International Journal for Holistic Research, Vol. 1, No. 1.

June 2024 Print ISSN: 3009-6898

Online ISSN: 3009-6790

Low-voltage ride-through Capability Enhancement of Grid-Connected

DFIG Wind Turbines using Series Resistor
Ali H. Kasem Alaboudy1, Heba A. Mahmoud2*, Adel A. Elbaset3, Montaser Abdelsattar4
1
Electrical Department, Faculty of Technology and Education, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
2
Electrical Department, Faculty of Technology and Education, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
3
Department of Electromechanics ,Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt.
4
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
* Correspondence : Heba A. Mahmoud, Heba_Ahmed123@techedu.sohag.edu.eg1

Article history: Received: 02-05-2024 Revised: 30-05-2024 Accepted: 1-06-2024

Abstract
The connection of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines to the grid and their dynamic behavior under
different grid faults has become an important issue in recent years, and grid codes have been introduced, which is a
challenge for the Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). One of the most important issues related to grid codes is
the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) of wind farms. Based on such code requirements, wind turbine generators must
remain connected to the grid and actively contribute to system stability during various grid fault scenarios. This paper
presents the design and simulation of a protection strategy that uses a series resistor. It covers the theory, structure, and
simulation analysis in MATLAB/Simulink to handle symmetrical and asymmetrical faults. The dynamic properties of
the DFIG during the faults, which are examined from a variety of angles, validate the suggested performance of the
protection mechanism. The ease of construction and cost-effectiveness of the recommended protection mechanism was
proven by the simulation results. Additionally, by employing a series resistor design, the DFIG's performance is
significantly enhanced for symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults, outperforming protection schemes found in earlier
works.
Keywords: Wind Turbine; DFIG; LVRT; Protection Scheme
.
1. Introduction services for power grids and enforce LVRT for large wind
generation to improve the reliability of the power system.
Most nations with windy regions have seen a surge in Many research studies have been conducted to address
wind energy (WE)-based electricity generation in recent these issues, and numerous measurements for the LVRT
years; wind energy has grown at the quickest rate, and by enhancement of DFIG have been proposed. The current
2021, the installed capacity of wind power generators techniques are generally divided into hardware and
worldwide may surpass 800 GW. [1, 2]. It should be noted software approaches [5, 6]. For example, the rotor-side
that energy quality is an important factor that influences converter (RSC) uses an advanced current tracking
the security and stability of electric power networks, and controller [7, 8]. The findings demonstrate that the
that wind power generator stability during short-circuit transient oscillations in the RSC can be well-constrained.
failures is extremely important. Wind turbines WTs must Researchers deliberated over how to choose an appropriate
remain in their grid connected mode for a predetermined tracking coefficient for the controller. In Ref. [9, 10], an
amount of time to meet grid code requirements .This need, available generator-side converter (GSC) voltage is
known as low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) operation, is utilized to conduct the voltage compensation, and the
dependent on the degree of voltage sags or the severity of DFIG’s transient flux is controlled to obtain a desirable
failures. The DFIG the most popular WT, has drawn much fault current limitation. In Ref. [11] a linear-quadratic
interest, partly because DFIG-based wind generation regulator is implemented in the DFIGThis regulator serves
produces highly reliable fixed frequency power while as a supplementary control to prevent converter saturation.
operating at changing wind speeds It makes it possible to In Ref. [12], an optimal hierarchical control structure is
regulate the active and reactive powers that are added to proposed. The primary and secondary control levels are
the grid system [3, 4]. designed, and it is found that active and reactive power
However, DFIG has suffered from voltage fluctuations, oscillations in the generator can be favorably mitigated, as
converter damage, mechanical oscillations, and stresses. mentioned in Refs. [13]. Two improved controllers based
Therefore, wind generation should provide ancillary on fuzzy logic are used in the RSC, and the key functions

Cite this article: Ali H. Kasem Alaboudy, Heba A. Mahmoud, Adel A. Elbaset, Montaser Abdelsattar,” LVRT Capability Enhancement of Grid-
Connected DFIG Wind Turbines using Series Resistor “, International Journal for Holistic Research, Vol. 1, No. 1. June 2024.
DOI: 10.21608/ijhr.2024.290318.1014

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 International Journal for Holistic Research, Vol. 1, No. 1. June 2024
of the proposed controllers are to decrease the rotor current
and inhibit the DC-link voltage. In Ref. [14], scholars
investigate an analytical method to determine the control
parameters of the DFIG subject to the capacity limit of the
RSC. Overall, the transient stability support from the
software solutions towards the DFIG may be relatively
moderate, and the improvements of optimizing current
reference and introducing over-modulation could be
appreciatively done, the software solution is regarding an
improved or updated control strategy with less cost, but it
is just suitable for handling moderate fault conditions.
The hardware solutions based on the voltage
compensator/restorer, fault current limiter (FCL), and
chopper circuit are reviewed below. The efficacy of a DC-
link chopper in reducing the DC overvoltage is confirmed
in Ref. [15], yet it is unable to aid in the post-fault
demagnetization of the electrical machine. Ref. [16],
proposes a modified DC chopper that can be inserted in a
DFIG base series or parallel connection.Although the
modified structure makes certain improvements, the rotor
current is still around its safety limit (2.0 pu). In Ref. [17],
a minimized series voltage compensator is applied. Since
the stator flux is well controlled, the generator is allowed to
ride through the grid disturbances as mentioned in the Refs.
[18–20], and a bridge-type FCL with a bypass resistor is
applied in a DFIG. The research results confirm its positive
effects on reducing flux and electromagnetic torque
oscillations. It is important to note that some early research
on the coordinated control of an energy storage device and
a fault current limiter for DFIG stabilization has been
published in Refs. [21–25]. It is found that the transitory
Gear
Wind Box
i s, V s
ωt ωg Stator
DFIG
Tm Back to Back
converters
Tem RSG GSC
Vω
Pitch angle (β)
Vconverter
β
Torque and Reactive
Power Control
Tem-ref
Wind Turbine Control
Strategy
Vω
Vgrid
The Control System
Fig. 1. The schematic diagram of the Grid-Connected DFIG WT system.
2.1 Wind turbine model
According to wind turbine generators'' (WTGs)
characteristics, mechanical power is given by the
following relations [26]:
1
Pm = Cp (λ, β)ρAVω3
2 𝜆=
properties of a DFIG can be enhanced further when two
devices with distinct functionalities are used together.
Thus, it is important to continue this type of research and
investigate new combination scheme with better potential.
Additionally, using one or more expensive devices that can
effectively handle severe short-circuit problems is the
hardware answer. This paper proposes a protection scheme
using the Series Resistor to improve the LVRT capacity for
the Grid-Connected DFIG Wind Turbines. The protection
scheme ensures the safety of energy converters, rotor
circuits, and dc-link capacitors. The protection system is
simulated with the MATLAB/SIMULINK tool to verify
the finding. In this paper, Section 2 presents an overview of
the modeling of Grid-Connected DFIG wind turbines.
Section 3 explains the configuration of the Series Resistor
and its effects on the DFIG. The simulation findings and
the impact of the Series Resistor scheme on DFIG are
discussed and evaluated in Section 4. The conclusions are
offered in Section 5.
2. System Configuration
The grid-connected DFIG WT system's schematic
diagram is displayed in Fig. 1. It is a wind turbine unit made
up of an electric generator, a control system, a power
electronic converter, and wind turbine blades. It exports
power to the electrical grid via the feeder and is connected
to the distribution system. DFIGs are induction generators
with wound rotors by nature, and a power electronic
converter typically regulates the rotor circuit.
Common
Vgrid Coupling Point
link to the Grid
C. B B.C
Feeder-
Collector
additional
WT units
Qref
Other call .
domestic
Feeders
Step-up transformer
Transformer
Where: ρ is the air density, A is the swept area of a wind
turbine, Vω is the wind speed, Cp is the power coefficient,
β is the blade pitch angle, and λ is the ratio between the
turbine angular speed and the wind speed.
(1) R ωt
(2)
𝑉𝜔
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 International Journal for Holistic Research, Vol. 1, No. 1. June 2024

Where: R is the turbine radius; ωt is the turbine rotational idc The d-axis current flowing through Qnet The total
speed. The power coefficient Cp value is approximated reactive power delivered to the grid.
according to the non-linear function
116 −12.5⁄
𝑐𝑝 = 0.22 ( − 0.4𝛽 − 5) 𝑒 𝜆𝑖 (3)
𝜆𝑖 The DFIG converters' control block diagram is
1 1 0.035
displayed in Fig. 2. To control the rotor currents and
With = − achieve the best rotor flux location concerning the stator
𝜆𝑖 𝜆+0.08𝛽 𝛽 2 +1
flux, the rotor-side converter for the DFIG applies voltage
to the rotor windings. This allows the machine's shaft to
2.2 .Double-fed induction generator model
create the desired torque. For maximum energy capture in
a wind power application, the generator's vector control can
Nowadays, the DFIG is the most used wind power system be integrated into the best power tracking controller [28].
in wind energy farms. The basic configuration of The DFIG The generator's rotational speed and, thus, the wind turbine
model is shown in Fig. 1. DFIG stator windings usually shaft's speed can be adjusted by adjusting the converter's
have a direct grid connection. On the other hand, power active power [29].
converters are coupled to rotor winding using slip rings To extract the greatest power, this can be used to track
[26]. Two voltage-source converters, the RSC and GSC, the ideal tip-speed ratio as the incident wind speed varies.
make up the power electronic converter that connects the Additionally, it offers variable-frequency stimulation based
rotor windings to the grid. A DC-link capacitor is on the circumstances around wind speed. One popular
positioned in between the two converters to store energy implementation of the control mechanism for the induction
and maintain minimal voltage changes, sometimes known generator is a synchronously rotating dq-axis frame with
as ripples, in the DC-link voltage. The modeling equations the d-axis oriented along the stator-flux vector position. We
are created by referring to [27] and are as follows: refer to this as vector control for stator-flux orientation, or
𝑉𝑠→ = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑠→ + 𝑑ψ→ 𝑠
/ 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑗𝜔𝑠 ψ→ 𝑠
(4) SFO. As such, control of active power and reactive power
→ → → →
𝑉𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑟 + 𝑑ψ𝑟 /𝑑𝑡 + 𝑗(𝜔𝑠 − ω𝑟 )ψ𝑟 (5) is done separately. By permitting independent control of the
active and reactive power flowing between the grid and the
ψ→
𝑠
= 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑠→ + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑟→ (6)
grid-side converter, the grid-side converter maintains the
ψ→
𝑟
= 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑠→ + 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑟→ (7) DC-link voltage constant (i.e., it is an observer of DC-link
voltage) [30].
Where, 𝑖⃗ ,𝑽 ⃗⃗⃗, R, L are the current, voltage, flux, resistance
⃗⃗,ψ 2.3 Steady-state operation
as well as inductance, respectively. Subscripts s, r are the
stator and rotor, respectively. It is obtained that 𝐿𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠𝜎 + When the machine speed is over or below the
𝐿𝑠𝜎 synchronous speed, the rotor slip "s" determines how much
𝐿𝑚 and 𝐿𝑟 = 𝐿𝑟𝜎 + 𝐿𝑚 , and ⁄𝐿 is the leakage
𝑟𝜎 power is exchanged between the DFIG and the grid in a
inductance. From Eqs. (3) and (4), the stator and rotor steady condition. The following formulas could be used to
currents are signified as: determine the DFIG's mechanical, electrical, and slip (s):
→ →
i→ ̇
𝑠 = ψ𝑠 /𝐿𝑠 − 𝐾𝑟 ψ𝑟 / 𝐿𝑠
̇ (8)
ω𝑠 − ω𝑟
𝑝𝑟 = 𝑝𝑚 − 𝑝𝑠 = 𝑇𝑚 ω𝑟 − 𝑇𝑚 ω𝑠 = −𝑇𝑚 ( ) ω𝑠
i→ → ̇ → ̇ ω𝑠
𝑟 = −𝐾𝑠 ψ𝑠 /𝐿𝑟 − ψ𝑟 / 𝐿𝑟 (9)
= −𝑠𝑇𝑚 ω𝑠 = −𝑆𝑝𝑠 (10)
Where S is defined as the slip of the generator:
Where, 𝐿𝑠̇ = 𝐿𝑠 − L2𝑚 /𝐿𝑟 and 𝐿𝑟̇ = 𝐿𝑟 − L2𝑚 /𝐿𝑠 are
deduced; 𝐾𝑠 and 𝐾𝑟 are expressed as 𝐾𝑠 = 𝐿𝑚 /𝐿𝑠 and 𝜔𝑠 − 𝜔𝑟
𝐾𝑟 = 𝐿𝑚 /𝐿𝑟 respectively.iqr The q-axis current in the rotor 𝑆= (11)
𝜔𝑠
circuit idr The d-axis current in the rotor circuit Where 𝜔𝑟 Rotor Angular Velocity and 𝜔𝑠 The
synchronous speed.
+ +
+
PI -Ls/Lmφs PI
- - + dq-abc
iqr PWM
Transform
ωr (ωs-ωr)(-Ls/Lmφs+σLriqr)
+ + +
Ԛsref PI PI
- - -
idr
Ԛs (ωs-ωr)σLriqr (a)
+ +
PI -
Vdc,re f PI
- +
-
idgc dq-abc
Vdc Vds +ωsLiqgc PWM
Transform

+ -
Ԛgc,re f PI
- +
(b)
Ԛgc Vqs +ωsLidgc
Fig. 2. Control block diagram of the DFIG converters. (a) RSC, (b) GSC [25].

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 International Journal for Holistic Research, Vol. 1, No. 1. June 2024
The stator and rotor power are P s = Pm/ (1–S) and Pr = –S
Pm/ (1–S). Therefore, if the maximum slip is limited, say to
0.3, the rotor winding converters can be rated as a fraction
of the induction generator-rated power. This is typically
around ±30% for DFIG in wind power generation systems
and gives a slip range of ±0.3. The slip is assumed to vary
from a sub-synchronous value of +0.35 to a super-
synchronous value of –0.35. The rotor and stator power
vary as the rotor slip changes from sub to supersynchronous
modes[31-32]. Thus, the operating modes of DFIG are as
follows:
• The blades rotate at a sub-synchronous speed ωr < ωs,
where s > 0, when operating in the sub-synchronous
mode at lower wind speeds. In this instance, grid
electricity will be absorbed by the rotor converter
system to excite the rotor winding. where active
power is supplied to the stator circuitry.
• The machine runs at super-synchronous speeds ωr >
ωs, where s < 0. In the super-synchronous mode. This
type of generator is known as a doubly-fed induction
generator (DFIG) because power generated by both
the rotor and the stator is supplied into the grid.
Gear Box
Slip Rings
Series Resistor
Fig.3.Topological structure of the series resistor protection scheme.
DFIG
Gear Box
690 V
IG
DC-link capacitor
RSC GSC
Fig. 4. Single line diagram for the studied system.
• When operating synchronously There is no active
power flow in the rotor windings when the DFIG is
rotating at the synchronous speed (S = 0), supplying
all of the power through the stator winding.
3. Configuration of the Series Resistor and its Effects
on the Double-fed induction generator
The protection scheme of the series resistor (SR) works in
a similar way to the series dynamic braking resistor that has
been described in [28]. The series dynamic braking has
been used in the rotor side of generators. In this protection
scheme, the SR consists of a set of resistors that are
connected in series with the rotor winding as shown in Fig.
3. It controls the insertion of the resistance inside the rotor
circuit by the power electronic switches.
4. Results and Discussion
Through MATLAB simulation analyses, the
viability and efficacy of the protective mechanisms are
verified and Fig. 4 shows a single-line diagram of the
system. The simulation works for wind farms that connect
distribution system and export power to a 220 KV grid has
been circuited out.
Back -to -Back converter
RSC GSC
T.L PCC
T1 T2
Grid
690V/22
KV
Grounding Transformer
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 International Journal for Holistic Research, Vol. 1, No. 1. June 2024

4.1 Study of the symmetrical fault current control. Under these circumstances, the currents
rise as the plunge gets deeper. The scenario that
As a result, the stator flux gradually shifts from the forced
corresponds to the entire decline is the worst. The approved
flux, which rotates at synchronous speed and appears
rate of the dip depth and the rotor converter power rating
during normal machine operation, to the natural flux, a
are fairly proportionate. As seen in Fig. 5, a three-phase
transient flux that appears during voltage dips. In this
fault is simulated to occur at the grid connection point,
instance, dips cause the stator voltage amplitude to decline
starting at t = 0.7s and clearing at t = 0.9s. The system's
from V1 to V2. Its starting value decreases exponentially by
reaction to a 0.95 pu voltage dip lasting 0.2 s using the
the stator time constant and is proportional to the voltage
series resistance protection approach is depicted in this
change. The Vrn is a transitory term brought on by the
figure. The power from the induced voltages in the rotor
natural flux, whereas the Vrf is generated by the new grid
that developed during the fault in this simulation was
voltage and has a tiny amplitude. Since its amplitude (V1 −
dissipated as a result of the rotor circuit's addition of series
V2) is related to the dip's depth, it may be significant. The
resistance. As a result, the rise in the rotor and stator
current is controlled as long as the dip is shallow and the
currents is reduced. For the most critical phase, the stator
voltage caused by the stator flux doesn't surpass the
currents are reduced from 2.66 pu to 2.02 pu. For the worst
maximum voltage that the rotor converter can produceIn
phase, the rotor currents are reduced from 2.5 pu to 1.21 pu.
this instance, as in regular operation for deeper dips, the
Consequently, there is a large reduction in both the DC-link
converter's maximum tension is exceeded by the voltage
voltage and the electrical torque variations.
caused by the stator flux, resulting in a temporary loss of
15
1 Active power Ps
Ps (MW),Qs (Mvar)

Reactive power Qs
Grid Voltage (pu)

10
0.5
5
0
0
-0.5

-5
-1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time(s)
0.4 0.6 0.8 Time(s) 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Active and Reactive power
Grid voltage
2
1500
Stator Current (pu)

DC link Voltage (v)

1
1000

0
500

-1 0

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

-2 Time (s)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time(s)
DC link Voltage
Stator current
1 Electrical torque Te
Mechanical torque Tm
Rotor Current (pu)

0
Te(pu), Tm (pu)

0.5

0 -0.5

-0.5 -1

-1
0.4 0.6 0.8 Time(s) 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.4 0.6 0.8 Time (s) 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Rotor current Electrical and mechanical torque
Fig.5. Three-phase 0.95pu voltage dip for 0.2s with Series Resistor protection scheme.

4.2 Study of the asymmetrical fault
Because they cause larger voltages in the rotor,
asymmetrical dips are more damaging to the generator than
symmetrical dips. Furthermore, these voltages have a
distinct nature in that they contain both permanent
components that last the duration of the dip and transitory
components, like those that originate in symmetrical dips.
This symmetrical components theory states that the
positive, negative, and zero sequences are the three
components that add up to a three-phase voltage system.
Three vectors, one for each component, can be extracted
from the stator voltage. Reversible rotation is produced by
the negative sequence V2, and rotation is produced by the
positive sequence V1. There is no flux generated by the zero
sequence V0. We shall refer to these fluxes as ψs1 and ψs2,

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 International Journal for Holistic Research, Vol. 1, No. 1. June 2024

respectively. Depending on its amplitude, each flux causes
a voltage to be induced in the rotor. Since the Vr1 is modest
and the Vr2 has a factor that is almost equal to 2, its
amplitude may be significant if the dip's asymmetrical ratio
is large. The slip is often minor, therefore its frequency is
around twice that of the grid. They cause far higher voltages
in the rotor than would be seen during regular operation.
Control over the current is lost, maybe permanently, if the
rotor converter does not make up for these voltages.
Overcurrents arise in this scenario, which could harm the
converter. In the simulation, a double-phase (phase-b and
1 Active power Ps
phase-c) fault occurs at t = 0.7 seconds. The responses of
the system to asymmetrical fault conditions are displayed
in Fig. 6. The series resistance effectively dissipates the
induced voltage in the rotor when phases b to c short-
circuite together. During the worst phase, the stator currents
dropped from 2.09pu to 1.04pu. Additionally, at the most
serious phase, the rotor currents are reduced from 1.91pu to
1.104pu. Consequently, DC-link voltage variations and
electrical torque fluctuations are greatly reduced by SR.
15

Ps (MW),Qs(Mvar)
Grid Voltage (pu)

Reactive power Qs
0.5 10

0 5

-0.5
0
-1
-5
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time(s) Time(s)

Grid voltage Active and Reactive

1 1260 power
Stator Current (pu)

DC link Voltage (v)

1240
0.5
1220
0
1200
-0.5
1180
-1
1160
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.4 0.6 0.8 Time(s) 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Time(s)

Stator current DC link Voltage

1 0.2
Electrical torque Te
0
Rotor Current (pu)

Mechanical torqueTm
Te(pu), Tm (pu)

0.5
-0.2

0 -0.4

-0.6
-0.5
-0.8
-1 -1
0.4 0.6 0.8 Time(s) 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.4 0.6 0.8 Time(s) 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Rotor current Electrical and mechanical torque

Fig.6. Phase b to c short circuit for 0.2s with series resistor protection.
Table 1 displays a comparison study between the proposed Series Grid Acceptable Well Acceptable
protection plan and those in the literature [33–35] based on side
simulation results. The proposed method provided better converter
results in terms of damping for the current increase at Feed Acceptable Unacceptable Rather
the generator terminals. Additionally, the crowbar and a forward complicated
DC-chopper protection scheme have built on a simple control
concept. It decreases the cost and complexity of the system. series Good Good Simple
Hence, it contributes to system stability during grid faults. resistor
Table 1. Comparing the results obtained from protection schemes with protection
other works.
5. Conclusion
LVRT Rotor DC-link Simplicity In this paper, protection schemes are investigated to
Techniques Current Voltage of
enhance the DFIG-based wind turbines' performance.
Protection
Scheme Grid faults have a strong impact on both the
Design mechanical and electrical components of the wind
FC L Unacceptable Well Acceptable turbine. The purpose of the protection scheme is to
static Unacceptable Acceptable Acceptable
reduce the voltage induced in the rotor circuit during
synchronous
compensator a fault. The series resistor protection is more effective
Energy Unacceptable Well Rather in terms of damping current increases at the generator
Storage complicated terminals. In addition to that, the SR scheme is based
System
on a simple concept. It decreases the cost and
complexity of the system. It is useful under

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 International Journal for Holistic Research, Vol. 1, No. 1. June 2024
symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults as it
decreases the rotor overcurrent, DC-link overvoltage,
and torque oscillations compared to the other
schemes. Hence, it contributes to system stability
during grid faults. Therefore, the induced overvoltage
will be shared by the resistance. Thus, the power is
dissipated within resistance which reduces rotor
currents better. Recent grid regulations require wind
turbines to remain grid-connected while providing
reactive power assistance. As such, the LVRT
capability of DFIG-WTs needs to be equipped to
efficiently fulfill emerging grid requirements. As a
result, future approaches must be built to meet the
needs of power grids. The future direction of LVRT
solutions is to use exterior LVRT techniques, which
are widely used in pre-installed wind turbines for
simplicity.
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