Sri Lankan Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies

ISSN: 2550:3014
Published by: Faculty of Islamic Studies and Arabic Language,
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka

,yq;ifapy; fhopfspd; jifikfs;: Xu; ,];yhkpa> fs

mDgtg; gFg;gha;T

M.I.M. Jazeel1, and M.B. Fowzul2

1Department of Islamic Studies, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka
2Department of Islamic Studies, Eastern University, Sri Lanka

1jazeelmi@seu.ac.lk / mjazeel@hotmail.com
2fowzulbuhary@gmail.com / fowzulb@esn.ac.lk

Ma;Tr; RUf;fk;:

,yq;ifapy; K];ypk;fSf;fhd gpuj;jpNaf rl;lk;> mJrhu;e;j ePjpKiwik eilKiwapYs;sJ.

me;ePjpg; gupghydj;jpw;fhf fhop ePjpkd;wq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld. MapDk;> K];ypk; tpthfk;>
tpthfuj;J njhlu;ghd epahahjpf;f vy;iyf; nfhz;l ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w Kiwik Gyikrhu;
Ma;thsu;fspd; ftdj;ij <u;j;Js;sJ. epWtdg;gLj;jg;gl;l ePjpg; gupghyd Kiwikapy; fhop
(ePjpgjp) vd;gJ kpfg; gpujhd gjtp epiyahFk;. mjw;F ,];yhk; toq;Fk; ngWkhdk;
msg;ngupaJ. ,e;jtifapy;> ,yq;if ‘fhop’fspd;; jifikfisAk; ,];yhkpa mwpitAk;
kjpg;gpLjy; ,t; Ma;tpd; gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fshFk;. ,];yhkpa Kd;Ndhbf; fhyq;fspYk;>
gpd;dUk; gpuRupf;fg;gl;l ePjpg; gupghydk;> fhop (ePjpgjp)apd; jifikfs; gw;wpa Mf;fq;fspd;
kPsha;T> ,yq;ifapYs;s fhopfs;> tof;fhspfs;; ngwg;gl;l juTfspd; gFg;gha;T>
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;> fs mtjhdf; Fwpg;Gf;fspd; kPsha;T vd;gtw;wpd;
%yk; ,f;Fwpf;Nfhs; milag;gl;lJ. ,];yhk; tpje;jiuf;Fk; rl;lk;> mjd; tplag;gug;G> %y
Mtzq;fs; gw;wpa mwpit> rpe;jdhj; jpwid cs;spl;l fy;tpj; jifikfis ,yq;if fhopfs;
nfhz;ltHfs; ,y;iy. ngz;fs; ‘fhop’fshf nraw;gLk; mq;fPfhuk; njhlu;gpy; ,];yhkpa
rl;lj;jpdJk;; K];ypk;fsJk; xg;Gjy; ,d;ik fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ ,t;tha;tpd; gpujhd
fz;lwpjy;fshFk;. jw;fhy fhop ePjpkd;w Kiwikapd; rpwe;j fl;likg;gpw;F my;yJ
kPs;Gdu;epu;khdj;jpw;F ,t;tha;T topfhl;bahf mikaty;yJ.

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;: ,];yhj;jpy; ePjpg; gupghydk;> ,yq;ifapy; fhop> fhopapd; jifikfs;

mwpKfk;
‘fhop’ vd;w muGg; gjk; ePjpgjp vd;w nghUisj; jUfpwJ. rpwe;j ,];yhkpa r%f fl;likg;ig
cUthf;Ftjpy; ‘my; fohc’ vDk; ePjpj;Jiw ghupa gq;fhw;WfpwJ. ,e;j tifapy; fhopapd;
jifikfs; gw;wpa ,];yhj;jpd; fuprid tYthdjhFk;;. ,yq;ifapd; ePjp gupghyd
Kiwikapy; ,];yhkpa rl;l kuG kpf Muk;g fhyk; KjNy Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l xd;whf ,Ue;J
te;Js;sJ. RNjr kd;du;fspd; Ml;rpapy; K];ypk;fs; jkf;nfd xU tYthd
rl;lg;ghuk;gupaj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. muG nkhopapyhd rl;ltpay; Gj;jfq;fis mtu;fs;
crhtpdu;. tpthfk;> thupRupik Nghd;w tptfhuq;fspy; ,t;thtzq;fs; %ykhf rl;lj;jPu;T
ngwg;gl;L;s;sJ. xy;yhe;j Ml;rpapd; gpw;fhyg;gpuptpy; K];ypk;fsJ rl;l kuGfs;> tof;fq;fs;
K];ypk; rl;lf; Nfhitahfj; njhFf;fg;gl;ld

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20k; E}w;whz;bNyNa KO ,yq;ifiaAk; cs;slf;fpajhf rPuhdNjhu; fl;likg;gpd; fPo;

K];ypk;fspd; ePjprhu; tplaq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1925k; Mz;L ‘K];ypk;fs; jkJ
tpthfuj;Jf;fis khtl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpD}lhfNt nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;’ vd;w cau; ePjpkd;wj;
jPu;g;G ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; tuyhw;wpy; xU jpUg;G Kidahf mike;jJ. K];ypk;fspd; tpthf>
tpthfuj;J tplaq;fis newpg;gLj;j ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w Kiwiknahd;W mtrpankd czug;gl;lJ.

1926k; Mz;L K];ypk;fspd; tpthfr;rl;lj;ij kWguprPyid nra;J Mq;fpNya murplk;

gupe;Jiufis Kd;itg;gjw;fhf ePjpauru; M.T. mf;gupd; (1880-1944) jiyikapy; tpN\l
FOnthd;W epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. mf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufspy;> K];ypk;fspd; jpUkzk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
gpur;rpidfis tprhupg;gjw;fhd Muk;g ePjpkd;wkhf ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;wKk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L
ePjpkd;wkhf fhopfs; rigAk; epWtg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ (rkPk;> 1998).
mjw;fpzq;f> 1929k; Mz;bd; 27k; ,yf;f K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;L>
1937k; Mz;L rl;lkhf gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpy; NkYk; jpUj;jq;fs; nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;w rpghupRfSf;fika> mg;Nghija MSdu;> 1939k; Mz;L gjpthsu; ehafj;jpd; jiyikapy;
M.T.mf;gu;>T.B. [hah (1890-1960)> M.I.M.`dPgh MfpNahu; mlq;fpa rignahd;iw epakpj;jhu;.
,r;rig K];ypk; jdpahu; rl;lk; gw;wp Mokhf Ma;T nra;j gpd; mwpf;ifnahd;iwr; rku;g;gpj;jJ.
mt;twpf;ifapd; tpisthfNt> 1951k; Mz;bd; K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;J rl;lk; cUthdJ.
jw;Nghija ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w Kiwik ,r;rl;lj;jpdhNyNa Msg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;rl;lk; 1954k;
Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ(ku;R+g;> 2001> g.2).

jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; ‘fhop’ vd;gtu;> 1951k; tUl 13k; ,yf;f K];ypk; tpthf tpthfuj;Jr;
rl;lj;jpd; 12k; gpuptpd; gb> K];ypk; jdpahu; rl;lj;jpYs;s FLk;gtpay; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis
newpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,yq;if ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; ePjpj;Jiw
mjpfhupahthu;. ,t;thW kpfg; nghWg;Gkpf;f gjtpia Vw;Fk; ‘fhop’fs; nraw;jpwd;kpf;ftu;fshf>
rpwe;j r%f fl;likg;ig cUthf;Fgtu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd r%fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wJ.
vdNt> fhop ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba jifikfs; njhlu;gpy; ,];yhkpa rl;l kughd \uPMtpd;
gpukhzq;fisj; njhFj;jwptNjhL> ,yq;ifapy; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ‘fhop’fspd;
jifikfisAk; ,];yhkpa mwpitAk; kjpg;gpLjy; fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;.

,];yhj;jpd; %y Mtzq;fshd my; Fu;Md;> m];]{d;dh> gpujhd ,khk;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;>

,];yhkpa tuyhw;W mDgtk;> etPd ,];yhkpa rpe;jidahsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gd
,];yhkpa fz;Nzhf;fpw;fhd mbg;gilfshf mikfpd;wd. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd mikg;Gj;
jpl;lk; ,yq;ifapd; ‘fhop’fs; ngw;Ws;s jifikfis xg;gpl;Lg; guprPypg;gjw;fhd
msTNfhs;fshFk;. ,g;guprPyidf;F tof;fhspfs; kw;Wk; ‘fhop’fsplk; ngwg;gl;l juTfs;
Kjd;ikahditahf mikfpd;wd. NkYk;> Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;> fs
mtjhdf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l jfty;fSk; ,q;F gFg;gha;Tf;F

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cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,yq;ifapYs;s fhopfspd; jifikfisg;

gFg;gha;T nra;tJ GjpaNjhu; mZFKiwahFk;.
,yq;ifapy; ‘fhop’fs; ngw;Ws;s jifikfis kjpg;gply; vDk; Ma;tpd; gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;
gz;Grhu;> msTrhu; Kiwikfs; ,uz;Lk; Njitf;Nfw;g fye;J gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtjd; Clhf
milg;gl;lJ. Kjyhtjhf Ma;Tf; Nfhl;ghl;il fl;likg;;gjw;F E}yf Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhtjhf> tpdhf;nfhj;J> Neu;fhzy;> mtjhdk; vd;gd topKiwfs; %yk;
mDgtr;rhd;Wfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;d. jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; mWgj;ije;J ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w
tyaq;fs; cs;sd. xU ePjptyaj;Jf;F xU ‘fhop’ vd;w mbg;gilapy; mWgj;ije;J ‘fhop’fs;
epakpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> rpy ‘fhop’fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtile;jik> my;yJ rpy
‘fhop’fspd; gjtpj; Jwg;G Nghd;w fhuzpfspdhy; jw;NghJ Rkhu; mWgJ‘fhop’fs;
flikahw;Wfpd;wdu; ‘fhop’fspy; Rkhu; vOgJ tPjkhNdhu; ,t;tha;it Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf
toq;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fSf;F gjpyspj;Js;sdu;. mWgj;ije;J ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;wq;fisAk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Fwpj;j khtl;lj;jpy; thOk; K];ypk;fspd; rdj;njhif tPjk;>
tof;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifr; rjtPjk; Nghd;wdtw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;ljhd tPjj;jpw;F Vw;g
ehD}W tof;fhspfs; vspa vOkhw;W khjpup %yk njupT nra;ag;gl;ldu;. mtw;wpy; kPsg;ngwg;gl;l
tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 294 (73.5 tPjk;) MFk;. tpdhf;nfhj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l
juTfis gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; NghJ gz;Grhu;> msTrhu; mstPLfspd; mbg;gilapy; gFg;gha;T
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ngwg;gl;l juTfs; midj;Jk; Gs;sptpgutpay; gFg;gha;T nkd;nghUshd SPSS
16.0 %yk; gFg;gha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;> ‘fhop’fspd; rigapd; nrayhsu;> mfpy
,yq;if cykh rigapd; nghJr;nrayhsu;> Kd;dhs; ‘fhop’fs; ehy;tu;> K];ypk; ngz;fs;
Muha;r;rp nray; Kd;dzpapd; nraw;ghl;lhsu;> ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;>
rl;lj;juzpfs; Nghd;Nwhu; Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhfTk; ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w eilKiwapd;
mDgtq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; Neu;fhzg;gl;ldu;.

,yq;ifapd; ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w Kiwik ‘fhop’fs; gw;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; kpf mupjhfNt cs;sd.
tpNrlkhf> ,t;tplaq;fis ,];yhkpa \uPMTld; xg;gpl;L Nehf;FtJ GjpaNjhu;
fz;Nzhl;lkhFk;. vdpDk;> ,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; ePjpkd;w Kiwik ePjpgjpfs; gw;wpa
Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpuj;jpNafkhff; $Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ]Cjp mNugpah> vfpg;J> kNyrpah Nghd;w
ehLfspd; ePjpkd;w Kiwik gw;wpa ,];yhkpa \uPMTldhd xg;gPl;lha;Tfs;> ,yq;ifapd; ‘fhop’
ePjpkd;w Kiwik> ‘fhop’fs; njhlu;ghd gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l> gjpg;gpf;fg;glhj Kjy;epiy> ,uz;lhk;
epiy ,yf;fpaq;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> rQ;rpiff; fl;Liufs; Nghd;wd ,t;tha;tpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis
miltjw;fhf gad;ghl;bw;Fk; kPsha;Tf;Fk; cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

‘fhop’apd; jifikfs;
ePjpg;gupghydj;ij flikahff; fhZk; ,];yhk; ePjp nrYj;Jfpd;w ‘fhop’apd; jifik gw;wpg;
gpu];jhgpf;fpd;wJ. ePjpia toq;fTk;> mjd; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;jTk;
jifikAilNahNu ‘fhop’ahf epakdk; nra;ag;gLtij mJ cWjp nra;fpwJ. egp (]y;)
mtu;fsplk; mG+ju; (uop) mtu;fs; jd;idf; ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;FkhW Ntz;baNghJ> ‘ePu;

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gytPdkhdtu;. mJ mkhdpjkhdJ. mJ jifikAilNahUf;Fk; Neupa Kiwapy;

epiwNtw;WNthUf;Fkd;wp mjd; kWikg; gad; ,opthfTk;> ifNrjkhfTk; mikAk;’ (ig`fP>
1925> `jP]; 20707> gh.10> g.95) vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lik ePjpia epiyehl;Ljiy mkhdpjkhff;
fhz;fpwJ. ‘mkhdpjq;fis mjw;FupNahuplk; xg;gilf;FkhWk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; jPu;g;gspf;Fk;
NghJ> ePjpahf ePq;fs; jPu;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; my;yh`; cq;fSf;F fl;lisapLfpwhd;’
(my;-Fu;Md;> 04:58) vDk; thrfk; ePjpgjpapd; jifik> elj;ij gw;wpa epakq;fisj; njspthfNt
tpsf;FfpwJ. ePjp nrYj;Jgtu;fsplk; Vw;gLk; jtW fz;ldj;Jf;Fk; jz;lidf;Fk; cupaJ vd
‘`jP];’ Fwpg;Gf;fs; (mG+jhTj;> `jP]; 202> gh.1> g.80) fhz;gpf;fpd;wd. ePjpj;Jiwapy;
<LgLNthupd; jifik gw;wpa fupridAk; mjpy; Vw;gLk; jtWf;fhd jz;lid gw;wpa
vr;rupf;ifAk; ‘fhop’g; gjtpiag; ngw Mu;t%l;ltpy;iy. ‘`jP];’> gpf;`; Jiwfspy; Nju;r;rp
ngw;wpUe;j mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D cku; (uop) mtu;fs; fyPgh cJkhd; mtu;fspd; ‘fhop’
epakdj;;jpw;fhd miog;ig kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. ‘,t;tkhdpjj;ijg; G+uzkhf epiwNtw;Wtjpy;
jtWfs; ,lk;ngw;W> kWikapy; ,opTf;Fk; ifNrjj;jpw;;Fk; cs;shfptpLNtd; vd mQ;RfpNwd;’
vd;W mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;lik Nehf;fj;jf;fJ (tfPc> 918> gf;. 24> 25).

fy;tpj; jifik
,];yhkpa rl;ltpay; xU ‘fhop’apd; jifikfis ePjpj;Jiwapy; mtu; <LgLtjw;fhd
epge;jidfshf tpgupf;fpd;wJ. mtw;wpy; kpfg;gpujhdkhdJk; mtrpakhdJk; ‘fhop’Aila rl;lk;>
mjd; tplag; gug;G gw;wpa mwpthFk;. ,e;epge;jidapy; ,];yhkpa rl;l epGzu;fs;
xd;WgLfpd;wdu;. ePjpj;Jiw Xu; mwpthu;e;j nraw;ghl;NlhL njhlu;Ggl;bUg;gjdhy;> mwpitj;
jifikahff; nfhs;tij my;Fu;Mdpa thrfq;fs; typAWj;Jfpd;wd. ‘fhop’ahfr; nraw;gl;l
jhT+j; (miy) mtu;fspd; jifikahf ‘mtUf;F Qhdj;ijAk; njspthd tpsf;fj;ijAk;
nfhLj;Njhk;’(my;-Fu;Md;> 38:20) vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; mwpTj;jifikNa
\{iu`; Nghd;Nwhu; ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ vdg;gLfpwJ
(,g;Dy fa;A+k;> 2002> g.111). ‘fhop’ ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba mwptpd; gug;G njhlu;gpy; ,];yhkpa
rl;l epGzu;fisNa NtWgl;l mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; epyTfpd;wd. ,];yhkpa mbg;gil %y
Mtzq;fshd my; Fu;Md;> ‘m];]{d;dh’ gw;wpa mwpT xU ‘fhop’ ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;
mtu;fspilNa fUj;njhUikg;ghL fhzg;gLfpwJ vdyhk;(my; `{ikop> g.120). ‘fhop’apd; jPu;g;G
,t;thtzq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;bUg;gJ mtrpakhFk; vd;gij my; Fu;Md; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
‘(K`k;kNj>) my;yh`; ckf;F fhl;bj;jUk; mbg;gilapy; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ePu; jPu;g;G
toq;Ftjw;fhf cz;ikia cs;slf;fpa ,t;Ntjj;ij ckf;F ehk; mUspNdhk;’ (my;-Fu;Md;
04:105). akd; gpuNjrj;jpw;F ‘fhop’ahf epakdk; ngw;w KMj; ,g;D [gy; (uop) mtu;fSf;Fk;
egpatu;fSf;Fkpilapyhd fye;Jiuahly; my; Fu;Md; ‘m];]{d;dh’ vd;w %y Mtzq;fs;
gw;wpa mwpT ‘fhop’ ngw;wpUg;gjd; mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ 1. NkYk;> ]{d;dh egp (]y;)

1
‘ck;kplk; jPug;Gf;fhd xU tplak; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lhy;> vt;thW jPu;g;gspg;gPu;fs; vd;W K`k;kj; egp (]y;)
mtu;fs; tpdtpa NghJ>‘my;yh`;tpd; Ntjkhd my;Fu;Midf; nfhz;L jPu;g;gspg;Ngd;’ vd;W
gfu;e;jhu;fs;. my;yh`;tpd; Ntjj;jpy; mjw;fhd jPu;itg; ngwhtpl;lhy; (vd;d nra;tPu;) vd tpdtpa
NghJ>‘,iwj;J}jupd; ‘m];]{d;dh’itf; nfhz;L jPug ; ;gspg;Ngd;’ vd;W gjpyspj;jhu;fs;. ‘,iw
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mtu;fs; xU ‘fhop’ vd;w mbg;gilapy; toq;fpa jPu;g;Gf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpapUg;gjhy; mJ xU

‘fhop’f;F jdJ jPu;g;ig tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Kd;DjhuzkhfTk; %yhjhukhfTk; mika
KbAk;. mG+gf;u; (uop) mtu;fs; xU gpur;rpidf;fhd jPu;it my; Fu;Mdpy; my;yJ ]{d;dhtpy;
my;yJ egpatu;fs; toq;fpa jPu;tpy; fhzg;gLfpwjh vd tpdTtij tof;fkhff;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs; (jg;ahdp> g.245) vd;gJ ]{d;dhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf; fhz;gpf;fty;yJ.
‘fhop’ ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba fy;tpj;jifikfSs; xd;whf rpe;jdhj;jpwd; nfhz;L jPu;khdpj;jiyf;
Fwpf;Fk; ,[;jp`hJk; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ,];yhkpa rl;l epGzu;fspilNa Kuz;gl;l
mgpg;gpuhaKz;L. ‘khypfp’> ‘\hgp<’> ‘`d;gyp’ rpe;jidg; guptpdu;fSk; ‘`dgp’
rpe;jidg;Nghf;Fila rpyUk; ‘,[;jp`hj;’ nra;Ak; Mw;wy; ‘fhop’f;F mtrpak; vd;Nw
fUJfpd;wdu;. gpwpnjhU ,khkpy; jf;yPj; vDk; fz;%bg;gpd;gw;Wk; xUtu; ‘fhop’f;Fj; jFjpaw;wtu;
vd;gJ ,tu;fsJ thjkhFk;(m];-]{i`yp> 2002> g. 5938). ,r;rhuhu; gpd;tUk; `jPi] jkf;Fr;
rhd;whf nfhs;fpd;wdu;;.

‘K];ypk;fspd; tplaj;ijg; nghWg;Ngw;Fk; caujpfhup> my;yh`;tpd; Ntjj;ijAk; mtdJ

]{d;dhitAk; kpfTk; mwpe;j xUtu; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy;> mtiu tplj; jifik Fiwe;j
xUtiu mtu; epakpj;jhy;> mtu; my;yh`;Tf;Fk;> mtdJ J}jUf;Fk;> K];ypk;
r%fj;jpw;Fk; Nkhrb nra;Jtpl;lhu; vd egp (]y;) mtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;’ (ig`fP> 1925>
gh.10> g.117> `jP]; 18738).

‘`dgp’ rpe;jidg; gpuptpd; kw;nwhU gpuptpdu; ‘fhop’ ‘,[;jp`hj;’ Mw;wiyg; ngw;wpUg;gJ

rpwg;Gf;FupaJk; Kd;Dupik mspf;fj;jf;fJkhFk;. MapDk;> epge;jidahff; nfhs;sj;jf;fjy;y.
ePjpj;Jiwapd; Nehf;fkhd tof;Ffisj; jPu;j;J> cupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jiy xU ,khkpd;
rl;lq;fis jf;yPj; nra;J epiwNtw;wTk; KbAnkdf; fUJfpd;wdu; (m];-]{i`yp> 2002> g.
6240). ,Jjtpu> ,khk; ,g;D `];k; (994-1064) mtu;fs; xU K[;j`pjpd; jifikahd my;
Fu;Mdpa rl;lq;fs;> MjhuG+u;tkhd egp nkhopfs;> eh]p`;> kd;]{`; topKiw vd;gdtw;iw
‘fhop’ mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd thjpLfpwhu; (ms;sh`pup> g. 363 k];myh 1775). ‘\hgp<‘
rpe;jidg; gpupitr;Nru;e;j mwpQu;fs; Fiwe;j gl;rk; xU ‘fhop’ jhd; jPu;g;G toq;Fk; tplag;
nghUisj; njspthf mwpe;jpUj;jy; %yk;> mtu; jhd; toq;fpa jPu;g;G ,];yhkpa mbg;gil %y
Mtzq;fshd my; Fu;Md;> ‘m];]{d;dh’> ‘,[;kh’> mtUf;F Kw;gl;l ‘fhop’fs; toq;fpa
jPu;g;Gf;fs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F Kuz;glhjpUf;f KbAk; (m\;\u;<dp> 1958> gh.04> g.37). ,jid
m];]{i`yp kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ vd cld;gLfpwhu; (m];-]{i`yp> 2002> g.5938). ,e;j
tifapy; xU ‘fhop’ rl;lj;jpd; tplag;nghUs;> epfo;tpd; epahak; vd ,uz;L mk;rq;fNshL
njhlu;GgLfpwhu;. rpyNtisfspy; ,t;tpuz;ilAk; mtu; ,izj;Jf;fhz Ntz;b cs;sJ. vdNt>

Ntjj;jpYk;> ,iwj;J}jupd; ‘m];]{d;dh’tpYk; mg;gpur;rpidf;fhd jPu;tpid ePu; ngwhtpbd; ahJ nra;tPu;

vd;W Nfl;lNghJ>‘ehd; (my; Fu;Md;>‘m];]{d;dh’tpd; mbg;gilapy;) vdJ rpe;jidiag; gad;gLj;jp
,[;jp`hj; nra;J jPu;g;gspg;Ngd;’ vd;W tpilaspj;jhu;fs;. clNd my;yh`;tpd; J}ju; (]y;) mtu;fs;>
KMj; (uop) mtu;fspd; neQ;rpy; mbj;J ‘my;yh`;tpd; J}jiuj; jpUg;jpg; gLj;jf;$bathW my;yh`;tpd;
J}jUila J}jUf;F mwpthw;wiy toq;fpa my;yh`;Tf;Nf vy;yhg;GfOk;’ vd;W $wp topaDg;gp
itj;jhu;fs;. (jpu;kpjp> `jP]; 3594> gh.3> g.330)
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rl;lj;jpd; tplag;nghUs; gw;wpa Nghjpa mwpT> epfo;tpd; cz;ikj;jd;ikiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhd

Mw;wy; ‘fhop’f;F mtrpakhFk;. f/g; ,g;D #u; vDk; egpj;Njhou; xU fztdpd; ghypay;
ehl;lkpd;ikia xU ngz;zpd; #l;rfkhd $w;wpypUe;J Gupe;J nfhz;l NghJ mtu; g]uh
efuj;jpd; ‘fhop’ahf epakdk; ngwj; jFjpahdtuhf cku; (uop) mtu;;fs; jPu;khdpj;jhu;fs; 2. ,U
jha;fspilNa Foe;ijapd; cupik njhlu;gpyhd gpzf;fpy; Riykhd; egpatu;fs; toq;fpa
jPu;g;Gk; 3 ,U ez;gu;fspd; cnuhl;bg; gpur;rpidf;F myp (uop) mtu;fs; toq;fpa jPu;g;Gk; 4 epfo;tpd;
cz;ikj; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwptjw;fhd Mw;wiy vLj;Jf; fhl;LtjhFk;.

2
f/g; ,g;D #u; (uop) mtu;fs; cku; (uop) mtu;fSf;F mUfpy; mku;e;jpUe;jhu;fs;. mt;Ntis> xU ngz;
te;J mkPuy; K/kpdPd; mtu;fNs> vdJ fztid tpl kpfr;rpwe;j xUtiu ehd; fhzNt ,y;iy.
my;yh`;tpd; kPJ Mizahf mtu; ,uT KOtJk; epd;W tzq;Ffpd;whu;. kpf ntg;gkhd gfy; Ntisapy;
Nehd;ghspahf ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;W $wpdhs;. cku; (uop) mtu;fs; mtSf;fhf ghtkd;dpg;Gf; Nfhup mtis
tho;j;jpdhu;fs;. mg;ngz; ntl;fkile;J jpUk;gptpl;lhs;. clNd f/g; mtu;fs;> mkPUy; K/kpdPd;
mtu;fNs mg;ngz;iz mtsJ fztDld; Nru;j;J itj;jpUf;fyhNk. mts; cq;fsplk; KiwaplNt
te;jhs; vd;W $wpdhu;. ‘mts; vjid Kiwapl;lhs;’ vd cku; (uop) mtu;fs; tpdtpa NghJ>‘mts;
jdJ fztidg; gw;wp fLikahf Kiwapl;lhs;’ vd;W gjpyspj;jhu;. mjw;F cku; (uop) mtu;fs;
‘mjidah mts; Kiwapl tpUk;gpdhs;?’ vd;W Nfl;f> f/g; (uop) mtu;fs; ‘Mk;’ vd;whu;fs;. clNd
cku; (uop) mtu;fs; mg;ngz;iz mioj;J ‘ckJ gLf;ifapypUe;J ckJ fztu; tpyfp ,Uf;fpwhu;
vd;gij ePu; Kiwapl te;jjhfNt ,tu; fUJfpwhu;. mtu; fUjpaJ rupjhdh vd;W cz;ikiaf;
$Wq;fs;’ vdf; Nfhupa NghJ> ‘Mk;. ehd; ,sk; Atjp. ngz;fs; tpUk;Gtij ehDk; tpUk;GfpNwd;’ vd
gjpyspj;jhs;. clNd mtsJ fztid tutioj;j cku; (uop) mtu;fs;> f/g; mtu;fis Nehf;fp ‘ePNu
mt;tpUtu; kj;jpapy; jPu;g;gspg;gPuhf’ vd;W $wpdhu;fs;. ‘mkPUy; K/kpdPd; mtu;fNs jPu;g;gspf;f kpfTk;
jFjpahdtu;’ vd f/g; mtu;fs; kWj;jhu;fs;. ‘ePu;jhd; jPu;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;dhy; tpsq;f Kbahj
mtsJ Kiwg;ghl;il ePNu tpsq;fpdPu;’ vd;W cku; (uop) mtu;fs; typAWj;jpdhu;fs;. mjw;fpzq;f f/g;
; mtu;fs; ‘ehd; mg;ngz;iz mtdJ ehd;fhtJ kidtpnadf; fUjp> mtSf;fhf xU gfiyAk;
,uitAk; fopf;f Ntz;Lk;. %d;W gfy;> ,uTfs; mtd; ,ghjj;jpy; fopf;f Ntz;Lnkd ehd;
jPu;g;gspf;fpNwd;’ vd;W f/g; (uop) jPu;g;G toq;fpdhu;fs;. tpag;gile;j cku; (uop) mtu;fs; ‘ckJ Ke;jpa
fUj;J> gpe;jpa fUj;ij tpl Mr;rupakhdJ. ePu; g]uhTf;Fr; nrd;W me;fupd; ‘fhop’ahf nraw;gLtPu;’
vd;W fl;lisapl;lhu;fs;. ([khy; ]hjpf; my; kpu;]ghtp> 1991> epohKy; foh gpy; ,];yhk; ,jhuJ];
]fhgh te;e];u;> ]Cjp mNugpah: [hkpmJy; ‘,khk;’ K`k;kj; ,g;D ]{Cj; my; ,];yhkpa;ah> 1991>
g.44)
3
,uz;L ngz;fs; jkJ ,U Mz; Foe;ijfSld; ,Ue;jhu;fs;. mt;tpUtupy; xUj;jpAila Foe;ijia
Xeha; nfhz;L nrd;W tpl;lJ. mtu;fspy; xUj;jp jdJ ez;gpia Nehf;fp>‘cdJ Foe;ijiaj;jhd;
Xeha; nfhz;L nrd;wJ’ vd;whs;. Mdhy;> kw;wts; ‘,y;iy. cdJ Foe;ijiaj;jhd; Xeha; nfhz;L
nrd;wJ’ vd;W $wpdhs;. ,UtUk; jhT+j; (miy)mtu;fsplk; jPu;g;Gf; Nfl;Lr; nrd;w NghJ> mtu;
‘%j;jtSila Foe;ijjhd; vd;W jPu;g;gspj;jhu;. clNd mt;tpUtUk; ]{iykhd; (miy) mtu;fsplk;
nrd;W jkJ Kuz;ghl;il Kiwapl;l NghJ> mtu; ‘fj;jpnahd;iwf; nfhz;L thUq;fs;. mt;tpUtUf;Fk;
rkkhf gpse;J nfhLf;fpd;Nwd;’ vd;W $wpdhu;. mjw;F rpwpats; ‘mt;thW nra;ahjPu;fs;. my;yh`;
cq;fSf;F mUs; ghypg;ghd;. ,J mtsJ Foe;ijjhd; vd;W $wpdhs;’ ]{iykhd; (miy) mf;Foe;ij
,istSf;Nf cupaJ’ vd;W jPu;g;gspj;jhu;fs;. (Gfhup> 1987> `jP]; 3244> gh.3> g. 1260)
4
‘,uz;L ez;gu;fs; gfYzTf;fhf mku;e;jhu;fs;. xUtuplk; Ie;J cnuhl;bfSk;> kw;wtuplk; %d;W
cnuhl;bfSk; ,Ue;jd. mt;tpUtUk; cz;z Muk;gpj;j NghJ> mt;tplj;jpw;F xU gpuahzp te;jhd;.
mt;tpUtUk; mtid jk;Kld; gfYzitg;gupkhw mioj;jdu;. cztUe;jpa gpd;du; mtd; vl;L
jpu;`k;fisf; nfhLj;jhd;. Ie;J cnuhl;bfis itj;jpUe;j ez;gu; jdf;F Ie;J jpu;`k;fis
vLj;Jtpl;L> %d;W cnuhl;bfis itj;jpUe;j ez;gUf;F %d;W jpu;`k;fis nfhLj;jhu;. ez;gu;
‘mjidg; nghUe;jpf; nfhs;s khl;Nld;’ vd;W rz;ilapl;lhu;.
,g;gpur;rpid myp (uop) mtu;fsplk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l NghJ>‘,JnthU rpwpa tplak;. ,ij
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tij tpl ,UtUk; Xu; ,zf;fg;ghl;Lf;F tUtNj rpwe;jJ vd;W $wptpl;L>
,uz;lhktuplk; ‘ePu; %d;W jpu;`k;fis itj;Jf;nfhs;. rz;ilapLtij tpl;LtpL’ vd;W mwpTiu
gfu;e;jhu;fs;. mjw;F mk;kdpjd; ‘,y;iy> ePq;fs; ,t;tplaj;ij tprhupj;J epahag;gb jPu;g;G toq;f
Ntz;Lk;’ vd;W myp (uop) mtu;fis typAWj;jpdhd;. mjw;fpzq;f> myp (uop) mtu;fs; mt;tpUtiuAk;
tprhupj;Jtpl;L ‘ePjp epahag;gb Ie;J cnuhl;bfis itj;jpUe;jtUf;F VO jpu;`k;fSk;> %d;W
cnuhl;bfis itj;jpUe;j ez;gUf;F xU jpu;`k; khj;jpuKk; cupj;jhdJ’ vd;W jPu;g;G toq;fpdhu;fs;.
(Fyhk; Ku;joh M]hj;> 1987)
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‘\uPM’tpd; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ePjpgjp (‘fhop’) Mf epakdk; ngWtjw;fhd jifikfis K];ypk;

ehLfs; tiuaWj;Js;sd. gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lj;Jld;> njhopy;rhu; gl;lg;gpd; bg;nshkh fw;if
newp my;yJ ‘\uPM’ Jiwapy; rl;lkhdpg; gl;lk; my;yJ ‘\uPM’ ghuk;gupa rl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;j
,ul;ilg; gl;lg;gbg;G Mfpatw;iw ‘\uPM’ ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp epakdj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilf;
fy;tpj;jifikfshf kNyrpah nfhz;Ls;sJ (Zin, 2012, pp.118-122). ,t;thNw> ‘\uPM’ ePjpkd;w
Kiwapy; ePjpg;gupghydj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ]Cjp mNugpahtpYk; gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lg;gbg;Gr;
rhd;wpjiog; ngw;wtu; my;yJ Kiwrhuh ‘\uPM’ fy;tpiag; ngw;w gpugyq;fSk; ePjpaikr;rpdhy;
elhj;jg;gLk; jifikg; guPl;irapy; Nju;r;rpailtjd; %yk; ‘fhop’ahf epakdk; ngWtjw;Fj;
jFjp ngWfpd;wdu; (MY]; i\`;> g.285).

Mdhy;> ,yq;ifapy; 1951k; Mz;bd; tpthf> tpfhuj;Jr; rl;lj;jpd; 13k; ,yf;fk; ‘fhop’apd;
epakdk; njhlu;ghf gpu];jhgpf;Fk; NghJ mtu;fs; epakdk; ngWtjw;fhd jifikfis tpupthf
gpu];jhgpf;ftpy;iy. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; 12k; ,yf;fk; 1k; cl;gpupT ‘mg;gjtpf;F jpwik tha;e;jtu;’
vd tiuaiw nra;fpwJ. jpwik tha;ej
; tiu tiuaiw nra;tjw;fhd topKiwfs;
ntspg;gilahff; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. MapDk;> ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO ‘fhop’fspd;
ntw;wplj;Jf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpuRupf;Fk; tu;j;jkhdp mjidg; gpd;tUkhW
tpsf;fg;gLj;JtJ Nghy; cs;sJ. 2014 ngg;utup 15 ,d; tu;j;jkhdpapd; mwpTWj;jy; nghJf;
fy;tpj; jifik> \uPM fy;tpj; jifik vd;gdtw;iwg; ngw;wpUj;jiy epge;jidahff;
Fwpg;gpLtJ ,q;F Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; cl;gpupT 1 ‘xU K];ypk; Mltiu’ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk; rkakhf ,];yhj;ijf; nfhz;ltUk; ghy;epiyapy; MltUNk ‘fhop’ahf
epakpf;fg;gLtjw;Fj; jifikAilNahu; vd tpjpf;fpwJ.

nghJthf> ‘fhop’fSila njhopw;ghL mwpthu;e;j nraw;ghl;NlhL $ba xd;W. vdNt> ‘fhop’fs;

ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba nghJf; fy;tpj; jifik gw;wp tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lk; nksdk;
rhjpf;fpd;w NghJ ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; tu;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jy; gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lk;
my;yJ K];ypk; rka fyhrhu gz;ghl;lYty;fs; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l epWtdk;
xd;wpd; rhd;wpjo;> rl;lj;juzp my;yJ mjw;Fr; rkkhd njhopy;rhu; jifik> Xa;T ngw;w
gjtpepiy cj;jpNahfj;ju; vd;gdtw;iwj; jifikfshff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. 1972k; Mz;bd;
juTfspd; gb md;W Nritapy; ,Ue;j 44 ‘fhop’fs; midtUk; Nkw;nrhd;d nghJf;fy;tpj;
jifikiag; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy Nghy; cs;sJ. mtu;fspy; 17 Ngu; kl;LNk rl;lj;juzpfs;. fhyg;
Nghf;fpy; ,tu;fspd; vz;zpf;if fzprkhff; Fiwe;Js;sJ vd;gij 1999k; Mz;by; 4
rl;lj;juzpfNs ‘fhop’fshff; fhzg;gl;lik czu;j;JfpwJ (ku;R+g;> 2001> g. 03). jw;NghJ flik
GupAk; ‘fhop’fspd; nghJf;fy;tpj;jifikAk;> rhu;e;Js;s JiwiaAk; fPo;f;fhZk; ml;ltiz 1
fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz1: ‘fhop’fspd; nghJf; fy;tpj;jifikAk; JiwAk;

,y. Jiw rjtPjk;

1 fy;tpj;Jiw 69.4%

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2 Kfhikj;Jtk;> epUthfk; 8.33%

3 rl;lj;Jiw 19.4%
4 njhopw; jifikf; fy;tp 2.78%
%yk; Survey 2014

,jd;gb> nghJf;fy;tpj; jifik njhlu;ghd Gs;sptpgutpay; juTfs; jw;Nghija ‘fhop’fspy;

kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikapdu; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; (69.4%) gapw;wg;gl;ltu;fs;. kpfr; rpyNu Kfhikj;Jt>
epUthfj; Jiwapy; jifik nfhz;ltu;fs;. ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; ‘fhop’g;gjtpf;Fk;
rl;lj;Jiwf;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlu;G Ngzg;gl;L tUtjd; fhuzkhf jw;NghJs;s ‘fhop’fspy; Rkhu;
Ie;jpy; xUtu; rl;lj;juzpahfNt gzpGupfpd;wdu;. njhopy; jifikf; fy;tp ‘fhop’aplj;jpy;
fhzg;gLtJ mupjhd xd;whfNt cs;sJ. ,];yhkpa rl;ltpay; tpje;Jiuf;Fk; ,];yhkpa mwpT
epiy gw;wp K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lk; fupriz nfhs;stpy;iy.

,];yhkpa rl;lj;Jiwapy; Nju;r;rp ngw;wtu;fNs ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w MT.

mf;gu; jiyikapyhd rl;lg;Nguitapd; MNyhridapy; fhyp g`;[Jy; ,g;wh`Pkpa;ah> k`ufk
fG+upa;ah Nghd;w cs;ehl;L kj;u]hf;fspy; fy;tp fw;W nksytpr; rhd;wpjo; ngw;w cykhf;fis
‘fhop’fshf epakpf;FkhW md;iwa ftu;duplk; Nfhupf;if Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. MapDk;>
mf;Nfhupf;if kWf;fg;gl;L gjpthsu; ehafk; nwhf; mtu;fspd; gpd;tUk; Fwpg;gpd; gpufhuNk
,yq;ifapy; Kjd; Kjyhf ‘fhop’fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

“fhop vd;gtu; ,];yhkpa rkaj;jpy; QhdKk;> ,];yhkpa rl;lj;jpy; Mo;e;j mwpTk;>

K];ypk;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wpa Efu; mwpTk; ,Ug;gNjhL> cz;ikfisg; gFj;J
epahakhd Kiwapy; tprhuiz nra;tjpy; Mw;;wYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tu; ,U
tof;fhspfspilNaAk; ,Uf;Fk; gpur;rpidfisr; RKfkhfj; jPu;j;J> fhg;Gg; gzk;
Nghd;witfisj; jPu;j;J itg;gjpy; Mw;wYs;stuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhtw;wpYk; Nkyhf>
fy;tpawpT gilj;j> r%fj;jpy; cau;e;j me;j];ij cilatuhfTk;> vy;NyhUila ed;kjpg;igg;
ngw;wtuhfTk;> epaha];ju; vd;w kjpg;igg; ngw;wtuhfTk; ,tu; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;” (rkPk;> 1998 g.
114).

gjpthsu; ehafk; nwhf; mtu;fs; ‘fhop’apd; mj;jpahtrpa jifik gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ>

Md;kPfj;jpYk; ,];yhkpa rl;lj;jpYk; Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd mwpit ‘fhop’ ngw;wpUg;gJ
mtrpakpy;iy. khwhf> mtUf;F mDgtk;> Gj;jpf; $u;ik> ehl;by; eilKiwapYs;s
K];ypk;fspd; tof;fhW gw;wpa mwpT vd;gdNt mtrpak;. ‘fhop’ cz;ikiaj; njspthf
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Mw;wYk; tprhuizfis Neu;j;jpahf elhj;Jk; jpwikAk; ngw;wpUg;gNjhL>
ftzd; - kidtpf;fpilapy; rkurj;ij Vw;gLj;jTk; jhgupg;Gf; Nfhupf;iffis epiwNtw;wTk;
MSikAs;stuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,it midj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf rpwe;j nghJf; fy;tpj;
jifikiaf; nfhz;l r%f me;j];J kpf;f xUtuhfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jdJ
epahaj;ijAk; Kd;itf;fpwhu; (Farouque, 2004, p.242).

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Muk;g ‘fhop’ epakdj;jpd; NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j K`k;kjpar; rl;lk; RNjr K];ypk;fspd;

tof;fhWfisAk; rl;l %yhjhukhff; nfhz;bUe;jjhy; ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;fg;gLgtu; mtw;iw
ed;fwpe;jtuhf> nghJf; fy;tpj; jifikiag; ngw;wtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd gjpthsu; ehafk;
nwhf; Fwpg;gp;l;lik kpfg; nghUj;jkhdjhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ. vdpDk;> 1951k; Mz;bd; rl;lk;
tof;fhWfisr; rl;l %yhjhukhff; nfhs;tij ePf;fpa NghJ gjpthsu; ehafk; nwhf;fpd;
epge;jidfs; rpyTk; nry;Ygbaw;wjhf khwpd. MapDk;> 1951k; Mz;Lr; rl;lk; ‘‘fhop’ rpwe;j
ey;nyhOf;fk; nfhz;l> nghUj;jkhd K];ypk; Mzhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; $WtJ mjw;F
Ke;jpa rl;lj;jpd; jifikfis kWjypg;gjhfNt cs;sJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpy; Mff; Fiwe;j
njhopy;rhu; my;yJ fy;tpj; jifik gw;wp vJtpj Vw;ghLfSk; ,y;iy vd;W ePjpauru; ]yPk;
ku;#g;(2001> g.3) tpku;rpf;fpd;whu;. ,t;thwhd fy;tpkhd;fs;> cykhf;fs; Nghd;Nwhupd;
tpku;rdq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;l ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO ‘fhop’fspd; ntw;wplj;jpw;fhd
mwptpj;jypd; NghJ nghJf; fy;tpj; jifikfisAk; \uPM fy;tpj; jifikfisAk;
ngw;wpUg;gtNu ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;fg;gLthu; vd;w Nkyjpf epge;jidfisf; $WfpwJ.

,yq;if rdehaf Nrhryprf; FbauR tu;j;jkhdg; gj;jpupif - 2013 “K];ypk; rkaj;ijr; rhu;e;j
Mz; tpz;zg;gjhuu; xUtu; gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lk; ngw;Ws;s xUtuhf my;yJ K];ypk; rka
kw;Wk; fyhrhu mYty;fs; mikr;rpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l epWtdk; xd;wpdhy; toq;fg;gLk;
rhd;wpjo; ngw;Ws;s xUtuhf my;yJ rl;lj;juzp xUtuhf my;yJ mjw;Fr; rkkhd njhopy;rhu;
jifik cilatuhf my;yJ Xa;T ngw;w gjtp epiyj; juj;jpyhd cj;jpNahfj;ju; xUtuhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tpz;zg;gjhuu; ,];yhk; khu;f;fj;ijg; gw;wp xOFgtuhfTk;> K];ypk; tpthf>
tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; tpNrlkhd K];ypk; rl;lk; gw;wpa ey;y mwpT cilatuhfTk;
r%fj;jpy; ey;y tuNtw;Gk; kjpg;Gk; cilatuhfTk; tpthfkhd xUtUkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.”

jw;Nghija gzpGupAk; ‘fhop’fspd; ,];yhkpa mwpT kl;lk; njhlu;ghd epiyiaf; fz;lwpAk;

Nfs;tpfSf;F ‘fhop’fs; toq;fpa gjpy;fis ml;ltiz 2 fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz2: ‘fhop’fspd; ,];yhkpa/\uPM fy;tp kl;lk;

,y. ngwg;gl;l mjp cau; fy;tp/rhd;wpjo; rjtPjk;
1 Fu;Md; kj;u]h 13.89%
2 f.ngh.j rh.j 8.33%
3 f.ngh.j c.j 22.22%
4 nksytp> my; Mypk; 38.89%
5 ,];yhkpa bg;nshkh 2.78%
6 gy;fiyf; fofg; gl;lk; 13.89%
%yk; Survey 2014

,];yhkpa ePjpj;JiwAld; njhlu;ghd \uPM fy;tpj;Jiwapy; jw;Nghija ‘fhop’fs; xg;gPl;lstpy;

jifik Fiwe;jtu;fshfNt cs;sdu;. rpy (13.89%) ‘fhop’fspd; ,];yhkpa mwpT Fu;Md;
kj;u]htpy; ngw;w Muk;g mbg;gilahd mwpthFk;. ,t;thNw> NtW rpyUila (8.33%) ,];yhkpa

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mwpTk; gupr;raKk; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; ,];yhk; ghl tpjhdj;jpD}lhf ngw;w mwpT vdf;
nfhs;s KbfpwJ. Rkhu; Ie;jpy; xU (22.22%) gpuptpdu; cau; juf; fw;ifapd; NghJ> ,];yhk;
my;yJ ,];yhkpa ehfupfk; Nghd;w ghlq;fspD}lhf ,];yhj;ij mwpe;jpUg;gtu;fs;. MapDk;>
fzprkhd ‘fhop’fs; (38.89%) VjhtnjhU muGf; fyhgPlj;jpy; gapw;wg;gl;l nksytpfshFk;.
,f;fyhgPlq;fs; ,];yhkpa fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Nghjpa mwpit toq;Ftij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. MT.mf;gu; jiyikapyhd rl;lg; Nguitapd;
rpghupRfs; tpje;Jiuf;fpd;w jifikahf ,jidf; nfhs;s KbAk;. NkYk;> rpyu; (13.89%)
,];yhkpaj; Jiwapy; gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gJk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,j;juTfspd; gb ,g;gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;ljhupfspy; 5.6 tPjkhdtu;fs; muGf; fyhgPlq;fspYk;
gapw;wg;gl;ltu;fs; vd;gJ rpwg;Gf;Fupa tplakhFk; vdyhk;. miuthrpf;Fk; rw;Wf; Fiwthd
(44.44%) vz;zpf;ifia cila ‘fhop’fs; ,];yhkpa rl;lj;Jiwapy; Nghjpa mwpitAk;
gapw;rpiaAk; ngw;wpuhjtu;fs; vd;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,j;juTfs; ‘fhop’ epakdj;jpd;
NghJ \uPM fy;tpj;jifik ngUksT fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;gijf; fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ.
Mdhy;> ,];yhkpa \uPM ‘fhop’ahff; flikahw;Wgtu; Mo;e;j mwpTs;stuhfTk; \uPM mwptpy;
epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wtuhfTk; Neu;ikahdtuhfTk; r%f me;j];Js;stuhfTk; ,];yhkpa
flikfisg; gw;wpnahOFk; ,iwar;rKs;stuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; $Wfpd;wJ(Doi, 1984,
p.11). egp (]y;) mtu;fs; akd; gpuNjrj;jpw;F KMj; (uop) mtu;fisf; ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;Fk;
NghJ njhLj;j tpdhf;fs; ‘fhop’ fz;bg;ghfg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba \uPM mwpT gw;wp
typAWj;JtjhfNt mike;Js;sJ.

“ck;kplk; jPug;Gf;fhd xU tplak; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lhy;> vt;thW jPu;g;gspg;gPu;fs; vd;W egpatu;fs;

tpdtpa NghJ> ‘my;yh`;tpd; Ntjkhd my;Fu;Midf; nfhz;L jPu;g;gspg;Ngd;’ vd;W gfu;e;jhu;fs;.
my;yh`;tpd; Ntjj;jpy; mjw;fhd jPu;itg; ngwhtpl;lhy; (vd;d nra;tPu;) vd tpdtpa NghJ>
‘,iwj;J}jupd; ]{d;dhitf; nfhz;L jPu;g;gspg;Ngd;’ vd;W gjpyspj;jhu;fs;. ‘,iw Ntjj;jpYk;>
,iwj;J}jupd; ]{d;dhtpYk; mg;gpur;rpidf;fhd jPu;tpid ePu; ngwhtpbd; ahJ nra;tPu; vd;W
Nfl;lNghJ> “ehd; (my;Fu;Md;> m];]{d;dhtpd; mbg;gilapy;) vdJ rpe;jidiag; gad;gLj;jp
,[;jp`hj; nra;J jPu;g;gspg;Ngd;” vd;W tpilaspj;jhu;fs; ( mG+jhTj;> gh.1> g.80). NkYk;>‘(Fwpj;j
\uPM) mwptpd;wpj; jPu;g;gspg;gtu; eufk; nry;thu;’ vd;W egp (]y;) mtu;fs; vr;rupj;Js;shu;fs;
(mG+jhTj;> gh.1> g.80). ,e;j `jP]; ,];yhj;jpy; ‘fhop’;g;gjtp ve;jsT nghWg;G tha;e;j>
El;gkhdJ vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. my;Fu;Md;> \uPM gw;wpa ‘fhop’apd; mwpT kpf Mokhdjhf
,Uf;Fk; NghNj mtu; eLepiyahf jPu;gG
; toq;Fthu;. ,y;iynadpy; mtuJ Md;kf
P tho;tpd;
gyd; kWikapy; mopitg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjhfNt khWk;. vdNt> ,j;jifa jifikiaAk;
elj;ijiaAk; nfhz;buhj xUtu; jdJ Md;kPf tho;itg; ghjpf;FksT nghWg;G tha;e;j
,g;gjtpia Vd; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpdhitg; gpugy rl;ltpay; epGzu; mg;Ju; u`;khd;
I. Nlha; njhLf;fpwhu; (Doi, 1984, p.11).

\uPMtpd; ‘fhop’ gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfis eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;fhf ]Cjp mNugpah> kNyrpah

Nghd;w ehLfs; ‘\uPMj; Jiwapy; gy;fiof;fofg; gl;lk; ngw;wtu; khj;jpuNk ‘fhop’ahf
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epakpf;fg;gLtu;’ vd epge;jidapl;Ls;sd. ]Cjp mNugpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; \uPM gPlj;jpy;

kpfg; gpujhd ghlq;fspy; xd;whf ‘my;foh’ vDk; ePjpj;Jiw tpupthf> Mokhff;
fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ(MY]; i\`;> 1990> g.4). mt;thNw> kNyrpahtpYk; \uPM ePjpgjpfis
cUthf;Ftjw;fhf kyhah gy;fiyf;fofk;> kNyrpa ru;tNjr ,];yhkpa gy;fiyf;fofk;>
kNyrpa Njrpag; gy;fiyf;fok; vd;gd tpNrl ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; gapw;rp newpfisAk;
toq;FtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;(Zin, 2012, pp.118-122). ,yq;ifapy; ‘fhop’nahUtu;
gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;ljhupahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ tpUg;Gf;Fupa epge;jidahfNt cs;sJ.
MapDk;> gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lk; vj;Jiw rhu;e;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w epge;jid njspthff;
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. mjdhy;> ePjpj;JiwAld; vt;tpjj;jpYk; njhlu;G ,y;yhj itj;jpaj;Jiwapy;
gl;ljhupahdtu;fSk; ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;fg;gLk; epiy ,yq;ifapy; cz;L.

KMj; (uop) mtu;fspd; `jP]{f;F Vw;g \uPM gw;wpa mwpitf; ‘fhop’ ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjpy; ,];yhkpa mwpQu;fs; cld;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk;> \uPM mwpT vd;gjpy; ,[;jp`hj;
cs;slq;FtJ gw;wp rl;ltpay; mwpQu;fspilNa Kuz;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ‘fhop’
,[;jp`hj; nra;Ak; Mw;wiyg; ngw;wpUg;gJ mtrpak; ,y;iynad ,khk; mG+`dPgh mtu;fs;
$Wfpwhu;fs;. Mdhy;> ‘fhop’ ,[;jp`hj; nra;Ak; jifikAiltuhfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
,khk;fshd khypf;> \hgp<> m`;kj; Nghd;Nwhu; typAWj;Jfpd;wdu;.

MapDk;> ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpd; Muk;g fhy ePjpkd;wq;fisg; Nghyd;wp> ,d;W ePjpj;Jiwapd;

gupzhk tsu;r;rpf;Nfw;g ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffSk;> mjpfhuq;fSk; jutupirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy;>
‘fhop’ midj;Jj; JiwapYk; epGzuhf ,y;yhtpbDk;> mtu; jdf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ePjpkd;w
mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l tplaq;fisahtJ mwpe;jpUg;gJ fl;lhakhFk;. ,jidNa m];-
]{i`yp (2002> g. 5938) ‘xU ‘fhop’ my;Fu;Md; m];]{d;dhit KOikahf mwpe;J>
midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; ,[;jp`hj; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; ,y;yhtpbDk;> Fiwe;jgl;rk; jhd;
nghWg;Ngw;Fk; Jiw rhu;e;j rl;lq;fisahtJ mwpe;jpUg;gJ NghJkhdjhFk;’ vd thjpf;fpwhu;.

mjw;Nfw;g> K];ypk;fs; rpWghd;ikahf thOk; ehLfspy; FLk;gtpay; rl;lq;fshd tpthf>

tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lq;fis newpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf epakpf;fg;gLk; ‘fhop’fs; Mff; Fiwe;jJ
mj;Jiwrhu; mwpitahtJ ngw;wpUg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. ,yq;ifapy; cs;s ‘fhop’fspd; gzpfshf
fztd;-kidtp ,ilapyhd rkurk;> tpthfuj;ij toq;Fjy;> jhgupg;G> k`u; vd;gtw;iwg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;> iff;$ypia kPsg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; vd;gd $wg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt mtu;fs;
Mff;Fiwe;jJ ,j;JiwfspyhtJ mwpTk; gupr;raKk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;g;gJ
epahakhdjhFk;. mjw;Nfw;g> ,yq;ifapYs;s ‘fhop’fs; Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T> kj;jpa];jk;>
Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;wpUg;gNjhL K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr;rl;lk;>
,yq;ifapd; rl;l Kiwik> ,];yhkpa \uPM rl;lk; vd;gtw;iw mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
jw;NghJ flikGupAk; ‘fhop’fsplk; Nkw;nrhd;d Jiwfspy; ngw;Ws;s mwpTk; gupr;raKk; gw;wpa
Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpy;fis ml;ltiz 3 fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ.

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ml;ltiz3: ‘fhop’fspd; Jiwrhu; epGzj;Jtk;

,ilg; ngWkhdk;
,y. Jiw
(Mean Value)
1 ,];yhkpa \uPM rl;lk; 4.71
2 K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lk; 4.83
3 ,yq;ifapd; rl;l Kiwik 4.14
4 Mw;Wg; gLj;jy; (Counselling) 4.14
5 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;Tk;> kj;jpa];jKk; 4.21
5- ngupJk;> 4-rhjhuzkhf> 3- Xusthf> 2- mupjhf> 1- mwNt ,y;iy
%yk;: Survey 2014

Nkw;nrhd;d Jiwfspy; jw;Nghija ‘fhop’fs; NghJkhd mwpitg; ngw;Ws;sjhfNt jq;fisg;

gw;wpa kjpg;gPl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. Fwpg;ghf> K];ypk; tpthf> tpthuj;Jr; rl;lk; (,ilg;
ngWkhdk; 4.83)> ,];yhkpa \uPM rl;lk; (,ilg; ngWkhdk; 4.71) vd;gdtw;wpy; ‘fhop’fs; mjpf
mwpitj; jhk; ngw;Ws;sjhfNt fUJfpd;wdu;. MapDk;> Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T> kj;jpa];jk;
(,ilg;ngWkhdk; 4.21)> Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; (,ilg; ngWkhdk; 4.14)> ,yq;ifapd; rl;l Kiwik
(,ilg; ngWkhdk; 4.14) vd;gdtw;wpy; ‘fhop’fs; jhk; rhjhuz mwpitf; nfhz;Ls;sjhff;
fUJfpd;wdu;.

,j;Jiwfspy; mwpitAk; gupr;raj;ijAk; ngw;wpUg;gij mtjhdj;jpy; nfhz;L Gjpa ‘fhop’fis

epakpf;Fk; NghJ ,j;jpwd;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gtu;fs; Kd;Dupikg; gLj;jg;gLtJ rhyr;rpwe;jjhFk;.
jw;NghJ epakdk; ngw;w ‘fhop’fsplk; Nkw;$wg;gl;l Jiwfspy; gapw;Wtpf;fpd;w Kidg;Gf;fs;
kpf mjpfKz;L (97.2%). ,j;Jiwfspy; Nghjpa mwpitAk; gupr;raj;ijAk; ngWtjw;fhf gapw;rpg;
gl;liwfs;> fUj;juq;Ffs; elhj;JtJ mtrpakhd xd;whFk; vd;Nw kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahd
‘fhop’fs; (94.6%) fUJfpd;wdu;. mjw;Nfw;g> rpy gapw;rpg; gl;liwfSk;> fUj;juq;FfSk;
elhj;jg;gl;Ls;sijj; Gs;sptpguj; juTfs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd.
ryhif tiuG 1: ‘fhop’fSf;fhd gapw;rpAk; mjw;fhd topKiwAk;
100
90
80
70
60
rjtPjk;

50
40
30
20
10
0
fUj;juq;Ffs; gapw;rpg; gl;liw FWq;fhyg; gapw;rp rhd;wpjo; fw;if
newp

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%yk;: Survey 2014

‘fhop’fspy; kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; (89.2%) fUj;juq;Ffs; %yk; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

ngUk;ghd;ikapdu; (59.5%) gapw;rpg;gl;liwfspy; fye;J nfhz;L Jiwrhu; mwpitg; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
kpff; fzprkhNdhu; (64.9%) FWq;fhy gapw;rp newpfisg; ngw;Ws;sdu;. MapDk;> Rkhu; ehd;fpy;
xU gFjpapdNu rhd;wpjOf;fhd fw;if newpfisf; fw;W mr;rhd;wpjo;fisg; ngw;Ws;sdu;.

‘fhop’fSf;fhd gapw;rpia toq;Ftjpy; ‘fhop’khu; rq;fNk Kd;dpiy ngWfpwJ (86.9%). ‘fhop’khu;

rq;fj;jpd; Kd;dhy; jiytu; nksytp ngs]; mtu;fs; Gjpjhf epakdk; ngWfpd;w
‘fhop’fSf;fhd gapw;rpfis toq;fp ,j;Jiwapy; gapw;Wtpf;fpd;whu;. (ngs];> 2014) ,];yhkpa
mikg;Gf;fs; (62.2%) ,g;gapw;rpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;if tfpf;fpd;wd.
‘thkp (WAMY) ,d; epjp cjtpfSld; njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ,];yhkpaf; fw;iffs;
Jiw ghfp];jhdpa ru;tNjr gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,ize;J %d;W ehs; tjptplg; gapw;rpia
elhj;jpaik ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;thNw> mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSk; (59.5%) ‘fhop’fisg;
gapw;Wtpg;gjpy; fupriz nfhz;L ,aq;Ffpwd. ,j;jifa mikg;Gf;fSs; K];ypk; ngz;fs;
Muha;r;rp nray; Kd;dzp tpsq;FfpwJ. ,t;tikg;G ‘fhop’fSf;fhd gy tjptpl fUj;juq;Ffis
elhj;jp ifNaLfisAk; gapw;rpfisAk; toq;fp tUtJ mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tikg;G
‘‘fhop’ ePjpgjpfSf;fhd xOf;fhw;W tpjpfs;’ vd;w E}iy ntspapl;Ls;sNjhL> ‘fhop’fSf;Fj;
Njitahd rl;l tpjpKiwfs; gw;wp ‘fhop’fSf;F mwpT+l;Ltjw;fhf gy ifNaLfis
‘fhop’fspd; tPLfSf;Nf jghy; %yk; mDg;gp itg;gJk; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

ml;ltiz 4: ‘fhop’fisg; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; epWtdq;fs;

,y. Vw;ghL nra;Ak; epWtdk; rjtPjk;
1 murhq;fk; 35.1%
2 mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs 59.5%
3 ,];yhkpa mikg;Gf;fs; 62.2%
4 ‘fhop’khu; rq;fk; 86.9%
%yk;;: Survey 2014

mj;NjhL> K];ypk; jdpahu; rl;lk;> ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w Kiwik gw;wp ‘fhop’fSf;Fk;

nghJkf;fSf;Fk; mwpT+l;Ltjw;fhf ‘,yq;ifapd; K];ypk; FLk;gr; rl;lk;’ (#sdp nfhbf;fhu)>
‘,yq;ifapd; ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w KiwikAk;> K];ypk; ngz;fs; kPjhd mjd; jhf;fKk;’ (]yPk;
ku;#g;)> ‘,yq;ifapy; K];ypk; jdpahu; rl;lk;’ (rhtpj;up FzNrfu)> ‘ePjpiaj; NjLk; gazk;’
(]ghdh Fy;) Nghd;w E}y;fisAk; ntspapl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

‘fhop’fis epakdk; nra;Ak; ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FO ,g;gapw;rpfis toq;FtJ Vw;Gilajhf

,Ue;j NghjpYk; ‘fhop’fisg; gapw;Wtpg;gjpy; murhq;fj;jpd; ftdk; ngupJk; <u;f;fg;gltpy;iy

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vdyhk; (35.1%). ,it jtpu> ntspehl;L mikg;Gf;fSk; ‘fhop’fSf;fhd tjptplg; gapw;rpfis

toq;Ffpd;wd. ]Cjp mNugpahtpy; elhj;jg;gl;l gapw;rpf; fUj;juq;fpy; rpy ‘fhop’fs; gq;Fgw;wp
cs;sdu (rpj;jPf;> 2014). ,t;thNw> fl;lhu;> Fitj; Mfpa ehLfspy; eilngw;w fUj;juq;Ffspy;
rpy ‘fhop’fs; gq;F nfhz;Ls;sdu;. If;fpa muG ,uhr;rpak; ‘fhop’fSf;fhd njhlu;r;rpahd
gapw;rpfis toq;Ftjw;F cld;ghl;il toq;fpAs;sJ vd mwpa Kbfpd;wJ (ngs];> 2014).

ghy;epiy (Mz; Kd;Dupikg; gLj;jg;gly;)

tuyhw;W uPjpap;y; ‘fhop’g;gjtp Mz;fSf;Nf toq;fg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhd
rpe;jidg;gpupTfspd; fUj;Jg;gb MNz ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;Fj; jifik cilatu;.
‘khypfp’> ‘\hgp<’> ‘`d;gyp’ rpe;jidg;gpupTfs; ngz;fs; ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;fg;gLtij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. ‘Mz;fs; ngz;fis epu;thfk; nra;gtu;fs;’ vDk; my; Fu;Md; thrfk; (4:34)
ngz;fs; Mz;fis ePjp epu;thfk; nra;a KbahJ vd;gijf; fhz;gpg;gjhf my; khtu;jp (1954)
thjpf;fpd;whu;. ‘mt;tpU ngz;fspy; xUj;jp kwe;J tpl;lhy;> kw;nwhUj;jp epidT gLj;Jths;’
Nghd;w my; Fu;Mdpa thrfq;fs; (2:282) ngz;fspd; gytPdq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjhff;
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. egp (]y;) mtu;fSk; ‘fpyhgh uh\pjh’ fhy> mjw;F gpw;gl;l fhy fyPghf;fSk;
ngz;fisf; ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;ftpy;iy vd;gij ,g;D Fjhkh Nfhbl;L fhl;Lfpwhu;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Fu;Mdpa thrfq;fs;> jq;fsJ tplaj;ij xU ngz;zplk; xg;gilj;j r%fk;
ntw;wpailaNt khl;lhJ (Gfhup> 1987> `jP]; 4425> g.1610) Nghd;w egpnkhopfis ngz;fspd;
jifikapd;ikf;Fr; rhd;whf nfhs;s KbAnkd;W m\;\t;fhdp (2002> gh.8> g.297)
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.

MapDk;> Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapy; ,];yhkpa rl;ltpay; ngz; ‘fhop’ahf mku;j;jg;gLtij

mDkjpg;gjhff; fUJNthUk; cs;sdH (my;-Ku;fpg;jhdp> gh.3> g.78). ngz;fs; rhl;rpak; gw;wpa
Nkw;$wg;gl;l my; Fu;Md; thrfk; ngz;izr; rhl;rpahff; nfhs;s mDkjpf;fpwJ.
,jdbg;gilapy; ngz;fisf; ‘fhop’ahfTk; epakpf;f KbAk;. MapDk;> Fw;wtpay; tptfhuq;fspy;
ngz; ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;fg;gl KbahJ vd;gJ ‘`dgp’ rpe;jidg;gpuptpd; fUj;jhFk;. my;
Fu;Mdpa thrfk; egpatu;fsJ kuG njspthf ngz;fisj; jil nra;tjhf mikatpy;iy vd
jw;fhy ,];yhkpa rpe;jidahsu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu; (A+]{g;> 1986> g. 207). ,];yhkpa Muk;g
fhyg;gpupTfspy; ngz;fs; ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fg;glhikf;F mf;fhy r%f epiyfNs fhuzkhFk;.
Mzhjpf;f fl;likg;igf; nfhz;l r%fj;jpy; ngz;fs; nghJ tho;tpy; gq;F nfhs;tJ tof;fkhf
,Uf;ftpy;iy. xU ngz;iz ,];yhkpa rl;ltpay; epGzuhf mq;fPfupf;f KbAkhapd;
mg;ngz;iz ‘fhop’ahf epakpg;gJk; Vw;GilaNj vd ,g;D [uPu; (839-923) thjpf;fpd;whu;; (my;
Fu;Jgp> 2002> gh. 02> g. 458). mtupd; ,f;fUj;J my; khtu;jp Nghd;w ,];yhkpa mwpQu;fspilNa
fLk; tprdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ vd;gijg; gpd;tUk; Fwpg;G fhz;gpf;fpwJ. ‘,[;kh’thd xU
KbTf;F khw;wkhd ,g;D [uPupd; ,f;fUj;J nghUl;gLj;jg;gl KbahjJ’ (my; khtu;jp> 1954>
g.61). ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,];yhkpa ehLfs; gytw;wpy; FLk;gr;rl;lk; Nghd;w tptfhuq;fspy;
ngz;fs; ‘fhop’ahfg; gq;fhw;w mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. MapDk;> ePjpkd;w cau; gjtpfSf;F
ngz;fs; epakpf;fg;gLtJ> njhlu;e;J tpthjq;fisNa Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ vdyhk;. K];ypk;
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ngz;fs; mikg;Gf;fs; ‘\uPM’ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ‘fhop’g; gjtpf;F ngz;fs; epakpf;fg;gLtJ

njhlu;gpy; gy;NtWgl;l KidTfisj; njhlu;e;J fhz;gpf;fpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> kNyrpahtpd;
,];yhkpa rNfhjupfs; mikg;gpd; (Sisters in Islam) nraw;ghLfis vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; nfhs;syhk;
(Nik Noriani Nik Badlishah and Yasmin Masidi, 2009).

,yq;ifapy; ed;dlj;ijAk; ey;y epiyikapYs;stUk; mg;gjtpf;Fj; jpwik tha;e;jtUkhd

K];ypk; Mz; xUtu; ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W 1951k; Mz;bd; 13k; ,yf;f
rl;lj;jpd; 12k; gpuptpd; 1k; cl;gpupT typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,r;rl;l tpjpf;F Vw;g ,yq;ifapy; 1937
njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu Mz;fNs ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,e;eilKiw ,];yhkpa
\uPM tpjpfisAk;> tuyhw;Wg; ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; NgZtjhfNt mike;Js;sJ vdyhk;. egp
(]y;) mtu;fSk; mtu;fisg; gpd;njhlu;e;j Neu;top ngw;w ehd;F fyPghf;fSk; mtu;fSf;Fg;
gpd;Njhd;wpa ve;j Ml;rpahsUk; ngz;fis ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ tuyhw;Wr;
rhd;whFk; (m];-]{i`yp> 2002> g.5937). NkYk;> Mz;fs; ngz;fis epUtfpf;ff; $batu;fshtu;
vd;w my; Fu;Md; thrfj;ijAk; (4:34) ‘jq;fsJ tplaj;ij xU ngz;zplk; xg;gilj;j r%fk;
xU NghJk; ntw;wpaila khl;lhJ’ vd;w `jPi]Ak; (Gfhup> 1987> `jP]; 4163> g.1610)
Mjhukhff; nfhz;L ,khk; khypf;> ,khk; \hgp<> ,khk; m`;kj; Nghd;w ,khk;fs; ngz;fs;
‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fg;glf; $lhJ vd;W typAWj;Jfpd;wdu;. MapDk;> mjw;F Kuzhf ,g;D
[uPu; khj;jpuNk ‘ngz;fs; Kg;jpfshf ,Ug;gJ MFnkdpy;> ‘fhop’fshf nraw;gLtJk; MFkhdJ’
vd thjpf;fpd;whu;. vdpDk;> ‘,tuJ thjk; ,[;khTf;F Kuzhf ,Ug;gjdhy; mjidg;
nghUl;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy vd my; khtu;jp (1994> g. 61) kWf;fpd;whu;.

,khk; mG`dPgh ‘ngz;fs; rhl;rp $Wtjw;F mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; mtu;fs;

‘fhop’ahf nraw;glyhk;’ vd epge;jidAldhd mDkjpia toq;Ffpd;whu;. ,tuJ
mq;fPfhuj;jpid Mjhukhff; nfhz;L `dgp kj;`gpdu; ngz;fis ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fyhk; vd
thjpLfpd;wdu;. mjw;Nfw;g ghfp];jhdpy; ngz;fs; ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F cau; ePjpkd;wk;
mDkjp toq;fpAs;sikAk; (ku;R+g;> 2001> g.62) kNyrpa muR \uPM ePjpkd;w ‘fhop’fshf
ngz;fis epakpj;Js;sikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk; (BBC News, 2014).

kNyrpa> ghfp];jhdpa eilKiwfis fUj;jpw; nfhz;L rpy K];ypk; ngz;fs; mikg;Gf;fs;

,yq;ifapYk; ngz;fs; ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifiag; gy tUlq;fshf
Kd;itj;J tUfpd;wd. mk;Kaw;rpfspy; xd;whf> K];ypk; jdpahu; rl;lj;jpy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
Kd;nkhoptjw;fhf K];ypk; rka fyhrhu mYty;fs; mikr;rupdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l fyhepjp
]`hg;jPd; FOtplk; K];ypk; ngz;fs; Muha;r;rp nray; Kd;dzp kpfTk; tpupthd vOj;J %y>
tha;nkhop %y fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jJ. ‘ePjpgjpfshf> ‘fhop’ ePjthd;fshf ngz;fs; gjtp
tfp;g;gjw;F \uPMtpy; ve;jj; jilAk; ,y;iy vd;w gpujk ePjpauru; my;jhg; `{i]d;>
ePjpauru;fshd ]`;Uy; `f;> khypf; Fy;`hk; myp Mfpa %d;W ePjpauru;fspdhy; \uPM
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l jPu;g;ig jkJ Nfhupf;iff;Fr; rhd;whf mt;tikg;G Kd;itj;jjJ.
,f;Nfhupf;ifia fyhepjp ]`hg;jPd; FO kpff; ftdkhf Muha;ej
; NghjpYk; $l> ,yq;ifapy;
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ngUk;ghd;ikahd K];ypk;fs; \hgp< kj;`ig gpd;gw;Wgtu;fshf ,Ug;gjdhy; \hgp< kj;`gpd;

gpufhuk; xU ‘fhop’ ePjthd; my;yJ ePjthd; ‘K];ypkhf> taJ te;jtuhf> epahakhd>
Rje;jpukhd> fPu;j;jpAila> Nfs;tp> ghu;it> Ngr;rpy; rpwe;j> fw;w> rl;lk; njhlu;gpy; mwpTila
Mzhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;’ (kpd;`h[{j; jhypgPd; 1992> g.500) vd;gjw;F jhk; fl;Lg;gl;Ls;sjhf
fUjpaJ (ku;R+g;> 2001> g.62). vdpDk;> 1951k; Mz;bd; 13k; ,yf;f tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr;rl;lj;jpd;
gpupT 13 (1) ngz;fisj; jw;fhypf ‘fhop’ ePjthd;fshf epakpg;gjpy; vt;tpjj; jiliaAk;
tpjpf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> epue;ju ‘fhop’ ePjthd;fs; tplaj;jpy; ,e;epiy tpj;jpahrkhf cs;sJ.
vdNt> ‘fhop’ ePjthd;fshfNth my;yJ ‘fhop’fs; rig cWg;gpdu;fshfNth ngz;fs;
epakpf;fg;gLtJ njhlu;gpyhd rl;lj;jil ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ePjpauru; ]yPk; ku;#g; (2001>
gf;. 62> 63) fUJfpd;whu;. ngz;fs; ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fg;gLtJ njhlu;gpy; rl;lj;jpy; jil
,Ug;gJ Nghd;Nw kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; mjw;fhd mq;fPfhukpd;ikNa fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gijj;
juTfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
ml;ltiz5: ngz;fs; ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fg;gLtJ Fwpj;j tof;fhspfspd; mgpg;guhaq;fs;
gjpyspj;jtu;f gjpyspj;jtu;fspy;
ngz;fs; ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fg;gLtJ gw;wpa spd; nkhj;j Mz;, ngz; rjtPjk;
mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; tPjk; Mz; ngz;
1 kpfr;rpwe;jJ 28.9% 7.4% 92.6%
2 nghUj;jkw;wJ 33.2% 57.4% 42.6%

3 ,];yhj;jpw;F KuzhdJ 15.1% 61.2% 38.8%

4 jFjp tha;e;j ngz;fs; ,y;iy 9.8% 40.6% 59.4%

5 ngz;fs; czu;r;rp trg;glf; $batu;fs; 11.1% 44.4% 55.6%

NtW...(jFjptha;e;j ngz;fs; ,Ug;gpd;
6 1.8% 16.7% 83.3%
epakpf;fyhk;>... )
%yk;: Survey 2014

NkYs;s ml;ltiz 5 ,d; gb %d;wpy; xU gFjpapdu; ngz;fisf; ‘fhop’fshf epakpg;gJ

nghUj;jkw;wJ vdf; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,f;fUj;ijf; $wpNahu;fspy; 57.4 tPjkhNdhu; Mz;fshf ,Ue;j
NghjpYk;> 42.6 tPjkhd ngz;fSk; mjpy; cs;slq;Ftu;. mNjNtis> jFjp tha;e;j ngz;fs;
,y;iy (9.8%) vd;Wk;> ngz;fs; czu;r;rp trg;glf;$batu;fs; (11.1%) vd;Wk; $wpatu;fspy;
Ik;gJ tPjj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhdtu;fs; ngz;fs; vd;gJ mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. MapDk;>
ngz;fis ‘fhop’fshf epakpg;gJ ,];yhj;jpw;F KuzhdJ vd;W $wpNahu;fspy; (15.1%)
miuthrpf;Fk; mjpfkhNdhu; Mz;fshtu;. 38.8 tPjkhd ngz;fSk; ,t;tplak; ,];yhj;jpw;F
KuzhdJ vd;W njuptpj;Js;sdu;. ,j;juTfis nkhj;jkhf Nehf;Fk; NghJ kpfr;rpwe;jJ vd;W
njuptpj;j 28.9 tPjkhdtu;fisj; jtpuTs;s Vida midtUk; VNjh xU tpjj;jpy; ngz;fs;
‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fg;gLtij tpUk;gtpy;iy vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. mNj Ntis> ngz;fis
‘fhop’fshf epakpg;gJ Fwpj;J cld;ghL njuptpj;jtu;fspy; kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikapduhf ngz;fs;
,Ug;gjd; %yk; mt;tplaj;jpy; Mz;fs; ngupJk; cld;gltpy;iy vd;gijAk; mtjhdpf;f
KbfpwJ.

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NkYk;> ,t;tha;it cWjpg;gLj;JtjhfNt ,jw;F Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfSk;

cs;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> jw;Nghija cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpauru; ]yPk; ku;#g; mtu;fspdhy;
‘,yq;ifapy; ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w KiwikAk; K];ypk; ngz;fs; kPjhd mjd; jhf;fKk;’ vDk;
jiyg;gpyhd Ma;tpd; NghJ ‘fhop’fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; ngz; ‘fhop’fspd;
epakdq;fs; gw;wp tpdtg;gl;l tpdhTf;F 50 tPjkhd ‘fhop’fs; \uPMtpy; jil nra;ag;gl;l
tplakhifahy; ngz;fis ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;f KbahJ vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. 8.4
tPjkhdtu;fs; ‘fhop’fspd; juk; k[p];l;Nul; ePjthdpd; jukstpw;F cau;j;jg;gLk; tiuapy;
ngz;fis ‘fhop’fshf epakpf;f KbahJ vd;Wk; 25 tPjkhdtu;fs; ngz;fs; ‘fhop’fshf
epakpf;fg;gLtjpy; vt;tpjj;jilAk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; njuptpj;jpUe;jdu;. 16.6 tPjkhdtu;fs; ,J
gw;wp vt;tpjf; fUj;ijAk; njuptpf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy vd;W ePjpauru; ]yPk; ku;#g; (2001> gf;. 62>
63) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,tuJ Ma;Tk; kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikapduhd ehd;fpy; %d;W gFjpapdu;
ngz;fis ‘fhop’fshf epakpg;gjpy; cld;gltpy;iy vd;gijNa Rl;LfpwJ. mz;ikapy; K];ypk;
tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;l ePjpauru; ]yPk; ku;#g; jiyikapyhd
FOTf;F rpy jpUj;jg; gupe;Jiufis Kd;itj;j mfpy ,yq;if [k;,a;aJy; cykh ‘ngz;fs;
‘fhop’fshf epakpf;fg;gLtJ’ Fwpj;J ,t;thW njuptpj;jJ.

“,khk; mG+ `dPgh mtu;fspd; fUj;ij rpyu; jg;ghf Gupe;J nfhz;L `dgp kj;`gpd; gpufhuk;
ngz;fs; ‘fhop’ahf epakdk; ngw mDkjpAz;L vd thjhLfpd;wdu;. `dgp kj;`gpd; mbg;gil
fpjhg;fspy; xd;whd ‘gj;`{y; fjPu’; vDk; fpjhgpy; gpd;tUkhW te;Js;sJ. ‘xU ngz; ‘fhop’ahf
epakdk; ngWtJ jLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba `yhy; Mfhj tplakhFk;. xU ngz; ‘fhop’ahf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhy; mtsJ jPu;g;ig Vw;gtu;fs; ghtk; nra;jtu;fshf khwptpLthu;fsh? mts; jPd;
$Wk; gpufhuk; ,UtUf;F kj;jpapy; jPu;g;gspj;jhy; mtsJ jPu;g;G nry;YgbahFkh> ,y;iyah?
vd;gJ gw;wpNa Ngrg;gLfpwJ’

Mz; ‘fhop’fsplk; ngz;fs; gy tplaq;fis vLj;Jr; nrhy;y Kbahky; rq;flg; gLfpd;wdu;.

,jw;F vt;thW toptFf;fyhk;. ngz;fSk; ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ijr;
nrhy;gtu;fs; ngz;fs; jq;fsJ ,ufrpaq;fis Mz;fsplk; jpwe;J nrhy;y ntl;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
vdNt> ngz;fisAk; ‘fhop’ahf epakpj;jhy; ,g;gpur;rpidf;f jPu;T fhzyhk; vd fUJfpd;wdu;.
,f;fUj;J epahakhdNj. vdpDk;> \uPMtpy; mjw;F mDkjp ,Ug;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy. xU
ngz;iz ‘fhop’ahf epakpj;jtu; ghtk; nra;jtuhthu;. ,g;ghtj;Jf;F ahUk; Jiz Nghf
KbahJ.

‘fhop’ahf epakpf;fg;gLgtu; gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ‘typ’ Mff;

flikahw;w Ntz;ba epiyNaw;gLk;. mJ gw;wp rl;lj;jpd; 47k; gpuptpd; cggpupT (2) ,Yk;
cggpupT (3) ,Yk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. typ vg;NghJk; Mzhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd \uPM $Wfpd;wJ.
mjw;F `jP];fSk; jpUkiw trdq;fSk; Mjhukhf mike;Js;sd. vdNt> VjhtnjhU
gpuNjrj;jpw;F ngz;nzhUtu; ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhy; Njitg;gLk; NghJ> mf;’fhop’ahy;
typahff; flikahw;w KbahjpUf;Fk;. \uPMtpd; jil kw;Wk; ngz;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; re;jpf;Fk;
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rpy mnrsfupaq;fs; ,t;tpuz;ilAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L ngz;fis ‘fhop’ahf epakpf;f KbahJ.

khwhf> ‘fhop’fSf;F cjtpahsu;fshf> gpur;rpidNahL tUk; ngz;fSf;F MWjy;
nrhy;gtu;fshf epakpf;fyhk; vDk; rl;lj;ij nfhz;L tUtJ eLepiyahd jPu;thFk; (mfpy
,yq;if [k;,a;aJy; cykh> g. 27).

‘fhop’apd; rkak;
,];yhkpa rl;lg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; gb K];ypky;yhjhu; tptfhuq;fspy; K];ypky;yhj xUtiu
‘fhop’ahf epakdk; nra;a KbAk; (A+]{g;> 1986> g.186). K];ypk; tptfhuk; njhlu;gpy;
K];ypky;yhj xUtu; jPu;g;gspg;gjw;F rl;lj;Jiw mwpQu;fs; mq;fPfhuk; mspf;ftpy;iy. my;
khtu;jp (1954> g.53) K];ypky;yhjhu; tptfhuq;fspYk; mtu;fspypUe;J xUtu; ‘fhop’ahf
epakpf;fg;gl KbahJ vd thjpLfpwhu;. MapDk;> jw;fhy ePjpkd;w Kiwikfspy; K];ypk;
tptfhuq;fspy; K];ypky;yhjhu; jPu;g;gspf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. fdprkhd K];ypk;
rdj;njhifiaf; nfhz;l ,e;jpah> ie[Pupah Nghd;w gd;ikj;Jt ehLfspd; eilKiw ,jidf;
fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ (Martin, 2004, pp. 457,458). K];ypk; ngUk;ghd;ik kw;Wk; rpWghd;ikr; #oypy;
K];ypky;yhj ePjpgjpfs; epakpf;fg;gLtJ jw;fhy ,];yhkpa mwpQu;fspilNa Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
vjpu;g;ig Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy vdyhk; (kf;J}H> 1964> g. 39-41).

,yq;ifapd; 1951k; Mz;bd; 13k; ,yf;f K];ypk; tpthf> tptfhuj;Jr; rl;lk; K];ypk;fSf;F
khj;jpuk; gpuj;jpNafkhdjhFk;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2 ‘,yq;ifapy; thOk; K];ypk; kf;fspd;
tpthfk;> tpthfuj;J Mfpatw;wpf;Fk; mtw;NwhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpw tplaq;fSf;F khj;jpuk;
,r;rl;lk; Vw;GilajhFk;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,t;tpjp Kjd; Kjyhf 1806k; Mz;by;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l K`k;kjpar; rl;lj;jpYk; ‘K];ypk;fSf;F khj;jpuk; cupj;jhdJ’ vd;w
thrfk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJ (Goonesekere, 2002, p.3) Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

mjw;fpzq;f> tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;w ‘fhop’fs;> ‘fhop’fs; rig

cWg;gpdu;fs;> K];ypk; tpthfg; gjpthsu;fs; Nghd;w midtUk; K];ypk;fshfNt ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mbg;gil epge;jidahFk;. ,t;tpjp ,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; tpjpfis xj;jjhfNt
cs;sJ. K];ypk; jdpahu; rl;lj;jpy; cs;s tplaq;fs; midj;Jk; ,];yhkpa \uPMitj;
jOtpajhf ,Ug;gjdhy; mtw;iw ed;fwpe;j K];ypk;fNs mt;tplaq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghsu;fshf
epakpf;fg;gLtJ rhyr;rpwe;jjhFk;. Vnddpy;> ‘ek;gpf;if nfhz;Nlhiu tpLj;J (Vf ,iwtid)
kWg;Nghiu cw;w ez;gu;fshf;fpf; nfhs;shjPu;fs;’ Nghd;w my; Fu;Md; thrfq;fs (4:144)
K];ypk;fs; jkJ tplaq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghsu;fshf K];ypk; my;yhjtu;fis epakpg;gJ
jFe;jjy;y vd;W typAWj;Jfpd;wd. ,jdhy;jhd;> mG+ %]h my; m\;mup (uop) mtu;fs; jdJ
nrayhsuhf fpwp];jtu; xUtiu epakpj;jpUe;jij cku; (uop) mtu;fs; fz;bj;jhu;fs; (my;
kpu;]ghtp> 1991> g. 63).

MapDk;> rpWghd;ikr; #oypy; K];ypk;fs; jkJ FLk;gtpay; rl;lq;fs; my;yhj r%f

tptfhuq;fspy; K];ypky;yhjtu;fis ePjpgjpfshf epakpf;f KbAk; vd;w fUj;ij ,];yhkpa

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rl;ltpay; mwp;Qu; K`k;kj; ]yhk; kj;$u; (1964> g. 39) Kd;itg;gJk; mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.

mt;thNw> ‘fhop’ahf K];ypk; xUtu; epakpf;fg;gLtJ Nghd;W mtu; K];ypk;fSld; njhlu;ghd
tplaq;fis khj;jpuNk tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;shu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU K];ypk;
MZf;Fk; m`;Yy; fpjhg; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; fpwp];jt kjj;ijr; Nru;e;j K];ypky;yhj xU
ngz;Zf;Fk; .,ilapy; eilngWk; jpUkzk; ,];yhkpa kjj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,UtUf;fpilNa
eilngWk; jpUkzj;ijg; Nghd;W fUjg;glkhl;lhJ. mj;NjhL> K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr;
rl;lj;jpdhy; Msg;glTk; khl;lhJ. ,j;jpUkzq;fs; nghJj; jpUkzr; rl;lj;jpdhNyNa Msg;gLk;.
(ku;R+g;> 2001> gf;. 10> 11) mt;thNw> tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lj;;jpd; 47k; gpuptpd; gb K];ypky;yhj
xUtupd; tpz;zg;gj;ij tprhupf;fNth tpthfj;jpd; nry;Ygbj;jd;ik rk;ge;jg;gl;l
gpufldnkhd;iw toq;fNth ‘fhop’f;F vt;tpj mjpfhuKk; ,y;iy (mkPd;> 2001> g.180).

KbTiu
,];yhj;jpy; ePjpg;gupghydk; tzf;f topghLfSs; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> ,];yhkpa
%y Mtzq;fs; ,j;Jiw njhlu;gpy; Nghjpa tpguq;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wd. ‘fhop’
ePjpg;gupghydj;jpy; gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsuhf fUjg;gLfpwhu;. ‘fhop’apd; jifik gw;wp ,];yhkpa
rl;lj;Jiw mjpf fupriz nfhz;Ls;sJ ‘fhop’ Nghjpa fy;tpawpit> Mw;wy;fis ngw;wpUg;gJ
,j;Jiw rupahfTk; jpwd;glTk; ,aq;Ftjw;F Jiz nra;Ak;. MapDk;> ,yq;ifapy; ‘fhop’fs;
ngw;Ws;s nghJf; fy;tpj; jifik mtu;fspd; njhopy; rhu; njhlu;gpid NghjpasT
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. rl;lj;Jiwapy; ‘fhop’fspd; gupr;rak; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,];yhkpa
Jiwfspy; Fwpg;ghf> ‘gpf;`;’ vDk; rl;ltpaypy; ngUk;ghyhd ‘fhop’fs; Nghjpa jifikiag;
ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. MapDk;> muGf; fyhrhiyapy; ,];yhkpaj; Jiwfspy; gapw;wg;gl;ltu;fs;
fzprkhd msT epakdk; ngw;Ws;sdu;. ,];yhkpa \uPM rl;lk;> K];ypk; tpthf> tpfhuj;Jr;
rl;lk;> ,yq;ifapd; rl;l Kiwik> Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;> Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPuT> kj;jpa];jk; Mfpa
Jiwfspy; Nghjpa mwpTk; gupr;raKk; jkf;F cz;L vd;gJNt ‘fhop’fspd; fUj;jhFk;.
,yq;ifapy; ‘fhop’ahf nraw;gLtjw;F ngz;Zf;Fupa jifik Fwpj;J ru;r;ir njhlu;fpwJ.
rl;lk;> mjd; tplag;gug;G> %y Mtzq;fs; gw;wpa mwpit> rpe;jdhj; jpwid cs;spl;l fy;tpj;
jifikfis ePjpgjp nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,t;tha;tpd; gpujhd fz;lwpjy;fshFk;.
,t;tha;itj; jw;fhy fhop ePjpkd;w Kiwikapd; rpwe;j fl;likg;gpw;fhd my;yJ kPs;
Gdu;epu;khdj;jpw;fhd topfhl;bahff; nfhs;s KbAk;.

crhj;Jizfs;
1. mg;j; my;-m]P]; My my;-i\`; (1990) yk;`hj; `t;y my;-foh gp my;-kk;yfjpy;
mugpa;ajp]; ]{Cjpa;ah. wpaho;: MyKy; gthapj;.
2. mg;j; my;-fuPk; i]jhd; (1989) epohK my;-foh gpy;-\uPmj; my;-,];yhkpa;ah. N[hu;jhd;:
kf;jgJy; g\hapu;.
3. mg;j; my;-`]Pg; mg;j; my;-]yhk; A+]{g; (1986) my;-fhop t my;-ga;apdh. Fitj;: kf;jgJy;
k/yh.
4. my;-ckup> mf;uk; ypah (2003) m];Uy; fpyhgj; my;-uh\pjh. 4k; gjpg;G. upaho;: kf;jgJy;
cigfhd;.

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5. my; Fu;Jgp (2003) my;-[hkp/ yp m`;fhk; my;-Fu;Md; (jg;]Pu; my; Fu;Jgp)> Nga;&j;:
MyKy; FJg;.
6. my;-khtu;jp (1972) mjg; my;-fhop> gf;jhj;: kj;gmJy; Mgp.
7. my;-khtu;jp (1994) my;-m`;fhk; my;-]{y;jhdpa;ah t my;-tpyhahj; my;-jPdpa;ah> nygdhd;:
jhUy; fpjhg; my; mugp.
8. my;-kpu;]ghtp> [khy; ]hjpf; (1991) epohK my;-foh gp my;-,];yhk; ,jhuJ my;-]fhgh
t my;-e];u;. ]cjp mNugpah: [hkpmJy; ,khk; K`k;kj; ,g;D ]{Cj; my; ,];yhkpa;ah.
9. my; `{ikop> mg;Ju; u`;khd; (1989) my;-fohc tepohK`{ gp my;-fpjhgp t my;-]{d;dh.
kf;fh: [hkpM ck;kpy; Fuh.
10. my;-\u;<dp> K`k;kj; ,g;D m`;kj; (1958) Kf;dp my;-K`;jh[;. gh. 04. vfpg;J:
Ky;j]Kj; jg/ te;e\;u;.
11. \ygp> m`;kj; (1975) jhuPFj; j\;uPa; my;-,];yhkp t jhuPF my;-EOk; my;-foh,a;ah gp
my;-,];yhk;. nfa;Nuh: kf;jgJe;e`;yh my; kp];upa;ah.
12. m];-]{i`yp> t`gj; (2002) my;-gpf;`; my;-,];yhkp tmjpy;yJ`{. 2k; gjpg;G. nygdhd;:
jhUy; gpf;u;.
13. my;-]u;`]p> \k;]{j;jPd; (1912) my;-kg;R+j;. Nga;&j;: jhUy; k/upgh.
14. ,g;D mgpj; jk;> my;-fhop ,g;wh`Pk; (1987) fpjhG mjg; my;-foh> Nga;&j;: jhUy; FJg;
my; ,y;kpa;ah.
15. ,g;D Fjhkh (1984) my;-Kf;dP gp my;-gpf;`; my;-`d;gyp. Nga;&j;: jhUy; gpf;u;.
16. ,g;D gu;`{d; (2003) jg;]puj; my;-`{f;fhk; gP c]_y;my;-mf;opajp t kdh`p[; my;-
m`;fhk;. upaho;: jhU Mykpy; FJg;.
17. ,g;D my;-fa;A+k; (2002) ,/yhk; my;-Ktf;fp<d;. upaho;: jhU ,g;dpy; [t;]p.
18. jg;ahdp> ge;ju; (2000) jhuPF my;-foh. ]cjp mNugpah: t]huJj; j/yPk; my; Myp.
19. jgup (1997) [hkpc my;-gahd; (jg;]Pu; mj;jgup). lk];f];: jhUy; fyk;>
20. GMj; mg;Jy; Kd;,k; m`;kj; (1996) ,g;D fy;J}d; twp]hyJ`_ yp my;-Fohj;. wpaho;:
jhUy; tjd;.
21. Gfhup (1987) my; [hkp/ my;-]`P`; my;-Kf;j]u;. Nga;&j;: jhU ,g;dpy; fjPu; my;akhkh.
22. ig`fP (1925) m];]{dd;my;-Fg;uh. i`juhghj;: k[;yp]; jh,ujpy; kMupg;.
23. kj;$u;> K`kj; ]yhk; (1964) my;-foh gp my;-,];yhk;. vfpg;J: jhUe; e`;yh my; mugpa;ah.
24. K];ypk; my;-ie]hGup. ]`P`;K];ypk;. jhU ,`;ah ypj;Juh]py; mugp> Nga;&j;
25. tfPc (918) m`;ghH my;-Fohj;. nygdhd;: MyKy; FJg;.
26. C.E. Besworthet al, Encyclopedia of Islam, London: B J Brill, 1991, V.6
27. MK Masud et al (2006) Dispensing Justice in Islam: Qadis and their judgement, Netherland: Br

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