TRANSFORMER MODELLING AND ITS APPLICATIONS:

What is Transformer?

A static piece of apparatus with two or more windings which, by electromagnetic induction,

transforms a system of alternating voltage and current into another system of voltage and

current usually of different values at the same frequency for the purpose of the transmitting

electrical power.

146
Applications of Transformer:

 Transformer is used to step up or step down the voltages at constant frequency

 Inverter transformer is used in the solar power plants

 Transformer is used to suppress few harmonics ( Balanced 3rd order and multiple of 3rd

order Harmonics)

 Isolation Transformer ( Isolate the system when the lightning occurs)

 Instrument Transformer ( CT/PT)

 12 Pulse rectifier applications

 Conversion 3 phase 3 wire system to 3 phase 4 wire system

 Unit ratio or Lightning transformer is used to limit the short circuit current

 ZigZag Transformer is used to convert the ungrounded system to a grounded system

 Central tap transformer for 1 phase full wave rectifier applications

 Cathodic protection

147
 Standards used for transformer (Load flow study):

 IEC 60076 (PART -1) – GENERAL

 IEC 60076 (PART–7) – LOADING GUIDE FOR LIQUID IMMERSED

TRANSFORMER

 IEC 60076 (PART – 11) DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER

 IEC 60076 (PART -12) LOADING GUIDE FOR DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER



Equivalent Circuit diagram for the ideal transformer:

ETAP is not modelled of no load losses during no load condition but modelled of load losses

during load condition.

148
Im – Magnetising current to create the losses in the transformer

Transformer Cooling Types:

1) Liquid Immersed

2) Dry Type

Liquid Immersed type: (Class)

1) ONAN – OIL NATURAL AIR NATURAL

2) ONAF – OIL NATURAL AIR FORCED

3) OFAF – OIL FORCED AIR FORCED

4) ODAF – OIL DIVERTED AIR FORCED

Dry type: ( Class)

1) AIR NATURAL

2) AIR FORCED

149
ETAP ( TRANSFORMER COOLING TYPE OPTIONS):

Cooling Type : Liquid - Fill

Sub Type

150
Class and the Temp. Rise (65 degree)

151
Liquid Imerssed Transformer:

Liquid – cooled (oil – filled) transformers use oil as the cooling and insulating medium. They

are commonly used in high – voltage power transmission and distribution systems, as well as

in industrial and commercial applications, where a high power rating and increased efficiency

is required. So, not all transformers are oil filled. The choice of cooling medium depends on

the specific applications and requirements of the transformer.

152
Oil filled transformers are generally more efficient and have a higher power density than the

dry type transformers. They are commonly used in the high voltage power transmission and

distribution systems, as well as in industrial and commercial applications, where a higher

power rating and increased efficiency is required.

Dry type transformer:

Dry type transformers are simpler and safer, as they do not contain the flammable oil. They

are typically used in low voltage and medium voltage applications. Where the risk of fire is

minimal and where the required power rating is lower. They are also easier and less expensive

to maintain to compared to oil – filled transformers.

153
TRANSFORMER MODELLING IN ETAP SOFTWARE:

154
In the above picture shows that the two winding transformer editor by click the two winding

transformer component and to click on the transformer in service.

155
In the above picture shows that rating option of the transformer editor. Enter the primary and

secondary voltages in KV and also enter the rated MVA for the transformer. Choose the

Altitude and Ambient temperature so thus the ETAP will calculated the derated % and derated

MVA value. Choose the type of transformer, subtype, class from the transformer nameplate.

(Altitude is 1000m and Ambient temperature is 30 degree): derated MVA is 0%

156
Altitude 1400 m and Ambient temperature is 30 degree; Derated MVA is 4.612 MVA and the

derated % is 7.8%

157
.Altitude is 1000m and Ambient temperature is 31 degree. Derated MVA is 4.95MVA and the

derated % is (1%).

158
Altitude is 1200m, Ambient temperature is 31 degree. Derated MVA is 4.754 and the derated

% is (4.9%).

159
Derated MVA and percentage is calculated by Excel sheeth: (Altitude derating)

160
161
In the below picture shows that; transformer impedance value has to be set by click the typical

Z and X/R ratio, orelse to find out the X/R ratio by manual calculation when the transformer

manufacturer not given the details.

162
Transformer rating, load losses and impedance % is given in the transformer nameplate. To

find out the X/R ratio from those details.

Formula:

%R = ( Transformer load loss/ Transformer rating )*100

X = (Sqrt(Z^2) –( R^2))

163
Transformer tap changer:

A tap changer is a mechanism in transformers which allows for variable turn ratios to be

selected in distinct steps. This is done by connecting to a number of access points known as

taps along either the primary or secondary winding. Tap changing occurs when there is any

voltage fluctuates occurs at the grid.

1) On load tap changer (OLTC)

2) DETC ( De energisation tap changer)

On load tap changer:

164
Steps = ( 11275 – 11000 ) = 2.5%

165
De energisation tap changer: Grid voltage fluctuates at 105%

166
In the above picture shows that there is 105% grid voltage fluctuates so the receiving end

voltage is also increases when the tap at 0% of 11 KV.

Grid voltage fluctuates data:

In the above figure shows that to change the voltage percentage as 100% to 105% in the

loading and generation category and also in the power grid editor in the rating option.

167
The below figure shows that transformer tap change as 0% to 5% at 11.55KV to regulate the

receiving end voltage at 100%

168
ETAP RESULTS AFTER TAP CHANGE

169
De energisation tap changer: Grid voltage fluctuates at 103%

170
171
In the above two pictures shows that grid voltage fluctuates at 103% but the tap at 0% of 11

KV hence the receiving end voltage is also increases.

The above figure shows that to change the grid voltage in the power grid editor in rating as

100 to 103%

172
The below figure shows that to set the grid voltage in the rating as 103% in the loading and

generation category.

173
ETAP RESULTS AFTER TAP CHANGE:

174
In the above two figure shows that transformer tap is changes from 0 to 2.5% at 11.33KV to

regulate the receiving voltage is nearly to 100%

175
Grid voltage fluctuates at 98%

176
Taping at 0% as 11KV but the grid voltage fluctuates at 98% so thus the receiving end voltage

is also decreases.

177
Tap change from 0% to -2.5% at 10.725KV so thus the receiving end voltage is changes from

decreases nearly 100%.

178
Grid voltage fluctuates to 95%

179
Grid voltage fluctuates to 95%

180
Grid voltage fluctuiates at 95% but the tappings at 0& of 11KV. Receiving end voltage is

decreases

181
Tapping is change from 0% to -5% at 10.45KV. The receiving end voltage is changes from

decreases to neraly 100%

182
On Load Tap Changing Transformer:

To click the secondary LTC AVR to regulate the bus voltages at the receiving end when the

voltage fluctuation takes place at the grid voltage. So thus the tap changes takes place at the

higher voltage side as primary winding when the voltage fluctuation taakes place.

183
Voltage control is set to as 100% at the receiving end to automatically control the voltages

when the voltage fluctuation takes place at the grid.

184
11 KV at 0% tapping and receiving end voltage is nearly to 100%

185
105% Grid voltage fluctuation : AVR Voltage control as 100% receiving end voltage

186
95% Grid voltage fluctuation : AVR Voltage control as 100% receiving end voltage

187
98% Grid voltage fluctuation : AVR Voltage control as 100% receiving end voltage

Important Note: Tranaformer tap changer takes place only in the high voltage winding side

because of when tap changer takes place in the transformer thus current sparks takes place.

188
Grounding option:

189
TRANSFORMER PARALLELING

Why do we need Transformer Paralleling?

Its significance is that when one transformer fails, other transformers running in parallel can

still continue to operate to ensure the power consumption of important users.

CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR TRANSFORMER PARALLELING:

 Voltage rating are to same at the both the transformer

 Vector group are to same at both the transformer

 Impedance are same at both the transformer

 Transformer rating are same at both the transformer

 Two transformer are connected to a common bus

190
Vector group are same in both the transformer

191
Change the vector group in the grounding; other details are same in both the transformer;

circulating current will flows.

192
193
Apply transformer phase shift is essential:

194
INPUT PARAMETERS TO THE TRANSFORMER: (LOAD FLOW STUDY)

 Primary and secondary voltage in KV

 Rated MVA

 Altitude and Ambient Temperature

 Type, Subtype, Class of the transformer

 Transformer Impedance %

 Sometimes ETAP calculate the typical X/R ratio

 Category of tapping

 Grounding Vector group

195