CHAPTER 11

STARS AND GALAXIES

IN THE UNIVERSE
 11.1 STARS AND GALAXIES IN THE
UNIVERSE
 A galaxy is a set of bodies consisting of millions of stars
with gas and dust particles.
 3 types of galaxies:
a) Elliptical galaxies
b) Spiral galaxies
c) Irregular galaxies
 Our solar system is situated in the Milky way galaxy.
The Milky Way
 The Milky Way is a medium large spiral galaxy.
 Our solar system is located at the edge of one of the
spiral arms of the Milky Way.
 The Milky Way consists of approximately 200 billion
stars and the Sun is one of it.
 The Milky ways
 The milky ways is the name of our galaxy.
 It has a spiral shape and contains about
200 billion stars.
 Our Sun is one of the stars in the milky
way.
 Our solar System consist of eight planets,
and their moon orbiting around the Sun.
The birth of a star
1. A star is born from nebula.
2. Nebula is a large cloud made up of dust and gases such as
helium and hydrogen.

b) a star generates heat and light energy through nuclear

reaction.
d) white dwarf star is formed.
4 a) gravity pulled the dust and gases in a nebulae together.
when the core became hot and dense enough, nuclear
reaction started.
The Death of Stars
 1. A star will die once the hydrogen gas in its core is used up for
its nuclear reaction.
2. Then the core would begin to contract and its outer parts expand
to become red giant stars.
3.If the star is average star, the red giant star would change into
white dwarf star.
If the star is large star, a red giant star would expand to become a
super giant star then explode.
4. This explosion known as supernova, produces a lot of heat and
light energy
5. The remains of the core can form a neutron star or a black
hole depending upon the mass of the original star.
6. Black hole is a region which has strong gravitational attraction and
suck all matters into it including light.
d) All living thing will die because the temperature of the Earth
become too cold.
- plants cannot carry out photosynthesis.
The life cycle of a star
The Various Types of Stars
Some Of The Ways That Stars Differ From Each
Other
FOUR MAIN GROUPS OF STARS
Name Characteristics

White dwarf Dim, compact stars

Neuron stars Very dense, small stars

giants Large stars. Their diameters are

10 to 100 times that of the Sun
Supergiants Even larger than giants.
The universe
 The universe consists of billions of galaxies, stars, planets,
particles and all the objects in outer space.
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CHAPTER