Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION
Child labour is a pervasive and serious obstacle to social development,
particularly in developing countries. It robs children of their childhood, denies
them access to necessities, and often subjects them to mistreatment and harsh
working conditions. According to the International Labour Organization
(ILO), an estimated 215 million children between the ages of five to fourteen
are engaged in child labour worldwide. These children frequently suffer
physical, mental, and emotional health consequences and are deprived of their
fundamental rights, including access to education and healthcare.
A significant concern is that many child labourers are engaged in hazardous
work, and the total number of child workers is on the rise despite legal
prohibitions. Poverty is a leading factor driving children into the workforce as
they work to support themselves and their families. While some argue that
certain forms of child work can provide valuable learning experiences, such as
babysitting or newspaper delivery, this is not the case when the work exposes
children to psychological stress, exploitation, or harm, such as human
trafficking, prostitution, or pornography.
International organizations have undertaken substantial efforts to combat child
labour globally, and many countries have implemented laws to outlaw it.
However, eradicating child labour remains a significant challenge, particularly
in developing nations like India. The issue persists due to complex social,
economic, and cultural factors, and addressing it requires multifaceted
approaches that prioritize the rights and well-being of children.
The prevalence of child labour is one of the most important problems
confronting the world at large, especially developing countries such as India.
In many cases, child labour is mainly necessitated by economic compulsions
of the parents. The main reason which gives rise to child labour is widespread
unemployment and underemployment among the adult poor strata of the
population, inter alia, due to sharp growth of population.
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Sonia Goyal (Published on: December 2017)

The study underscores the detrimental consequences of child labour on both
the nation and the child. While child labour may provide income to families, it
comes at the cost of denying children opportunities for education, recreation,
and physical growth. The research recognizes that child labour carries both
potential benefits and harms and advocates for mitigating the harm while
preserving the potential benefits.

2. Neera Burra (Published on: Feb 16, 2001)

In essence, this study underscores the need for a more comprehensive
approach to child labour that considers all forms of work, not just wage
employment, and recognizes the economic contributions of girls. It also
highlights the pivotal role of NGOs and grassroots efforts in breaking down
barriers to girls' education and challenging discriminatory norms. These efforts
hold the promise of empowering girls, improving their educational prospects,
and ultimately contributing to a more equitable and educated society.

3. Krishna Surjya Das (Published on: July 2022)

Overall, the study underscores the importance of addressing educational
disparities and providing financial support to impoverished families as
effective strategies for eradicating child labour in India. By improving access
to quality education and addressing economic inequalities, policymakers and
organizations can work towards the goal of eliminating child labour and
ensuring a brighter future for India's children.

4. Hasnaim Ali, Mr. Samsuddin Khan (Published on: December 2012)

Child labour is defined differently from the various organizations and group of
people. The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines child labour as
"work situations where children are compelled to work on a regular basis to
earn a living for themselves and their families, and as a result are
disadvantaged educationally and socially; where children work in conditions
that are exploitative and damaging to their health and to their physical and
mental development; where children are separated from their families, often
deprived of educational and training opportunities; where children are forced
to lead prematurely adult lives(ILO,) The Factories Act of 1948 defining that
“a person below the age of 14 years is to be regarded as a Committee, defined
child labour “as work by child.

5. Alessandro Cigno, Furio C. Rosati (Published on: 09 October 2008)

Child labour remains a pressing issue in India despite the government's efforts
to combat it through various policies and programs. This study aims to
investigate the factors influencing child labour in India, with a particular focus
on regional disparities. The data used for this research is derived from the
2019–20 Periodic Labour Force Survey, and binary logistic regression is
employed to analyse these factors.

6. Smitu Kothari (Published on: Jul. 2, 1983)

By exploring these multifaceted dimensions of child labour in Sivakasi, this
study aims to provide a more holistic understanding of the issue and identify
potential areas for intervention and policy improvement. It goes beyond
surface-level recommendations to uncover the complex social, economic, and
legal factors that contribute to the persistence of child labour in this specific
context.

7. Amir Radfar, Seyed Ahmad Ahmadi Asgharzadeh, Fernando Quesada,

Irina Filip (Published on: 2018 Jan)
Child labor is a persistent and historical problem that has evolved over time.
Initially, it involved children working in agriculture and handicrafts, but the
industrial revolution led to their exploitation in factories. Children were
exploited due to their low wages, susceptibility to manipulation, and lower
likelihood of striking. Socio-economic disparities and limited access to
education continue to contribute to child labor. Religious and cultural beliefs
can obscure the boundaries of acceptable child labor practices.
Chapter-2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Needs
Human Rights: Child labor is a violation of basic human rights. Children
have the right to a childhood, education, and protection from harm.
Understanding child labor helps identify and address these violations.
Social Justice: Child labor is often linked to poverty and social inequalities.
Studying child labor can help address the root causes of inequality and
promote social justice.
Education: Child labor deprives children of education, which is crucial for
their future. Studying child labor helps identify barriers to education and
develop strategies to overcome them.
Health and Well-being: Child labor exposes children to hazardous
conditions, affecting their physical and mental health. Research on child labor
highlights the health risks and supports efforts to protect children.
Economic Development: Child labor can perpetuate poverty cycles.
Understanding its economic impact helps design policies for sustainable
economic development.
Legislation and Policy: Research on child labor informs the development and
implementation of laws and policies to eradicate it.
Global Impact: Child labor is a global issue with economic, social, and
ethical implications. Studying it contributes to global efforts to combat child
exploitation.
Intervention Strategies: Research identifies effective intervention strategies
to rescue child laborers and provide them with better opportunities.
Ethical Considerations: Child labor raises ethical questions about societal
responsibilities and the well-being of children. Studying it helps shape ethical
frameworks for action.
Future Generations: Understanding child labor is crucial for ensuring a better
future for children and breaking the cycle of exploitation.
Objectives
1. To identify and comprehend the underlying factors and drivers that
lead to child labour.
2. To evaluate the physical, emotional, psychological, and social
consequences of child labour on the affected children.
3. To assess the economic impact of child labour on households,
communities, and nations.
4. To protect and promote the fundamental rights of children, including
the right to a childhood, education, health, and protection from
exploitation.

Scope
Social Sciences: The study of child labour falls within the scope of social
sciences, including sociology, anthropology, and economics. Researchers in
these fields examine the social, cultural, and economic factors driving child
labour, as well as its impact on societies and communities.
Legal Studies: The legal scope involves analysing national and international
laws and regulations related to child labour. Researchers and legal experts
assess the adequacy of existing legal frameworks and advocate for policy
changes where necessary.
Public Health: Child labour has significant public health implications.
Researchers in this scope study the physical and mental health effects of child
labour and develop strategies to address and prevent health-related issues
among child laborers.
Education and Child Development: Understanding the impact of child
labour on education and child development is a crucial scope. Researchers
explore barriers to education, the cognitive and emotional development of
child laborers, and effective educational interventions.
Economics: Economists analyze the economic dimensions of child labour,
including its contribution to household income, poverty alleviation, and the
long-term economic consequences for individuals and societies.
Policy and Advocacy: The study of child labouur extends to policy analysis
and advocacy efforts. Researchers and activists work to influence government
policies and international agreements to combat child labour and protect
children's rights.
Psychology: Child labour can have profound psychological effects on
children. Psychologists study the mental health, trauma, and coping
mechanisms of child laborers.
Gender Studies: Research within the scope of gender studies explores the
gender-specific aspects of child labour, including disparities between male and
female child laborers and the unique challenges faced by girls.
Globalization and Supply Chains: Child labour is often linked to global
supply chains. Researchers examine the role of multinational corporations and
global trade in perpetuating or addressing child labor issues.
History and Cultural Studies: Historical research traces the evolution of
child labor practices over time and across different cultures, providing
valuable context for understanding its persistence and change.
Chapter-3
DATA ANALYSIS

SAMPLING
A questionnaire was prepared consisting of 14 questions and four/two options
were given per question respondents were selected in random and answers
were recorded respectively.

TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS USED FOR THE STUDY

For presentation, interpretation and analysis of research data about the study of
promotion of terrace gardening Excel, Word and PowerPoint are utilized.

The procedure for data receiving is

1)Primary data collection
The primary data was collected through survey method with the help of
framed questionnaire.
2)Secondary data collection
Secondary information was collected from the website, various research paper
and articles relating to the topic.

Table. 1.1 Classifications of people based on age.

Age Respondents Percentag

e
21-25 19 59.4%
26-35 4 12.5%

36-45 5 15.6%
Above 45 4 12.5%
Fig 1.1 Pie chart representing the age group of respondents
This study was conducted among the people whose age is between 21 to 45.
We have got 32 responses in which 59.4% (19) respondents belong to the age
group of 21-25, 15.6% (5) are between the age group of 26-35, 12.5% (4+4)
respondents are between the age group of 36-45 and above 45

Table. 1.2 Classification based on educational status

Education Respondent Percentage

s
SSLC 9 28.1%

PUC 6 18.8%

Degree 7 21.9%

PG 10 31.3%

Fig 1.2 Pie chart representing the educational status of respondents

Out of 32 respondents, 31.3% (10) are pursuing Post graduation, 28.1% (9) are
SSLC, 21.9% are pursuing Degree & 18.8% are pursuing PUC
1.3. Classification of people based on their opinion about the impact of child
labour on children’s well-being
Impact of child labour Respondent Percentage

Enhances their 11 18.8%

physical and mental
development
Provides them with 5 15.6%
valuable life skills
Negatively affects 10 31.3%
their health, education,
and overall
development
Enables them to 6 18.8%
become financially
independent at an
early age

Fig 1.3 Pie chart representing the opinion about the impact of child labour
on children’s well-being

Enhances their physical and mental development: 11 respondents (18.8%)

believe that child labor enhances the physical and mental development of
children. This perspective suggests that work experience at a young age can
contribute positively to a child's growth.

Provides them with valuable life skills: 5 respondents (15.6%) mentioned that
child labor provides valuable life skills to children. This implies that working
early in life can help children acquire practical skills and knowledge that may
be beneficial in their future.

Negatively affects their health, education, and overall development: 10

respondents (31.3%) expressed concern that child labor negatively affects
children's health, education, and overall development. This viewpoint
highlights the potential risks and drawbacks associated with child labor,
including its impact on physical and mental well-being and access to
education.

Enables them to become financially independent at an early age: 6 respondents

(18.8%) believe that child labor enables children to become financially
independent at an early age. This perspective suggests that some children may
engage in labor to support themselves or their families financially.

1.4. Classification of people based on their opinion about how can businesses
contribute to the elimination of child labour

Business contribution to Respond Perce

the eliminate child labour ents ntage
By exploiting child labour 46.9% 15
for increased profits
By implementing fair 37.5% 12
labour practices and
ensuring ethical supply
chains
By lobbying against child 9.4% 3
labour regulations
By promoting child labour 6.3% 2
in developing countries
Fig 1.4 Pie chart representing the opinion about how can businesses
contribute to the elimination of child labour

By exploiting child labor for increased profits: 15 respondents (46.9%) believe

that some businesses contribute to the problem of child labor by exploiting it
for increased profits. This indicates a concern that certain businesses may
prioritize their financial gains over ethical considerations, which can
perpetuate child labor practices.

By implementing fair labor practices and ensuring ethical supply chains: 12

respondents (37.5%) think that businesses can contribute to the elimination of
child labor by implementing fair labor practices and ensuring ethical supply
chains. This perspective emphasizes the importance of responsible business
conduct in preventing child labor and promoting ethical standards throughout
the supply chain.

By lobbying against child labor regulations: 3 respondents (9.4%) expressed

the view that some businesses may contribute to the issue of child labor by
lobbying against child labor regulations. This suggests that there may be
instances where businesses resist or oppose regulatory measures aimed at
curbing child labor practices.

By promoting child labor in developing countries: 2 respondents (6.3%)

mentioned that certain businesses may actively promote child labor in
developing countries. This is a concerning viewpoint, as it implies that some
businesses may directly encourage or support child labor for their own gain.
1.5. Classification of people based on their opinion about the impact of
globalisation on child labour

Impact of Respondents Percent

globalisation age
Globalization has no 14 43.8%
effect on child labour
Globalization leads to 13 40.6%
the eradication of
child labour entirely
Globalization creates 3 6.3%
economic disparities,
leading to an increase
in child labour
Globalization 2 9.4%
improves child labor
conditions in all
countries

Fig 1.4 Pie chart representing the opinion about the impact of
globalisation on child labour

Globalization has no effect on child labor: 14 respondents (43.8%) believe that

globalization has no significant effect on child labor. This perspective suggests
that, according to these respondents, child labor remains a persistent issue
regardless of the global economic context.

Globalization leads to the eradication of child labor entirely: 13 respondents

(40.6%) are of the opinion that globalization can lead to the complete
eradication of child labor. This viewpoint implies that globalization, through
increased economic opportunities and global cooperation, has the potential to
eliminate child labor altogether.

Globalization creates economic disparities, leading to an increase in child

labor: 3 respondents (6.3%) expressed concern that globalization can lead to
economic disparities, which, in turn, may increase child labor in certain
regions or industries. This perspective suggests that while globalization may
have benefits, it can also exacerbate inequalities that contribute to child labor.

Globalization improves child labor conditions in all countries: 2 respondents

(9.4%) believe that globalization can improve child labor conditions in all
countries. This viewpoint implies that globalization may lead to better working
conditions and protection of children's rights globally.