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Full download 150 ECG Cases (Fifth Edition) John Hampton file pdf all chapter on 2024
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YV Y V
John David
Hampton Adlam Hampton
ELSEVIER
150 ECG Cases
FIFTH EDITION
Cover image
Title Page
Copyright
Further Reading
Preface
ECG 1
ECG 2
ECG 3
ECG 4
ECG 5
ECG 6
ECG 7
ECG 8
ECG 9
ECG 10
ECG 11
ECG 12
ECG 13
ECG 14
ECG 15
ECG 16
ECG 17
ECG 18
ECG 19
ECG 20
ECG 21
ECG 22
ECG 23
ECG 24
ECG 25
ECG 26
ECG 27
ECG 28
ECG 29
ECG 30
ECG 31
ECG 32
ECG 33
ECG 34
ECG 35
ECG 36
ECG 37
ECG 38
ECG 39
ECG 40
ECG 41
ECG 42
ECG 43
ECG 44
ECG 45
ECG 46
ECG 47
ECG 48
ECG 49
ECG 50
ECG 51
ECG 52
ECG 53
ECG 54
ECG 55
ECG 56
ECG 57
ECG 58
ECG 59
ECG 60
ECG 61
ECG 62
ECG 63
ECG 64
ECG 65
ECG 66
ECG 67
ECG 68
ECG 69
ECG 70
ECG 71
ECG 72
ECG 73
ECG 74
ECG 75
Part 2 More challenging ECGs
ECG 76
ECG 77
ECG 78
ECG 79
ECG 80
ECG 81
ECG 82
ECG 83
ECG 84
ECG 85
ECG 86
ECG 87
ECG 88
ECG 89
ECG 90
ECG 91
ECG 92
ECG 93
ECG 94
ECG 95
ECG 96
ECG 97
ECG 98
ECG 99
ECG 100
ECG 101
ECG 102
ECG 103
ECG 104
ECG 105
ECG 106
ECG 107
ECG 108
ECG 109
ECG 110
ECG 111
ECG 112
ECG 113
ECG 114
ECG 115
ECG 116
ECG 117
ECG 118
ECG 119
ECG 120
ECG 121
ECG 122
ECG 123
ECG 124
ECG 125
ECG 126
ECG 127
ECG 128
ECG 129
ECG 130
ECG 131
ECG 132
ECG 133
ECG 134
ECG 135
ECG 136
ECG 137
ECG 138
ECG 139
ECG 140
ECG 141
ECG 142
ECG 143
ECG 144
ECG 145
ECG 146
ECG 147
ECG 148
ECG 149
ECG 150
Index
Copyright
Notices
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own
experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information,
methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of
rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent
verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the
fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier,
authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to
persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN 978-0-7020-7458-5
978-0-7020-7459-2
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Further Reading
These symbols indicate cross-references to useful information in
The ECG Made Easy, 9th edition (Elsevier, 2019) and The ECG Made
Practical, 7th edition (Elsevier, 2019).
Preface
Learning about ECG interpretation from books such as The ECG Made
Easy or The ECG Made Practical (the previous editions of which were
called The ECG in Practice) is fine so far as it goes, but it never goes far
enough. As with most of medicine there is no substitute for
experience, and to make the best use of the ECG there is no substitute
for reviewing large numbers of them. ECGs need to be interpreted in
the context of the patient from whom they were recorded. You need to
learn to appreciate the variations of normality and of the patterns
associated with different diseases, and to think about how the ECG
can help patient management.
150 ECG Cases is the fifth edition of 150 ECG Problems. We have
changed the title to emphasize the importance of relating an ECG to
the patient from whom it was recorded: these 150 records came from
real patients, and at the time of recording were essential for the
diagnosis and management of real patients. The aim of the book is the
same as in the previous editions: it allows the inclusion of a lot more
ECGs than is possible in The ECG Made Easy and The ECG Made
Practical, and it is designed for the reader to improve his or her
understanding of ECGs by testing recognition skills. Some 10% of the
ECGs are new compared with the previous edition.
We have divided the book into two parts. The first part includes 75
ECGs that are commonly seen, and we have called this section
‘Everyday ECGs’ because these are the ECG patterns that crop up
frequently in the Accident & Emergency department or the outpatient
clinic. We have included several examples of ECGs from patients with
common problems, such as myocardial infarction. Those who have
read The ECG Made Easy should be able to recognize most of these
ECGs. The second part of the book, which we have called ‘More
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importance of the phenomenon from the point of view of the origin of
a heterosporous form of cone. The abortion of some of the members
of a spore-tetrad and the consequent increased nutrition of the more
favoured daughter-cells, might well be the starting-point of a
process, which would ultimately lead to the production of well
defined macrospores and microspores. The young microsporangia
and macrosporangia of recent Vascular Cryptogams such as
Selaginella, Salvinia and other heterosporous genera are identical in
appearance[710]; it is not until the spore-producing tissue begins to
differentiate into groups of spores, that the sporangia assume the
form of macrosporangia and microsporangia. During the evolution of
the various known types of pteridophytic plants heterospory
gradually succeeded isospory, and this no doubt occurred several
times and in different phyla of the plant kingdom. In the mature
sporangia of some of the Calamitean strobili we have in the
inequality of the spores in one sporangium an indication of the steps
by which heterospory arose; and in the immature sporangia of some
recent genera we are carried back to a stage still nearer the starting-
point of the substitution of the heterosporous for the isosporous
condition.
2. Palaeostachya[733].
In this genus the general habit agrees with that of Calamostachys,
and in imperfectly preserved specimens it may be impossible to
discriminate between Calamostachys and Palaeostachya. The latter
form is characterised by the attachment of the sporangiophores in
the axil of the sterile bracts, or immediately above them, as shown in
figs. 97 and 98.
Examples. Palaeostachya vera sp. nov., P. pedunculata Will.
afford examples of this form of strobilus. The genus Palaeostachya
includes several species previously described under the genus
Volkmannia[734].
Strobili of this generic type are known in organic association with
Annularian branches, as well as with Calamocladus and Calamites.
3. Macrostachya.
This generic name was originally applied by Schimper[735] to
certain forms of Calamitean stems, of the type afterwards referred to
the sub-genus Calamitina by Weiss, bearing long and thick cones.
The name is, however, more appropriately restricted to strobili, which
differ from the two preceding genera in their greater length (14–16
cm.) and in the more crowded and imbricating whorls of bracts. The
internodes of the cones are very short, and each whorl of bracts
consists of about 20 coherent members separated at the periphery
of the disc into short pointed teeth. The internal structure of
Macrostachya has not been satisfactorily determined. An account by
Renault[736] of a petrified specimen does not present a very clear idea
as to the structural features of this form of Calamitean strobilus.
The association of Calamitean vegetative shoots and cones.
Strobilus Foliage-shoot Stem
Calamostachys Annularia ramosa Calamites ramosus Artis
(Stachannularia) Weiss
ramosa Weiss[737]
C. (Stachannularia) A. sphenophylloides Stem bearing verticils of long and
calathifera Zenk. narrow leaves[739]. Probably a
Weiss[738] young Calamites
C. (Stachannularia) A. stellata(Schloth.) Calamites sp.[741]
tuberculata (Stern.) [740] (A. longifolia
Brongn.)
C. Solmsi[742] Weiss Calamocladus sp. Calamites (Calamitina) sp.
C. longifolia (Stern.) Calamocladus sp.
[743]
Strobilus Foliage-shoot Stem
Palaeostachya Calamocladus
pedunculata Will.
[744]
A. Calamitina.
This sub-genus of Calamites, as instituted by Weiss[760], includes
Calamitean stems or branches, which are characterised by the
periodic occurrence of branch-whorls usually represented by fairly
large oval or circular scars just above a nodal line (figs. 99, 100 and
101). The branch-scars may form a row of contiguous discs, or a
whorl may consist of a smaller number of branches which are not in
contact basally. A form described by Weiss as C. pauciramis,
Weiss[761], has only one branch in each whorl, as represented by a
single large oval scar on some of the nodes of the cast. A stem of
this form is by no means a typical Calamitina, but it serves to show
the existence of forms connecting Weiss’
sub-genera Calamitina and Eucalamites.
The number of internodes and nodes
between the branch whorls varies in
different specimens, and is indeed not
constant in the same plant. Each nodal line
bears numerous elliptical scars which mark
the points of attachment of leaves; each
branch-whorl is situated immediately above
a node, and in some forms this nodal line
pursues a somewhat irregular course
across the stem, following the outlines of
the several branch-scars[762]. The surface of
the internodes is either perfectly smooth or
it is more frequently traversed by short
longitudinal ridges or grooves probably
representing fissures in the bark of the
living stem; these are indicated by lines in
fig. 99 and by elongated elliptical ridges in
fig. 101. On young stems the leaves are
occasionally found in place, as for example
in an example figured by Weiss[763] (C.
Göpperti), or we may have leaf-verticils still Fig. 99. Calamites
in place in much older and thicker (Calamitina) Göpperti
branches[764] (cf. fig. 85, p. 330). (Ett.). b, branch scars.
From a specimen in the
It occasionally happens that the bark of Manchester Museum,
Calamitina stems has been preserved as a Owens College. ¼ nat.
detached shell[765] reminding one of the size.
sheets of Birch bark often met with in
forests, the separation being no doubt due in the fossil as in the
recent trees to the manner of occurrence of the cork-cambium.
In a few cases branches have been preserved still attached to a
stem or branch of higher order; examples of such specimens are
figured by Lindley and Hutton[766], Stur[767], and others. Grand’Eury[768]
has given an idealised drawing of a typical Calamitina bearing a
whorl of branches with the foliage and habit of Asterophyllites
equisetiformis. The specimen on which this drawing is based is in
the Natural History Museum, Paris; it shows Asterophyllitean
branches in organic connection with a Calamitean stem, but it is not
quite clear if the stem is a true Calamitina. A large drawing of this
interesting specimen is given by Stur[769] in his monograph on
Calamites, also a smaller sketch by Renault[770] in his Cours de
botanique fossile. Similar branches of the Asterophyllites type
attached to an undoubted Calamitina are figured also by Lindley and
Hutton. There is, in short, good evidence that stems of this sub-
genus bore branches with Asterophyllitean shoots.
The wood of stems of the Calamitina group of Calamites, in some
instances at least, was of the Arthropitys type; this has been shown
to be the case in some French specimens from the Commentry coal-
field[771] and in others described by Stur[772]. The pith-casts of
Calamitina are characterised by comparatively short internodes
separated by deep nodal constrictions, as shown in fig. 100. From
Permian specimens from Neu Paka in Bohemia, described by
Stur[773], we learn that there were the usual Calamite diaphragms
bridging across the wide pith-cavity at each node. Such a cast as
that shown in fig. 100 is often referred to as Calamites approximatus
Brongn.; the length of the internodes and the periodic occurrence of
branch-scars in the form of circular or oval depressions along a
nodal line enable us to recognise the Calamitina casts. Weiss[774]
points out that in pith-casts of this form the branch-scars occur on
the nodal constriction, and not immediately above the node as is the
case on the surface of a typical Calamitina. This distinction is
however of little or no value; the point of attachment of a branch may
be above the nodal line, while on the pith-cast of the same stem the
point of origin of the vascular bundles of the branch is on the nodal
constriction[775].
The specimen shown in fig. 100 illustrates the appearance of a
Calamitina cast. There is a verticil of branch-scars on the lowest
nodal constriction; on the right of the pith-cast the broad band of
wood is faintly indicated by the smooth surface of the rock (x). Other
examples demonstrating the existence of a broad woody cylinder in
Calamitina stems have been figured by Weiss[776] and other writers,
and some good examples may be seen in the British Museum.
B. Stylocalamites.
In the members of this sub-genus the branch-scars are either
irregular in their occurrence or absent. In some Calamites the
branch-scars are very few and far between, and other species
appear to have been almost without branches; pith-casts of such
stems may be referred to the sub-genus Stylocalamites[801].
An exceedingly common Calamitean cast, C. Suckowi Brongn.
(fig. 82) affords a good illustration of this type of stem. In the
specimen shown in fig. 82 we have a cast of a rhizome, which is
rather exceptional in showing three branches in connection with one
another. The appearance of the fossil suggests a rhizome, rather
than an aerial shoot, bearing lateral branches; the narrowing of the
branches and the rapid decrease in the length of the internodes
towards the point of attachment being features associated with
rhizomes rather than with aerial branches.
Calamites (Stylocalamites) Suckowi, Brongn. Fig. 82.
1818. Phytolithus sulcatus, Steinhauer[802].
1825. Calamites decoratus, Artis[803].
1828. Calamites Suckowi, Brongniart[804].
1833. Calamites cannaeformis, Lindley and Hutton[805].
C. Eucalamites.
In this sub-genus branch-scars occur on every node; the scars
never form a contiguous whorl as in Calamitina, but there may be