Circuit Theory A.

Nagoor Kani
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 i

CIRCUIT THEORY
 About the Author
A. Nagoor Kani is a multifaceted personality with an efficient technical expertise and management
skills. He obtained his BE in EEE from Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, and
MS (Electronics and Control) through Distance Learning Program of BITS, Pilani.

He started his career as a self-employed industrialist (1986-1989) and then moved to teaching in
1989. He has worked as a lecturer in Dr MGR Engineering College (1989-1990) and as an Assistant
Professor in Satyabhama Engineering College (1990-1997). The author started his own coaching
centre for BE students, named as Institute of Electrical Engineering and was renamed as RBA
Tutorials in 2005. He started his own companies in 1997 and his currently running companies
are RBA Engineering (manufacturing of lab equipment and microprocessor trainer kits), RBA
Innovations (involved in developing projects for engineering students and industries), RBA Tutorials
(conducting coaching classes for engineering and GATE students) and RBA Publications (publishing
of engineering books). His optimistic and innovative ideas brought up RBA Group successfully.

He is an eminent writer and till now he has authored thirteen engineering books which are very
popular among engineering students. He is known by name through his books in all engineering
colleges in South India and some colleges in North India.
 CIRCUIT THEORY

A. Nagoor Kani
Founder, RBA Educational Group
Chennai

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

CHENNAI
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iv

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Circuit Theory

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 v

Dedicated to

Wife, Mrs. C. Gnanaparanjothi (B.Sc, M.L.)

Elder Son, N. Bharath Raj
Younger Son, N. Vikram Raj
vi
 vii

CONTENT
PREFACE.............................................................................................. xv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................ xvii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................. xix

CHAPTER 1 - BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS.................................................. 1.1

1.1 Introduction to Circuits and Networks........................................................................ 1. 1

1.1.1 Basic Phenomena ............................................................................................ 1. 1
1.1.2 Ideal Elements ................................................................................................. 1. 1
1.1.3 Electric Circuits ............................................................................................... 1. 1
1.1.4 Units ................................................................................................................. 1. 4
1.1.5 Definitions of Various Terms.......................................................................... 1. 5
1.1.6 Symbols used for Average, RMS and Maximum Values............................... 1. 7
1.1.7 Steady State Analysis and Transient Analysis.............................................. 1. 8
1.1.8 Assumptions in Circuit Theory....................................................................... 1. 8
1.2 Basic Concepts of Circuits and Networks ................................................................. 1. 9
1.2.1 Basic Elements of Circuits............................................................................. 1. 9
1.2.2 Nodes, Branches and Closed Path ................................................................. 1. 10
1.2.3 Series, Parallel, Star and Delta Connections................................................. 1. 12
1.2.4 Open Circuit and Short Circuit....................................................................... 1. 15
1.2.5 Sign Conventions ............................................................................................ 1. 16
1.2.6 Voltage and Current Sources.......................................................................... 1. 17
1.2.7 Ideal and Practical Sources............................................................................. 1. 17
1.2.8 DC Source Transformation............................................................................. 1. 18
1.2.9 Power and Energy............................................................................................ 1. 19
1.3 Network Terminology................................................................................................... 1. 20
1.3.1 Graph of a Network ......................................................................................... 1. 20
1.3.2 Trees, Link, Twig and Cotree ......................................................................... 1. 21
1.3.3 Network Variables ........................................................................................... 1. 23
1.3.4 Solution of Network Variables ...................................................................... 1. 23
viii

1.4 Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws ........................................................................................ 1. 24

1.4.1 Ohm’s Law........................................................................................................ 1. 24
1.4.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)....................................................................... 1. 25
1.4.3 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)....................................................................... 1. 25
1.5 Resistive Elements....................................................................................................... 1. 26
1.5.1 Resistance ....................................................................................................... 1. 26
1.5.2 Resistance Connected to DC Source ............................................................. 1. 26
1.5.3 Resistance in Series........................................................................................ 1. 27
1.5.4 Resistance in Parallel...................................................................................... 1. 28
1.5.5 Analysis of Resistors in Series-Parallel Circuits .......................................... 1. 28
1.5.6 Single Loop Circuit.......................................................................................... 1. 31
1.5.7 Single Node Pair Circuit ................................................................................. 1. 31
1.6 Mesh Current Method of Analysis for DC and AC Circuits ...................................... 1. 41
1.6.1 Mesh Analysis of Resistive Circuits Excited by DC Sources....................... 1. 41
1.6.2 Mesh Analysis of Circuits Excited by Both Voltage
and Current Sources ....................................................................................... 1. 67
1.6.3 Supermesh Analysis....................................................................................... 1. 67
1.6.4 Mesh Analysis of Circuits Excited by AC Sources
(Mesh Analysis of Reactive Circuits)............................................................. 1. 73
1.6.5 Mesh Analysis of Circuits Excited by Independent
and Dependent Sources.................................................................................. 1. 80
1.7 Node Voltage Method of Analysis for DC and AC Circuits....................................... 1. 91
1.7.1 Node Analysis of Resistive Circuits Excited by DC Sources........................ 1. 92
1.7.2 Node Analysis of Circuits Excited by Both
Voltage and Current Sources.......................................................................... 1. 109
1.7.3 Supernode Analysis........................................................................................ 1. 110
1.7.4 Node Analysis of Circuits Excited by AC Sources
(Node Analysis of Reactive Circuits).............................................................. 1. 124
1.7.5 Node Analysis of Circuits Excited by Independent
and Dependent Sources.................................................................................. 1. 128
1.8 Summary of Important Concepts................................................................................ 1. 135
1.9 Short-answer Questions.............................................................................................. 1. 140
1.10 Exercises....................................................................................................................... 1. 150
 ix

CHAPTER 2 - NETWORK REDUCTION AND THEOREMS FOR

AC AND DC CIRCUITS....................................................... 2. 1
2.1 Network Reduction....................................................................................................... 2. 1
2.1.1 Resistances in Series and Parallel.................................................................. 2. 1
2.1.2 Voltage Sources in Series and Parallel .......................................................... 2. 3
2.1.3 Current Sources in Series and Parallel .......................................................... 2. 6
2.1.4 Inductances in Series and Parallel................................................................. 2. 8
2.1.5 Capacitances in Series and Parallel............................................................... 2. 11
2.1.6 Impedances in Series and Parallel ................................................................. 2. 14
2.1.7 Reactances in Series and Parallel .................................................................. 2. 16
2.1.8 Conductances in Series and Parallel ............................................................. 2. 17
2.1.9 Admittances in Series and Parallel ................................................................ 2. 19
2.1.10 Susceptances in Series and Parallel .............................................................. 2. 22
2.1.11 Generalised Concept of Reducing Series/Parallel-connected Parameters.... 2. 22
2.2 Voltage and Current Division ...................................................................................... 2. 25
2.2.1 Voltage Division in Series-connected Resistances ....................................... 2. 25
2.2.2 Voltage Division in Series-connected Impedances ....................................... 2. 26
2.2.3 Current Division in Parallel-connected Resistances ..................................... 2. 26
2.2.4 Current Division in Parallel-connected Impedances..................................... 2. 27
2.3 Source Transformation ................................................................................................ 2. 28
2.4 Star-Delta Conversion.................................................................................................. 2. 29
2.4.1 Resistances in Star and Delta ........................................................................ 2. 29
2.4.2 Impedances in Star and Delta ........................................................................ 2. 31
2.5 Solved Problems in Network Reduction .................................................................... 2. 32
2.6 Network Theorems....................................................................................................... 2. 49
2.6.1 Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems................................................................ 2. 49
2.6.2 Superposition Theorem .................................................................................. 2. 76
2.6.3 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem .............................................................. 2. 99
2.6.4 Reciprocity Theorem ....................................................................................... 2. 126
2.6.5 Reciprocity Theorem Applied to Mesh Basis Circuit.................................... 2. 126
2.6.6 Reciprocity Theorem Applied to Node Basis Circuit .................................... 2. 127
2.6.7 Millman’s Theorem.......................................................................................... 2. 137
2.7 Summary of Important Concepts................................................................................ 2. 141
2.8 Short-answer Questions .............................................................................................. 2. 144
2.9 Exercises....................................................................................................................... 2. 159
x

CHAPTER 3 - TRANSIENT RESPONSE ANALYSIS...................................... 3.1

3.1 L and C Elements and Transient Response............................................................... 3. 1
3.1.1 Natural and Forced Response ........................................................................ 3. 1
3.1.2 First and Second Order Circuits .................................................................... 3. 2
3.2 Transient Analysis Using Laplace Transform........................................................... 3. 3
3.2.1 Some Standard Voltage Functions ................................................................ 3. 3
3.2.2 s-Domain Representation of R, L, C Parameters .......................................... 3. 5
3.2.3 Solving Initial and Final Conditions Using Laplace Transform.................. 3. 9
3.3 Transient Response of RL Circuit.............................................................................. 3. 10
3.3.1 Natural or Source-Free Response of RL Circuit............................................ 3. 10
3.3.2 Step Response of RL Circuit
(Response of RL Circuit Excited by DC Supply)........................................... 3. 11
3.3.3 RL Transient With Initial Current I0 .............................................................. 3. 16
3.4 Transient Response of RC Circuit ............................................................................. 3. 19
3.4.1 Natural or Source-Free Response of RC Circuit ........................................... 3. 19
3.4.2 Step Response of RC Circuit
(Response of RC Circuit Excited by DC Supply) .......................................... 3. 21
3.4.3 RC Transient With Initial Voltage V0 ............................................................ 3. 25
3.5 Transient Response of RLC Circuit........................................................................... 3. 29
3.5.1 Natural or Source-Free Response of RLC Circuit......................................... 3. 29
3.5.2 Step Response of RLC Circuit
(Response of RLC Circuit Excited by DC Supply)........................................ 3. 29
3.5.3 s-Domain Current and Voltage Equation of RLC Circuit ............................. 3. 36
3.5.4 Initial Conditions in RLC Circuit ................................................................... 3. 37
3.5.5 Final Conditions in RLC Circuit..................................................................... 3. 39
3.6 Transient Response of Circuits Excited by Sinusoidal Source................................ 3. 41
3.6.1 RL Circuit Excited by Sinusoidal Source ...................................................... 3. 41
3.6.2 RC Circuit Excited by Sinusoidal Source ...................................................... 3. 43
3.6.3 RLC Circuit Excited by Sinusoidal Source.................................................... 3. 45
3.7 Solved Problems in RL Transient ............................................................................... 3. 47
3.8 Solved Problems in RC Transient............................................................................... 3. 63
3.9 Solved Problems in RLC Transient ............................................................................ 3. 84
3.10 Summary of Important Concepts ............................................................................... 3. 94
3.11 Short-answer Questions.............................................................................................. 3. 97
3.12 Exercises ...................................................................................................................... 3. 100
 xi

CHAPTER 4 - AC SINGLE AND THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS............................. 4.1

4.1 AC Circuits..................................................................................................................... 4. 1
4.1.1 AC Voltage and Current Source..................................................................... 4. 1
4.1.2 AC Source Transformation ............................................................................. 4. 3
4.2 Sinusoidal Voltage........................................................................................................ 4. 3
4.2.1 Average Value .................................................................................................. 4. 6
4.2.2 RMS Value ....................................................................................................... 4. 6
4.2.3 Form Factor and Peak Factor .......................................................................... 4. 7
4.3 Sinusoidal Current........................................................................................................ 4. 7
4.4 Inductance .................................................................................................................... 4. 8
4.4.1 Voltage-Current Relation in an Inductance.................................................... 4. 9
4.4.2 Energy Stored in an Inductance ..................................................................... 4. 10
4.5 Capacitance .................................................................................................................. 4. 10
4.5.1 Voltage-Current Relation in a Capacitance.................................................... 4. 11
4.5.2 Energy Stored in a Capacitance...................................................................... 4. 11
4.6 Voltage-Current Relation of R, L and C in Various Domains..................................... 4. 12
4.6.1 Voltage-Current Relation of Resistance ......................................................... 4. 12
4.6.2 Voltage-Current Relation of Inductance......................................................... 4. 13
4.6.3 Voltage-Current Relation of Capacitance....................................................... 4. 14
4.7 Sinusoidal Voltage and Current in Frequency Domain ............................................. 4. 15
4.8 Phasor Diagram............................................................................................................ 4. 15
4.8.1 Phase and Phase Difference............................................................................ 4. 15
4.8.2 Phasor Representation of Sinusoidal Quantities .......................................... 4. 17
4.8.3 Phasor Diagram of a Circuit............................................................................ 4. 18
4.9 Power, Energy and Power Factor................................................................................. 4. 19
4.10 Resistance Connected to Sinusoidal Source.............................................................. 4. 22
4.11 Inductance Connected to Sinusoidal Source.............................................................. 4. 24
4.12 Capacitance Connected to Sinusoidal Source............................................................ 4. 26
4.13 Impedance..................................................................................................................... 4. 29
4.13.1 Impedance Connected to Sinusoidal Source................................................. 4. 30
4.14 Conductance, Susceptance and Admittance.............................................................. 4. 32
4.14.1 Conductance .................................................................................................... 4. 32
4.14.2 Admittance ....................................................................................................... 4. 32
4.14.3 Admittance Connected to Sinusoidal Source................................................. 4. 33
xii

4.15 KVL, KCL and Ohm’s Law Applied to AC Circuits ...................................................... 4. 35

4.16 Current and Voltage Division Rules for Impedances .................................................. 4. 35

4.16.1 Current Division in Parallel Connected Impedances...................................... 4. 35

4.16.2 Voltage Division in Series Connected Impedances ........................................ 4. 35

4.17 Solved Problems in Single Phase Circuits................................................................... 4. 36

4.18 Three-Phase Circuits..................................................................................................... 4. 59

4.19 Three-Phase Sources..................................................................................................... 4. 60

4.20 Representation of Three-Phase EMFs ......................................................................... 4. 61

4.21 Analysis of Three-Phase Star and Delta-connected Source ....................................... 4. 63

4.21.1 Star-connected Source Three-Wire System..................................................... 4. 63

4.21.2 Star-connected Source Four-Wire System....................................................... 4. 66

4.21.3 Delta-connected Source ................................................................................... 4. 67

4.22 Three-Phase Loads........................................................................................................ 4. 72

4.22.1 Choice of Reference Phasor in Analysis of Three-Phase Circuits ................ 4. 73

4.23 Analysis of Balanced Loads ......................................................................................... 4. 74

4.23.1 Four-Wire Star-connected Balanced Load ...................................................... 4. 74

4.23.2 Three-Wire Star-connected Balanced Load .................................................... 4. 76

4.23.3 Delta-connected Balanced Load ...................................................................... 4. 76

4.23.4 Power Consumed by Three Equal Impedances in Star and Delta................. 4. 78

4.24 Analysis of Unbalanced Loads ..................................................................................... 4. 79

4.24.1 Four-Wire Star-connected Unbalanced Load .................................................. 4. 79

4.24.2 Three-Wire Star-connected Unbalanced Load ................................................ 4. 81

4.24.3 Neutral Shift in Star-connected Load .............................................................. 4. 83

4.24.4 Delta-connected Unbalanced Load ................................................................. 4. 83

4.25 Power Measurement in Three-Phase Circuits ............................................................. 4. 85

4.25.1 Power Measurement in Balanced Load .......................................................... 4. 86

4.25.2 Relation Between Power Factor and Wattmeter Readings ............................ 4. 88

4.26 Solved Problems in Three-Phase Circuits ................................................................... 4. 90

4.27 Summary of Important Concepts ................................................................................. 4. 133

4.28 Short-answer Questions ............................................................................................... 4. 139

4.29 Exercises ........................................................................................................................ 4. 148
 xiii

CHAPTER 5 - RESONANCE AND COUPLED CIRCUITS................................. 5.1

5.1 Resonance..................................................................................................................... 5. 1
5.2 Series Resonance......................................................................................................... 5. 1
5.2.1 Resonance Frequency of Series RLC Circuit ................................................ 5. 1
5.2.2 Frequency Response of Series RLC Circuit .................................................. 5. 2
5.2.3 Q-Factor (Quality Factor) of RLC Series Circuit ........................................... 5. 3
5.2.4 Bandwidth of Series RLC Circuit................................................................... 5. 6
5.2.5 Selectivity of Series RLC Circuit.................................................................... 5. 10
5.2.6 Solved Problems in Series Resonance........................................................... 5. 11
5.3 Parallel Resonance ....................................................................................................... 5. 16
5.3.1 Resonant Frequency of Parallel RLC Circuits ............................................... 5. 17
5.3.2 Frequency Response of Parallel RLC Circuit ................................................ 5. 25
5.3.3 Q-Factor (Quality Factor) of RLC Parallel Circuit.......................................... 5. 26
5.3.4 Bandwidth of RLC Parallel Circuit ................................................................. 5. 29
5.3.5 Solved Problems in Parallel Resonance......................................................... 5. 35
5.4 Coupled Circuits........................................................................................................... 5. 43
5.5 Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance..................................................................... 5. 44
5.5.1 Self-Inductance................................................................................................ 5. 44
5.5.2 Mutual Inductance .......................................................................................... 5. 44
5.5.3 Coefficient of Coupling ................................................................................... 5. 46
5.6 Analysis of Coupled Coils ........................................................................................... 5. 47
5.6.1 Dot Convention for Coupled Coils ................................................................. 5. 48
5.6.2 Expression for Self-and Mutual Induced EMF in Various Domain ............. 5. 51
5.6.3 Writing Mesh Equations for Coupled Coils................................................... 5. 52
5.6.4 Electrical Equivalent of Magnetic Coupling
(Electrical Equivalent of a Transformer or Linear Transformer).................. 5. 53
5.6.5 Writing Mesh Equations in Circuits with Electrical Connection
and Magnetic Coupling .................................................................................. 5. 56
5.7 Series and Parallel Connections of Coupled Coils .................................................... 5. 57
5.7.1 Series Aiding Connection of Coupled Coils.................................................. 5. 57
5.7.2 Series Opposing Connection of Coupled Coils............................................. 5. 58
5.7.3 Parallel Aiding Connection of Coupled Coils ................................................ 5. 59
5.7.4 Parallel Opposing Connection of Coupled Coils........................................... 5. 61
5.8 Tuned Coupled Circuits............................................................................................... 5. 63
5.8.1 Single Tuned Coupled Circuits ...................................................................... 5. 63
5.8.2 Double Tuned Coupled Circuits..................................................................... 5. 68
xiv

5.9 Solved Problems in Coupled Circuits ......................................................................... 5. 72

5.10 Summary of Important Concepts................................................................................ 5. 96
5.11 Short-answer Questions ............................................................................................. 5. 102
5.12 Exercises....................................................................................................................... 5. 110
APPENDIX 1 - USING CALCULATOR IN COMPLEX MODE .................................. A. 1
APPENDIX 2 - IMPORTANT MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE ................................. A. 3
APPENDIX 3 - LAPLACE TRANSFORM ............................................................ A. 5
APPENDIX 4 - CRAMER’S RULE ..................................................................... A. 8
APPENDIX 5 - EQUIVALENT OF SERIES/PARALLEL CONNECTED
PARAMETERS ......................................................................... A. 10
APPENDIX 6 - STAR-DELTA TRANSFORMATION .............................................. A. 12
APPENDIX 7 - SUMMARY OF THEOREMS ........................................................ A. 13
APPENDIX 8 - INITIAL AND FINAL CONDITIONS IN RLC CIRCUITS EXCITED
BY DC SUPPLY......................................................................... A. 14
APPENDIX 9 - R,L,C PARAMETERS AND V-I RELATIONS IN
VARIOUS DOMAINS.................................................................. A. 15
APPENDIX 10 - CHOICE OF REFERENCE PHASOR ............................................... A. 16
APPENDIX 11 - V-I EQUATION OF THREE-PHASE LOAD ...................................... A. 17
APPENDIX 12 - TWO WATTMETER METHOD OF POWER MEASUREMENT............. A. 22
APPENDIX 13 - IMPORTANT EQUATIONS OF SERIES RESONANCE....................... A. 23
APPENDIX 14 - PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS ............................................... A. 24
APPENDIX 15 - ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENT OF COUPLED COILS ........................... A. 25
APPENDIX 16 - EQUIVALENT OF SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTED
COUPLED COILS....................................................................... A. 26
ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERS............................................................... Q. 1
INDEX.............................................................................................................. I. 1
 xv

Preface
The main objective of this book is to explore the basic concepts of Circuit Theory in a simple and
easy-to-understand manner.
This text on Circuit Theory has been crafted and designed to meet students’ requirements.
Considering the highly mathematical nature of this subject, more emphasis has been given on
the problem-solving methodology. Considerable effort has been made to elucidate mathematical
derivations in a step-by-step manner. Exercise problems with varied difficulty levels are given in
the text to help students get an intuitive grasp on the subject.
This book, with its lucid writing style and germane pedagogical features, will prove to be a master
text for engineering students and practitioners.
Salient Features
The salient features of this book are:
- Proof of important concepts and theorems are clearly highlighted by shaded boxes
- Wherever required, problems are solved in multiple methods
- Additional explanations for solutions and proofs are provided in separate boxes
- Different types of fonts are used for text, proof and solved problems for better clarity
- Keywords are highlighted by bold and italic fonts
- Easy, concise and accurate study material
- Extremely precise edition where concepts are reinforced by pedagogy
- Demonstration of multiple techniques in problem solving-additional explanations and
proofs highlighted
- Ample figures and examples to enhance students’ understanding
- Practice through MCQ’s
- Rich Pedagogy:
. Solved Numerical Examples: 249
. Short-answer Questions: 219
. Figures: 1549
. Practice Problems: 135
. Review Questions (T/F): 109
. MCQs: 145
. Fill in the blanks: 109
xvi

Organization
This text is designed for an undergraduate course in Circuit Theory for engineering students.
The book is organized into five chapters. The fundamental concepts, steady state analysis and
transient state analysis are presented in a very easy and elaborative manner. Throughout the
book, carefully chosen examples are presented so that the reader will have a clear understanding
of the concepts discussed.
Chapter 1 starts with explanation of fundamental quantities involved in circuit theory,
standard symbols and units used in circuit theory. The basic concepts of circuits are also
presented in this chapter. The mesh and node analysis of circuits are discussed with special
attention to dependent sources.
The concepts of series, parallel and star-delta network reduction are discussed in
Chapter 2. The analysis of circuits using theorems are also presented in this Chapter.
The transient analysis of circuits are explained in Chapter 3 through Laplace transform.
The analysis of single and three-phase circuits and measurement of power in three-phase
circuits are presented in Chapter 4.
The concepts of resonance are discussed in detail in Chapter 5. The analysis of coupled
circuits are also discussed.
The Laplace transform has been widely used in the analysis of Electric Circuits. Hence,
an appendix on Laplace transform is included in this book. All the calculations in this book are
performed using calculator in complex mode. An appendix is also included to help the readers
to practice calculations in complex mode of calculator.
Since circuit theory is introduced as a course in the first year of engineering curriculum in
most of the universities, this subject is considered tough by students entering into engineering
courses. Hence, the author has taken special care in presenting the concepts in simple manner
supported by carefully chosen solved problems.

Online Learning Center

The OLC of the book can be accessed at http://www.mhhe.com/nagoorkani/ct/au
The author hopes that that the teaching and student community will welcome the book. The readers
can feel free to convey their criticism and suggestions to kani@vsnl.com for further improvement
of the book.
A. Nagoor Kani

Publisher’s Note
McGraw Hill Education (India) invites suggestions and comments from you, all of which can be
sent to info.india@mheducation.com (kindly mention the title and author name in the subject line).
Piracy-related issues may also be reported.
 xvii

acknowledgement
I express my heartfelt thanks to my wife, Ms. C. Gnanaparanjothi Nagoor Kani,
and my sons, N. Bharath Raj alias Chandrakani Allaudeen and N. Vikram Raj, for their
support, encouragement and cooperation extended to me throughout my career. I thank
Ms. T. A. Benazir for the affection and care extended during my day-to-day activities.
I am grateful to Ms. C. Mohana Priya for her passion in book work, typesetting
of the manuscript and preparing the layout of the book. It is my pleasure to acknowledge
the contributions of our technical editors, Ms. E. R. Suhasini and Ms. R. Jenniefer Sherine,
for editing and proofreading of the book. I thank all my office-staff for their cooperation in
carrying out my day-to-day activities.
My sincere thanks to all the reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments
which helped me to explore the subject to a greater depth.
I am also grateful to Ms. Vibha Mahajan, Mr. Hemant K Jha, Ms. Vaishali Thapliyal,
Mr. Asarab, Mr. Ganesh, Mr. Satinder Singh and Ms. Taranpreet Kaur, of McGraw Hill
Education (India) for their concern and care in publishing this work.
Finally, a special note of appreciation is due to my sisters, brothers, relatives, friends,
students and the entire teaching community for their overwhelming support and encouragement
to my writing.

A. Nagoor Kani
xviii

List of Symbols and Abbreviations

P - Active power
Y - Admittance
AC, ac - Alternating current
A - Ampere
ω - Angular frequency
ωr - Angular resonance frequency
S - Apparent Power
I ave - Average value of current
Vave - Average value of voltage
β - Bandwidth
B - Branch
C - Capacitance
XC - Capacitive reactance
BC - Capacitive susceptance
Q - Charge
k - Coefficient of coupling
j - Complex operator (j = - 1)
S - Complex Power
G - Conductance
C - Coulomb
kC - Critical coefficient of coupling
RC - Critical resistance
I - Current
+
i(0 ) - Current at t = 0+
i(0−) - Current at t = 0–
i(∞) - Current at t = ∞
CC - Current Coil
I (jω), I - Current in frequency domain
I(s) - Current in Laplace domain
i(t) - Current in time domain
 xix

ζ - Damping ratio
E - DC source voltage
D - Determinant of matrix
DC, dc - Direct current
Y - Driving point admittance
Z - Driving point impedance
hB - Efficiency of battery
W - Energy
Req - Equivalent resistance
F - Farad
φ - Flux
Ψ - Flux linkage
kf - Form factor
p - Half period
H - Henry
Hz - Hertz
ωh - Higher cut-off angular frequency
fh - Higher cut-off frequency
j - Imaginary part
Z - Impedance
θ - Impedance angle
L - Inductance
XL - Inductive reactance
BL - Inductive susceptance
e, e(t) - Instantaneous value of ac source voltage
q - Instantaneous value of charge
i, i(t) - Instantaneous value of current in time domain
iC - Instantaneous value of current through capacitor
iL - Instantaneous value of current through inductor
iR - Instantaneous value of current through resistor
w - Instantaneous value of energy
p - Instantaneous value of power
xx

vC - Instantaneous value of voltage across capacitor

vL - Instantaneous value of voltage across inductor
vR - Instantaneous value of voltage across resistor
v, v(t) - Instantaneous value of voltage in time domain
J - Joule
K - Kelvin
kWh - kilowatt-hour
KCL - Kirchhoff’s Current Law
KVL - Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
L - Laplace operator
L - Links
IL - Load Current
VL - Load Voltage
RL - Load Resistance
ωl - Lower cut-off angular frequency
fl - Lower cut-off frequency
Z - Magnitude of impedance
Y - Magnitude of admittance
Im - Maximum value of current
Vm - Maximum value of voltage
m - Mesh
M - Mho
M - Mutual inductance
ωn - Natural frequency
IN - Neutral current
N - Neutral point
N - Nodes
Ω - Ohm
Ω-m - Ohm-metre
OC - Open circuit
kp - Peak factor
φ - Phase difference between voltage and current
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
“So I observe,” said Routledge. “You’ll have to give me one more lift,
Consul. A man who can run like that will be rather hard to beat over
the half-mile course from the train to the cable-office in Shanhaikwan
at seven to-night. Wire Borden, the American Combined Press man
there, to arrange for me at the cable-office, and to meet me when the
train pulls in to-night, with the fastest saddle-horse in Shanhaikwan
—none but the fastest will do. I’ll win the half-mile!”
The train was leaving the station. Bingley caught the railing of the
first-class coach, swung on, and staggered by Routledge into the
car. Milner signified with a final gesture that he would look after the
rights of America and the World-News. Bingley, panting hoarsely,
was stretched out in his compartment when the American entered.
He did not look up, and no word passed between them. For a
moment Routledge hoped it might be different—that day might bring
to him something of the life or death of Jerry Cardinegh. As the
alleged author of the Indian treachery, he could not bring himself to
seek the other’s notice. He wondered if Bingley had used the crime
charged against him, to hold him in Wangcheng. This would have
been natural; certainly he had whispered to the British Consul in the
garrison. At all events, the swiftness of Milner’s efforts in his behalf
had killed the result of such an intent. Routledge fell asleep. It was
after ten when he awoke.
The “Horse-killer” was writing steadily, swiftly, fighting sleep, his eyes
cocked open like a stuffed bird’s, and referring often to a carefully
crowded note-book, the like of which he had carried in India....
Routledge started on his story. An hour’s sleep had quieted his brain
a trifle. Before, his thoughts had darted about, like tumbler pigeons
at play—in that queer light fashion of extreme fatigue. With the
structure placed, he began to spend the great coiled chronicle at a
swift, steady pressure. For the first time in his life he turned loose all
that he had for a newspaper. The hurl of power glorified him for the
time—work’s chaste and lofty joy—until he was beyond misery or
any earthly evil. Without thinking, he turned to Bingley at last:
“We both want the free cable at Shanhaikwan,” he said briefly. “One
of us will reach it first. It might be well to arrange for the winner to
turn over the wire—at the end of, say, two hours—then both London
and New York would have the story in the morning.”
“No,” said the “Horse-killer” coldly. “I shall put on whole story at once,
and there will be five columns or more of it.”
Routledge laughed inwardly, surprised at himself for speaking, and
just a little appalled at the grim nerve of the other. In the great glow
from his work, he had followed a generous impulse to give Bingley
and the Thames a chance that night—on the basis of his meeting a
man at Shanhaikwan, with the best horse in the town. In the
emancipation of high expression, the sense of rivalry had been lost,
and he saw that Bingley was entitled to no little consideration, even if
he were beaten by a nose to the cable-door. Routledge went on with
his work, his compunctions eased.
At Koupangtze, the half-way station, there was a stop for ten
minutes. Bingley improved the time by close conversation with an
Englishman on the station platform. Routledge, who remained in his
compartment, wondered with animation, as Bingley passed the other
a sum of money, if he were arranging with the Englishman to
telegraph for a horse to meet him at the train in Shanhaikwan. Could
there be two fastest horses at the end of the run?
All that afternoon, as they crossed the brownest, most level and
ancient country on earth, two correspondents toiled with words and a
battle. At the little town of Shenkau, Routledge heard the name of
“Weed” called in a laughable intonation by a Chinese boy on the
platform. He reached out and took the telegram. Milner had not
allowed a single sentence to suffice. Here is the message:
Oyama entered Liaoyang to-day. Russians in flight to
Mukden. Russian rear-guard still fighting. Flanking
movement successful. Show ’em pictures.
The gods of war had been good to him, indeed. He ran the telegram
entire, at the head of his story. An hour later the Great Wall appeared
to his tired eyes. His capacity to express or thrill at a thought was
utterly gone. Every film of the battle which his brain had caught, all
that he had desired to say, had been re-done in pencil. He folded the
sheets and put them away with his credentials and cable-frank. The
early twilight was soft and warm. The Great Wall cast a long shadow
as the train passed through its single break. The sea was gilded and
crimson-touched with the sunset. Shanhaikwan station is but a half-
mile from the Wall. Already huts and burial-mounds were passed—
dull brown in the dusk.... They were in a free land now; the zone of
war and censorship lay behind. It was a dramatic moment.
Each correspondent arose. Each correspondent glanced at the heels
of the other and found spurs!
Bingley made his way toward the rear-platform; Routledge took the
other. Leaning far out, as the train pulled into the station, Routledge
saw Borden and the black stallion—hopped off and ran to him. A
China-boy holding the nervous, prick-eared mount stood beside the
Combined Press man. Routledge leaped into the saddle. With the
tail of his eye he saw Bingley rushing along the platform toward a
gray mount.
“They’re looking for you at the cable-office,” Borden yelled. “Don’t
burn out the wire!”
Half of Europe and a touch of Asia were represented in the faces on
the platform. Meeting the night-train was the chief of the day’s social
obligations in Shanhaikwan. To-night everybody was down to get the
last fresh word from the field. The crowd sensed distantly that rival
correspondents had come in, and that a great newspaper race was
on, from the platform to the cable-office.... Spurring across the sandy
station-yard, the heart of Routledge lifted to the splendid spirit of the
game. He glanced around at the beating hoofs behind. Bingley was
straining forward in the saddle, furiously rowelling his gray.... Above
the cheering, Routledge heard his name called, and the face of
Talliaferro appeared in the crowd, blurred as in a dream. Then came
a voice that incited all his senses.... He did not see her. He thought it
was in his soul.
“Routledge-san! Win—ride to win!” Then a trailing “Routledge ...
san!”
The Hate of London was not in the face of Talliaferro.... As he rode,
the heavenly lifting of the moment almost pulled him out of the race
at hand.... “Win—ride to win!... Routledge-san!”... He spurred. The
black answered. Veritably, he was a night-streak whirring
cableward.... Routledge knew every step of the way. The day would
have been lost, were he forced to halt for direction.... Past the Rest
House, through the mud-hut quarter, breaking a detachment of Sikh
infantry, he led the race—Bingley, unable to gain, back in the
shadows, shouting, rowelling!
There was some meaning to his words, but Routledge did not think
of them, until the gun-talk.... One shot stood out by itself—and four
followed.... The black sprawled.... Routledge found himself coughing,
but cleared grandly from the fallen mount, and crossed the threshold
of the cable-office. He realized that he had fallen with the mount, but
it made no impression. His hands were bleeding. He met the dust
full-length. He knew that he staggered a bit as the operator leaped
over the counter and caught him in his arms....
“I’m Weed of the World-News.... Borden arranged for me. Here’s the
copy, credentials, cable-permit.”
“I’ve been waiting for you, Weed.... You’re shot—my God!”
Bingley entered, his face terrible but frightened. He glanced at the
man who had beaten him—from head to foot.... Routledge was
leaning against the counter, his clothing caked with dust, a laugh on
his face, dripping blood from a wound under his coat.
“I didn’t mean to hit you—I tried to get your horse!” Bingley gasped.
“You did. Go out and finish him.... You’re not much of a shot from the
saddle—or perhaps you lost your nerve, Bingley.... Any way, I am
long over-due for a wound.... Get a surgeon. I’m hard-hit. Hurry!”
Routledge dropped forward on the counter, closing his eyes. Bingley
disappeared. The operator was unfastening his clothes.
“Don’t mind me—until the doctor comes—but start my stuff going....
By the way, in a couple of hours, if it goes steadily, break in on my
stuff and give Bingley a head-line in the Thames to-morrow. He only
meant to get my horse—I see that. A man takes liberty in shooting a
horse from under another—but never mind. There’s always room for
two at the top!”

“He was shot from behind—a bad wound, but not necessarily a fatal
one.... It hit him under the right-shoulder-blade,” the doctor was
saying.
Routledge felt choky and very tired. His consciousness wavered
back and forth like the throw of wind under a punkah when the
coolies are fresh.... There was a light running step outside.... He was
to go down close to the Gates with a lock on his lips.... His lips were
tightened. First of all, there was a sweet breath of wind, like one of
the best memories of early life.... He wanted to rub his eyes, but the
surgeon held his hands.... Noreen’s voice was quick and tragic. The
word “die” was uttered.
“No,” the doctor repeated; “not necessarily a fatal wound. I’ve
ordered a carriage. We’ll take him to the Rest House.”

Noreen—the Leper Valley—the Russian music—the Shanghai Bund

—Charing Cross—the carriage—the hovel in Rydamphur—the night
in Bookstalls—Noreen—that he must be silent in delirium—these
were the waves of consciousness.... He felt her hand, her lips, upon
his brow. Even if it were just a vision, he wanted to welcome her with
a smile, but his lips were locked.
“Oh, you martyr—you blessed martyr!... Don’t you know me,
Routledge-san?”
“Is it true, Noreen? Are you here?”
“With you always, beloved.”
A frown fell upon his face. “I just came in from Liaoyang for the
cable. It isn’t good for you to be with me.”
“My Master—don’t you know Father is dead, and that he was sane to
confess at the last?... Feeney and Finacune were there.”
The eyes of Routledge found her.
“Just a minute, doctor,—I must say this.... Noreen, don’t speak of it
again—the others need not know! Your father was the best and
bravest of our breed——”
“Strongheart!... London knows; Tokyo knows; every British
correspondent cabled it to his paper that night, months ago; there
are crowns of vine-leaves for you in the heart of every friend of
yours; the Secret Service knows——”
“But your good name, Noreen——” he faltered.
“My name is Routledge for eternity,” she answered, and the famous
eyes bent to lull him.... “Sleep, my lover, sleep.... I shall always be
with you now!”
 TWENTY-FOURTH CHAPTER
THE GREAT FRIEZE COAT AND THE WOMAN
JOURNEY DOWN THE COAST OF CHINA
TOGETHER, AND CROSS INDIA TO THE LEPER
VALLEY

No one hurried a destroyer after this torpedo of a man, the “Horse-

killer.” Now and then a Bingley bullet, when it is not aimed too
accurately, gives a tired man a rest which his energy would not
permit by any less drastic measure. Certain heroic temperaments
must needs receive a jolt every little while to force them to lie down.
There are two kinds of men in the world—those who have a sense of
brotherhood, and those whose every thought is an explosion
designed to increase their own personal impetus. The one makes
war; the other peace. Perhaps the ultimate relation between the two
is suggested in the race for the cable—and its result.
Routledge healed in a month, and incidentally found his first rest in
years. Noreen was with him—a tremendous thing. The two had been
long apart, pent and hungering.... Meanwhile, the world read and
commented upon the great story of Liaoyang. Bingley’s story led in
London.
On their last day in Shanhaikwan, they walked along the Wall—
Routledge and Noreen—and that night were together in the Yellow
Sea. The ship was the Tung Shing, a little steamer that breasted the
waves in her own way, but quite correctly. So clean and clever was
she, that everyone was refreshed. There were no distractions, nor
counter-attractions, and every night-view was beautiful. The loom of
the Wu Tung light was over the shoulder of the East, and a cliff to
avoid on the starboard. A rising wind decided not to bother, and
boomed away north, before the near sea was aroused to a fit of
temper.
Routledge was so happy that he did not care for utterance. Noreen
drank the chill breeze in silence for a long time. Once she placed her
hand upon the sleeve of the great frieze coat.... Thus they sailed
down the variegated and populous coast of China—a different breath
from every big and little harbor. Noreen caught them all and was
glad, divining far at sea the places she had tarried, but Routledge
was Asia and countless continents to her. One night when only the
pilot and the ship-lights and themselves were burning, the thought
came to embrace—but they refrained.
Presently they were down to Singapore; then across to Calcutta,
where the Ganges opens her mighty throats to the sea; then up by
devious travels—to catch the breath of the Hills after the Heats.
Morning and nightfall, Routledge looked down into Noreen’s eyes
and found his world. Night-winds of India soothed them, though
apart. And they had their thoughts of the day’s travel together.
At length, up over the crest of the world in their wanderings, they
looked, from the amethyst Himalayas, down upon that strange dead
civilization of China, a vista for eagles. Tight in the heart of it was the
Leper Valley.
This is reached by one of the lost trails of the world. A few gallant
explorers have picked the way, but failed to publish since the people
would think such a report a fiction, and their reputations for veracity
be broken. Traders pass the rim of the gap regularly, but do not know
it.
Routledge had learned it from a Sannyasi. The way is tortuous and a
bit perilous, so he arranged for Noreen and himself to follow a party
of traders. Among these men was a Boy. There was cleanness in his
gray eye, and you could not think of taint and look at his cheeks so
ruddy under the tan. The Boy searched Noreen’s face with the
guilelessness of a child and the valor of a man. When he rode
beside her, the air that she breathed was new.
Of course the saddle was torture to her, a cumulative torture with the
hours, but it was only physical, and night bore down with the sleep of
healing, from the twilight of evening to the twilight of dawn. The
journey melted into a strange composite of cool mountain winds;
brief, warm showers which released the fragrance of the valleys;
humans in dim doors and upon the highways, held, as they passed,
in tableaux of freezing horror—suffering, sunlight, sleep. And always
ancient China unfolded greater vistas of hills, fields, huts, and
glowering yellow faces; and always the Boy walked beside and
served—a ragged chaperon.
Routledge would smile on his way and note the large relation. The
traders, too, were respectful—brave men whom the Open had kept
mainly pure. There is a curse upon a white man in Asia, if he
relaxes.
Once the Boy said: “Don’t be afraid, lady. This is the sleepiest part of
China. Any way, I would take care of you.”
Routledge bent over from his mount and patted the Boy’s shoulder.
They parted by the wayside with a smile—the Boy and Noreen. She
proffered him her purse, but he answered:
“I don’t want that. But any time I can help you—hail out! What are
you going to do—stopping off here?”
She threw a kiss to him, but did not answer. The traders were far
ahead, and the Boy turned his back.
“The world has gone,” Noreen said, after they had walked long
through a tangled way. “Look below.”
“Yes—the Leper Valley—our bravest man!”
It was mid-afternoon. Routledge paused at the verge of a steep
declivity, and they saw a radiant hollow evenly rimmed by mountains
on every side. A lake gleamed at the bottom of this finger-bowl of the
Gods, and moist tropical perfumes were borne softly upward with a
far sound of bells—faint as the tinkle of drops of water falling upon
thin metal.
And together they went down into the fragrance. Noreen could feel
her heart; she could feel her soul; and too there was an enchanting
beauty in this delve of the world. It sustained. It was so wonderful—
like a child laughing alone in paradise! There was a sound of chimes
in the vast silence, and God seemed to speak above.
The thatches below were trimmed and even. There were spaces
between them, and from the heights these spaces had the clean look
of a brown polished floor. There was depth and purity in the green of
the lake, and the little temple, in the midst of its gardens, was white
as Truth.

They were in a swept and shaded village. The woman was walking
swiftly, her lips parted, her eyes feverishly bright. Routledge laughed
quietly at her ardor to see the man whom his heart knew to be there
and always waiting. The huts seemed deserted, except for those
who could not leave.
A voice reached them at last—the voice that had echoed through the
inner consciousness of each so long.... His back was toward them.
The people upon the earth before him, they did not see—save as
factors of the scene. Swiftly they moved forward now.
Rawder’s hand was raised in the sunlight. It was slender, nervously
responsive to his emotion—but whole, whole! A little way off they
halted, inspired by a glimpse of his profile.... It was the face of the
man who had climbed to the roof of the world, lived through ice and
flame; it was sun-darkened, storm-bitten, gaunt from suffering under
the irons of self-repression, mystical in its manifestation of a cosmos
within. It was the face of an exile who has felt the hate of man, the
absence of women, and the Presence of God. And it was whole,
whole.
He turned suddenly and saw the two standing together. There was
something beautiful in his bewilderment, and in the expression of
sadness which followed—since this was to be his last meeting with
Routledge. A gesture, and the lowly ones were dismissed; and when
the temple-court was empty, save for the Three—they joined hands.
Whispering, he led them into the temple gardens at the edge of the
lake. The water was glorified in the sunset, and by the stones of his
doorway the drowsy lilies drank the last rays. Magicians of ancient
and wondrous patience had conserved the verdure and mastered
the flowerings. There were none but flawless leaves and none but
classic blooms. The pebbles on the shore had been touched into
mosaics, and the vines which fixed the coolness in the stones of his
dwelling had seemingly been guided into perfection by fingers in the
night. Out of love his people served him; out of love they had
charmed a fountain from the ground near his doorway; placed
sounding-shells to lure music from the dropping water, and forced
Emperor roses lavishly to arise and shelter and perfume his bathing-
place.
“All these things my people have done for me, blessed friends,”
Rawder said, “and all I asked when I came was to share a hut with
the least of them.”
At the arbored doorway, he stepped aside and bowed their entrance.
Far within a figure moved to and fro without a sound.
The perfection of the little home in the gardens of the temple was like
singing in the hearts of the lovers.... As they entered, the Name,
marvellously intoned, reached them from the figure which had
moved but a moment before, but they could not see clearly in the
dim twilight. When the candles were brought, Routledge found that it
was Sekar, the Hindu Master. So ancient and withered was he, that
his sitting erect on a mat of kusa grass seemed a miracle.
Rawder served them with food and drink; and afterward, outside, the
Three talked long at the edge of the fountain. Always, from within,
they heard the ineffable syllable, OM, at intervals, like a distant
sound of the sea on a rocky beach. From the huts of the afflicted
there was steady silence.
At last the meditation was broken, and they heard quaveringly from
Sekar within these words in Tibetan. Rawder translated hastily:
“My son, my chela!... To-morrow we arise and ascend the goodly
mountains to our Long Home. We are very weary, and I have seen
that our work is finished here.”
The Three entered. Sekar beheld them. After a moment, Sekar
spoke:
“And this is the friend of my chela; and this, the woman?”
Rawder bowed.
“To-morrow, in the first light,” the Hindu said fervently, “my chela and
I depart for the Hills where the Snows are—where none may follow.
And you, man and woman, go back to the world.”
Noreen turned a quick glance from Routledge to Rawder. “Ask him,”
she said swiftly to the latter, “if there is not a great work for us to do
here in the Leper Valley!”
The face of the bravest man was frightened, ghastly, as he
interpreted. The eyes of Routledge were fixed upon the woman as
never before.
“No,” the Hindu said. “We have left our disciples here among the
Chinese. The Valley will be sweetened by them. You, man and
woman, have a greater work in the world, as my chela and I have a
greater work—far above the world!”
Deep into the night the Three listened to the music of the fountain, in
the pure ardor of the lilies; and there was a moment in which Rawder
wept.... In the full light of morning, the Four were at the parting of
their ways.
“Remember,” said the bravest man, “always, to you both, whom I
have had the joy to make One, goes out constantly—the dearest of
my heart—from the Hills or from the Stars!”
Routledge and Noreen watched, as he helped his Master—until the
two were lost in the winding, rising trail. Then they looked down, a
last time, upon the silence and sunrise which brooded upon the
Leper Valley.
END.
 FOOTNOTE:
[A] This was in 1902. Mr. Olcott has since died.
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Carlton Case, The. By Ellery H. Clark.
Chase of the Golden Plate. By Jacques Futrelle.
Cash Intrigue, The. By George Randolph Chester.
Delafield Affair, The. By Florence Finch Kelly.
Dominant Dollar, The. By Will Lillibridge.
Elusive Pimpernel, The. By Baroness Orczy.
Ganton & Co. By Arthur J. Eddy.
Gilbert Neal. By Will N. Harben.
Girl and the Bill, The. By Bannister Merwin.
Girl from His Town, The. By Marie Van Vorst.
Glass House, The. By Florence Morse Kingsley.
Highway of Fate, The. By Rosa N. Carey.
Homesteaders, The. By Kate and Virgil D. Boyles.
Husbands of Edith, The. George Barr McCutcheon.
Inez. (Illustrated Ed.) By Augusta J. Evans.
Into the Primitive. By Robert Ames Bennet.
Jack Spurlock, Prodigal. By Horace Lorimer.
Jude the Obscure. By Thomas Hardy.
King Spruce. By Holman Day.
Kingsmead. By Bettina Von Hutten.
Ladder of Swords, A. By Gilbert Parker.
Lorimer of the Northwest. By Harold Bindloss.
Lorraine. By Robert W. Chambers.
Loves of Miss Anne, The. By S. R. Crockett.
Marcaria. By Augusta J. Evans.
Mam’ Linda. By Will N. Harben.
Maids of Paradise, The. By Robert W. Chambers.
Man in the Corner, The. By Baroness Orczy.
Marriage A La Mode. By Mrs. Humphry Ward.
Master Mummer, The. By E. Phillips Oppenheim.
Much Ado About Peter. By Jean Webster.
Old, Old Story, The. By Rosa N. Carey.
Pardners. By Rex Beach.
Patience of John Moreland, The. By Mary Dillon.
Paul Anthony, Christian. By Hiram W. Hays.
Prince of Sinners, A. By E. Phillips Oppenheim.
Prodigious Hickey, The. By Owen Johnson.
Red Mouse, The. By William Hamilton Osborne.
Refugees, The. By A. Conan Doyle.
Round the Corner in Gay Street. Grace S. Richmond.
Rue: With a Difference. By Rosa N. Carey.
Set in Silver. By C. N. and A. M. Williamson.
St. Elmo. By Augusta J. Evans.
Silver Blade, The. By Charles E. Walk.
Spirit in Prison, A. By Robert Hichens.
Strawberry Handkerchief, The. By Amelia E. Barr.
Tess of the D’Urbervilles. By Thomas Hardy.
Uncle William. By Jennette Lee.
Way of a Man, The. By Emerson Hough.
Whirl, The. By Foxcroft Davis.
With Juliet in England. By Grace S. Richmond.
Yellow Circle, The. By Charles E. Walk.

Popular Copyright Books

AT MODERATE PRICES
Any of the following titles can be bought of your bookseller
at 50 cents per volume.
The Shepherd of the Hills. By Harold Bell Wright.
Jane Cable. By George Barr McCutcheon.
Abner Daniel. By Will N. Harben.
The Far Horizon. By Lucas Malet.
The Halo. By Bettina von Hutten.
Jerry Junior. By Jean Webster.
The Powers and Maxine. By C. N. and A. M. Williamson.
The Balance of Power. By Arthur Goodrich.
Adventures of Captain Kettle. By Cutcliffe Hyne.
Adventures of Gerard. By A. Conan Doyle.
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. By A. Conan Doyle.
Arms and the Woman. By Harold MacGrath.
Artemus Ward’s Works (extra illustrated).
At the Mercy of Tiberius. By Augusta Evans Wilson.
Awakening of Helena Richie. By Margaret Deland.
Battle Ground, The. By Ellen Glasgow.
Belle of Bowling Green, The. By Amelia E. Barr.
Ben Blair. By Will Lillibridge.
Best Man, The. By Harold MacGrath.
Beth Norvell. By Randall Parrish.
Bob Hampton of Placer. By Randall Parrish.
Bob, Son of Battle. By Alfred Ollivant.
Brass Bowl, The. By Louis Joseph Vance.
Brethren, The. By H. Rider Haggard.
Broken Lance, The. By Herbert Quick.
By Wit of Women. By Arthur W. Marchmont.
Call of the Blood, The. By Robert Hichens.
Cap’n Eri. By Joseph C. Lincoln.
Cardigan. By Robert W. Chambers.
Car of Destiny, The. By C. N. and A. N. Williamson.
Casting Away of Mrs. Lecks and Mrs. Aleshine. By
Frank R. Stockton.
Cecilia’s Lovers. By Amelia E. Barr.
Circle, The. By Katherine Cecil Thurston (author of “The
Masquerader,” “The Gambler”).
Colonial Free Lance, A. By Chauncey C. Hotchkiss.
Conquest of Canaan, The. By Booth Tarkington.
Courier of Fortune, A. By Arthur W. Marchmont.
Darrow Enigma, The. By Melvin Severy.
Deliverance, The. By Ellen Glasgow.
Divine Fire, The. By May Sinclair.
Empire Builders. By Francis Lynde.
Exploits of Brigadier Gerard. By A. Conan Doyle.
Fighting Chance, The. By Robert W. Chambers.
For a Maiden Brave. By Chauncey C. Hotchkiss.
Fugitive Blacksmith, The. By Chas. D. Stewart.
God’s Good Man. By Marie Corelli.
Heart’s Highway, The. By Mary E. Wilkins.
Holladay Case, The. By Burton Egbert Stevenson.
Hurricane Island. By H. B. Marriott Watson.
In Defiance of the King. By Chauncey C. Hotchkiss.
Indifference of Juliet, The. By Grace S. Richmond.
Infelice. By Augusta Evans Wilson.
Lady Betty Across the Water. By C. N. and A. M.
Williamson.
Lady of the Mount, The. By Frederic S. Isham.
Lane That Had No Turning, The. By Gilbert Parker.
Langford of the Three Bars. By Kate and Virgil D.
Boyles.
Last Trail, The. By Zane Grey.
Leavenworth Case, The. By Anna Katharine Green.
Lilac Sunbonnet, The. By S. R. Crockett.
Lin McLean. By Owen Wister.
Long Night, The. By Stanley J. Weyman.
Maid at Arms, The. By Robert W. Chambers.
Man from Red Keg, The. By Eugene Thwing.
Marthon Mystery, The. By Burton Egbert Stevenson.
Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. By A. Conan Doyle.
Millionaire Baby, The. By Anna Katharine Green.
Missourian, The. By Eugene P. Lyle, Jr.
Mr. Barnes, American. By A. C. Gunter.
Mr. Pratt. By Joseph C. Lincoln.
My Friend the Chauffeur. By C. N. and A. M. Williamson.
My Lady of the North. By Randall Parrish.
Mystery of June 13th. By Melvin L. Severy.
Mystery Tales. By Edgar Allan Poe.
Nancy Stair. By Elinor Macartney Lane.
Order No. 11. By Caroline Abbot Stanley.
Pam. By Bettina von Hutten.
Pam Decides. By Bettina von Hutten.
Partners of the Tide. By Joseph C. Lincoln.
Phra the Phoenician. By Edwin Lester Arnold.
President, The. By Alfred Henry Lewis.
Princess Passes, The. By C. N. and A. M. Williamson.
Princess Virginia, The. By C. N. and A. M. Williamson.
Prisoners. By Mary Cholmondeley.
Private War, The. By Louis Joseph Vance.
Prodigal Son, The. By Hall Caine.
Quickening, The. By Francis Lynde.
Richard the Brazen. By Cyrus T. Brady and Edw. Peple.
Rose of the World. By Agnes and Egerton Castle.
Running Water. By A. E. W. Mason.
Sarita the Carlist. By Arthur W. Marchmont.
Seats of the Mighty, The. By Gilbert Parker.
Sir Nigel. By A. Conan Doyle.
Sir Richard Calmady. By Lucas Malet.
Speckled Bird, A. By Augusta Evans Wilson.
Spirit of the Border, The. By Zane Grey.
Spoilers, The. By Rex Beach.
Squire Phin. By Holman F. Day.
Stooping Lady, The. By Maurice Hewlett.
Subjection of Isabel Carnaby. By Ellen Thorneycroft
Fowler.
Sunset Trail, The. By Alfred Henry Lewis.
Sword of the Old Frontier, A. By Randall Parrish.
Tales of Sherlock Holmes. By A. Conan Doyle.
That Printer of Udell’s. By Harold Bell Wright.
Throwback, The. By Alfred Henry Lewis.
Trail of the Sword, The. By Gilbert Parker.
Treasure of Heaven, The. By Marie Corelli.
Two Vanrevels, The. By Booth Tarkington.