Facile fabrication of BiVO4 modified

TiO2 nanotube film photoanode and its

photocathodic protection effect on
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Guang-Ling Song & Guo-Kun Liu &
Rong-Gui Du
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Facile fabrication of SnO2 modified TiO2 nanorods film
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 Corrosion Science 157 (2019) 247–255

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Corrosion Science
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/corsci

Facile fabrication of BiVO4 modified TiO2 nanotube film photoanode and its T
photocathodic protection effect on stainless steel
⁎⁎
Xia Wanga, Zi-Chao Guana, Piao Jina, Yun-Yi Tanga, Guang-Ling Songb, , Guo-Kun Liuc,
⁎
Rong-Gui Dua,
a
Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
b
Center for Marine Materials Corrosion and Protection, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
c
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: A BiVO4/TiO2 nanotube composite film was fabricated by anodization and low temperature solvothermal re-
A. Titanium action for photocathodic protection. The results showed that after modifying the TiO2 nanotube film with BiVO4
A. Stainless steel nanoparticles, the light absorption of the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film was extended to the visible region. The
B. TEM photocurrent density of the composite film reached 271 μA cm−2, and was 8.5 times higher than that of the TiO2
B. XRD
film. Under white light irradiation, the composite film made the potential of the coupled 403 stainless steel in a
C. Cathodic protection
0.5 M NaCl solution drop by 520 mV, showing an effective photocathodic protection effect.
C. Oxide coatings

1. Introduction
Since the photoelectrochemical water splitting on a TiO2 electrode
was reported by Fujishima and Honda in 1972 [1] and the corrosion
protection of Cu by a TiO2 coating under irradiation was found by Yuan
and Tsujikawa in 1995 [2], TiO2 nanomaterials have attracted ex-
tensive attention for their excellent photoelectric performances and
have been applied in metal corrosion protection [3–5]. Among several
types of TiO2 nanostructures, TiO2 nanotubes are most attractive owing
to their larger surface areas and superior electronic properties [6]. The
syntheses of TiO2 nanotubes mainly include hydrothermal treatment
[7–9], template-assisted fabrication [10,11] and anodization [12–15].
In this work, anodization as a mature technique was utilized to prepare
TiO2 nanotubes due to its low cost and easy operation [6,12,14].
Currently, the application of TiO2 in photoelectrochemical cathodic
protection (photocathodic protection) is restrained mainly for two
reasons. On one hand, due to the wide indirect bandgaps of anatase
TiO2 (3.2 eV) and rutile TiO2 (3.0 eV), the visible light utilization is
poor. On the other hand, rapid recombination of photogenerated elec-
tron-hole pairs in TiO2 leads to its low photoelectric conversion effi-
ciency [6,16]. Thus, many researchers have made great efforts to ad-
dress these issues. The combination of TiO2 and other semiconductors
with matched energy levels is one of the most effective approaches to
improve the photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 materials [16,17].
Some semiconductors, such as SnO2 [18], WO3 [19–21], SrTiO3 [22],
Bi2S3 [23] and CdS [24,25] have been introduced to enhance the
photoelectric performances of TiO2 semiconductor materials.
In the construction of a TiO2 composite film combined with another
semiconductor to absorb visible light, the band gap of the used semi-
conductor is generally narrower than that of TiO2. Additionally, the
energy level structure of the narrow band gap semiconductor should
match well with TiO2, and the conduction band of the semiconductor is
generally more negative than that of TiO2 to facilitate the transfer of
photogenerated electrons [16,26].
Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has been recognized as an attractive
semiconductor with the characteristics of a narrow band gap, non-
toxicity and high corrosion resistance [27], and widely used as a
semiconductor-based or modified material in the photoelectrochemical
field [28–30]. It possesses three different crystalline structures in-
cluding tetragonal zircon, monoclinic scheelite and tetragonal scheelite
[31]. Among them, the monoclinic scheelite BiVO4 has the highest
photochemical activity [32]. It is a satisfactory candidate semi-
conductor for the modification of TiO2 films [30,33–35]. The band gap
of monoclinic BiVO4 is about 2.4 eV, narrower than that of TiO2, and
the conduction band of BiVO4 is more negative than that of TiO2.
Therefore, BiVO4 is a suitable semiconductor for preparing TiO2 com-
posite photoanodes [30,36]. Additionally, as a Bi-based material, BiVO4
has high photogenerated charge mobility owing to the hybridization of

⁎
Correspondence to: Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
⁎⁎
Correspondence to: Center for Marine Materials Corrosion and Protection, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
E-mail addresses: glsong@xmu.edu.cn (G.-L. Song), rgdu@xmu.edu.cn (R.-G. Du).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.05.034
Received 30 December 2018; Received in revised form 20 May 2019; Accepted 30 May 2019
Available online 01 June 2019
0010-938X/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
X. Wang, et al.
O 2p and Bi 6 s orbitals in the valence band [32,37]. Modifying TiO2
nanomaterials with nanoscale BiVO4 may enhance the visible light
absorption, and also improve the separation of photogenerated carriers
[30,37]. For example, Wang et al. deposited BiVO4 nanoparticles on the
TiO2 nanotubes by spin coating [38], and found that the prepared
BiVO4/TiO2(N2) nanotube photoanode exhibited a remarkable perfor-
mance for photoelectrochemical organic degradation. Trzciński et al.
prepared a BiVO4 and Au modified TiO2 nanotube composite photo-
anode [39], and found that the photocurrent of the composite photo-
anode was nearly 3.5 times higher than that of the TiO2 nanotube film.
Among those studies on TiO2 composite materials, there have been
many reports on TiO2 films modified with BiVO4 nanoparticles.
However, as far as we know, solvothermal methods have not been
applied to deposit BiVO4 nanoparticles onto TiO2 nanotube surfaces,
and there is no report on photocathodic protection of BiVO4/TiO2
composite films for metals. Since the BiVO4 particles prepared by the
conventional hydrothermal methods were generally large [40–42], they
may block the TiO2 nanotube orifices and lower the light absorption of
the TiO2 composite films. It is critical to have a new method that can
deposit BiVO4 particles with appropriate sizes and relatively uniform
distribution on TiO2 nanotube films.
In this study, a facile low-temperature solvothermal method was
developed to deposit BiVO4 nanoparticles uniformly on a TiO2 nano-
tube film to form a BiVO4/TiO2 composite film with higher photo-
electrochemical performances and more effective corrosion protection
than the single TiO2 nanotube film.
2. Experimental
2.1. Synthesis of BiVO4/TiO2 composite films
The first generation TiO2 nanotubes were fabricated by anodization
in HF electrolytes or HF mixtures [6,14]. So far, many electrolyte sys-
tems have been used in the preparation of ordered TiO2 nanotube array
films. At present, a HF solution system is still often used to prepare
ordered TiO2 nanotubes by anodization. This method is a mature
technique, and its important advantages are its experimental simplicity
and good reproducibility, and beneficial to obtain a highly ordered TiO2
nanotube film with a relatively clean and smooth surface [6,14].
Therefore, we chose a 0.5 wt% HF aqueous solution as the electrolyte
for preparing a TiO2 nanotube film, which would be beneficial to fab-
ricate a desired BiVO4/TiO2 nanotube composite film.
TiO2 nanotube films were fabricated by electrochemical anodization
of cleaned titanium (Ti) foil (99.7%) specimens with sizes of
10 mm × 15 mm × 0.1 mm [43]. The anodization process was con-
ducted at 20 V for 1 h in a two-electrode cell with the Ti foil working
electrode and a platinum sheet counter electrode at room temperature.
The electrolyte was a 0.5 wt% HF aqueous solution. The TiO2 nanotube
film samples were rinsed with deionized water and then dried in air,
followed by annealing at 450 °C in air for 2 h (heating rate 5 °C min−1).
BiVO4 nanoparticles were deposited onto the fabricated TiO2 na-
notube film via a facile low temperature solvothermal method. In brief,
2 M HNO3 aqueous solution (1 mL), Bi(NO3)3·5H2O (0.2 mmol) and
NH4VO3 (0.2 mmol) were sequentially added to ethylene glycol (19 mL)
to form a precursor solution. The addition of HNO3 aqueous solution
could promote the dissolution of the other reagents and make the mixed
solution acidic. After vigorous stirring, the precursor solution became
orange and transparent. Then the solution was transferred into a 50 mL
Teflon-lined autoclave in which a TiO2 nanotube film was placed in
advance, and heated at 100 °C for 5 h. The obtained BiVO4/TiO2 com-
posite film sample was rinsed with deionized water and then dried in
air, followed by the annealing at 450 °C in air for 2 h (heating rate
5 °C min−1).
248
Corrosion Science 157 (2019) 247–255
2.2. Characterization
The morphologies of the samples were characterized by a Hitachi
FE-SEM S4800 field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) and
transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM-2100). The crystalline
phases were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Panalytical, X’pert
PRO) for Cu Kα radiation at wavelength 1.54 Å. Raman spectra were
recorded by an Xplora system (Horiba Jobin Yvon) by using 532 nm
excitation. The elemental composition and valence states were detected
by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, PHI Quantum 2000). The
light absorption properties were analyzed by a Varian Cary 5000
UV–vis-NIR spectrophotometer.
2.3. Photoelectrochemical and photocathodic protection measurements
Transient photocurrents were measured in a three-electrode pho-
toelectrochemical cell. A platinum wire and a saturated calomel elec-
trode (SCE) acted as the counter electrode and the reference electrode,
respectively. The prepared TiO2 nanotube film or BiVO4/TiO2 compo-
site film acted as the working electrode, which was intermittently ir-
radiated by white light from a 150 W Xe lamp through a quartz
window. A mixed solution of 0.5 M Na2SO3 and 0.5 M Na2SO4 was used
as the electrolyte in the cell. The measurements were done with a
portable electrochemical workstation (Ivium CompactStat.e).
403 stainless steel (403SS) acted as the specimen (exposed area of
1 cm2) to be protected for testing the photocathodic protection resulted
from the prepared films. Therefore, the photocathodic protection effects
of the fabricated films were judged by examining the potential changes
of the 403SS coupled with the prepared films. The experimental setup
and methods were described in detail in our previous work [18]. The
setup consisted of a photoanode cell (photoelectrochemical cell)
holding a mixed solution of 0.5 M Na2SO3 and 0.5 M Na2SO4 and a
corrosion cell holding a 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution. The TiO2 nano-
tube film or BiVO4/TiO2 composite film served as the photoanode in the
photoelectrochemical cell. A 403SS specimen (working electrode), a
platinum sheet counter electrode and a SCE were in the corrosion cell.
The two cells were connected via a salt bridge filled with 1.0 M KCl in
agar, and the 403SS specimen was electrically connected by a Cu wire
to the prepared film which was intermittently irradiated by white light.
403SS potentials were measured with the potentiostat/galvanostat (EG
&G model 263A).
The other electrochemical tests for the 403SS electrode coupled
with different films were also performed by the above setup. The
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were
conducted at the open circuit potential (or photoinduced potential).
The sine wave amplitude of the excitation signal was 10 mV, and the
frequency range was 105–10−2 Hz. The Tafel polarization curves were
measured from −150 mV to 150 mV relative to the open circuit po-
tential (or photoinduced potential) at a scan rate of 0.167 mV s-1.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Morphologies and chemical compositions
Fig. 1 displays the morphologies of the TiO2 nanotube film and the
BiVO4/TiO2 composite film. Fig. 1a and b are top-view and cross-sec-
tion SEM images of the TiO2 film, respectively, showing that the orderly
arranged TiO2 nanotubes were grown on the Ti substrate with clear
profiles. The tube wall thicknesses were 10–15 nm, the inner tube
diameters were 80–100 nm, and the tube lengths were about 330 nm.
After the deposition of BiVO4 by the solvothermal reaction for 5 h, a
large number of BiVO4 particle agglomerates were deposited onto the
outer and inner walls of the nanotubes, the nanotube wall thicknesses
obviously increased, and the inner nanotube diameters decreased
(Fig. 1c). Compared with the TiO2 nanotube film (Fig.1b), the BiVO4/
TiO2 nanotube profiles were rough, and the gaps between the outer
X. Wang, et al.
Fig. 1. (a) Topographic and (b) cross-sectional SEM images of the TiO2 nanotube film, (c) topographic and (d) cross-sectional SEM images of the BiVO4/TiO2
composite film.
nanotube walls nearly disappeared since the nanotube wall thicknesses
increased (as shown in the cross-section SEM image in Fig.1d), sug-
gesting that the nanotube surfaces were covered by BiVO4 particle ag-
glomerates, which will be further verified by TEM, Raman and XPS
analyses in the following sections.
TEM was utilized to further explore the morphology of the BiVO4/
TiO2 composite film. As shown in Fig. 2a and b, an obvious BiVO4 layer
was found on both the inner and outer walls of the TiO2 nanotubes.
Furthermore, the BiVO4 layer was composed of aggregated BiVO4 na-
noparticles, and the sizes of the BiVO4 nanoparticles were less than
10 nm. This layer structure could also be confirmed by the high re-
solution TEM images (Fig. 2c and d), which showed many nanoparticles
in the layer. The lattice spacing of 0.358 nm shown in Fig. 2c corre-
sponded to the (101) plane of anatase TiO2 (JCPDS No. 84-1285), and
the lattice spacings of 0.313 nm and 0.492 nm shown in Fig. 2d corre-
sponded to the (112) and (101) planes of monoclinic BiVO4 (JCPDS No.
75-1867), respectively.
The compositions and crystal structures of the prepared films were
confirmed by XRD. Fig. 3 displays the XRD patterns of the TiO2 nano-
tube film and BiVO4/TiO2 composite film. For the TiO2 nanotube film,
as shown in Fig. 3a, the diffraction peaks of Ti (from the Ti substrate)
and anatase TiO2 were detected (JCPDS No. 89-3073, JCPDS No. 84-
1285), indicating that the nanotubes consisted of anatase TiO2. Com-
pared with the TiO2 nanotube film, some additional peaks were ob-
served in the XRD pattern of the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film (Fig. 3b),
which exactly corresponded with the standard pattern of monoclinic
BiVO4 (Fig. 3c, JCPDS No. 75-1867), and no other substances were
detected in the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film. This result indicated that
the monoclinic BiVO4 was successfully deposited onto the TiO2 nano-
tube film through the above solvothermal reaction and subsequent
calcination process.
Raman and XPS analyses were adopted to further confirm the
compositions of the prepared films. The Raman spectra of the TiO2 and
BiVO4/TiO2 films are presented in Fig. 4. For the TiO2 or BiVO4/TiO2
249
Corrosion Science 157 (2019) 247–255
film, the vibrational peaks located at 143.8 cm−1 (corresponding to Eg),
197.6 cm−1 (Eg), 397.0 cm−1 (B1g), 516.2 cm−1 (A1g and B1g) and
633.7 cm−1 (Eg) could be attributed to anatase TiO2 [44]. No peaks
corresponding to other TiO2 phases appeared in the spectra. As pre-
sented in Fig. 4b, all the peaks were attributed to crystalline BiVO4
except the anatase TiO2 peaks. Specifically, the spectral peak at
207.0 cm−1 was assigned to the external mode, the nearby peaks at
322.7 cm−1 and 369.2 cm−1 were ascribed to antisymmetric and
symmetric bending vibrations of VO43-, respectively, and the strong
vibration peak at 826.6 cm−1 belonged to the symmetric VeO
stretching vibration [45,46].
The high resolution XPS spectra of Ti 2p, Bi 4f, V 2p and O 1s for the
BiVO4/TiO2 film are shown in Fig. 5, implying the existence of the
elements Ti, Bi, V and O in the composite film. The strong peaks at
458.8 eV and 464.5 eV were assigned to Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2 (Fig. 5a),
respectively, and the energy difference between them was 5.7 eV,
matching well with the data of Ti4+ in TiO2 [30,43]. The peaks ap-
pearing at 158.7 eV and 164.0 eV were attributed to Bi 4f7/2 and Bi 4f5/
2 (Fig. 5b), respectively, and the peaks at 516.6 eV and 524.0 eV came
from V 2p3/2 and V 2p1/2 (Fig. 5c), respectively. The above XPS results
confirmed that the valence states of Bi and V were Bi3+ and V5+ in the
composite film, respectively [30,43]. The characteristic peak of O 1s in
Fig. 5d could be divided into two adjacent peaks of 529.6 eV and
531.2 eV corresponding to lattice oxygen and surface adsorption
oxygen, respectively [18,30]. Combining the results from XRD, Raman
and XPS analyses, we concluded that the monoclinic BiVO4 modified
TiO2 nanotube composite film had been successfully prepared through
the anodic oxidation and the subsequent low temperature solvothermal
reaction.
3.2. Light absorption and photoelectrochemical performances
The light absorption performances of the films were evaluated by
UV–vis spectroscopy, and the results are presented in Fig. 6. The TiO2
X. Wang, et al. Corrosion Science 157 (2019) 247–255

Fig. 2. (a)-(d) TEM images of the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film at different resolutions.

Fig. 4. Raman spectra of (a) the TiO2 nanotube film, and (b) the BiVO4/TiO2
Fig. 3. XRD patterns of (a) the TiO2 nanotube film, (b) the BiVO4/TiO2 com-
composite film.
posite film, (c) the BiVO4 standard pattern (JCPDS No. 75-1867).

nanotube surfaces. The UV–vis spectroscopic results could be utilized to

nanotube film mainly absorbed ultraviolet light at wavelengths less
calculate semiconductor band gaps roughly from the following equation
than 380 nm (Fig. 6a). The light absorption edge of the BiVO4/TiO2
[15,48]:
composite film was remarkably red-shifted, and its light absorption
capability in the visible region was obviously enhanced. The reason for αhv = A(hv − Eg)η (1)
the spectrum fluctuations of the two films in the visible region was
where α, h and v represent the optical absorption coefficient, Planck
because of the interference between the film and the substrate [15,47].
constant and light frequency, respectively. A is a constant, Eg represents
The light absorption intensity of the composite film in the ultraviolet
the band gap, and η is related to the electron transition mode of the
region was slightly weakened compared with the single TiO2 nanotube
semiconductor (η = 1/2 for direct transition, η = 2 for indirect transi-
film. The reason could be that the light absorption of the TiO2 nano-
tion). Herein, the η value is taken as 2 according to the indirect electron
tubes was reduced due to the deposition of the BiVO4 particles on the

250
X. Wang, et al. Corrosion Science 157 (2019) 247–255

Fig. 5. High resolution XPS spectra of the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film: (a) Ti 2p, (b) Bi 4f, (c) V 2p, and (d) O 1s.

Fig. 7. Transient photocurrent responses of the different films under inter-

1/2 mittent white light irradiation, (a) the TiO2 nanotube film, (b) the BiVO4/TiO2
Fig. 6. UV–vis absorption spectra and the plots of (αhv) -hv for the different
composite film.
films, (a) the TiO2 nanotube film, (b) the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film.

to evaluate the photoelectrochemical performance of a semiconductor.

transition in both TiO2 and TiO2/BiVO4 films [6,48]. Based on the
Fig. 7 displays the transient photocurrent densities of the TiO2 nano-
above equation, the (αhv)1/2-hv curves of the two different films were
tube film and BiVO4/TiO2 composite film in a mixed solution of 0.5 M
obtained, and the band gaps of the films were estimated after the
Na2SO3 and 0.5 M Na2SO4 under intermittent white light irradiation.
straight lines were extrapolated to α = 0 (as shown in the inset of
Under dark conditions, the photocurrent densities of the films were
Fig. 6) [15,48]. The calculated band gap value of the TiO2 film was
nearly zero. When the white light irradiation was turned on, the pho-
3.23 eV similar to the band gap (3.2 eV) of anatase TiO2 [6,16]. The
tocurrent density of the TiO2 nanotube film was about 32 μA cm−2
band gap of the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film was 2.43 eV, which agreed
(Fig. 7a), while the photocurrent density of the BiVO4/TiO2 composite
with the band gap of monoclinic BiVO4 [49]. This meant that the light
film was about 271 μA cm−2, which was about 8.5 times as high as that
absorption of the composite film mainly depended on the monoclinic
of the TiO2 film. This result suggested that the photon-to-current con-
BiVO4, which was beneficial to the visible light absorption of the
version property of the BiVO4 modified TiO2 nanotube composite film
composite film and the utilization of solar energy. A possible reason for
was greatly enhanced. In other words, more photoelectrons were pro-
this phenomenon was that the TiO2 film was almost completely covered
duced in the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film compared with the single TiO2
by the BiVO4 particle layer, and had little effect on the light absorption
film under the same irradiation conditions, indicating that the com-
performance of the composite film.
posite film might provide more effective photocathodic protection for
The photocurrent (photoinduced current) density is a key parameter

251
X. Wang, et al.
Fig. 8. Potential Variations of 403SS in a 0.5 M NaCl solution when it coupled
to the different films under intermittent white light irradiation, (a) no coupling,
(b) coupled to the TiO2 nanotube film, (c) coupled to the BiVO4/TiO2 composite
film.
metals than the TiO2 film. Additionally, during five on-off cycles of the
irradiation, the photocurrent responses of the fabricated films were
reproducible, demonstrating the excellent stability of the two films in
the mixed solution under the intermittent white light irradiation. In
other words, the repeated photocurrent measurement results indicated
that the prepared BiVO4/TiO2 composite film (or BiVO4 particles) had
superior corrosion resistance, which would be further confirmed by the
photocathodic protection measurements below.
3.3. Photocathodic protection effects
Photocathodic protection is environmentally friendly and sustain-
able, which has attached much attention of corrosion researchers.
When a semiconductor film (photoanode) is irradiated with light at
appropriate wavelengths, the photoexcited electrons are transferred
from the film to a coupled metal and make its potential decrease, and
then the metal is cathodically protected. Therefore, the photocathodic
protection effect of the semiconductor film can be investigated by
monitoring the potential variation of the metal coupled with the pho-
toanode. Fig. 8 shows the potential variation of a 403SS coupon in a
0.5 M NaCl solution under different conditions. As shown in Fig. 8a, the
corrosion potential of the 403SS in the NaCl solution was about 60 mV
(vs. SCE). After coupling to the TiO2 film, the 403SS potential dropped
to about −120 mV (vs. SCE) before irradiation because of the galvanic
effect (Fig. 8b). When the TiO2 film photoanode was irradiated by white
light, photoelectrons were produced in the TiO2 film and transferred to
the coupled 403SS through the external circuit (Cu wire), then the
potential of the 403SS subsequently decreased to about −340 mV (vs.
SCE), and was 400 mV lower than its corrosion potential. This indicated
that the steel was photocathodically protected by the TO2 film. The
potential then returned to about −120 mV (vs. SCE) after the light was
switched off, and the photocathodic protection effect disappeared. For
the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film, the situation was different (as shown in
Fig. 8c). After the white light was switched on, the potential of the
403SS coupled with the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film quickly dropped to
about -460 mV (vs. SCE), in other words, the 403SS potential decreased
by about 520 mV relative to the free corrosion potential, implying that
the steel was well photocathodically protected. When the light was
switched off, the 403SS potential increased to about -210 mV (vs. SCE)
and remained stable. These results indicated that the BiVO4/TiO2
composite film had a more effective photocathodic protection effect on
the 403SS than the single TiO2 film. After a break of about 3 h, the TiO2
or BiVO4/TiO2 film was irradiated again, and the potential of the
coupled 403SS decreased to the same value as that in the previous ir-
radiation cycle, indicating that these films could provide sustainable
photocathodic protection for the steel. Furthermore, after the light was
252
Corrosion Science 157 (2019) 247–255
Fig. 9. Tafel polarization curves of 403SS in a 0.5 M NaCl solution under dif-
ferent conditions, (a) no coupling, (b) coupled to the TiO2 nanotube film in the
dark, (c) coupled to the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film in the dark, (d) coupled to
the TiO2 nanotube film under white light irradiation, (e) coupled to the BiVO4/
TiO2 composite film under white light irradiation.
again switched off, the potential of the 403SS coupled with BiVO4/TiO2
or TiO2 film increased and stayed at a value lower than the original free
corrosion potential in the dark for 20 h, indicating that the BiVO4/TiO2
or TiO2 film was stable. No photocorrosion occurred on the BiVO4/TiO2
composite film or TiO2 film. It is noted that the potential of the 403SS
coupled with the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film was 270 mV lower than
the corrosion potential in the dark after the white light irradiation was
stopped, indicating that the composite film maintained some cathodic
protection effect on the steel for 20 h, which was beneficial for the
practical application to photocathodic protection in the absence of light
(such as at night). The above results suggested that the BiVO4/TiO2
composite film under irradiation from solar light might have a potential
application in corrosion control of metals.
The Tafel polarization curves of 403SS in the 0.5 M NaCl solution
were also used to illustrate the photocathodic protection effects of the
prepared films. It can be seen from the polarization curves shown in
Fig. 9 that the potential of 403SS exhibited an obvious decreasing trend
when it was coupled to the films in the dark or under irradiation. Before
coupling (Fig. 9a), the corrosion potential (Ecorr) of 403SS was about
−30 mV (vs. SCE). As shown in Figs. 9b and c, after coupling to the
TiO2 and BiVO4/TiO2 films in the dark (before irradiation), the po-
tentials of 403SS shifted negatively to about −140 mV (vs. SCE) and
−220 mV (vs. SCE), respectively, resulting from the galvanic effects.
However, the potentials (photoinduced potential) of 403SS further
decreased to about −370 mV (vs. SCE) and −490 mV (vs. SCE) after it
was coupled to the TiO2 and BiVO4/TiO2 films under white light irra-
diation (shown in Figs. 9d and e), respectively, which agreed with the
above potential measurements for investigating the photocathodic
protection effects of the two films. Additionally, it could be found that
the current density (corresponding to the photoinduced potential) of
the 403SS coupled with the TiO2 or BiVO4/TiO2 film under white light
irradiation was higher than that of the uncoupled 403SS at the corro-
sion potential or those of the coupled 403SS at the mixed potentials in
the dark. These results indicated that high number of photoexcited
electrons were transferred from the TiO2 or BiVO4/TiO2 film to 403SS
and accelerated the cathodic reaction on the steel surface, which
cathodically protected 403SS from corrosion. The above measurement
results also indicated that the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film had a more
effective photocathodic protection effect than the single TiO2 film.
The charge transfer behavior at the 403SS electrode/solution in-
terface was also studied by EIS for the investigation on the photo-
cathodic protection effects of the films. Fig. 10 shows the Nyquist plots
of 403SS in the 0.5 M NaCl solution when it was uncoupled or coupled
to the different films, and the relevant equivalent circuits used to model
the EIS spectra are presented in Fig. 11. Here, Rs and Rct represent the
X. Wang, et al. Corrosion Science 157 (2019) 247–255

Fig. 10. Nyquist plots of 403SS in a 0.5 M NaCl solution under different con-
ditions, (a) no coupling, (b) coupled to the TiO2 nanotube film in the dark, (c)
coupled to the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film in the dark, (d) coupled to the TiO2
nanotube film under white light irradiation, (e) coupled to the BiVO4/TiO2
composite film under white light irradiation.
Fig. 11. Equivalent circuits proposed to fit the EIS data for 403SS in the 0.5 M
NaCl solution, (a) no coupling, (b) coupled to the prepared films.
solution resistance and charge transfer resistance, respectively. CPE
(constant phase element) acts as the double layer capacitance of the
403SS electrode, and its impedance is defined as [18,50]:
ZCPE = [Y0(jω)n]−1 (2)
where Y0 represents the modulus, n is the empirical exponent, and ω is
the angular frequency. CPE1 and R1 represent capacitance and re-
sistance of the electrode surface film in the high frequency region, re-
spectively, for the 403SS coupled with the films (Fig.11b). Rct values
are related to the electrochemical reaction rate at the metal/solution
interface. A lower Rct value means a higher electrochemical reaction
rate. Here, our main objective was to obtain the Rct values for the
evaluation of the photocathodic protection effects of the prepared films.
The fitting results from the EIS data are listed in Table 1. The fitted Rct
value for the uncoupled 403SS was 754.1 kΩ cm2. After coupling to the
TiO2 and BiVO4/TiO2 films in the dark, the Rct value of 403SS de-
creased to 200.3 kΩ cm2 and 151.3 kΩ cm2, respectively, but it further
decreased to 92.4 kΩ cm2 and 15.8 kΩ cm2 when the 403SS was cou-
pled to the TiO2 film and BiVO4/TiO2 film under white light irradiation,
respectively. This fact indicated that when 403SS was coupled to the
TiO2 or BiVO4/TiO2 film under the irradiation, photogenerated elec-
trons were transferred from the film to the 403SS and accelerated the
electrochemical reaction (cathodic reaction) at the 403SS/solution in-
terface, which made the Rct decrease significantly [24]. Then the 403SS
was cathodically protected from corrosion. The Rct value of the 403SS
coupled with the BiVO4/TiO2 film under white light irradiation was
much lower than that coupled with the TiO2 film, indicating that more
photoelectrons were produced in the BiVO4/TiO2 film and transferred
to the 403SS. Therefore, the BiVO4/TiO2 film showed more effective
photocathodic protection than the TiO2 film, which coincided well with
the above results obtained from the potential and polarization curve
measurements of the 403SS.
3.4. Mechanism
The electron-hole separation and transfer mechanism for the BiVO4/
TiO2 composite film as a photoanode used in the photocathodic pro-
tection for 403SS is illustrated in Fig. 12. The band gap of BiVO4 is
narrower than that of TiO2, and the conduction band edge of BiVO4 is
more negative than that of TiO2. When the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film
was irradiated by white light, the electrons in the valence bands of TiO2
and BiVO4 were excited and transferred to their conduction bands,
respectively. Then, the photoexcited electrons in the conduction band
of BiVO4 were rapidly transferred to the conduction band of TiO2 be-
cause of their different band positions [16,30]. Meanwhile, the photo-
induced holes in the valence band of TiO2 were transferred to the va-
lence band of BiVO4 and consumed by the hole scavengers (SO32−,
OH−, etc.) in the electrolyte. These photoinduced charge carrier se-
paration and transfer processes were beneficial for inhibiting the elec-
tron-hole recombination in the composite film [16,30], and therefore
the electrochemical property of the film was improved. The photo-
excited electrons in the TiO2 conduction band were continuously
transferred to the coupled 403SS through the Ti substrate and external
circuit (Cu wire), which led to a decrease in the potential of the 403SS
from Ecorr to the photoinduced potential (Eph), and made it be cath-
odically protected. Therefore, the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film exhibited
improved photocathodic protection for the stainless steel.
4. Conclusions
This work provides a facile low-temperature solvothermal method
for preparing BiVO4 nanoparticles on the TiO2 nanotube surfaces. A
BiVO4/TiO2 nanotube composite film as a photoanode has been fabri-
cated through anodic oxidation and low temperature solvothermal re-
action. The fabricated BiVO4/TiO2 composite film had a 2.43 eV band
gap narrower than the single TiO2 film, and therefore its light absorp-
tion was extended into the visible region compared with the pure TiO2
nanotube film, which was beneficial in utilizing solar light for photo-
cathodic protection. Under white light irradiation, the photocurrent
density of the composite film in the mixed solution of 0.5 M Na2SO3 and
0.5 M Na2SO4 rose to 271 μA cm−2, and was 8.5 times higher than that

Table 1
Fitting results of EIS spectra of 403SS in a 0.5 M NaCl solution.
Rs R1 CPE1 Rct CPE

2 2 2
Electrode (Ω cm ) (Ω cm ) Y0 n1 (kΩ cm ) Y0 n
(10−5Ω-1 cm-2 sn) (10−5Ω-1 cm-2 sn)
403SS 8.85 / / / 754.1 5.00 0.93
403SS-TiO2 (dark) 8.89 343 14.6 0.85 200.3 14.12 0.86
403SS-BiVO4/TiO2 (dark) 7.98 417 15.7 0.89 151.3 17.86 0.88
403SS-TiO2 (light) 7.93 706 11.8 0.88 92.4 22.7 0.90
403SS-BiVO4/TiO2 (light) 7.84 1212 9.84 0.90 15.8 65.2 0.76

253
X. Wang, et al.
Fig. 12. Illustration of the photoinduced charge transfer mechanism for the BiVO4/TiO2 composite film used in the photocathodic protection for 403SS.
of the single TiO2 nanotube film, suggesting that the composite film had
an higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and the remarkably im-
proved photoelectrochemical performance. When 403SS in a 0.5 M
NaCl solution was coupled to the composite film and TiO2 film under
white light irradiation, its potential decreased by 520 mV and 400 mV
(relative to its corrosion potential), respectively, indicating that the
BiVO4/TiO2 composite film could offer more effective photocathodic
protection for 403SS in a corrosive NaCl solution than the TiO2 film,
which is of importance for practical applications.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Key Research and
Development Program of China (No. 2018YFC1602600), and the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21573182,
51731008, 51801168, 51671163, 21173177, 21621091, and
J1310024)
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 Fein gebunden M. 8.50.
Oppel hat sein Buch mit Begeisterung für das »Wunderland« und
seine alten Bewohner geschrieben; er wollte dadurch die Jugend
und die weiteren Kreise der Gebildeten bekannt machen mit jenem
merkwürdigen Lande und Volke, von dem die andern Völker am
Mittelmeer einen großen Teil ihrer Kultur erhielten, und das dadurch
auf die Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts einen wesentlichen
Einfluß ausübte, wennschon nicht einen so großen, wie früher
angenommen wurde. Überdies darf Ägypten ein noch erhöhtes
Interesse beanspruchen, seitdem seine engen Beziehungen zu
Vorderasien bekannt geworden sind. Die schwere Aufgabe, dieses
Buch der neuen Forschung entsprechend umzugestalten, ohne ihm
zugleich seinen wesentlichen Reiz zu rauben, ist von dem Bearbeiter
der fünften Auflage in vortrefflicher Weise gelöst worden, und das
Buch liegt verjüngt und dem Stande der heutigen Wissenschaft
entsprechend vor, ohne den Geist, in dem Oppel es schrieb, zu
beeinträchtigen. Die p r ä c h t i g e I l l u s t r i e r u n g, bei der
tunlichst die Schöpfungen der Ägypter selbst zur Darstellung
gebracht wurden, erleichtert das Verständnis für die
Weltanschauung der ältesten Kulturvölker.
Das Buch eignet sich vorzüglich als Geschenkwerk für die
studierende Jugend, doch kann es auch jedem Freunde des
Altertums warm empfohlen werden, insbesondere aber auch allen
denen, die sich auf eine Reise nach Ägypten vorbereiten wollen.
Verlag von Otto Spamer in Leipzig
 Die Pyramiden von Giseh. Aus: Karl Oppel »Das alte Wunderland der Pyramiden«.

Der Weltverkehr
und seine Mittel
Mit einer Übersicht über Welthandel und Weltwirtschaft
In neunter Auflage durchaus neu bearbeitet von
Ingenieur C. Merckel, Geheimer Ober-Postrat Münch,
Regierungsbaumeister Nestle, Dr. R. Riedl, Ober-Postrat C.
Schmücker, Kais. Marine-Oberbaurat Tjard Schwarz, Kgl. Wasser-
Bauinspektor Stecher und Prof. L. Troske, Kgl.
Eisenbahnbauinspektor a. D.
Mit 844 Text-Abbildungen sowie 14 teils farbigen Tafeln.
In neuem modernen Einbande M. 15.—
 Innere Einrichtung eines amerikanischen Luxuswagens von
Pullman.

Die Entwickelung des Verkehrswesens zur gegenwärtigen Höhe ist

die großartigste Leistung der modernen Technik; die Trennung durch
Zeit und Raum erscheint fast überwunden. Eine Reise von Berlin
oder Leipzig nach Paris, die noch zu Großvaters Zeiten Wochen
erforderte, wird heute in bequemen, mit allem Komfort
ausgestatteten Wagen in 16 Stunden ausgeführt, und selbst eine
Reise nach Amerika hat ihre Schrecknisse verloren, seit prächtig
ausgestattete Dampfer den Reisenden in sechs Tagen sicher über
den Ozean bringen. Die Errungenschaften der Verkehrstechnik sind
aber auch die interessantesten, da sie jedem einzelnen zugute
kommen und jeder ihren Segen am eignen Leibe verspürt.
Ein Buch, das den modernen Weltverkehr und seine Mittel
schildert, ist für jedermann interessant. Es ist unentbehrlich in der
Bücherei des Kaufmanns wie des Industriellen, des Offiziers und des
Gelehrten.
Der Verkehr zu Lande und zur See, der Bau von S t r a ß e n,
B r ü c k e n, V i a d u k t e n, das große Gebiet des
E i s e n b a h n w e s e n s, Verkehr und Anlage von
W a s s e r s t r a ß e n, Fluß- und Seekanäle, das jetzt so aktuelle
Kapitel vom Schiffbau sind von hervorragenden Fachmännern
behandelt.
Das Buch enthält eine Fülle interessanten Stoffes in lebendiger
anschaulicher Darstellung und ist außerordentlich reich illustriert. Es
ist ein ebenso schönes wie nützliches Geschenkwerk, in dem jeder
bei genußreicher Lektüre reiche Belehrung und Anregung findet.
Insbesondere eignet sich das Buch auch für die heranwachsende
Jugend.
Verlag von Otto Spamer in Leipzig
 Anmerkungen zur Transkription
Inkonsistenzen wurden beibehalten, wenn beide Schreibweisen gebräuchlich waren, wie:

»andere« — »andre«
»anderen« — »andern«
»Awadjēh« — »Awadjeh«
»besserer« — »bessrer«
»Beteuerung« — »Beteurung«
»Burdjkeh« — »Burdschkeh«
»Busān« — »Būsan«
»Chaulik« — »Chaulīk«
»Cilicianischen« — »cilicischen«
»Distriktes« — »Distrikts«
»Dāher« — »Dahēr«
»Edj Djeida« — »Edsch Dscheida«
»eigene« — »eigne«
»Entwickelung« — »Entwicklung«
»Freitags-Gebet« — »Freitagsgebet«
»genaueste« — »genauste«
»Gesichtes« — »Gesichts«
»Ghadīr el Gharz« — »Ghādir el Gharz«
»Hassaniyyeh« — »Hassanīyyeh«
»Bāb el Hawa« — »Bāb el Hawah«
»Kaisariēh« — »Kaisarieh«
»Kamelhaarschnur« — »Kamelshaarschnur«
»Medjideh« — »Medschideh« — »Medschide(s)«
»Mezerīb« — »Mezērib«
»Nahr el 'Awadj« — »Nahr el 'Awadsch«
»offenen« — »offnen«
»Raschid« — »Raschīd«
»Salahijjeh« — »Salahiyyeh«
»seleucidischen« — »seleucischen«
»Syrer« — »Syrier«
»unseren« — »unsern«

Interpunktion wurde ohne Erwähnung korrigiert. Im Text wurden folgende Änderungen

vorgenommen:

S. 2 »Kananiter« in »Kanaaniter« geändert.

S. 3 »schwervermeidlich« in »schwer vermeidlich« geändert.
S. 3 »schlürfte« in »schlurfte« geändert.
S. 10 »Haufe« in »Haufen« geändert.
S. 11 »Gomorrah« in »Gomorrha« geändert.
S. 14 »Māscha-'allah« in »Mascha'llah« geändert.
S. 14 »Schammar« in »Schammār« geändert.
S. 14 »Ibn Sā'oud« in »Ibn Sa'oud« geändert.
S. 18 »lch« in »ich« geändert.
S. 20 »Māscha-'allah« in »Mascha'llah« geändert.
S. 22 »Da'djah« in »Da'dja« geändert.
S. 23 »tradionelle« in »traditionelle« geändert.
S. 27 »kleine« in »kleinen« geändert.
S. 27 »vom den« in »von dem« geändert.
S. 31 »Wallah« in »Wāllah« geändert.
S. 55 »Haurangebirge« in »Haurāngebirge« geändert.
S. 55 »Wallāh« in »Wāllah« geändert.
S. 56 »Māscha'llah« in »Mascha'llah« geändert.
S. 70 »Tufsteinmauern« in »Tuffsteinmauern« geändert.
S. 73 »geheimnißvollen« in »geheimnisvollen« geändert.
S. 74 »Djebeldruz« in »Djebel Druz« geändert.
S. 80 »Djadallah« in »Djad'allah« geändert.
S. 88 »Imtein« in »Imtain« geändert.
S. 92 »Scherarat« in »Scherarāt« geändert.
S. 103 »hauranischer« in »haurānischer« geändert.
S. 108 »Chittab« in »Chittāb« geändert.
S. 111 »Tufsteine« in »Tuffsteine« geändert.
S. 112 »Aber den« in »Aber der« geändert.
S. 116 »'Awad« in »'Awād« geändert.
S. 118 »der Lavastromes« in »des Lavastromes« geändert.
S. 120 »unbeanwortete« in »unbeantwortete« geändert.
S. 122 »'Awad« in »'Awād« geändert.
S. 126 »Lahîteh« in »Lahiteh« geändert.
S. 146 »Schekīb el Arslan« in »Schekīb el Arslān« geändert.
S. 146 »Schehīb war« in »Schekīb war« geändert.
S. 149 »Orman« in »Ormān« geändert.
S. 158 »abwechselungsreiche« in »abwechslungsreiche« geändert.
S. 170 »Sefīnet Nuh« in »Sefinet Nuh« geändert.
S. 187 »ein ruhige« in »eine ruhige« geändert.
S. 197 »Kāmaikām« in »Kāimakām« geändert.
S. 215 »Gesammteinkommen« in »Gesamteinkommen« geändert.
S. 216 »erhob den Gast« in »erhob der Gast« geändert.
S. 223 »schlechtgeleitetes« in »schlecht geleitetes« geändert.
S. 228 »Mustapha« in »Mustafa« geändert.
S. 230 »Ma'an« in »Ma'ān« geändert.
S. 251 »mit einer« in »mit einem« geändert.
S. 255 »in das Bereich« in »in den Bereich« geändert.
S. 258 »Nazīm Pascha« in »Nāzim Pascha« geändert.
S. 262 »unsre Abreise« in »unsrer Abreise« geändert.
S. 263 »Nadjib« in »Nadjīb« geändert.
S. 268 »Kalb Lozeh« in »Kalb Lōzeh« geändert.
S. 286 »an einen« in »an einem« geändert.
S. 301 »Reschid« in »Reschīd« geändert.
S. 316 »Djebel Zāwijjeh« in »Djebel Zawijjeh« geändert.
 S. 324 »Fāriz« in »Fāris« geändert.
S. 324 »Māscha'llah« in »Mascha'llah« geändert.
S. 328 »'Adwan« in »'Adwān« geändert.
S. 328 »'Asi-Sumpf« in »'Asī-Sumpf« geändert.
S. 328 »Gischgasch« in »Gischgāsch« geändert.
S. 329 »Umm el 'Amud« in »Umm el 'Amūd« geändert.
S. 329 »Baitokakē« in »Baitokaikē« geändert.
S. 329 »Belkaraber« in »Belkaaraber« geändert.
S. 329 »Cālycadnus« in »Calycadnus« geändert.
S. 329 Seitennummern bei »Da'dja« sortiert.
S. 329 »Din« in »Dīn« geändert.
S. 330 »Fayyat« in »Fayyād« geändert.
S. 330 »Fellahin-Bank« in »Fellahīn-Bank« geändert.
S. 331 »Kuwāk« in »Kuwēk« geändert.
S. 331 »Lahîteh« in »Lahiteh« geändert.
S. 332 »Ma'an« in »Ma'ān« geändert.
S. 332 »Mabuk« in »Mabūk« geändert.
S. 333 »Surkangā« in »Surkanyā« geändert.
S. 333 »Sir, Wādi« in »Sīr, Wādi« geändert.
S. 334 »Tarutin« in »Tarutīn« geändert.
S. 344 »Pullmann« in »Pullman« geändert.

S. 26 »Haspel und Weife« meint das Perlenschnur-Ornament. »Kuweit« ist als »Kweit«
geschrieben, das wurde nicht geändert.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DURCH DIE
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