Polymer Composites - 2024 - Zhai - Dynamic performance of multi‐layered composite sandwich open cylindrical shells with

Received: 18 January 2024 Revised: 10 February 2024 Accepted: 16 February 2024
DOI: 10.1002/pc.28274
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Dynamic performance of multi-layered composite sandwich

open cylindrical shells with double-layered soft cores
Yanchun Zhai 1,2,3 | Lirong Chang 3
1
College of Intelligent Science and
Engineering, Yantai Nanshan University, Abstract
Longkou, China In this paper, the dynamic performance of Multi-layered Sandwich Composite
2
College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean Cylindrical Open Shells (MSCCOS) with double-layered soft cores is analyzed for
University of China, Qingdao, China
3
the first time by adopting the First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT). For
Technology Research Center, Weihai
Changqing Ocean Science Technology
accomplishing this aim, vibration differential equations of MSCCOS are derived
Co., LTD., Rongcheng, China based on Hamilton's variance principle. Then, the closed-form Navier solution is
introduced to obtain the numerical results of differential equations. Subsequently,
Correspondence
Yanchun Zhai, College of Intelligent the effectiveness and accuracy are discussed by several comparisons. Ultimately,
Science and Engineering, Yantai Nanshan the dramatic effect of different structural and material parameters on natural fre-
University, Longkou 265700, China.
quencies and associated loss factors is investigated and described vividly. Because
Email: 363125947@qq.com
shear deformation and rotary inertia of all layers are considered in vibration dif-
Funding information ferential equations, thin and moderately thick MSCCOS could be researched, and
National Natural Science Foundation of
some interesting discoveries for the dynamic performance of MSCCOS are
China, Grant/Award Number: 51705270
derived.
Highlights
• A vibration model of five-layered composite open shell was obtained.
• The optimal structure parameters maximizing the damping properties are
shown.
• Dynamics properties of five-layered composite open shell are presented.
KEYWORDS
dynamic performance, MSCCOS, natural frequency, viscoelastic cores
1 | INTRODUCTION Taranto, Pan, and Rao et al.4–9 Meanwhile, various the-

oretical models were proposed based on sorts of
Sandwich composite shells with soft viscoelastic cores hypotheses, such as the thin shell model,10–12 the
play a significant role in noise and vibration reduction, FSDT,13,14 and the HSDT.15,16 These theoretical models
so have many applications in industries such as are described in particular in several literature
mechanical engineering, aerospace, marine engineer- reviews.17,18
ing, and submarines. It is therefore of great importance Based upon the above theory models, a great many
to derive the dynamic performance of these structures pieces of research about sandwich structures have been
to provide references for designers.1,2 investigated. To derive the mode shape and natural fre-
The early theoretical studies of composite struc- quency of cylindrical open shells, Suzuki et al.19 pro-
tures were carried out by Kerwin and Edwar,3 later, posed an accurate solution procedure. Lim et al.20
numerous relative kinds of research were done by Di developed an accurate solution for obtaining the
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7392 ZHAI and CHANG
vibration mode shapes of cylindrical open shells.

L.K. Abbas et al.21 employed the Runge–Kutta
approach to carry out the vibration analysis in a
high-temperature field of cylindrical open shells
based on the transfer matrix method. Yao et al.22 pre-
sented the vibration behavior of cylindrical open
shells adopting the traveling waveform solution. To
analyze the free vibration of open thick shell struc-
tures, Wang et al.23 formulated a precise three-
dimensional theoretical model. The vibration analysis
of cylindrical open shell structures was conducted by
Punera et al.24 employing the kinds of displacement-
based approaches, in which material parameters vary
along the thickness direction. To conduct the tran-
sient vibration analysis of cylindrical open shell
structures under various boundary conditions, Wang
et al.25 developed a refined FSDT including four
unknowns. Zhai et al.26 dealt with the free vibration
of cylindrical shell structures using the FSDT and FIGURE 1 Structure sketch drawing of the MSCCOS.
Navier method. Grigorenko et al.27 proposed a
method to analyze the stress–strain of variable thick-
ness cylindrical open structures with kinds of loading U i ðx, θ, z,t Þ ¼ ui ðx, θ, t Þ þ zðiÞ αi ðx, θ,t Þ
conditions. V i ðx, θ, z,t Þ ¼ vi ðx, θ, t Þ þ zðiÞ βi ðx, θ,t Þ ð1Þ
In addition to the above shell theories, a variety of
W i ðx,θ,z, t Þ ¼ wðx,θ,t Þ
numerical solutions have been developed and applied as
well, for example, the Rayleigh-Ritz method,28–30 differ-
ential quadrature method,31,32 meshless methods,33–35 where U i , V i and W i denote generalized displacements,
Navier method,36–38 and Haar wavelet method.39 respectively. ui and vi represent mid-plane
Through the correlative published reports, we can see displacements, respectively. αi and βi are the rotations,
that there are already some works of literature studying respectively. hi =2 ≤ zðiÞ ≤ hi =2.
the vibration behavior of sandwich shell structures with a The strain–displacement relations for the linear vibra-
one-layered softcore. However, to the best knowledge of tions are given by:
the authors, currently, there is almost no documentation to
conduct the dynamic performance of MSCCOS with εðxxiÞ ¼ ∂ui =∂x þ zðiÞ ∂αi =∂x
double-layered viscoelastic cores. In practice, MSCCOS has ðiÞ
εθθ ¼ ∂vi =Ri ∂θ þ w=Ri þ zðiÞ ∂βi =Ri ∂θ
been widely used in various industries. So, it is absolutely ðiÞ
necessary to own better dynamic performance of MSCCOS γ xθ ¼ ∂ui =Ri ∂θ þ ∂vi =∂x þ zðiÞ ð ∂αi =Ri ∂θ þ ∂βi =∂x Þ ð2Þ
ðiÞ
by analyzing the effect of structure and material parame- γ θz ¼ ∂w=Ri ∂θ þ βi vi =Ri
ters on dynamic performance.
γ ðxziÞ ¼ ∂w=∂x þ αi
2 | EQUATION OF MOTION The ith layer's stress–strain relationship could be

obtained as:
Figure 1 shows the structure sketch drawing of MSCCOS.
0 0 10
ðiÞ 1 ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ 1
The symbols a, h, θ0 , Ri and hi represent the length, total σ xx Q11 Q12 Q16 0 0 εxx
B ðiÞ C B CB ðiÞ C
B σ θθ C B 0 C
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
thickness, subtended angle, ith layer's radius, and thick-
B Q12 Q22 Q26 0 CB εθθ C
B C CB C
ness, respectively. The subscripts 1, 3, and 5 represent the B ðiÞ C B B
CB γ ðiÞ C
B τxθ C ¼ B
B Q
ð iÞ
Q
ði Þ
Q
ð iÞ
0 0 C C ð3Þ
bottom, intermediate, and top composite layers, respec- B C 16 26 66
CB C
xθ
B τðiÞ C BB ðiÞ ðiÞ CB ðiÞ C
tively, meanwhile, 2 and 4 denote two viscoelastic core @ θz A @ 0 0 0 Q44 Q45 A@ γ θz A
layers. ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
τxz 0 0 0 Q45 Q55 γ xz
Using the FSDT, the displacements of the ith layer are
as follows17: where
ZHAI and CHANG 7393

ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q11 ¼ Q11 cos 4 θi þ 2 Q12 þ 2Q66 sin 2 θi cos 2 θi þ Q22 sin 4 θi

ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q12 ¼ Q11 þ Q22 4Q66 sin 2 θi cos 2 θi þ Q12 sin 4 θi þ cos 4 θi

ðiÞ ðiÞ ði Þ ðiÞ ði Þ
Q22 ¼ Q11 sin 4 θi þ 2 Q12 þ 2Q66 sin 2 θi cos 2 θi þ Q22 cos 4 θi

ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ði Þ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q16 ¼ Q11 Q12 2Q66 sin θi cos 3 θi þ Q12 Q22 þ 2Q66 sin 3 θi cos θi

ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ði Þ ðiÞ
Q26 ¼ Q11 Q12 2Q66 sin 3 θi cos θi þ Q12 Q22 þ 2Q66 sinθi cos 3 θi
ðiÞ ð4Þ

ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ði Þ
Q66 ¼ Q11 þ Q22 2Q12 2Q66 sin2θi cos 2 θi þ Q66 sin 4 θi þ cos 4 θi
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q44 ¼ Q44 cos 2 θi þ Q55 sin 2 θi

ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q45 ¼ Q55 Q44 sinθi cos θi
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q55 ¼ Q55 cos 2 θi þ Q44 sin 2 θi
1 1
u4 ¼ ðu3 þ u5 Þ þ ðh3 α3 h5 α5 Þ
ðiÞ
ðiÞ
E1 ðiÞ
ði Þ ði Þ
ν12 E2 ðiÞ
ði Þ
E2 ðiÞ ðiÞ 2 4
Q11 ¼ ðiÞ ðiÞ , Q12 ¼ ði Þ ði Þ , Q22 ¼ ði Þ ði Þ , Q44 ¼ G23 , 1 1
1ν12 ν21 1ν12 ν21 1ν12 ν21
v4 ¼ ðv3 þ v5 Þ þ ðh3 β3 h5 β5 Þ
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ 2 4
Q55 ¼ G13 ,Q66 ¼ G12 ð9Þ
1 1
The equations of motion of the MSCCOS are derived α4 ¼ ðu5 u3 Þ ðh3 α3 þ h5 α5 Þ
h4 2h4
based on the Hamilton principle.40 1 1
β4 ¼ ðv5 v3 Þ ðh 3 β 3 þ h 5 β 5 Þ
Z h4 2h4
t1
ðδT δU Þ ¼ 0 ð5Þ
t0 Substituting Equations (2), (3), (8), (9) into Equa-
tions (6), (7), detailed expressions of kinetic energy and
where the expressions of U and T are: deformation energy could be defined. Then, bringing the
rewritten expressions of U and T into Equation (5), the
Z θ0 Z a Z hi =2
1X 5
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ equations of motion could be obtained as listed in the
U¼ εðxxiÞ σ ðxxiÞ þ εθθ σ θθ þ εxθ σ xθ þ γ θz τθz þ γ ðxziÞ τðxziÞ Ri dzdxdθ
2 i¼1 0 0 hi =2 Appendix A.
ð6Þ
Z " 2 2 2 " 2 2 ##
θ0 Z a
1X 5
∂w ∂ui ∂vi h2 ∂αi ∂βi
T¼ Ri ρi hi þ þ þ i þ dθdx ð7Þ
2 i¼1 0 0 ∂t ∂t ∂t 12 ∂t ∂t
According to assumption (4), the continuous relation- 3 | NU M ER I C AL EX AM P LES AN D

ships of interlayer displacement could be given as: MODEL VALIDATION
1 1
u2 ¼ ðu1 þ u3 Þ þ ðh1 α1 h3 α3 Þ
2 4 3.1 | Analytical solution
1 1
v2 ¼ ðv1 þ v3 Þ þ ðh1 β1 h3 β3 Þ
2 4 In the subsequent sections, the simply supported
1 1 ð8Þ
α2 ¼ ðu3 u1 Þ ðh1 α1 þ h3 α3 Þ boundary conditions are applied in all numerical
h2 2h2 examples.
1 1 At edges x = 0 and x = a:
β2 ¼ ðv3 v1 Þ ðh1 β1 þ h3 β3 Þ
h2 2h2
7394 ZHAI and CHANG
TABLE 1 Contrast results of natural frequencies of multi-layered cylindrical laminated open shells (Hz).
Frequencies
m Contrast n¼1 n¼2 n¼3 n¼4 n¼5 n¼6 n¼7 n¼8 n¼9 n ¼ 10
1 Reference 22 10.683 35.112 62.317 85.709 103.796 117.261 127.240 134.726 140.462 144.974
Present 10.6887 35.1361 62.3524 85.7534 103.847 117.3166 127.2986 134.787 140.524 145.036
2 Reference 22 9.1820 13.998 24.121 37.061 50.864 64.336 76.826 88.060 97.998 106.726
Present 9.1166 13.9864 24.1411 37.0938 50.9021 64.3756 76.866 88.0997 98.0362 106.762
3 Reference 22 19.590 20.578 23.272 28.184 35.052 43.239 52.131 61.261 70.311 79.082
Present 19.4722 20.4863 23.2169 28.1629 35.0542 43.2541 52.1513 61.2819 70.3292 79.0957
4 Reference 22 34.671 35.217 36.365 38.369 41.410 45.529 50.627 56.519 62.993 69.855
Present 34.4957 35.0544 36.2226 38.25 41.3155 45.4563 50.5705 56.4718 62.9503 69.8119
5 Reference 22 54.099 54.570 55.422 56.739 58.608 61.097 64.239 68.029 72.428 77.369
Present 53.8487 54.3268 55.1904 56.5221 58.407 60.9113 64.0675 67.8691 72.2752 77.2205
6 Reference 22 77.848 78.301 79.079 80.214 81.741 83.695 86.105 88.989 92.351 96.184
Present 77.5044 77.9613 78.746 79.8888 81.4251 83.389 85.8079 88.699 92.0666 95.9025
7 Reference 22 105.917 106.364 107.119 108.195 109.608 111.375 113.511 116.030 118.942 122.250
Present 105.456 105.906 106.664 107.744 109.162 110.9332 113.0738 115.596 118.510 121.818
8 Reference 22 138.304 138.750 139.496 140.550 141.919 143.612 145.637 148.002 150.715 153.780
Present 137.701 138.147 138.895 139.950 141.3211 143.014 145.0403 147.405 150.116 153.178
9 Reference 22 175.010 175.455 176.198 177.242 178.593 180.253 182.229 184.525 187.144 190.092
Present 174.234 174.679 175.421 176.465 177.815 179.474 181.447 183.738 186.353 189.295
10 Reference 22 216.034 216.478 217.220 218.260 219.602 221.247 223.199 225.491 228.035 230.923
Present 215.052 215.495 216.235 217.273 218.612 220.253 222.2006 224.455 227.021 229.901

N ðxiÞ ¼ 0vi ¼ 0w ¼ 0M ðxiÞ ¼ 0βi ¼ 0 ð10aÞ ½K ðω Þ2 ½M fX g ¼ 0 ð12Þ

At edges θ = 0 and θ ¼ θ0 : where X ¼ U 1mn , U 3mn , U 5mn , V 1mn , V 3mn , V 5mn , W mn , A1mn ,
A3mn , A5mn , B1mn , B3mn , B5mn g, M and K represent the mass
ðiÞ ðiÞ
N θ ¼ 0ui ¼ 0w ¼ 0M θ ¼ 0αi ¼ 0 ð10bÞ and complex stiffness matrix, respectively.
The loss factors and natural frequencies of
MSCCOS can be derived according to Equation (13).
where, i = 1, 3, and 5.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
The following Navier26 solution is employed to solve
ω¼ Re ðω Þ2 , η ¼ Im ðω Þ2 = Re ðω Þ2 ð13Þ
the above partial differential equations.

uðiÞ ðx, θ, t Þ ¼ U imn cosðnπx=aÞ sinðmπθ=θ0 Þejω t
vðiÞ ðx, θ, t Þ ¼ V imn sinðnπx=aÞ cosðmπθ=θ0 Þejω t

3.2 | Model validation

wðx,θ, t Þ ¼ W mn sinðnπx=aÞsinðmπθ=θ0 Þejω t ð11Þ
ðiÞ Because there is scarcely any literature about
α ðx, θ, t Þ ¼ Aimn cosðnπx=aÞsinðmπθ=θ0 Þejω t MSCCOS, the published numerical results22 of cylin-

βðiÞ ðx,θ, t Þ ¼ Bimn sinðnπx=aÞcosðmπθ=θ0 Þejω t drical laminated open shell and simulation solu-
tions of MSCCOS are employed to validate the
where, i = 1, 3. ω is complex circular frequency; U imn , accuracy and effectiveness of deduced equations in
V imn , W mn , Aimn and Bimn are the coefficients. this paper.
The equations of motion will be rewritten in terms of The structural and material parameters of the cylin-
the unknowns U imn , V imn , W mn , Aimn and Bimn . drical laminated open shell are: E ¼ 2:1 1011 Pa, μ ¼ 0:3,
ZHAI and CHANG 7395
T A B L E 2 Contrast results of the loss factors and natural frequencies of MSCCOS (a = 10 m, R3 = 5 m, h1 = h3 = h5 = 7 mm,
h2 = h4 = 2.5 mm, θ0 = π/6).
Contrast ðm, nÞ ¼ ð1, 1Þ ðm, nÞ ¼ ð2, 1Þ ðm, nÞ ¼ ð2, 2Þ ðm, nÞ ¼ ð3, 1Þ ðm,nÞ ¼ ð3,2Þ
Frequencies (Hz) ANSYS 11.97 13.27 16.82 25.26 25.35
Present 11.5756 13.7430 17.4931 24.6556 25.6633
Loss factor ANSYS 0.0605 0.278 0.1803 0.199 0.1989
Present 0.0632 0.2697 0.1762 0.2058 0.1946
FIGURE 2 ANSYS simulation mode of the MSCCOS.
T A B L E 3 The structural and

Property COSSOSC MSCCOS
material parameters of MSCCOS and
COSSOSC. Elastic layers Elasticity modulus E1 = E3 = 210GPa E1 = E3 = E5 = 210GPa
Poisson's ratio ν1 ¼ ν3 ¼ 0:3 ν1 ¼ ν3 ¼ ν5 ¼ 0:3
Density ρ1 ¼ ρ3 = 7800 kg/m3 ρ1 ¼ ρ3 ¼ ρ5 = 7800 kg/m3
Thickness h1 = h3 = 10.5 mm h1 = h3 = h5 = 7 mm
Softcore Shear modulus Gc = 2.3 MPa G2 = G4 = 2.3 MPa
Poisson's ratio νc = 0.34 ν2 = ν4 = 0.34
Density ρc = 999 kg/m3 ρ2 ¼ ρ4 = 999 kg/m3
Loss factor ηc = 0.5 η2 þ η4 = 0.5
Thickness hc = 5 mm h2 þ h4 = 5 mm
ρ ¼ 7800kg=m3 , h1 ¼ h2 ¼ h3 ¼ h4 ¼ h5 ¼ 1:2mm, a ¼ 10m, From Tables 1 and 2, it can be seen that a better consis-
R2 ¼ 5m, θ0 ¼ π=6, and Table 1 gives the contrast results. tency is obtained between the results derived from the pre-
The material properties of composite layers of sent method and the already existing ones, although some
MSCCOS are: E1 = E3 = 210GPa, ρ1 ¼ ρ3 ¼ 7800kg=m3 , differences emerge as a result of using different solutions.
and μ1 ¼ μ3 ¼ 0:3; and the material properties used for ANSYS analysis used the SOLID185 and adopted 18,000
softcore are given as: G ¼ 2:3ð1 þ 0:5iÞ 106 Pa, μ2 ¼ 0:34, elements (60 longitudinal, 8 radial, and 30 circumferential
and ρ2 ¼ 999kg=m3 , and Table 2 gives the contrast results. elements). Figure 2 lists the ANSYS simulation models.
7396 ZHAI and CHANG
4 | R ES U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N Core (COSSOSC) are given in Table 3, respectively.

Meanwhile, the numerical results are listed in Table 4.
The structural and material parameters of MSCCOS and One thing that needs special attention is that the
Cylindrical Open Sandwich Shell with One-layered Soft overall structural dimensions of MSCCOS and COSSOSC
TABLE 4 Influence of the damping layer thickness ratio (h2 =h4 ) on frequencies and loss factors of MSCCOS.
MSCCOS
Modal
numbers h2 =h4 h2 =h4 h2 =h4 h2 =h4 h2 =h4 h2 =h4 h2 =h4 h2 =h4 h2 =h4
(m,n) COSSOSC ¼ 0:2 ¼ 0:4 ¼ 0:6 ¼ 0:8 ¼1 ¼2 ¼3 ¼4 ¼5
Frequencies (Hz) (1,1) 11.7142 11.6692 11.6112 11.5875 11.5781 11.5756 11.5951 11.6224 11.6461 11.6656
(1,2) 35.1000 35.081 35.0501 35.0374 35.032 35.0303 35.0382 35.0511 35.0628 35.0726
(2,1) 17.5626 14.7982 14.088 13.8497 13.7632 13.743 13.9415 14.241 14.5326 14.7996
(2,2) 20.8930 18.3978 17.7854 17.5833 17.5102 17.4931 17.66 17.9147 18.1653 18.3973
Loss factors (1,1) 0.0487 0.059 0.0619 0.0628 0.0631 0.0632 0.0625 0.0613 0.0601 0.0590
(1,2) 0.0069 0.0086 0.0089 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.0089 0.0088 0.0087 0.0086
(2,1) 0.1157 0.260 0.2686 0.2696 0.2697 0.2697 0.2692 0.2673 0.264 0.2598
(2,2) 0.0863 0.1793 0.1787 0.1771 0.1764 0.1762 0.1778 0.1793 0.1798 0.1792
F I G U R E 3 Frequencies (Hz) and loss factors of MSCCOS with intermediate constraining layer thickness (h3) (θ0 ¼ π=6, h1 = h5 = 7 mm,
h2 = h4 = 2.5 mm, n = 1): (A) a = 10 m, a/Rx3 = 10; (B) a = 8 m, a/Rx3 = 8.
ZHAI and CHANG 7397
TABLE 5 Influence of a=R3 , R3 =h, and hc =h on the loss factors and frequencies of MSCCOS with h2 =h4 = 1 (θ0 ¼ π=6, a ¼ 10m, n = 1).
a=R3 = 1
R3/h hc =h m¼1 m¼2 m¼3 m¼4 m¼5 m¼6 m¼7 m¼8
Frequencies (Hz) 20 0.2 21.8089 43.0899 91.1061 157.7171 241.8396 342.4228 458.3026 588.2362
0.5 18.4216 26.3982 55.1911 95.7936 147.648 210.4574 283.8966 367.6003
0.8 14.821 11.411 20.9497 35.1325 53.3875 75.661 101.9315 132.1767
60 0.2 18.0104 16.0002 31.4454 53.9842 82.9661 118.301 159.93 207.7891
0.5 16.8826 10.9018 19.6015 33.0687 50.4627 71.707 96.7816 125.6706
0.8 14.5936 7.7813 10.826 15.868 22.1812 29.7446 38.5839 48.7189
100 0.2 17.6663 11.3335 20.0402 33.5387 50.9654 72.2458 97.3623 126.3012
0.5 16.7509 8.5511 13.1755 21.2309 31.6854 44.4523 59.5226 76.8946
0.8 14.5656 7.4008 9.5752 13.2096 17.5142 22.4579 28.0747 34.3974
Loss factor 20 0.2 0.009 0.0081 0.0039 0.0023 0.0015 0.001 0.0008 0.0006
0.5 0.0096 0.0165 0.0083 0.0048 0.0032 0.0022 0.0017 0.0013
0.8 0.0216 0.1296 0.0845 0.053 0.0357 0.0256 0.0191 0.0149
60 0.2 0.0126 0.0588 0.0336 0.0201 0.0132 0.0093 0.0069 0.0053
0.5 0.0111 0.0963 0.0657 0.0408 0.0272 0.0194 0.0145 0.0112
0.8 0.0213 0.2751 0.3144 0.2586 0.2062 0.1649 0.1333 0.1091
100 0.2 0.0121 0.1142 0.0819 0.0519 0.0351 0.0251 0.0188 0.0146
0.5 0.0107 0.154 0.1444 0.0985 0.069 0.0504 0.0382 0.0299
0.8 0.0197 0.2964 0.3972 0.3706 0.3293 0.2883 0.2511 0.2185
a=R3 = 5
R3/h hc =h m¼2 m¼3 m¼4 m¼5 m¼6 m¼7 m¼8

Frequencies (Hz) 20 0.2 52.0265 206.0071 460.5646 812.3245 1256.9952 1789.4578 2404.0034 3094.5641
0.5 32.393 124.8102 278.5527 492.6532 766.0313 1097.3338 1484.9665 1927.1277
0.8 17.5611 50.9741 104.895 179.843 275.941 393.1662 531.442 690.6631
60 0.2 21.4857 72.9853 158.5105 277.9251 431.113 617.8684 837.9281 1090.9805
0.5 15.5828 46.8235 98.2258 169.861 261.8022 374.0294 506.4913 659.1178
0.8 14.426 31.4091 52.9544 79.9964 113.2288 153.023 199.578 253.0028
100 0.2 16.66 48.6254 100.3466 172.2178 264.3961 376.8926 509.6707 662.6704
0.5 13.2684 33.6261 65.1965 108.4975 163.8339 231.305 310.9418 402.7482
0.8 13.8979 29.1873 46.3757 65.9308 88.4109 114.2088 143.5965 176.7607
Loss factor 20 0.2 0.031 0.0083 0.0038 0.0021 0.0014 0.0009 0.0007 0.0005
0.5 0.0609 0.0174 0.0079 0.0045 0.0029 0.002 0.0015 0.0012
0.8 0.3022 0.1524 0.0819 0.0497 0.0331 0.0235 0.0175 0.0136
60 0.2 0.1729 0.0662 0.0321 0.0187 0.0121 0.0085 0.0063 0.0048
0.5 0.2541 0.1224 0.0636 0.038 0.025 0.0177 0.0131 0.0101
0.8 0.4242 0.3957 0.3192 0.2503 0.1958 0.1546 0.1239 0.1007
100 0.2 0.259 0.1453 0.0793 0.0484 0.0322 0.0229 0.017 0.0132
0.5 0.3274 0.2333 0.1432 0.0927 0.0638 0.0462 0.0348 0.0271
0.8 0.4116 0.4459 0.4111 0.3659 0.3197 0.2767 0.2387 0.206
7398 ZHAI and CHANG
a=R3 = 1
R3/h hc =h m¼1 m¼2 m¼3 m¼4 m¼5 m¼6 m¼7 m¼8
Frequencies (Hz) 20 0.2 31.1493 23.6501 43.0899 72.9645 111.3036 157.7171 211.9154 273.5938
0.5 29.2564 16.4678 26.3982 44.2213 67.4556 95.7936 129.131 167.3824
0.8 25.0692 10.6551 11.411 17.1712 25.2157 35.1325 46.8547 60.3666
60 0.2 30.3434 13.3221 16.0002 25.4165 38.2309 53.9842 72.5965 94.0414
0.5 28.9523 11.569 10.9018 16.0518 23.6405 33.0687 44.2354 57.1175
0.8 25.026 9.8426 7.7813 9.4844 12.3551 15.868 19.939 24.5621
100 0.2 30.2743 12.1205 11.3335 16.4819 24.0893 33.5387 44.727 57.6318
0.5 28.926 11.0842 8.5511 11.1099 15.5763 21.2309 27.9426 35.6849
0.8 25.0173 9.7604 7.4008 8.578 10.6996 13.2096 16.0096 19.0896
Loss factor 20 0.2 0.0023 0.0127 0.0081 0.0049 0.0032 0.0023 0.0017 0.0013
0.5 0.002 0.0199 0.0165 0.0103 0.0068 0.0048 0.0036 0.0028
0.8 0.004 0.0695 0.1296 0.0999 0.0717 0.053 0.0404 0.0318
60 0.2 0.0023 0.0391 0.0588 0.0408 0.028 0.0201 0.0151 0.0117
0.5 0.002 0.0397 0.0963 0.0778 0.0556 0.0408 0.0309 0.0242
0.8 0.0038 0.0793 0.2751 0.3249 0.2973 0.2586 0.2225 0.1912
100 0.2 0.002 0.0448 0.1142 0.0958 0.07 0.0519 0.0397 0.0312
0.5 0.0018 0.0418 0.154 0.1608 0.1273 0.0985 0.0773 0.0618
0.8 0.0033 0.0765 0.2964 0.3913 0.3925 0.3706 0.3434 0.3154
a=R3 = 5
R3/h hc =h m¼1 m¼2 m¼3 m¼4 m¼5 m¼6 m¼7 m¼8
Frequencies (Hz) 20 0.2 24.9571 91.9680 206.0071 364.7282 567.2101 812.3245 1098.7497 1425.0001
0.5 17.3426 56.2649 124.8102 220.5539 343.2604 492.6531 668.3971 870.1035
0.8 12.5309 26.4343 50.9740 84.6005 127.5305 179.8430 241.5582 312.6716
60 0.2 14.3657 34.7828 72.9853 126.2351 194.5530 277.9251 376.3091 489.6470
0.5 12.2858 23.6625 46.8235 78.8524 119.8495 169.8614 228.8994 296.9593
0.8 11.6548 19.5580 31.4091 45.2095 61.31462 79.9964 101.4360 125.7521
100 0.2 12.9641 25.0706 48.6254 80.8838 122.0518 172.2178 231.4115 299.6385
0.5 11.6790 18.7332 33.6260 53.3962 78.3047 108.4975 144.0429 184.9736
0.8 11.3238 18.7121 29.1873 40.4165 52.5996 65.9308 80.56548 96.6260
Loss factor 20 0.2 0.0543 0.0183 0.0083 0.0047 0.003 0.0021 0.0016 0.0012
0.5 0.0855 0.0371 0.0174 0.01 0.0064 0.0045 0.0033 0.0026
0.8 0.2384 0.2456 0.1524 0.0992 0.0685 0.0497 0.0376 0.0293
60 0.2 0.1457 0.1243 0.0662 0.0399 0.0264 0.0187 0.0139 0.0107
0.5 0.1579 0.2058 0.1224 0.0777 0.0528 0.038 0.0285 0.0222
0.8 0.2448 0.435 0.3957 0.3446 0.2947 0.2503 0.2123 0.1807
100 0.2 0.1435 0.2254 0.1453 0.0958 0.0665 0.0484 0.0366 0.0286
0.5 0.151 0.3158 0.2333 0.1678 0.123 0.0927 0.0718 0.057
0.8 0.2079 0.4474 0.4459 0.4246 0.3965 0.3659 0.3349 0.3049
7399
F I G U R E 4 The change rule of loss factor and frequency (Hz) of MSCCOS with different subtended (a ¼ 10m and n = 1), (A): a=R3 = 1,
R3 =h = 50, hc =h = 0.2; (B): a=R3 = 1, R3 =h = 20, hc =h = 0.7; (C): a=R3 = 5, R3 =h = 50, hc =h = 0.7; (D) a=R3 = 5, R3 =h = 20, hc =h = 0.7.
ZHAI and CHANG
ZHAI and CHANG
F I G U R E 5 The change rule of dynamics of MSCCOS with g (a ¼ 10m, θ0 ¼ π=6 and n = 1), (A): a=R3 = 1, R3 =h = 50; (B): a=R3 = 1,
R3 =h = 20 (C): a=R3 = 5, R3 =h = 50; (D) a=R3 = 5, R3 =h = 20.
7400
ZHAI and CHANG 7401
are the same, as: a ¼ 10m, θ0 ¼ π=6, h = 26 mm, how the geometric parameters of MSCCOS vary, the
and R = 5 m. changing curves of loss factor and vibration frequency
As can be seen from Table 4, compared with vibration are unchangeable under a certain subtended angle. One
frequencies, the loss factors are affected by the damping can notice that, first, the loss factor declines little by little,
layer thickness ratio (h2/h4) more significantly. Moreover, when the subtended angle is smaller. Secondly, the loss
with h2/h4 increasing, the change rule of loss factor and factor shows the trend of first rising and then declining,
frequencies of MSCCOS is different. The loss factor rises when the subtended angle is larger than a certain value.
first and then descends, and the variation of frequencies In addition, when the subtended angle becomes larger,
is the opposite. Meanwhile, contrasted with the outcomes the CMN corresponding to the maximum loss factor
of COSSOSC, loss factors of MSCCOS increase whereas increases, as is described in the figures.
frequencies change a little. In other words, in the premise Next, the influence of shear parameter g41 vibration
of ensuring structural rigidity, MSCCOS obtains better properties of MSCCOS with different a=R3 , R3 =h and
damping properties compared with the COSSOSC when hc =h are plotted in Figure 5.
the two structures possess the same overall structural As can be seen from Figure 5, frequencies and loss
dimensions. Hence, conducting the dynamics properties factors are affected obviously by the shear parameter.
of MSCCOS is very important and necessary. With the shear parameter increasing, the loss factors
Figure 3A,B respectively illustrate the change rule of firstly climb up and then fall, meanwhile, vibration fre-
loss factors and frequencies of MSCCOS with the variation quencies remain unchanged at first, then increase contin-
of intermediate composite layer thickness (h3). It is viewed uously. What's more, for loss factors of each mode, the
in Figure 3A,B that the frequencies first decline and then shear parameter which corresponds to the maximum
rise with the increase in intermediate composite layer thick- value changes with the variation of geometric parame-
ness, meanwhile, loss factors show the opposite trend. ters. The larger the ratio R3 =h is, the bigger the shear
MSCCOS has the highest value of system loss factor around parameter which corresponds to the maximum value.
h3 = 6 mm, hence, there is an optimal value of intermedi- Hence, the better dynamics properties of MSCCOS can
ate composite layer thickness (h3) to make the MSCCOS be obtained more likely by selecting the appropriate
achieve the highest damping properties. shear modulus region for the viscoelastic layer.
Note that radius, length, thickness, and other struc-
tural parameters have a combined effect on the free
vibration of MSCCOS. Hence, the combined influence of 5 | CONCLUSION
ratios a=R3 , R3 =h, and hc =h (hc ¼ h2 þ h4 ) on the free
vibration of MSCCOS with θ0 ¼ π=6 will be conducted, as For studying the dynamic performance of MSCCOS with
shown in Tables 5 and 6. Besides, Tables 7 and 8 describe double-layered soft cores, vibration differential equations of
the variation trend of dynamic properties of MSCCOS MSCCOS are derived for the first time based on the FSDT
with θ0 ¼ π=4. and Hamilton principle, and their effectiveness and accu-
From these Tables, first, we can see that regardless of racy are discussed. Finally, the influence of different struc-
how a=R3 and R3 =h vary, with the hc =h ratio increasing, tural parameters on natural frequencies and associated loss
the frequency gradually decreases, but the loss factor factors is investigated and exhibited vividly.
shows an opposite variation trend. Second, based on the The important conclusions are as follows: in the pre-
given R3/h, and hc =h, it is obvious that as a=R3 increases, mise of ensuring structural rigidity, MSCCOS obtains bet-
vibration frequencies conspicuously enlarge in most Cir- ter damping properties compared with the COSSOSC
cumferential Mode Numbers (CMN) except the first mode when the two structures have the same overall structural
(m = 1). Besides, loss factors rise in lower CMN and dramat- dimensions. There is an optimal value of intermediate
ically decrease in higher CMN. Finally, with the R3/h ratio composite layer thickness (h3) to make the MSCCOS
increasing, the frequency descends little by little, conversely, achieve the highest damping properties. The structural
the loss factor enlarges gradually in most CMN. However, parameters have a combined effect on the dynamic per-
for mode (n = 1, m = 1), the loss factor shows two kinds of formance of MSCCOS. So proper choice of geometric
variation tendency: first rising then descending (hc =h= 0.2) parameters will make the MSCCOS acquire better
and gradually increasing (hc =h = 0.8). So proper choice dynamics properties. Regardless of how the geometric
of geometric parameters will make the MSCCOS acquire parameter of MSCCOS varies, the change rule of the
better dynamics properties. dynamic performance of MSCCOS is unchangeable
Figure 4 plots the variation tendency of the dynamic under a certain subtended angle. The increase in the sub-
performance of MSCCOS on the condition of different tended angle leads to the larger circumferential mode
subtended angles. A closer look shows that regardless of number corresponding to the maximum loss factor value.
7402 ZHAI and CHANG
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
theory for analysis of free vibration of sandwich panels. Polym
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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7404 ZHAI and CHANG
A P P EN D I X A
ð1Þ ð1 Þ ð1Þ
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ A26 A A ð1Þ
R1 A11 u1,xx þ A12 v1,xθ þ A12 w,x þ A16 u1,xθ þ R1 A16 v1,xx þ A16 u1,xθ þ v1,θθ þ 26 w,θ þ 66 u1,θθ þ A66 v1,xθ
R1 R1 R1
!
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
1 ð2 Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2 Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ A A A ð2Þ
þ R2 A11 u2,xx þ A12 v2,xθ þ A12 w,x þ A16 u2,xθ þ R2 A16 v2,xx þ A16 u2,xθ þ 26 v2,θθ þ 26 w,θ þ 66 u2,θθ þ A66 v2,xθ
2 R2 R2 R2
!
ð2Þ ð2 Þ
1 ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2 Þ ð2Þ D26 D66 ð2Þ
R2 D11 α2,xx þ D12 β2,xθ þ D16 α2,xθ þ R2 D16 β2,xx þ D16 α2,xθ þ β þ α2,θθ þ D66 β2,xθ
h2 R2 2,θθ R2
1 ð2Þ 1 ð2Þ ∂ 2 u1 R2 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 u2 R2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 α2
þ C45 ðw,θ þ R2 β2 v2 Þ þ C55 R2 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ¼ R1 ρ1 h1 2 þ
h2 h2 ∂t 2 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2
ðAaÞ
ð3Þ ð3 Þ ð3Þ
R3 R3 R3
!
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
2 R2 R2 R2
!
ð2Þ ð2 Þ
þ R2 D11 α2,xx þ D12 β2,xθ þ D16 α2,xθ þ R2 D16 β2,xx þ D16 α2,xθ þ β þ α2,θθ þ D66 β2,xθ
h2 R2 2,θθ R2
1 ð2Þ 1 ð2Þ 1 ð4Þ 1 ð4Þ
C ðw,θ þ R2 β2 v2 Þ C55 R2 ðw,x þ α2 Þ þ C45 ðw,θ þ R4 β4 v4 Þ þ C55 R4 ðw,x þ α4 Þ
h2 45 h2 h4 h4
!
ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
2 R4 R4 R4
!
ð4Þ ð4 Þ
h4 R4 4,θθ R4
∂ 2 u3 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 u2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 α2 1 ∂ 2 u4 ρ4 R4 h24 ∂ 2 α4
¼ ρ3 h3 R3 þ R 2 þ R2 þ ρ R h
4 4
∂t 2 2 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2 2 4 ∂t2 12 ∂t 2
ðAbÞ
ZHAI and CHANG 7405
ð5Þ ð5 Þ ð5Þ
R5 R5 R5
!
ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
2 R4 R4 R4
!
ð4Þ ð4 Þ
þ R4 D11 α4,xx þ D12 β4,xθ þ D16 α4,xθ þ R4 D16 β4,xx þ D16 α4,xθ þ β þ α4,θθ þ D66 β4,xθ
h4 R4 4,θθ R4
1 ð4Þ 1 ð4Þ ∂ 2 u5 1 ∂ 2 u4 R4 ρ4 h24 ∂ 2 α4
C45 ðw,θ þ R4 β4 v4 Þ C55 R4 ðw,x þ α4 Þ ¼ R5 ρ5 h5 2 þ R4 ρ4 h4 2 þ
h4 h4 ∂t 2 ∂t 12 ∂t 2
ðAcÞ
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ

ð1Þ A22 A A ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1 Þ ð1Þ
A12 u1,xθ þ v1,θθ þ 22 w,θ þ 26 u1,θθ þ A26 v1,xθ þ R1 A16 u1,xx þ A26 v1,xθ þ A26 w,x þ A66 u1,xθ þ R1 A66 v1,xx
R1 R1 R1
"
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
ð1Þ 1 v1 ð1Þ 1 ð2Þ A A A ð2Þ ð2Þ
þC 44 w,θ þ β1 þ C45 ðw,x þ α1 Þ þ A12 u2,xθ þ 22 v2,θθ þ 22 w,θ þ 26 u2,θθ þ A26 v2,xθ þ R2 A16 u2,xx
R1 R1 2 R2 R2 R2

ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2 Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ
þA26 v2,xθ þ A26 w,x þ A66 u2,xθ þ R2 A66 v2,xx þ C44 w,θ þ β2 þ C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ðAdÞ
R2 R2
!
ð2 Þ ð2Þ
1 ð2Þ D22 D26 ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2 Þ
D12 α2,xθ þ β þ α2,θθ þ D26 β2,xθ þ R2 D16 α2,xx þ D26 β2,xθ þ D66 α2,xθ þ R2 D66 β2,xx
h2 R2 2,θθ R2

1 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ ∂ 2 v1 R2 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 v2 R2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 β2
þ R2 C 44 w,θ þ β2 þ R2 C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ¼ R1 ρ1 h1 2 þ
h2 R2 R2 ∂t 2 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2
7406 ZHAI and CHANG
ð3Þ ð3 Þ ð3Þ
ð3Þ A22 A A ð3Þ
A12 u3,xθ þ v3,θθ þ 22 w,θ þ 26 u3,θθ þ A26 v3,xθ
R3 R3 R3

ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ 1 v3 ð3 Þ
þR3 A16 u3,xx þ A26 v3,xθ þ A26 w,x þ A66 u3,xθ þ R3 A66 v3,xx þ C44 w,θ þ β3 þ C45 ðw,x þ α3 Þ
R3 R3
!
ð2 Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
1 ð2Þ A A A ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
þ A12 u2,xθ þ 22 v2,θθ þ 22 w,θ þ 26 u2,θθ þ A26 v2,xθ þ R2 A16 u2,xx þ A26 v2,xθ þ A26 w,x þ A66 u2,xθ þ R2 A66 v2,xx
2 R2 R2 R2

1 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ 1 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2 Þ
þ C44 w,θ þ β2 þ C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ R2 C44 w,θ þ β2 þ C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ
2 R2 R2 h2 R2 R2
!
ð2 Þ ð2Þ
þ D12 α2,xθ þ β þ α2,θθ þ D26 β2,xθ þ R2 D16 α2,xx þ D26 β2,xθ þ D66 α2,xθ þ R2 D66 β2,xx
h2 R2 2,θθ R2
!
ð4 Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
1 ð4Þ A A A ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
þ A12 u4,xθ þ 22 v4,θθ þ 22 w,θ þ 26 u4,θθ þ A26 v4,xθ þ R4 A16 u4,xx þ A26 v4,xθ þ A26 w,x þ A66 u4,xθ þ R4 A66 v4,xx
2 R4 R4 R4

1 ð4Þ 1 v4 ð4Þ 1 ð4Þ 1 v4 ð4 Þ
þ C44 w,θ þ β4 þ C45 ðw,x þ α4 Þ þ R4 C44 w,θ þ β4 þ C45 ðw,x þ α4 Þ
2 R4 R4 h4 R4 R4
!
ð4 Þ ð4Þ
h4 R4 4,θθ R4
∂ 2 v3 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 v2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 β2 1 ∂ 2 v4 R4 ρ4 h24 ∂ 2 β4
¼ ρ3 h3 R3 þ R2 þ R2 þ R ρ h
4 4 4
∂t 2 2 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2 2 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2
ðAeÞ
ð5 Þ ð5Þ ð5Þ
ð5Þ A22 A A ð5Þ ð5Þ ð5Þ ð5Þ ð5Þ ð5Þ
A12 u5,xθ þ v5,θθ þ 22 w,θ þ 26 u5,θθ þ A26 v5,xθ þ R5 A16 u5,xx þ A26 v5,xθ þ A26 w,x þ A66 u5,xθ þ R5 A66 v5,xx
R5 R5 R5
"
ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4 Þ
ð5Þ 1 v5 ð5Þ 1 ð4Þ A A A ð4Þ
þC 44 w,θ þ β5 þ C45 ðw,x þ α5 Þ þ A12 u4,xθ þ 22 v4,θθ þ 22 w,θ þ 26 u4,θθ þ A26 v4,xθ
R5 R5 2 R4 R4 R4

ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4 Þ ð4Þ 1 v4 ð4Þ
þR4 A16 u4,xx þ A26 v4,xθ þ A26 w,x þ A66 u4,xθ þ R4 A66 v4,xx þ C 44 w,θ þ β4 þ C45 ðw,x þ α4 Þ ðAfÞ
R4 R4
!
ð4 Þ ð4Þ
1 ð4Þ D22 D26 ð4Þ ð4 Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
þ D12 α4,xθ þ β þ α4,θθ þ D26 β4,xθ þ R4 D16 α4,xx þ D26 β4,xθ þ D66 α4,xθ þ R4 D66 β4,xx
h4 R4 4,θθ R4

1 ð4Þ 1 v4 ð4Þ ∂ 2 v5 1 ∂ 2 v4 R4 ρ4 h24 ∂ 2 β4
R4 C 44 w,θ þ β4 þ R4 C45 ðw,x þ α4 Þ ¼ R5 ρ5 h5 2 þ R4 ρ4 h4 2 þ
h4 R4 R4 ∂t 2 ∂t 12 ∂t 2
ZHAI and CHANG 7407

ð1Þ1 v1,θ ð1Þ ð1 Þ 1 v1,x ð1Þ
C 44 w,θθ þ β1,θ þ C45 ðw,xθ þ α1,θ Þ þ R1 C45 w,xθ þ β1,x þ R1 C 55 ðw,xx þ α1,x Þ
R1 R1 R1 R1

ð3Þ 1 v3,θ ð3Þ ð3Þ 1 v3,x ð3Þ
þC44 w,θθ þ β3,θ þ C45 ðw,xθ þ α3,θ Þ þ R3 C 45 w,xθ þ β3,x þ R3 C55 ðw,xx þ α3,x Þ
R3 R3 R3 R3

R2 R2 R2 R2

R4 R4 R4 R4

R5 R5 R5 R5 ðAgÞ
! !
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
ð1Þ A22 A22 A26 ð1Þ ð2Þ A22 A22 A26 ð2Þ
A12 u1,x þ v1,θ þ wþ u1,θ þ A26 v1,x A12 u2,x þ v2,θ þ wþ u2,θ þ A26 v2,x
R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R2
! !
ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
ð3Þ A22 A22 A26 ð3Þ ð4Þ A22 A22 A26 ð4Þ
A12 u3,x þ v3,θ þ wþ u3,θ þ A26 v3,x A12 u4,x þ v4,θ þ wþ u4,θ þ A26 v4,x
R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R4
!
ð5Þ ð5Þ ð5Þ
ð5Þ A22 A22 A26 ð5Þ
A12 u5,x þ v5,θ þ wþ u5,θ þ A26 v5,x
R5 R5 R5
∂ 2w
¼ ðρ1 h1 R1 þ ρ2 h2 R2 þ R3 ρ3 h3 þ ρ4 h4 R4 þ R5 ρ5 h5 Þ
∂t 2
ð1Þ ð1 Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ

R1 D11 α1,xx þ D12 β1,xθ þ D16 α1,xθ þ R1 D16 β1,xx
ð1Þ ð1Þ
ð1 Þ D26 D ð1Þ ð1Þ 1 v1 ð1Þ
þD16 α1,xθ þ β1,θθ þ 66 α1,θθ þ D66 β1,xθ R1 C45 w,θ þ β1 R1 C 55 ðw,x þ α1 Þ
R1 R1 R1 R1
!
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
h1 ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2 Þ ð2Þ A A A ð2Þ
4 R2 R2 R2
!
ð2Þ ð2Þ
h1 ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ D26 D66 ð2Þ
2h2 R2 2,θθ R2

h1 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2 Þ R2 ρ2 h1 h2 ∂ 2 u2 R1 ρ1 h31 ∂ 2 α1 R2 ρ2 h1 h22 ∂ 2 α2
þ R2 C45 w,θ þ β2 þ C55 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ¼ þ
2h2 R2 R2 4 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2 24 ∂t 2
ðAhÞ
7408 ZHAI and CHANG

ð3Þ ð3Þ
ð3 Þ D D ð3Þ ð3Þ 1 v3 ð3Þ
þD16 α3,xθ þ 26 β3,θθ þ 66 α3,θθ þ D66 β3,xθ R3 C45 w,θ þ β3 þ C55 ðw,x þ α3 Þ
R3 R3 R3 R3
!
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
R2 A11 u2,xx þ A12 v2,xθ þ A12 w,x þ A16 u2,xθ þ R2 A16 v2,xx þ A16 u2,xθ þ 26 v2,θθ þ 26 w,θ þ 66 u2,θθ þ A66 v2,xθ
4 R2 R2 R2
!
ð2Þ ð2Þ
2h2 R2 2,θθ R2

h3 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2 Þ h3 ð4Þ 1 v4 ð4 Þ
þ R2 C45 w,θ þ β2 þ C55 ðw,x þ α2 Þ þ R4 C 45 w,θ þ β4 þ C55 ðw,x þ α4 Þ
2h2 R2 R2 2h4 R4 R4
!
ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
4 R4 R4 R4
!
ð4Þ ð4Þ
2h4 R4 4,θθ R4
ρ2 h3 h2 ∂ 2 u2 ρ3 h33 ∂ 2 α3 ρ2 h3 h22 ∂ 2 α2 1 ∂ 2 u4 R4 ρ4 h3 h24 ∂ 2 α4
¼ R2 þ R 3 R 2 þ h 3 R 4 ρ h 4
4 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2 24 ∂t 2 4 4
∂t 2 24 ∂t 2
ðAiÞ

ð5Þ ð5Þ
ð5 Þ D26 D66 ð5Þ ð5Þ 1 v5 ð5Þ
þD16 α5,xθ þ β þ α5,θθ þ D66 β5,xθ R5 C45 w,θ þ β5 R5 C 55 ðw,x þ α5 Þ
R5 5,θθ R5 R5 R5
!
ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
h5 ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4 Þ ð4Þ A26 A26 A66 ð4Þ
R4 A11 u4,xx þ A12 v4,xθ þ A12 w,x þ A16 u4,xθ þ R4 A16 v4,xx þ A16 u4,xθ þ v4,θθ þ w,θ þ u4,θθ þ A66 v4,xθ
4 R4 R4 R4
!
ð4Þ ð4Þ
2h4 R4 4,θθ R4

h5 ð4Þ 1 v4 ð4 Þ ρ h3 ∂ 2 α5 1 ∂ 2 u4 R4 ρ4 h24 h5 ∂ 2 α4
þ R4 C45 w,θ þ β4 þ C55 ðw,x þ α4 Þ ¼ R5 5 5 2 h5 R4 ρ4 h4 2
2h4 R4 R4 12 ∂t 4 ∂t 24 ∂t 2
ðAjÞ
ZHAI and CHANG 7409
ð1Þ ð1Þ
ð1Þ D22 D ð1Þ ð1 Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ
D12 α1,xθ þ β þ 26 α1,θθ þ D26 β1,xθ þ R1 D16 α1,xx þ D26 β1,xθ þ D66 α1,xθ þ R1 D66 β1,xx
R1 1,θθ R1
"
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
ð1Þ 1 v1 ð1Þ h1 ð2Þ A A A ð2Þ
R1 C 44 w,θ þ β1 þ C45 ðw,x þ α1 Þ þ A12 u2,xθ þ 22 v2,θθ þ 22 w,θ þ 26 u2,θθ þ A26 v2,xθ
R1 R1 4 R2 R2 R2

ð2Þ ð2 Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ
þR2 A16 u2,xx þ A26 v2,xθ þ A26 w,x þ A66 u2,xθ þ R2 A66 v2,xx þ C44 w,θ þ β2 þ C 45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ðAkÞ
R2 R2
!
ð2Þ ð2Þ
h1 ð2Þ D22 D26 ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2 Þ ð2Þ
2h2 R2 2,θθ R2

h1 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ R2 ρ2 h1 h2 ∂ 2 v2 R1 ρ1 h31 ∂ 2 β1 R2 ρ2 h1 h22 ∂ 2 β2
þ R2 C44 w,θ þ β2 þ C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ¼ þ
2h2 R2 R2 4 ∂t2 12 ∂t 2 24 ∂t 2
ð3Þ ð3 Þ
ð3Þ D22 D ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ
D12 α3,xθ þ β þ 26 α3,θθ þ D26 β3,xθ þ R3 D16 α3,xx þ D26 β3,xθ þ D66 α3,xθ þ R3 D66 β3,xx
R3 3,θθ R3

ð3Þ 1 v3 ð3Þ h3 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ
R3 C44 w,θ þ β3 þ C 45 ðw,x þ α3 Þ C 44 w,θ þ β2 þ C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ
R3 R3 4 R2 R2
" #
ð2Þ ð2 Þ ð2Þ
h3 ð2Þ A22 A22 A26 ð2Þ ð2 Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
A12 u2,xθ þ v2,θθ þ w,θ þ u2,θθ þ A26 v2,xθ þ R2 A16 u2,xx þ A26 v2,xθ þ A26 w,x þ A66 u2,xθ þ R2 A66 v2,xx
4 R2 R2 R2
!
ð2 Þ ð2Þ
h3 ð2Þ D22 D26 ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2 Þ
2h2 R2 2,θθ R2

h3 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ h3 ð4Þ 1 v4 ð4Þ
þ R2 C 44 w,θ þ β2 þ C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ þ C44 w,θ þ β4 þ C45 ðw,x þ α4 Þ
2h2 R2 R2 4 R4 R4
" #
ð4Þ ð4 Þ ð4Þ
h3 ð4Þ A22 A22 A26 ð4Þ ð4 Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
þ A12 u4,xθ þ v4,θθ þ w,θ þ u4,θθ þ A26 v4,xθ þ R4 A16 u4,xx þ A26 v4,xθ þ A26 w,x þ A66 u4,xθ þ R4 A66 v4,xx
4 R4 R4 R4
!
ð4 Þ ð4Þ
h3 ð4Þ D22 D26 ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4 Þ
2h4 R4 4,θθ R4

h3 ð4Þ 1 v4 ð4Þ
þ R4 C 44 w,θ þ β4 þ C45 ðw,x þ α4 Þ
2h4 R4 R4
ρ3 h33 ∂ 2 β3 ρ2 h3 h2 ∂ 2 v2 ρ2 h3 h22 ∂ 2 β2 1 ∂ 2 v4 R4 ρ4 h3 h24 ∂ 2 β4
¼ R3 2 R2 2 R2 2 þ h3 R4 ρ4 h4 2
12 ∂t 4 ∂t 24 ∂t 4 ∂t 24 ∂t 2
ðAmÞ
7410 ZHAI and CHANG
ð5 Þ ð5Þ
ð5Þ D22 D ð5Þ
D12 α5,xθ þ β þ 26 α5,θθ þ D26 β5,xθ
R5 5,θθ R5

ð5Þ ð5Þ ð5Þ ð5 Þ ð5Þ 1 v5 ð5Þ
þR5 D16 α5,xx þ D26 β5,xθ þ D66 α5,xθ þ R5 D66 β5,xx R5 C44 w,θ þ β5 þ C 45 ðw,x þ α5 Þ
R5 R5
"
ð4 Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
h5 ð4Þ A A A ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
A12 u4,xθ þ 22 v4,θθ þ 22 w,θ þ 26 u4,θθ þ A26 v4,xθ þ R4 A16 u4,xx þ A26 v4,xθ þ A26 w,x
4 R4 R4 R4
ðAnÞ
ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ 1 v4 ð4Þ
þA66 u4,xθ þ R4 A66 v4,xx þ C44 w,θ þ β4 þ C45 ðw,x þ α4 Þ
R4 R4
!
ð4Þ ð4Þ
h5 ð4 Þ D22 D26 ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ
2h4 R4 4,θθ R4

h5 ð4Þ 1 v4 ð4Þ 1 ∂ 2 v4 R5 ρ5 h35 ∂ 2 β5 R4 ρ4 h24 h5 ∂ 2 β4
þ R4 C44 w,θ þ β4 þ C45 ðw,x þ α4 Þ ¼ h5 R4 ρ4 h4 2 þ
2h4 R4 R4 4 ∂t 12 ∂t 2 24 ∂t 2
ðiÞ R h2i ðiÞ

where, R h2i Cij ¼ h Qij dz (i, j = 4, 5).
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ 2i
ðiÞ 2
Aij , Bij , Dij ¼ h Q 1, zðiÞ , z dz; (i,
i ij
j = 1, 2, 6).
2

Polymer Composites - 2024 - Zhai - Dynamic performance of multi‐layered composite sandwich open cylindrical shells with

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Polymer Composites - 2024 - Zhai - Dynamic performance of multi‐layered composite sandwich open cylindrical shells with

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Received: 18 January 2024 Revised: 10 February 2024 Accepted: 16 February 2024

Dynamic performance of multi-layered composite sandwich

Yanchun Zhai 1,2,3 | Lirong Chang 3

1 | INTRODUCTION Taranto, Pan, and Rao et al.4–9 Meanwhile, various the-

Polymer Composites. 2024;45:7391–7410. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pc © 2024 Society of Plastics Engineers. 7391

vibration mode shapes of cylindrical open shells.

2 | EQUATION OF MOTION The ith layer's stress–strain relationship could be

According to assumption (4), the continuous relation- 3 | NU M ER I C AL EX AM P LES AN D

vðiÞ ðx, θ, t Þ ¼ V imn sinðnπx=aÞ cosðmπθ=θ0 Þejω t

FIGURE 2 ANSYS simulation mode of the MSCCOS.

T A B L E 3 The structural and

4 | R ES U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N Core (COSSOSC) are given in Table 3, respectively.

R3/h hc =h m¼2 m¼3 m¼4 m¼5 m¼6 m¼7 m¼8

ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ

ð1Þ ð1 Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ

ð3Þ ð3 Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ

ð5Þ ð5 Þ ð5Þ ð5Þ

ðiÞ R h2i ðiÞ

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