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John Locke and
Agrarian Capitalism
John Locke and
Agrarian Capitalism
Neal Wood
© 1984 by
Wood, Neal.
John Locke and agrarian capitalism.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
To the Memory
of My Parents
and My Brothers
Contents
Preface • ix
Principal Primary Sources and Abbreviations • xi
Notes «115
Index • 153
vii
Preface
This study, begun in the spring of 1981 and completed two years
later, has indirectly resulted from a larger project on the social and
political thought of John Locke. A Guggenheim Fellowship in
1971-72, a Leave Fellowship from The Canada Council in 1975-76,
and a minor research grant and leaves of absence from York Univer-
sity made it possible for me to write "The Baconian Character of
Locke's Essay," Studies in History and Philosophy ofScience, 6 (1975),
pp. 43-84; and eventually after several interruptions, The Politics of
Locke's Philosophy: A Social Study of "An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding" (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of Cal-
ifornia Press, 1983). Again I wish to express my debt to these insti-
tutions for their unstinting support, which enabled me to lay the
groundwork for a second book on the greatest of English philo-
sophers.
Some of the ideas presented here have in part been dealt with
elsewhere: in a paper, "Baconian Natural History in Locke's Social
Thought," read October 9, 1982, at the annual meeting in Rutgers
University of the Northeast American Society for Eighteenth-
Century Studies; and in an essay, "Baconian Natural History and
Agrarian Capitalism in Locke's Social Thought," to appear in a
forthcoming volume, John Locke and the Political Thought of the
1680s, edited by Gordon J. Schochet.
As usual my debt to Ellen Meiksins Wood is so enormous that even
the most extravagant thanks cannot begin to suggest the value of her
incisive criticism of every draft and her steadfast encouragement. My
interest in agrarian capitalism was initially aroused by the brilliant
articles of Robert Brenner, whose comments on two initial drafts and
discussion of broader historical matters, and general enthusiasm,
proved most useful and stimulating. After I had read her excellent
book, Ann Kussmaul kindly shed further light on seventeenth-
century English agricultural labor and saved me from a number of
ix
X Preface
basic errors. Louis Lefeber was good enough to take time from his
busy schedule and give me the benefit of his knowledge of early
modern economic history and theory and his practical wisdom.
David McNally allowed me to read in typescript portions of his
important study of agrarian capitalism and the early development of
the science of political economy, and over the years he has never
hesitated to share with me his perceptive ideas on this and related
matters. I am afraid that I may have unconsciously appropriated
without due acknowledgement some of the Lockeian insights of
Gordon Schochet who, as one might expect of a genuine liberal and
specialist on toleration, has put up with my idiosyncrasies, backing
me at every turn. Joyce Mastboom provided me with the basis of
comparing the Dutch agrarian experience with that of early modern
England, as well as supplying several helpful references; and Lorna
Weir enlightened me on the subject of political arithmetic and cor-
rected a few of my mistaken views. I can only express my appre-
ciation to each and all of them with, of course, the conventional
reminder that they are in no way responsible for what I have done
with their aid and advice.
Thanks are also due to Marion Kozak for insisting that I read John
Evelyn's Sylva, which proved to be far more relevant than I antici-
pated, and for generously allowing me to use her own copy. For the
irksome task of checking citations, tracing down sources, and per-
forming countless other bibliographic chores, I am most grateful to
Peter Bowen, Lisa Price, and Gordon Sova. Sharon Edwards of
Tunstall, Suffolk, typed the first draft promptly and expertly; and
Ruth Griffin, of Glendon College, York University, and the secre-
tarial staff of the Department of Political Science, York University,
met my typing demands cheerfully and efficiently. Finally, I owe
much to Mrs. Florence Knight of Toronto, who with customary
spirit, accuracy, and dedication to her craft typed the final draft.
As the youngest and only surviving member of a family of authors
who lovingly encouraged and nourished my early intellectual bent, I
have dedicated the book to them.
Neal Wood
Toronto
September 10, 1983
Principal Primary Sources
and Abbreviations
xi
xii Primary Sources and Abbreviations
A Question of Method
1
2 John Locke and Agrarian Capitalism