‡†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘”‹–‹•Š‹’‘”–•ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’†‘‡•–‹ ‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
• International Diplomacy and Awareness: ‘ŠƒŽ‡̵•‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‘—”•”ƒ‹•‡†ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ„‘—– †‹ƒ̵••–”—‰‰Ž‡
ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
o Example: ‹••’‡‡ Š‡•‹‰Žƒ†Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡‘’’”‡••‹˜‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ǡ‰ƒ”‡”‹‰‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”
†‹ƒ̵• ƒ—•‡Ǥ
• Grassroots Mobilization and Empowerment: ‘ŠƒŽ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‹–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‘„‹Ž‹œ‹‰–Š‡ƒ••‡•ƒ†
‡’‘™‡”‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ •–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ ‡ ™‘”‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•
‘˜‡‡–•ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ—‹–›ƒ‘‰ †‹ƒ•Ǥ
o Example: ‘ŠƒŽ‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ‹‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡
•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ•‡ŽˆǦ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ—’Ž‹ˆ–‡–Ǥ

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Gopal Krishna Gokhale's contributions to the Indian freedom struggle were multi-faceted and impactful. Through his
advocacy for education, political reform, economic development, international diplomacy, and grassroots mobilization,
Gokhale played a significant role in laying the foundation for India's eventual independence.
SAROJINI NAIDU AND HER CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
Sarojini Naidu, born on February 13, 1879, was a prominent figure in India's freedom struggle and a leading poetess of
her time. She actively participated in various movements and played a crucial role in mobilizing women and spreading
the message of freedom.
• Women's Empowerment and Participation: ƒ‹†— Šƒ’‹‘‡† ™‘‡̵• ”‹‰Š–• ƒ† ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹
‡’‘™‡”‹‰ †‹ƒ™‘‡–‘Œ‘‹–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘˜‡‡–ǤŠ‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹’—„Ž‹ Ž‹ˆ‡
ƒ†Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡‹”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‹–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
o Exampleǣƒ‹†—Ž‡†–Š‡‘‡̵• †‹ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ȋ Ȍǡˆ‘—†‡†‹ͳͻͳ͹ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ‹‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡™‘‡̵•
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹˜‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Public Speaking and Nationalism: ƒ‹†—™ƒ•”‡‘™‡†ˆ‘”Š‡”‡Ž‘“—‡ ‡ƒ†’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‘”ƒ–‘”›•‹ŽŽ•ǤŠ‡—•‡†
Š‡”˜‘‹ ‡–‘‹•’‹”‡ƒ†‘„‹Ž‹œ‡ †‹ƒ•ǡ•’”‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‡”•’‡‡ Š‡•Ǥ
o Example: •–Š‡ˆ‹”•–™‘ƒ’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••‹ͳͻʹͷǡƒ‹†—†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡
•’‡‡ Šƒ––Š‡ƒ’—”•‡••‹‘ǡ ƒŽŽ‹‰ˆ‘”—‹–›ǡ•‡ŽˆǦ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡‡”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡Ǥ
• Literary Contributions and Cultural Revival: ƒ‹†—̵• ’‘‡–”› ƒ† Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘”• ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹
ƒ™ƒ‡‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹ •‡–‹‡–ƒ†’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ †‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
o Example: ƒ‹†—̵•’‘‡̶Šƒ”ƒ–Šƒ‰›ƒ‹†Šƒ–ƒ̶„‡ ƒ‡ƒ”ƒŽŽ›‹‰ ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘˜‡‡–ǡ‹˜‘‹‰ƒ
•‡•‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‹†‡ƒ†‹•’‹”‹‰ †‹ƒ•–‘•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• International Diplomacy and Advocacy: ƒ‹†— ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† †‹ƒ ‘ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ •–ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ ˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵•
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ†•‡‡‹‰‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ
o Example: ƒ‹†—™ƒ•ƒ†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡–‘–Š‡ƒ•–ˆ”‹ ƒ †‹ƒ‘‰”‡••‹ͳͻʹͻǡ™Š‡”‡•Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡’Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ
†‹ƒ•—†‡””‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡ƒ† ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ––‡–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘Ǥ
Sarojini Naidu's contributions to the Indian freedom struggle as a prominent leader, women's rights advocate, and
poetess were remarkable. Through her efforts in empowering women, delivering powerful speeches, promoting Indian
culture, and advocating for international support, Naidu left an indelible mark on the freedom movement.
BRIEF DETAIL ABOUT OTHER PERSONALITIES
• Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890-1988):
o ‘”‹––ƒƒœƒ‹ǡ ǡŠ‡Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ƒ—•‡†—”‹‰–Š‡‘™Žƒ––ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǤ
o ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š ƒ†Š‹ǡŠ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹‘˜‡‡–•Ž‹‡Š‹Žƒˆƒ–ǡ‹˜‹Ž‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ǡ‘Ǧ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ—‹–
†‹ƒ‘˜‡‡–ǡƒ†ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǤ
o ‡•’‹–‡ͳͶ›‡ƒ”•‹’”‹•‘ǡŠ‡—’Š‡Ž† ƒ†Š‹̵•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ†‡ƒ”‡†–Š‡‹ ƒ‡"Frontier Gandhi."
o •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡Š—†ƒ‹Š‹†ƒ–‰ƒ”‘˜‡‡–‹ͳͻʹͻǡ‘™ƒ•–Š‡"red shirt movement,"’”‘‘–‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽ
‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ†‡’‘™‡”‹‰ƒ•Š–‘™‘‡Ǥ
o ’’‘•‡†’ƒ”–‹–‹‘ǡ†‡ƒ†‡†ƒŠ–‘‘‹•–ƒǡƒ†™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ”†‡†–Š‡Šƒ”ƒ–ƒ–ƒ‹ͳͻͺ͹Ǥ
• Abul Kalam Azad (1888-1958):
o ‘”‹‡ ƒǡ”ƒ‹•‡†‹ƒŽ —––ƒǡŠ‡Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡–†—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ†‡•Š‹ƒ—•‡ƒ†‘™Žƒ––
ƒ–›ƒ‰”ƒŠƒǤ
o —„Ž‹•Š‡† ’ƒ–”‹‘–‹  ’‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽ• Ž‹‡ Ž ‹ŽƒŽ ƒ† Ž ƒŽƒ‰Šǡ ƒ—–Š‘”‡† „‘‘• Ž‹‡ "India Wins Freedom" ƒ†
"Ghubar-e-Khatir."
o ˜‘Ž˜‡†‹—•Ž‹‘˜‡‡–•ǡ•‡”˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡‘‰”‡••’”‡•‹†‡–ȋͳͻͶͲǦͶͷȌǡ‡†‹ƒ–‡†‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡–ƒŽ•ǡƒ†
„‡ ƒ‡ †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‹”•–‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹‹•–‡”Ǥ
o •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•Ž‹‡–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–› ”ƒ–•‘‹••‹‘Ǥ
• Bhikaji Cama (1861-1936):
o ˆ‡ƒŽ‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›„ƒ•‡†‹—”‘’‡ǡ•Š‡†‡•‹‰‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒˆŽƒ‰™‹–Š•ƒˆˆ”‘ǡ”‡†ǡƒ†‰”‡‡•–”‹’‡•ǡ‘‘ǡ
•–ƒ”•ǡƒ†"Vande Mataram."
o ƒ‹•‡†–Š‡ˆŽƒ‰†—”‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‡‡–‹‰•‹–—––‰ƒ”–ǡ ‡”ƒ›ǡ‹ͳͻͲ͹ǡƒ†ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡ ”‡‡ †‹ƒ‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
o ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠǤǤƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”ƒ†Š›ƒŒ‹”‹•Šƒ‡”ƒ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ‡†‹–‡†–Š‡‡™•’ƒ’‡”ƒ†‡ƒ–ƒ”ƒǡ
ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† †‹ƒ›‘—–Š•‹‘†‘Ǥ
• Madan Mohan Malaviya (1861-1946):
o Žƒ™›‡”ƒ†‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹†—ƒŠƒ•ƒ„Šƒƒ†‘‰”‡••ǡŠ‡ ‘Ǧˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡ †—•–”‹ƒŽ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
†‹ƒ †—•–”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹ŽŽƒŠƒ„ƒ†Ǥ

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o ‡”˜‡† ƒ• ƒ —‹˜‡”•‹–› ‹ ‡ǦŠƒ ‡ŽŽ‘”ǡ ‡†‹–‡† ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• Ž‹‡ ‹†—•–ƒ ƒ† †‹ƒ ‹‘ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘—†‡† –Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–ƒ”–›Ǥ
The contributions of diverse leaders in India's freedom struggle were not only significant but also multifaceted, each
leaving an indelible mark on the nation's path to independence. From the steadfast commitment to nonviolence
exemplified by Mahatma Gandhi to the tireless advocacy for social justice embodied by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, and from the
revolutionary fervor of leaders like Bhikaji Cama to the political acumen of figures like Abul Kalam Azad, each leader
brought their unique perspective and approach to the struggle. Together, they formed a tapestry of resistance, unity,
and resilience that propelled India towards its eventual liberation from colonial rule. Their collective efforts underscore
the rich diversity and shared aspirations of the Indian people in their quest for freedom and self-determination.


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–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ŽƒŽ‡Š”—ǡ—”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒǡ—„Šƒ•ŠŠƒ†”ƒ‘•‡ǡ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”›ǡ”ǤǤǤ„‡†ƒ”ǡƒŽ‹–‹‰Š–•ǡ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ‹ƒ›ƒƒ‘†ƒ”ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ”ǡ ‹†—–˜ƒǡ ‘’ƒŽ”‹•Šƒ ‘ŠƒŽ‡ǡ†— ƒ–‹‘‡ˆ‘”ǡƒ”‘Œ‹‹ƒ‹†—ǡ‘‡̵•
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