hethad’ of estinguiahment 10 ute however, such building fire, firefight pow class of fre, but a combination of fre classes. Bul EiEhede of many Kinds of materials, such as wood, mas000, buildings are provided with electricity, joves and furnaces. fires or crashes may present many fre Airerat combinations because all aircrafts use some kind of flammable fie. With all the electrical equipment on board, an extra hazard fe Cass Band Class C may be encountered. ‘The danger of GuseD fre will alo be present because certain parts of the SSreraf are made up of alloys such as aluminum, magnesium, {tnd othere that support combustions. ‘The diferences between materiale that will burn are very important. Simply knowing that & material wil burn helps you ver litle. “Wood will burn” ia general statement; the kind of trood hard or soft: thick or thin will you to know when and how {ct it wil burn. Thia still doean give you enough information on ‘Daramable material ‘The size of the wood particles (kgs, boards, shavings dust), whether dry, wet, painted or unpainted; if the wood is rminable paint or a firevetardant paint for what reasons? All these information- ‘hough helpful-stil isn enough. Petroleum products are those which are manufactured from crude ol as it comes from the ground, has weight, can burn, can be vaporized, has color, pour less easily if chilled, and has many other means of entiication. These are, in general sense, much the same, However, ifyou were to say that crude oil a evoline are identical because they both can burn, then you (ould not be distinguishing between two materials. Both ‘materials can vaporise, but that doesn’ make them alike either. ‘Therefore, we cannot identify a product by ite general properties, Until the product is broken down into its specific fempesature, sights, colors, and etc. 14 know the contents of a buildup when the container fable to buree the tank or ‘As freighters, you. shoul container to determine the pressure Tette'a fie, Too high a pressure {htliwise endanger life or ives Liquids defined Jquids are Auids that donot when heated to 100 degrees F (psia is Al a ee generate more than 40 psia ‘pound-per-equare inch mine whether a fuid should be classed as a gas or @ (ated. hid reersucen in testing, 1. Placed the fuid in a closed container equipped with pressure gauge, then raised the temperature, of the Container and contents to 100 degrees F. As the Muid _ faring et eaten «pes, he gruge wil how it 2° Ada the gauge reading to the atmospheric pressure, an Sbsolute pressure reading is obtained. The atmospheric pressure fs the normal sa level pressure of 14.7 ps ‘Suppose the gauge reading is 29 pai plus the atmospheric prensure of 14.7 pal, the total would be 43.7 (9. + 14.7) psig. Foie would identify the uid asa gas (over 40)- If the gauge ‘reading ia 25 pel and the atmospheric pressure ia 14.7, the sum ‘The fluid then would be just within the liquid seadbe 7 i peoute: Vaid promt dito howe Oy. gee a== {Too degrees Fand a vapor preabure not over 40 pala at 100 F. Seo ene moa +) Clase IA any lil that has « fashpoint below 73 F, and ‘boiling pint (BP) below 100 a ‘+ Ciass 15 any qui that has a flashpoint below 73 F, and {boing pnt at or above JOO F ia + Chass 1C "any liquid ai has a Gashpoint below 100 F, Dut mot below 73F og? BE sot B. Combustible guide that have flashpoint at or ove 100 -F They ate subdivided into the following ‘categories "Chass I~ any guid having « flashpoint ator above Sis liguid having « Neshpoi oor + Claas A= any quid having a fashpoint ator below 340 Band below F + Giaae IIB = any Squid having & flashpoint ator aioe 200 (Onses are classed by their chemical, physical properties and usage A. Chemical Properties - chemical properties of gaves are of ‘pre trent to Breighters, aa they reflect the ability of She gas to react within itor with other materia, The Chemical properties of gases may be broken down foows: ‘Flammable gases - any gas that which burn in Formal concentrations of oxygen in the air. These (gece are subjected to the same conditer faminable vapors. 2. Nenfmmae pare any guce that wi oot in ‘of theee il. support ‘combustion and are called osidizeca. Those that Gd not napport combustion are called ines ges. 4, Samiecgaaen, any” gases that may. come Peeighting forts du oe wciou ie basa 1h Physical Properties - is the physical bhasior of a aap Tear Sutee end inede its container and when pee catally released, these are of prime interest to Freighter ‘The Enasicel Classification ne the lowing: = matter which ie slely in a a, Eg gy ay cn cae pe 2 7d pty ld ot poral empraree {Enide tie container and remain under presure wise any id aim the container. SUSRES taey" gas wien semaine a acd Soe Eales at temperature ar teow mal emperatre ’ © Usage = Classification of gases ix made by their usages Momence there wil be much overlapping ia theve usages 1. Buel gasea-gnses which buen with air to produce Feat, power, ight 2. indlaisa gases gases used in industrial geeeoes auch ex: water treatment, welding and uttng,refigeration, and ee 3. Masicalanmey -gazce used for medial purpoeey {uch as therapy and anesthesia om Combustible solids ave those which ignite burn and ‘change chemically when subjected to heat oF fie, The eat must te approximately 350° For higher "Above. tis tempers, Sigh vapors or exsen to DUET ‘ordinary materials wal give lf 6 ‘Examples are wood, paper, and slothsanding ‘There combustible solide are classed as hazardous chemicals and| should be kept in suitable containers. They should be seperated: {rom each other materials which react with them has nieney ie “ingest Serine ah cuene “ee hee Whey piyeeed wit bara dhisagh mere quit het © Sek {Ui ule same theknen. "The exterior abd mane pede Vid use binder reine which have some fre renatance and ot burn ee rapidly am the ordinary grades. Combustible Metals - most of combustible metals are chemical elements which are part of earth's composition. Very few if any, are found in the natural state, aa in gold. The pure metal is extracted from mineral ore deposits by chemical rocesses. “Steel - In ite usual form is non-combustible, however, steel woo! and flings can be ignited under certain conditions. in Wiucning building, structural steel may heat rapidly, lose ite Swength, and. deform. Corrugated steel sheeting, usually Tinmblaca or coated with asphalt compounds is extensively used (uPNiding and roofing. Some ofthe asphalt coated materials will tonite, aed the burning asphalt has a tendency to melt, rapidly “Mending the fre, Al sheetmetal panels, siding, roofs, and jlontions tend to deform under fire conditions. ‘Some of the combustible metals are the following: 1 Sean S. Magnesiusn é 38 + ihe + Zoom 8 Sedum potassium avs Moot of the fre hasarde asocated with combustible smctale ae ound inthe manulacturng processes The herds Jou mugs ce ar normaly the folabea reduc fected on Th arean or miedc or strap or recopertton Sails Combustible and non-combustible are used as construction matenals 3. Masonry - In general, brick, stone, and concrete are conaidefed Riv resistant. Under conditions of prolong exposure to treat, may crack of spall (crumbled), If suddenly cooled by the stuter from a hose stream, the surface of a heated masonry wall fay erack or spall with a near-explosive force and destructive ‘tects on the wall i 4. Mincllancous Constnuction Materials -In addition to the jr wiost common building materials, there are number of other ‘rela that are used in all type of buildings. These types of Fire Eifects on Building Materials Building materiale have varying degrees of resistance to fire, depending on their composition, arrangement, and the amount of heat generated in the fire. There is no such thing “Gireprool” since all building materials are affected by fire. Other factors, such as density, thickness, building protective devices fand surface weatment, ‘result in diflering effects on building ‘materials under fire conditions. These factors influence the rtes (of flame propagation and initial ignition. fects of Fire on Various Materiats: 1, Weed - Wood burns with an open flame and it chars depending upon ite type, condition, thickness. Laminated wood rders, etc, will burn more readily than sold timbers of the ‘Same dimensions, Wood ‘shingles will burn readily, and under ‘certain conditions will curl and fy off «roof or wal, spreading fire ‘wre normally Used for interior finishes, roofing, oF ve purposes, ‘Mastic sheeting - A translucent, corrugated, plastic. impregnated fiberglass panels used for’ natural liktmination of structures. "Their combustbilty varies ‘according to the type of plastic used aa a binder. Most types are slightly less combustible than wood, but stil burn readily Glass - While glass is noncombustible, its normal Dnittleness is increased by sudden cooling, This causes it to erack and shatter. Under conditions of elevated fre Temperatures, glass, whether in the form of window panes ‘or blocks may melt and rua,Tconng, ana shingles ~ AN the to'n degree, depending on the relat jaterial compounds in they eprint mounts of asphalt and inert makeup. Clay tile - These are used for floor covering, partitions flues, ete, tile can be generally classed with masonry noncombustible. Under fire conditions, its behavior Similar to masonry, depending upon its thickness, density they decompose readily under heat and emit flammat gases with a correspondingly high rate of fla Propagation. Certain compressed, hard surfaced boas ‘composed of wood fiber with phenolic binder materials. be considered slow-burning. The so-called “marine” “tempered” hardboards are in this slow-burning category. Gypsum board - Widely used as an interior finish partitions, walls, and ceilings, it is regarded oncombustible. | Under fire conditions (especially if ‘cools suddenly) it may crack and splinter or chip. When is installed over wood studs in an approved manner gyprum board protects one face of the combusti material ; Plastics and synthetic resins - To date more types ai forms of plastics and synthetic resins are commonly used} , and for related purposes. Thei} ‘as building mate ‘behavior under fire conditions varies widely, according ta their chemical composition, ranging from essentially noncombustible through slow burning; to _highl flammable No general rule of fire behavior can ‘established for these materials, Also, toxicity of 1 scourtical and ineuiation materials Compooed ot afta Sr “igetsble. materials are combustible, while. thoee. ot Thkteral origin are not. Under fire conditions, even those Tormally “regarded aa noncombustible maybe Ginintegrated or severely damaged by relatively lite heat fiowever, some acoustical tiles, when used with approved Howmblies, wil provide 1, 2, and 4 hour protection ‘tgninet the passage of flame, Fire Retardant Treatment ‘two General Types of Fire-Retardant: 1.) Surface Coating - is usually used in combination with a paint, decompose at the point of contact of a flame or other heat source to form a blister filled with an infinite number of tiny bubbles. These bubbles insulate the point against further effects of heat until additional flame contact decomposes and disintegrates the blister. 2. Impregnation - It ia usually done at a processing plant or factory by forcing solutions of fire-retardant chemicals, under ‘pressure, into the pores of the materials to be protected, Hoth treatments vary on its effectiveness, depending on the muterial to be treated, the chemicals used, and the efficiency of the cvaling or impregnation. Neither is considered to be the equal ‘of noncombustible construction. Some solids, such as metals, bie magnesium and titanium are often used as constructiona Classification Marien (Lewen 14) the hazards” associated with eee combuscble metals In the year 1976, the U.S. Department of Defense me pe fn ene heey ‘© Defias com wat jut explosives and other dangerous materials. EN caeongeis Generate esl qadend pana mer us Do opened os eee ctusalteation system. based ‘on a system: recommended for “NSinational use by the United Nations Organization (UNO}. fare the listings ofall nine UNO Clasees of Dangerous devel it id. oF ga, What isa combystiie Houid? What ina eramable ai? Class 1.- Explosives Class 1 is divided into four divisions which indicate the tape of hazards expected. ‘A. Glass Division 1 Class 1 detonating explosives comparable to Quantiy- Distance (Q-D]Class 7 and M designated items. ‘Assigned to this class are principally blast hazards. They tiny be expected to mass detonate when a small portion is Initiated by any means, such as fre, severe concussion oF Impact impulse ofan initiating agent. 1. Claws Division 1.2 Nonmass detonating, fragment producing explosives. ‘These items for which the principal hazards may be Sragments, toxicity, oF blast. ©. Class Division 1.3, {t includes explosives that present a mass fsa hazard. lems assigned to this class usually burn vigorously with Mle or no possibilty of extinguishing fires that have ttined headway in storage situations. Explosions normally are confined to pressure propagatine ‘Shock waves or damaging blast pressures beyond the —packing materials te D. Clase Division 1.4 I inctudee exposes with = madras fea bien hasard” Nerhe”aungned hs case peri prevent fs haste producing no Men and eivaaly 7 Expects cr tne aso bend the nora i hasan (lerance lence : Cass 2 - Gases: Compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure. Class 3 - Flammable Liquide Clase 4 -Flazamable Solide _ (Class 5 - Oxidising Substances and Organic Peroxides Class 6 - Poisonous (toxic) and Infectious Substances (Claes 6 i divided into 2 divisions ‘A. Class Division 6.1 - Poisonous (toxic) gas, vapors or] Substances: ‘These materials are comparable to Q-D Class 8, which includes those CB agents and stems not normal Atuembled with expan components of where pen ‘Component present litle or no blast or fragment hazards, No quantity distances separations have been specifically Enabled for this clase as a whole. Special saety Erteria or instructions have not been provided with the Stock involved and safety separation appears necessary Because of agent persistency, woltilty, txitty, or other particular feature, requeste for information should be ‘aie ta higher headquartera — Information only sion Category ie Wha oe Class 7 - Radioactive substances Class 6 ~ Corrosives ings 9 - Miscelanous dangeimus substances ( “Simeh prewints danger not covered by the other clases), Sacral too degmo hath expese fie aber. Figure 32 - The 704 Diamond see 1 sis of Vieualyitustrates the hazards o firefighters fighting fires in ‘ed installations such as chemical procesang areas, storege and trarehouse facies, and laboratory entrances. Diamond® colored mumbers is used to ilustrate the desies_of the Jambi: snd reactivity of Dazardousfreighters and they can take immediate. steps to” protect thonmbeles. "Unfortunately, his method has not been widely opted by the general pubile or governmental units other than TeTSS Separtments. Unfortunately, this method hes not been rhiely adopted by the general public or governmental units other than the fire departments, The oft Iabeling system is waps the most widely Used. New, and more. deweriptive fs and labele have been selected that permit fire fighters Una’ cmergency service people all over the world to visually lunderstand the hazards they face at the acene of an emergency. Some ofthe snore common labels and placards are described here (eee Figure 33} and should be explored in depth. ‘COLOR SCHEME FOR NEW CARDS ‘PLACARDS: ‘COLORS. DANGEROUS ‘Upper_and_ ta EXPLOSIVES A and | Orange background; symbol and EXPLOSIVES B eon tree Green background Inscription in write WON-FLAMMABLE GAS wymbal and ‘OXYGEN, — OXIDIZER mbar and and ‘ORGANIC PEROXIDE, inscription in black POISON GAS, POISON ‘background; symbeh, ‘and CHLORINE. ‘Borderline, and inscription in black FUMMMABLE and ‘ymbol and [eed —hackerounds ‘COMBUSTIBLE, Inscription in white FLAMMABLE SOLD ih seven vera Wie background vit fed stripes; symbol and inserption in Dace FLAMMABLE SOLID with whi ‘Tanda —iap_—biue—* ee] symbol, rest_of placard_white_with] naetipnon im bine i iecripoon CORROSWE ‘Fer and Tower areas Oak ao inscription in white; symbol in black . and wate [NOTE: The word “Gasoline” may be used in place of *Plammable" woe ay transportation of gasoline. The words “Fyel ol” may rr place of “Combustible” for highway transportation of ont not classed as Tams * iMrouTaN, 1. Allfour sides of the vehicle must be placarded. Placement ‘ine wont placard may occur on either the cab or the cargo body. 12, Mintard must be placed at least inches away from any ther marking of sign. Double placarding should be ‘igure 93 - Hazardous Material Placerding Requirements oa “i‘fies Quast MUST BE PLACARDED) (iighseay-plncards for minimum requiced suansity ery jwemaily quaniiies over 1000 pounds. "Railplacards Yor any HAZARD NEW PLACARD HAZARD ‘MEW PLACARD Class A Explosives EXPLOSIVES A cass B Explosives EXPLOSIVES B wu ams Poison-Clans A POISON GAS, on:Flammable Gas NON.FLAMMABLE GAS Flammable Solids (Dangerous When Wet, Label on Container Only) FLAMMABLE SOLID W Non-Flammable Gas-Chlorine _NON-FLAMMABLE GAS CHLORINE Radioactive Material (Radioactive Ill yellow o-PlnmmableGas-Oxygen OXYGEN. (Container label) ‘RADIOACTIVE. Combustible Liquide-Packages with rated capacity IBLE of 110 gallons or more, cargo tanks or tank car Radioactive Materials (Uranium Hexafluoride, Fissile) 'RADIOACTIVESCORROSIVE ble Liquid FLAMMABLE PLACARDING MIXED LOADS Flammable Solid FLAMMABLE SOLID ‘The DANGEROUS placard must be used for mixed loads ooxutteer oxiDiZeR containing more than one kind of hazardous material requiring “eee segregate grose weight total 1000 pounds or more, Peecot the folowing which require their own specific placard FOR ORGANIC PEROXIDE, ‘ANY QUANTITY. POISON EXCEPTION A Explosive A Poison Gas (Class A) ‘CORROSIVES _ Explosive B Flaromable Solid TDanerrous When Wet) ing Material DaNaeROUS fellow Salome cam EMERGENCY ACTION GUIDE FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EXCEPTION B CHLORINE: (on-flammable Gas, Poisonous) ‘Specific placarde are also required for each of the othet classiicaton f $000 pounds or mare_(erose aggregate weigh of ‘She clase of such material is loaded at one loading facility. DOUBLE PLACARDING should be used when, load requiring DANGEROUS placards are mixed with any quantity the diasees shown in Exception A. and with 5000 pounds oF more of all other clasace as described in Exception B. otential Hazards Bite: = Cannot catch fire May ignite combustible Explosion” - Container may explode due to eat of Se . ‘Contact may cause burns to kin oF Y€S + Vapors may be fatal if inhaled {REST nay pte water supp SuRGAG Gn corodImmediate Action Immediate Follow-up Action Spill or Leak Set teip and notify local authorities Tpcenble, weer self-contained breathing apparatus [fad hull protective clothing Keep upsind and estimate immediate danger are. Bracuate according to Bvacuation Table Move containers from fire area if without risk Goa containers with water from maximum distance ‘anti fre is out ‘Do not get water inside containers Do not uee water on leaking container ‘Stay away from ends of tanks. ‘Do not touch epilled Tiquid Stop leak if without risk Use water spray to reduce vapors Isolate aren unt gas has dispersed Do not get water inside container to fresh air and open area. Call for Bring victim ‘fects of contact of emergency medical. care. Snhalation may be delayed. Ircim is pot breathing, give artificial respiration If breathing dificult, give oxygen. IM victim contacted the material, immediately fst skin for eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes Remove contaminated clothes Keep wcjim warm and quiet | ws ihe Bent of apyemge zi Thane coments i, 000fet in all iections For maxim Distance © Saety, Downwind Evacuate From immediate Danger | Evacuation area ‘Area ‘should be: ‘nae Sie rsp 1192] 1 mie Tong, % mile cy 08 square Feet