Prof. Dr.

Murtuza
Problem 1-1
 Prof. Dr. Murtuza
Problem 1-2
 Prof. Dr. Murtuza
Problem 1-3 [3D]
 Prof. Dr. Murtuza
Concept of Stress
Stress can be defined as the measure of the intensity of internal force distribution. It’s a 2nd
order tensor quantity (requires magnitude, direction & orientation of the area). A 2nd order
tensor has 9 components. It can also be termed as the material response to applied load.
Mathematically it is the quotient of force and area i.e.

Shear Stress
Normal Stress • Units are N/m2 (Pa) and/or Psi.
• Stress in a deformable material
body can be controlled by
changing applied force and area
of cross section of the body.
 Prof. Dr. Murtuza
General State of Stress at a Point
Stress Tensor

ij =

• Due to the equilibrium of shear stresses

on the cubical element the components
reduces to 6 though.

Fourth order tensor has (3n = 34 = 81 components) !!

 Prof. Dr. Murtuza
Member under Axial Loading
• The applied load will pass from the centroid of the x-sectional area of the member.
• The applied load will act along the length of the member.
• Material remains homogeneous and isotropic.
• Due to centric load no moments will produce in axially loaded members.
• The member deforms uniformly, therefore the stress distribution is constant.

Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Sections:

Prismatic
Member

σmax = Pmax/A
• Brittle materials usually
fail due to normal stress!
 Prof. Dr. Murtuza
Average Shear Stress:
• Shear is defined as the component of stress tensor that
acts in the plane of the cross sectional area under
consideration. It’s effect is to slice the part.
• Ductile materials usually fail due to shear stress !

Equilibrium:
• Mechanical fasteners such as pins, bolts and rivets 2V-F = 0
are always under shear and may fail due to shear V = F/2
stress. Also, welded and glued joints may fail due to
shear.

• Because of the
equilibrium all shear
stresses acting on the
material element must
have same magnitude.