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PALGRAVE STUDIES
IN THE HISTORY OF EMOTIONS

Feeling Political
Emotions and Institutions since 1789
Ute Frevert · Kerstin Maria Pahl et al.
Palgrave Studies in the History of Emotions

Series Editors
David Lemmings
School of Humanities
University of Adelaide
Adelaide, Australia

William M. Reddy
Department of History 226 Carr Bldg
Duke University
Durham, NC, USA

Erin Sullivan
University of Birmingham
Birmingham, UK
Palgrave Studies in the History of Emotions includes work that redefines
past definitions of emotions; re-conceptualizes theories of emotional
‘development’ through history; undertakes research into the genesis and
effects of mass emotions; and employs a variety of humanities disciplines
and methodologies. In this way it produces a new interdisciplinary history
of the emotions in Europe between 1100 and 2000.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14584
 Ute Frevert • Kerstin Maria Pahl
Francesco Buscemi • Philipp Nielsen
Agnes Arndt • Michael Amico
Karsten Lichau • Hannah Malone
Julia Wambach • Juliane Brauer
Caroline Moine

Feeling Political
Emotions and Institutions
since 1789
Ute Frevert Kerstin Maria Pahl
Max Planck Institute for Human Max Planck Institute for Human
Development, Berlin, Germany Development, Berlin, Germany
Francesco Buscemi Philipp Nielsen
University of Groningen Sarah Lawrence College
Groningen, Netherlands Bronxville, USA
Agnes Arndt Michael Amico
Max Planck Institute for Human Max Planck Institute for Human
Development, Berlin, Germany Development, Berlin, Germany
Karsten Lichau Hannah Malone
Max Planck Institute for Human University of Groningen
Development, Berlin, Germany Groningen, Netherlands
Julia Wambach Juliane Brauer
Max Planck Institute for Human University of Wuppertal
Development, Berlin, Germany Wuppertal, Germany
Caroline Moine
Max Planck Institute for Human
Development, Berlin, Germany
Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France

Palgrave Studies in the History of Emotions

ISBN 978-3-030-89857-1    ISBN 978-3-030-89858-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89858-8

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2022. This book is an open access
publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
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use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as
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 Preface

According to political lore, matters that occur twice are a recurrence,

those that occur three times a tradition. If we take this as a yardstick, then
we can confidently say that collaborative research projects by the Center
for the History of Emotions at the Max Planck Institute for Human
Development in Berlin have by now become custom and practice. Feeling
Political is the fourth instalment in a series of co-authored monographs
produced here: Emotional Lexicons appeared in 2011 (in German and in
2014 in English), followed by Learning How to Feel in 2014 (both Oxford
University Press) and Encounters with Emotions in 2019 (Berghahn).
Preserving the best strategies from these previous undertakings, we
pooled the interdisciplinary expertise of the Center’s international team of
researchers but went further in terms of topicality. Feeling Political is both
a historical study and a contemporary commentary. It broaches a theme
salient to the twenty-first century: how emotions impact politics. By rigor-
ously reconstructing the genealogy of contemporary phenomena, it looks
not only at the public and political realm and their institutions but also,
crucially, at the emotions and emotional templates at stake within them.
Feeling Political is more than just an edited volume. The writing pro-
cess involved quarterly group meetings beginning at the end of 2019, in-­
between meetings of sub-groups, the circulation of memos, the joint
reading of secondary literature, and, most importantly, constant revisions
and rewriting. This intense group work enabled mutual constructive criti-
cism of an unusual depth, which helped to sharpen both the individual and
the overarching arguments.

v
vi PREFACE

All authors were deeply committed to the project, but they would have
stood no chance without the support of a dedicated, forward-thinking,
quick, and resilient back office. We express our gratitude to Kate Davison,
Daniela Petrosino, Karola Rockmann, and Kerstin Singer, as well as our
student assistants, among them Carlos Cruz Sanchez, Ruby Guyot, Lena
Herenz, Philine Höhn, Pia Kleine, Kian Riedel, and Marlen Schulze for
proofreading, formatting, securing the image rights, indexing, and many
other indispensable tasks, small and large. Emily Russell of Palgrave took
good care of us throughout the entire process. We acknowledge the finan-
cial support of the Max Planck Institute for Human Development, which
allowed us to make the book available to a broad readership via open access.

Berlin, Germany Ute Frevert

Berlin, Germany Kerstin Maria Pahl
Groningen, Netherlands Francesco Buscemi
Bronxville, USA Philipp Nielsen
Berlin, Germany Agnes Arndt
Berlin, Germany Michael Amico
Berlin, Germany Karsten Lichau
Groningen, Netherlands Hannah Malone
Berlin, Germany Julia Wambach
Wuppertal, Germany Juliane Brauer
Berlin, Germany / Paris, France Caroline Moine
Paris, France
 Acknowledgements

We acknowledge financial support by the Max Planck Institute for Human

Development.

vii
 Contents

1 Introducing Political Feelings: Participatory Politics,

Institutions, and Emotional Templates  1
Ute Frevert and Kerstin Maria Pahl

2 Feeling Political in Public Administration: French

Bureaucracy between Militancy and Sens de l’État,
1789–2019 27
Francesco Buscemi

3 Feeling Political in Parliament: Rules, Regulations,

and the Rostrum, Germany 1849–1951 59
Philipp Nielsen

4 Feeling Political Through Law: The Emergence of an

International Criminal Jurisdiction, 1899–2019 91
Agnes Arndt

5 Feeling Political Through Pictures: Portrayals of US

Presidents, 1796–2020121
Kerstin Maria Pahl

6 Feeling Political Through the Radio: President

Roosevelt’s Fireside Chats, 1933–1944159
Michael Amico

ix
x Contents

7 Feeling Political on Armistice Day: Institutional

Struggles in Interwar France189
Karsten Lichau

8 Feeling Political in Military Cemeteries: Commemoration

Politics in Fascist Italy219
Hannah Malone

9 Feeling Political Through a Football Club:

FC Schalke 04, 1904–2020249
Julia Wambach

10 Feeling Political by Collective Singing: Political Youth

Organizations in Germany, 1920–1960277
Juliane Brauer

11 Feeling Political across Borders: International Solidarity

Movements, 1820s–1980s307
Caroline Moine

12 Feeling Political in Demonstrations: Street Politics in

Germany, 1832–2018341
Ute Frevert

Person Index373

Subject Index379
 Notes on Contributors

Michael Amico is Researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Human

Development. He holds a PhD in American Studies from Yale University.
He has written about how to assess the importance of Abraham Lincoln’s
intimate relationships with men and the melodramatic politics of same-sex
marriage. His methods are informed by poetic and dramatic structures
and techniques. More generally he is interested in how emotion congeals
around sexual identity and behaviour and challenges the stability of social
hierarchies. He is the author, with Michael Bronski and Ann Pellegrini, of
‘You Can Tell Just by Looking’: And 20 Other Myths about LGTB Life and
People (2013) and a finalist for the Lambda Literary Award in Nonfiction.
Agnes Arndt is Researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Human
Development. She was a Gerald D. Feldman Fellow at the German
Historical Institutes in London, Paris, and Warsaw and has published two
award-winning monographs on the political transformation of East Central
Europe: Rote Bürger: Eine Milieu- und Beziehungsgeschichte linker
Dissidenz in Polen (2013) and Intellektuelle in der Opposition: Diskurse zur
Zivilgesellschaft in der Volksrepublik Polen (2007). She is currently working
on a third monograph on the relationship between emotions and capital-
ism in Germany from the 1840s to the present.
Juliane Brauer is Professor of History and History Didactics at the
University of Wuppertal. She studied modern history and musicology at
Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and the University of Bielefeld. She spe-

xi
xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

cializes in modern German history, history of emotions, music, and the

­relationship between emotion and torture in the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries. Her publications include Zeitgefühle: Wie die DDR ihre Zukunft
besang (2020) ‘Music, Body and Emotion Between Well-being,
Manipulation and Torture in the Twentieth Century’ in the Routledge
Companion to Music, Mind and Well-being: Historical and Scientific
Perspectives (2019), ‘“Stille Nacht” Time and Again: Christmas Songs and
Christmas Feelings’ in The Public Work of Christmas: Difference &
Belonging in Multicultural Societies (2019), and ‘How Can Music Be
Torturous? Music in Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps’ in
Music and Politics 10, no. 1 (2016).
Francesco Buscemi is Assistant Professor in the Department of History
of Government and Politics in Modern Times at the University of
Groningen. He holds a PhD in History from the Université Paris 1
Panthéon-Sorbonne and the Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa. He was a
Visiting Associate Fellow and Ermenegildo Zegna Founder’s Scholar in
the Department of History of the University of Warwick. His research
interests span a broad range of eighteenth-century topics focusing on the
cultural aspects of the French Revolution in Europe and the religious cul-
ture of the Counter-revolution. His forthcoming book deals with the his-
tory of modern political loyalty and oath-taking in France and Italy
between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As Researcher at the
Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin, he worked on a
monograph on the birth of a new canon of public speaking and the emo-
tional engagement of the audience. His publications include ‘The
Importance of Being Revolutionary: Oath-taking and the “Feeling Rules”
of Violence (1789–1794)’ in French History 33, no. 2 (2019).
Ute Frevert is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Human
Development in Berlin, where she founded the Research Center for the
History of Emotions in 2008. She was Professor of German History at
Yale University from 2003 to 2007, having previously taught history at
the universities of Konstanz and Bielefeld and the Freie Universität in
Berlin. She holds an honorary doctorate from the University of Tampere,
Finland, and is an elected member of the governing bodies of the German
National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and the Berlin-Brandenburg
Academy of Sciences and Humanities, as well as a Corresponding Fellow
of the British Academy. Among her best-­known works are The Politics of
Humiliation: A Modern History (2020), Emotions in History—Lost and
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii

Found (2011), A Nation in Barracks: Modern Germany, Military

Conscription and Civil Society (2004), Men of Honour: A Social and
Cultural History of the Duel (1995), and Women in German History: From
Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation (1989). Her latest book is
on The Power of Emotions in Twentieth-Century Germany (forthcom-
ing 2022).
Karsten Lichau is Researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Human
Development in Berlin. He has worked at the Centre Marc Bloch, Berlin,
and, as a Fellow, at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science.
His research interests include the historical anthropology of the body and
the senses, with special focuses on the social and cultural history of the
face, on sound history, and on the history of emotions. In his current
book project, a history of the Minute’s Silence in Great Britain, France,
and Germany, he examines how silence, emotions, and the transformation
of religious gestures in secular contexts interact in staging politics. Selected
literature: ‘Soundproof Silences? Towards a Sound History of Silence’ in
International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity 7, no. 1 (2019),
‘Secularizing Silent Bodies: Emotional Practices in the Minute’s Silence’
in Secular Bodies, Affects and Emotions: European Configurations, ed.
Monique Scheer, Nadia Fadil, and Birgitte Schepelern Johansen (2019).
Hannah Malone is Assistant Professor in Contemporary History at the
University of Groningen. She is also the co-founder of a research network
dedicated to the transnational and comparative study of Fascist Italy and
Nazi Germany. She is currently writing a book on the use of grief as a
political instrument in Fascist Italy. After completing a doctorate at the
University of Cambridge, she worked as a Rome Fellow at the British
School at Rome, as a Research Fellow and Lecturer at Magdalene College
Cambridge, as a Humboldt Fellow at the Freie Universität Berlin, and
most recently as a Researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Human
Development in Berlin. Her publications include Architecture, Death and
Nationhood: Monumental Cemeteries of Nineteenth-Century Italy (2017)
and a prize-winning article entitled ‘The Republican Legacy of Italy’s
Fascist Ossuaries of the First World War’ in Modern Italy 24, no. 2 (2019).
Caroline Moine is Assistant Professor for Modern History and member
of the Centre d’histoire culturelle des sociétés contemporaines at the
Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ). She is Associate Researcher at the Centre
Marc Bloch in Berlin and Post-doctoral Fellow at the Max Planck Institute
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

for Human Development. A specialist in the cultural history of the Cold

War, her current research investigates international solidarity mobiliza-
tions in Europe in the 1970s and 1980s. Among her most recent publica-
tions are Screened Encounters: The Leipzig Documentary Film Festival,
1955–1990 (2018), Internationale Solidarität: Globales Engagement in der
Bundesrepublik und der DDR (edited with Frank Bösch and Stefanie
Senger, 2018), and Solidarité! Mobilisations politiques internationales
(edited with Alexandre Dupont, special issue of Temps des Médias
33, 2019).
Philipp Nielsen is Assistant Professor for Modern European History at
Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, and Associate Researcher at the Max
Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin. He received is PhD
from Yale University in 2012. His publications include Between Heimat
and Hatred: Jews and the Right in Germany, 1871–1935 (2019),
Architecture, Democracy and Emotions: The Politics of Feeling after 1945
(edited with Till Großmann, 2019), and Encounters with Emotions:
Negotiating Cultural Differences since Early Modernity (edited with Benno
Gammerl and Magrit Pernau, 2019).
Kerstin Maria Pahl is Researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Human
Development in Berlin and an Associate Research Fellow at the Université
de Québec à Montréal’s history department. She holds a BA in China
Studies and an MA in Art History from Freie Universität Berlin as well as
a joint PhD in Art and Visual History from Humboldt Universität zu
Berlin and King’s College London. She is currently finishing her first book
manuscript on Life Writing and the Portrait in England, c. 1680 to 1750
and working on a study of indifference, insensibility, and unfeelingness in
eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain. Her publications include
Enlightened Citizens: Navigating Values, Rules, and Spaces in Eighteenth-
Century Europe (co-edited with Julien Puget, forthcoming 2022),
‘Autographing the Self: Self-Portayal through Lettering in Eighteenth-
Century England’ in Journal18, no. 8 (2019), and ‘An Intersectional
Likeness: Godfrey Kneller’s Portrait of Michael Alphonsus Shen Fuzong
(“The Chinese Convert”, 1687)’ in Revue Histoire de l’Art 82, no.
1 (2018).
Julia Wambach is Researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Human
Development and an Associate Researcher at Centre Marc Bloch Berlin.
She holds a PhD in Late Modern European History from University of
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv

California, Berkeley, and an MA from Ruhr-Universität Bochum. She is

currently working on a social and emotional history of deindustrialization
in Germany and France through the lens of football. She is also finishing
a book manuscript based on her dissertation titled ‘Learning from Defeat:
The French Occupation of Germany after Two World Wars’. Her publica-
tions include ‘Vichy in Baden-­ Baden—The Personnel of the French
Occupation in Germany after 1945’ in Contemporary European History
28, no. 3 (2019).
 List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Example of strings of written oaths sent to the Central

Administration, Paris, Archives Nationales, F/1CIII/Seine/22.
(Photo by Amanda Maffei, courtesy of Archives Nationales) 32
Fig. 2.2 Certificate of affiliation to the National Guard, Départment de
Paris, arrondissement ‘des Carmes’, 31 March 1792, Paris,
Archives Nationales, F/1CIII/Seine/22. (Photo by Amanda
Maffei, courtesy of Archives Nationales) 33
Fig. 2.3 Detail of Trait sublime de courage et de dévouëment, etching by
Villeneuve, Paris, 1792. (Courtesy of Bibliothèque nationale de
France, département Estampes et photographie, http://
catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb402538196)35
Fig. 5.1 App #GeorgeTalks. Still from Avantgarde Gesellschaft für
Kommunikation mbH, ‘George Washington Admonishes
Donald Trump (Augmented Reality iPhone App)
#GeorgeTalks’, 19 January 2017, YouTube video, 0:22 122
Fig. 5.2 Gilbert Stuart, George Washington (The Lansdowne Portrait),
1796, oil on canvas, 247.6 × 158.7 cm. (© National Portrait
Gallery, Washington, Smithsonian Institution; acquired as a gift
to the nation through the generosity of the Donal W. Reynolds
Foundation)127
Fig. 5.3 Charles Le Brun, Boldness (la hardiesse), 1660s, ink on paper,
19.6 × 25.4 cm. (© bpk/Musée du Louvre, Dist. RMN—
Grand Palais) 129
Fig. 5.4 Mourning ring for George Washington, ca. 1800. (Courtesy of
Bridgeman Art Library) 131

xvii
xviii List of Figures

Fig. 5.5 Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1930. (Franklin D. Roosevelt

Presidential Library & Museum) 136
Fig. 5.6 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Captain John McCrea, August 1942.
(Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum) 138
Fig. 5.7 President Roosevelt working with his stamp collection in the
White House, 5 May 1936. (Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential
Library & Museum) 139
Fig. 5.8 First page of Gerald W. Johnson, ‘“Devil or Demigod?”: In a
Great Crisis a Great Liberal Has Not Yet Unified the Republic’,
Life, 24 November 1941, 75–82 141
Fig. 5.9 Shepard Fairey, Obama Hope, colour screen print poster, 2008.
(National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of
Chisholm Larsson Gallery, New York City. Illustration courtesy
of Shepard Fairey/Obeygiant.com) 144
Fig. 5.10 Elisha Fieldstadt, ‘Hilarious Obama Memes’, CBS News, 21
December 2016 147
Fig. 5.11 Former US President Bill Clinton and Senator Hillary Clinton
stand by their official White House portraits during the
unveiling event hosted by President George W. Bush and First
Lady Laura Bush, 14 June 2004. (Photo by Tim Sloan/AFP via
Getty Images) 150
Fig. 8.1 The ossuary of Redipuglia, Italy, Giovanni Greppi and
Giannino Castiglioni (1935–1938). (Photo by Hannah
Malone, 2014) 220
Fig. 8.2 The ossuary of Monte Grappa, Italy, Giovanni Greppi and
Giannino Castiglioni (1932–1935). (Photo by Hannah Malone,
2014)227
Fig. 8.3 The ossuary of Redipuglia, Italy, Giovanni Greppi
and Giannino Castiglioni (1935–1938). (Photo by Hannah
Malone, 2014) 236
Fig. 10.1 Wann wir schreiten Seit’ and Seit’ by Michael Englert and
Hermann Claudius 282
Fig. 10.2 Three new verses of Wann wir schreiten Seit’ and Seit’ in
National Socialist songbooks. (Stoverock, Musik, 297–98;
Dithmar, ‘Lied’, 27) 292
Fig. 11.1 Eugène Delacroix, La Grèce sur les ruines de Missolonghi, 1826,
oil on canvas, 213 × 142 cm. © Musée des Beaux-Arts de
Bordeaux314
 List of Figures  xix

Fig. 11.2 Poster published by the Ministry of Propaganda, Spain in

1937 in English, French, and Spanish. English version: ©
Imperial War Museum (Art.IVM PST 8660); French version: ©
The Museum of Modern Art, New York/Photo SCALA,
Florence; Spanish version: Museum für Gestaltung Zürich,
Plakatsammlung, archive no. K-0028 319
Fig. 11.3 Album cover of the last speech of Salvador Allende, 1973,
published by Eterna, VEB Deutsche Schallplatten 326
Fig. 11.4 Chile mural in the Central Hall of the University of Bielefeld,
1976. © Britta Ledebur, 7 November 2014, Archive of
Bielefeld University 328
 CHAPTER 1

Introducing Political Feelings: Participatory

Politics, Institutions, and Emotional Templates

Ute Frevert and Kerstin Maria Pahl

Politics in the early twenty-first century, we are told, is buzzing with emo-
tions. Around the globe, journalists and political scientists say they are
observing a growing tendency by politicians to appeal to people’s emotions
and by citizens to act emotionally. Emotions, they contend, have invaded
political campaign rhetoric, thanks to the rise of populist parties with their
antagonistic and polarizing agendas and the ubiquity of social media.1
This book seeks to set the record straight. As historians, we argue that
modern politics has always had a close affinity with emotions and embraced
adversarial confrontation. Ever since politics ceased being the monopoly
of an absolutist or semi-absolutist ruler with an entourage of ministers and
councillors, the state has been confronted by increasing numbers of citi-
zens who, having developed a growing awareness of themselves as political
beings, have started ‘feeling political’.2 In actively caring about the way
they are governed, they have claimed the right to a say as well as the right
to be heard. They have formed opinions about public matters and voiced
and negotiated them in various forums and arenas of political communica-
tion. In the modern age of mass participation, ‘feeling political’ has

1
On the growing literature on populism, see Mudde, Populist; Moffitt, Populism; Müller,
Populism; Manow, Populismus; Rosanvallon, Populisme. See also Davies, ‘How Feelings’;
Wigura and Kuisz, ‘Power of Human Emotion’.
2
Rosanvallon, Democracy; Rosanvallon, Society of Equals, ch. 1.

© The Author(s) 2022 1

U. Frevert et al., Feeling Political, Palgrave Studies in the History
of Emotions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89858-8_1
2 U. FREVERT ET AL.

become a shared experience, not only enabled but templated by and within
a variety of institutions.
Written in close collaboration by a team of eleven historians, this book
makes three interventions into the history and theory of modern politics.
First, we highlight the different ways in which politics became or was
imagined as participatory in Western Europe and North America since the
late eighteenth and early nineteenth century by paying attention to
national and historical specificities. Second, we focus on the role of institu-
tions in organizing, enabling, motivating, channelling, or enforcing politi-
cal participation in diverse formats and with different meanings. Third, we
introduce the concept of emotional templating to analyse how institutions
at various points in time have invited and incited their members to ‘feel
political’.

Politics and Emotion: A Special Affair

In political theory as much as in ideal notions of political practice, emo-
tions have often occupied a difficult position. Ideally, as many have
claimed, politics should work without emotion or at least keep emotions
at bay. At the same time, few have doubted the importance of emotional
ties between rulers and ruled. Political authority, as Max Weber stated in
the early twentieth century, can be based on multiple sources of legitima-
tion: on tradition, faith in the law, and personal charisma.3 Charismatic
leaders have come the closest to constructing strong emotional bonds
with their followers in an obvious way. Yet, citizens who believe in the
power of tradition or the rule of law and due process have likewise brought
emotions into the political field. The act of believing and keeping faith, of
trusting and building confidence, has not solely relied on rational calcula-
tion but has involved emotions that have, in turn, been kindled by politi-
cians and other activists. Weber knew by experience that activists are
themselves led by a passionate commitment to certain goals, values, and
interests. Even though politics is done ‘with the head, not with other parts
of the body, nor the soul’, dedication to politics can ‘only be born of and
sustained by passion’.4

3
Weber, Theory, part III; for a sketch of nineteenth-century emotional politics in Europe,
see Frevert, ‘In Public’.
4
Weber, ‘Politics’, 181. See also Bruhns, ‘Contribution’.
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