Received: 17 April 2022 Revised: 31 May 2022 Accepted: 15 June 2022

DOI: 10.1002/pc.26843

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Vibration characteristics of circular composite sandwich

cylindrical shells with soft core

Xiaowen Dong | Bo Yin | Yanzhao Li | Yanchun Zhai

Shandong Provincial University

Laboratory for Protected Horticulture,
Weifang University of Science and
Technology, Weifang, China
Correspondence
Yanzhao Li and Yanchun Zhai, Shandong
Provincial University Laboratory for
Protected Horticulture, Weifang
University of Science and Technology,
Weifang 262700, China.
Email: liyanzhao@wfust.edu.cn and
yanchunzhai@wfust.edu.cn
Funding information
National Natural Science Foundation of
China, Grant/Award Number: 51705270
Abstract
In this article, in order to obtain better vibration characteristics of circular
composite sandwich cylindrical shells (CCSCS), the free vibration and damp-
ing property of CCSCS has been performed with parameter analysis. First, the
equations of motion of CCSCS are deduced by adopting a displacement contin-
uous piece-wise model based on Hamilton's principle and first order shear the-
ory, in which shear strain and rotary inertias of all layers are considered.
Second, the exact Navier method is adopted to obtain the solutions of these
vibration equations and is authenticated by comparison with the results of
open literatures. Finally, the change rule of free vibration and damping prop-
erty versus thickness, shear parameter, and some structure parameters ratios
are presented graphically, then a series of valuable conclusion are proposed to
make CCSCS obtain higher rigidity and damping property.

KEYWORDS
composite sandwich shells, damping property, discrete model, vibration characteristics

1 | INTRODUCTION the Navier method,[16,17] differential quadrature method,[18,19]

Because of its advantageous features, such as high damp-
ing capacity, high specific strength, and high specific
rigidity, composite sandwich structures constituted by
two hard face layers and a soft core have been widely
used in rail transport, aerospace applications, and other
industries.[1–3] Therefore, the study of free vibration
and damping property of circular composite sandwich
cylindrical shells (CCSCS) has important research value.
For the sake of better studying theoretically the char-
acteristics of sandwich structures, since the work of
Kerwin,[4] then DiTaranto et al.[5] extended Kerwin's
research, and subsequently, kinds of theories and solu-
tions were developed, such as, thin shell theories,[6–10]
such as Donnel–Mushtari's theory and Reissner–Naghdi's
theory; first order shear theory (FOST)[11,12] and high
order shear theory.[13–15] Meanwhile, various solution
methods are developed for studying the vibration
and damping properties of these structures, such as,
finite element method,[20,21] and Ritz method[22] et al.
Those theories and solutions have been broadly used to
were widely applied to stress analysis, free and forced
vibration, bending, buckling, et al.[23,24]
Based on these theories and solutions, numbers of
vibration and damping analyzes of CCSCS have been
carried out. On behalf of studying the bending property
of sandwich shells, Carrera and Brischetto[25] assessed
various shell theories in their work. On the base of high
order shell theory, Rahmani et al.[26] proposed a new
model to perform the effect of external loads on the vibra-
tion of shell structures, and do not make any assump-
tions about the displacement model of soft core. Pandey
et al.[27] presented a layerwise model for studying the
dynamic property of two configurations of sandwich
shells. G.Y. Jin et al.[28] developed a precise solution to
study the vibration of cylindrical shell structures.
L. Zheng et al.[29] researched the damping characteristics
of multilayer sandwich cylindrical shells based on the

5404 © 2022 Society of Plastics Engineers. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pc Polymer Composites. 2022;43:5404–5417.

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DONG ET AL. 5405

Donnell shell theory, transfer function method, and

linear viscoelastic theory. Rahmani et al.[30] used an elas-
ticity theory for the soft sheet and the classical shell the-
ory for the composite layers to conduct the vibration of
cylindrical shells. Mohammadi et al.[31] used the semi-
analytical method for performing the damping property
of different kinds of composite cylindrical shells.
According to the above literature overviews, it can be
seen that there are already kinds of literature studying
the cylindrical shell structures. The majority of research
focuses on presenting refined displacement models and
new accurate solutions for free and forced vibration,
F I G U R E 1 Coordinate system and geometry of the circular
bending, buckling, stress analysis, et al. However, to the
composite sandwich cylindrical shells.
author's knowledge, at present, there are scarcely any
reports to study the optimal vibration characteristics of
CCSCS by researching the effect of geometric and physi-
cal parameters on frequencies and damping. Therefore,
this article studies the change rules of frequency and loss
factor versus the shear parameter g, h1/h3, h2/h, R1/h,
and a/R1. Owing to considering the effect of rotary iner-
tias and shear deformation, thin-to-moderately thick
shells can be analyzed. Considering that the aeronautical
engineering field et al. have broadly adopted these
CCSCS structures, therefore, it is very necessary to own
better vibration characteristics through the study of its
vibration and damping characteristics.

2 | V I B R A T I O N EQ U A T I O N S O F FIGURE 2 The meaning of z(i)

CCSCS
The coordinate system and geometry of the CCSCS with
total thickness h are displayed in Figure 1, and for obtain-
ing vibration equations, some assumptions are listed:
(1) the constant complex modulus is adopted for soft core
layer, (2) radial strain is not considered, (3) all points on
a same normal own the same radial displacement for all
layers, (4) no slipping occurs at the interfaces.
2.1 | Kinematic relations
Based on the FOST, the displacement model of ith layer
is written by:
U i ðx,θ, z, t Þ ¼ ui ðx, θ,t Þ þ zðiÞ αi ðx, θ, t Þ
V i ðx, θ, z, t Þ ¼ vi ðx, θ,t Þ þ zðiÞ βi ðx, θ, t Þ
W i ðx, θ, z, t Þ ¼ wðx, θ, t Þ
where, i = 1, 2, 3, and the 1, 2, and 3 are indicated for the
bottom layer, soft core, and top layer, respectively. t is
time variable; U i , V i , and W i are the generalized
displacements of the ith layer along the along x θ and
z directions, respectively. ui and vi denote displacements
of ith layer's middle surface along x and θ directions,
respectively. αi and βi represent the rotation angles of ith
layer's radial normal in x-z and z-θ planes, respectively.
The meaning zðiÞ is shown in Figure 2, hi =2 ≤ zðiÞ ≤ hi =2,
and hi represents ith layer's thickness. From Equation (1),
it is noted that the shear deformation of the three layers,
as well as rotary inertia, are included.
Then, the strain of each layer can be obtained:
εðxxiÞ ¼ ∂ui =∂x þ zðiÞ ∂αi =∂x
ðiÞ
εθθ ¼ ∂vi =Ri ∂θ þ w=Ri þ zðiÞ ∂βi =Ri ∂θ
ðiÞ
γ xθ ¼ ∂ui =Ri ∂θ þ ∂vi =∂x þ zðiÞ ð ∂αi =Ri ∂θ þ ∂βi =∂x Þ ð2Þ
ðiÞ
γ θz ¼ ∂w=Ri ∂θ þ βi  vi =Ri
ð1Þ γ ðxziÞ ¼ ∂w=∂x þ αi
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
where, εxx , εθθ , γ xθ , and γ θz , γ xz denote the normal and
shear strain of the middle plane along the coordinate
axis, respectively, and Ri represents the radii of the ith
layer.
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5406 DONG ET AL.

Next, the stress–strain relations of each layer can be where, ρi is the mass density.
rewritten as: Based on the above assumption, the interlayered con-
tinuous relations can be obtained:
0 1
σ xx
ðiÞ 0 ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ 10 1
B C Q11 Q12 Q16 0 0 ε
ðiÞ      
B ðiÞ C B ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ CB xx h1 h2 h3
B σ θθ C BQ Q Q ðiÞ C x, θ,  ,t ¼ U 2 x, θ, , t and U 3 x,θ, , t
0 C εθθ C U1
B C B 12 22 26 0 CB 2  2  2
B C B ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ CB
B ðiÞ C
C
B ðiÞ C ¼ BQ Q Q 0 C γ xθ C ð3Þ h2
B τxθ C B 16 26 66 0 CB ¼ U 2 x, θ,  ,t
B C B CB C
ðiÞ CB ðiÞ C
2
B ði Þ C B 0 ði Þ
@ γ θz A
Bτ C @ 0 0 Q 44 Q 45 A ð7Þ
@ θz A ði Þ ðiÞ ðiÞ
ðiÞ 0 0 0 Q45 Q55 γ xz
τxz

 
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q11 ¼ Q11 cos 4 θi þ 2 Q12 þ 2Q66 sin 2 θi cos 2 θi þ Q22 sin 4 θi
 
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ  
Q12 ¼ Q11 þ Q22  4Q66 sin 2 θi cos 2 θi þ Q12 sin 4 θi þ cos 4 θi
 
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q22 ¼ Q11 sin 4 θi þ 2 Q12 þ 2Q66 sin 2 θi cos 2 θi þ Q22 cos 4 θi
   
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ði Þ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q16 ¼ Q11  Q12  2Q66 sin θi cos 3 θi þ Q12  Q22 þ 2Q66 sin 3 θi cos θi
   
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ði Þ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q26 ¼ Q11  Q12  2Q66 sin 3 θi cos θi þ Q12  Q22 þ 2Q66 sinθi cos 3 θi ð4Þ
 
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ði Þ ðiÞ  
Q66 ¼ Q11 þ Q22  2Q12  2Q66 sin 2θi cos 2 θi þ Q66 sin 4 θi þ cos 4 θi
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q44 ¼ Q44 cos 2 θi þ Q55 sin 2 θi
 
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q45 ¼ Q55  Q44 sinθi cos θi
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
Q55 ¼ Q55 cos 2 θi þ Q44 sin 2 θi

ðiÞ
ðiÞ E1
where θi is the angle of the fiber. Besides, Q11 ¼ ðiÞ ðiÞ ,      
1ν12 ν21
h1 h2 h3
ðiÞ
ði Þ ði Þ
ν12 E2 ðiÞ
ði Þ
E2 ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ V 1 x, θ, , t ¼ V 2 x, θ, ,t and V 3 x, θ, , t
Q12 ¼ ði Þ ði Þ , Q22 ¼ ði Þ ði Þ , Q44 ¼ G23 , Q55 ¼ G13 , 2  2  2
1ν12 ν21 1ν12 ν21
h2
ðiÞ
and Q66 ¼ G12 .
ði Þ ¼ V 2 x, θ, , t
2
ð7bÞ

2.2 | Equations of motion

On the base of the Hamilton principle, the equations
The strain energy (U) of CCSCS is given by: of motion of CCSCS can be deduced:
3 Z 2π Z a Z hi =2 
1X ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ
U¼ εðiÞ σ ðiÞ þ εθθ σ θθ þ εxθ σ xθ ð5Þ Z
2 i¼1 0 0 hi =2 xx xx t1

 ðδT  δU Þdt ¼ 0 ð8Þ

ðiÞ ðiÞ to
þ γ θz τθz þ γ ðxziÞ τðxziÞ Ri dzdxdθ

and, the kinetic energy (T) of CCSCS can be expressed as Thus bringing Equations (5) and (6) into Equation (8),
follows: and combining the Equation (7), vibration
2
X3 Z 2π Z a  2  2  2 equations of CCSCS can be derived and listed in
T¼
1 4 ∂w þ ∂ui þ ∂vi ð6Þ Appendix A.
2 i¼1 0 0 ∂t ∂t ∂t Next, by substituting the Equations (A2) and
" 3
2  2 # Equation (A3) into Equation (A1), and combining the
h2 ∂αi ∂βi 5Ri ρi hi dθdx stress–strain relations, the equations of motion are
þ i þ
12 ∂t ∂t shown as follows:
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DONG ET AL. 5407

ð1Þ  
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ A ð1Þ 1
R1 A11 u1,xx þ A12 ðv1,xθ þ w,x Þ þ A16 ðu1,xθ þ R1 v1,xx þ u1,xθ Þ þ 26 ðv1,θθ þ w,θ Þ þ A66 u1,θθ þ v1,xθ
R1 R1
2
1
þ 4R2 A11 u2,xx þ A12 ðv2,xθ þ w,x Þ þ A16 ðu2,xθ þ R2 v2,xx þ u2,xθ Þ
ð2 Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
2
3 2
ð2Þ  
A ð2Þ 1 1 ð2Þ ð2Þ
þ 26 ðv2,θθ þ w,θ Þ þ A66 u2,θθ þ v2,xθ 5  4R2 D11 α2,xx þ D12 β2,xθ
R2 R2 h2
ð9aÞ
ð2 Þ
ð2Þ   D26
þ D16 α2,xθ þ R2 β2,xx þ α2,xθ þ β
R2 2,θθ
3
 
ð2Þ 1 1 ð2 Þ
þ D66 α2,θθ þ β2,xθ 5 þ C45 ðw,θ þ R2 β2  v2 Þ
R2 h2

1 ð2Þ ∂ 2 u1 R2 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 u2 R2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 α2
þ C55 R2 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ¼ R1 ρ1 h1 2 þ 
h2 ∂t 2 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2

ð3 Þ  
ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ A26 ð3Þ 1
R3 A11 u3,xx þ A12 ðv3,xθ þ w,x Þ þ A16 ðu3,xθ þ R3 v3,xx
þ u3,xθ Þ þ ðv3,θθ þ w,θ Þ þ A66 u3,θθ þ v3,xθ
R3 R3
2 3
ð2Þ  
14 A 1
u2,θθ þ v2,xθ 5
ð2 Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
þ R2 A11 u2,xx þ A12 ðv2,xθ þ w,x Þ þ A16 ðu2,xθ þ R2 v2,xx þ u2,xθ Þ þ 26 ðv2,θθ þ w,θ Þ þ A66
2 R2 R2
2 3
ð2Þ  
14   D 1 1 ð2Þ
α2,θθ þ β2,xθ 5  C45 ðw,θ þ R2 β2  v2 Þ
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2 Þ ð2Þ
þ R2 D11 α2,xx þ D12 β2,xθ þ D16 α2,xθ þ R2 β2,xx þ α2,xθ þ 26 β2,θθ þ D66
h2 R2 R2 h2

1 ð2Þ ∂ 2 u3 R2 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 u2 R2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 α2
 C55 R2 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ¼ R3 ρ3 h3 2 þ þ
h2 ∂t 2 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2
ð9bÞ

ð1Þ    
ð1Þ A ð1Þ ð1Þ 1 ð1Þ ð1Þ 1 v1
A12 u1,xθ þ 22 ðv1,θθ þ w,θ Þ þ R1 A16 u1,xx þ A26 v1,xθ þ w,x þ u1,θθ þ v1,xθ þ A66 ðu1,xθ þ R1 v1,xx Þ þ C44 w,θ þ β1 
R1 R1 R1 R1
2   3
ð2Þ
ð2Þ A22 ð2Þ 1 ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
6 A12 u2,xθ þ ðv2,θθ þ w,θ Þ þ A26 u2,θθ þ v2,xθ þ R2 A16 u2,xx þ A26 ðv2,xθ þ w,x Þ þ A66 ðu2,xθ þ R2 v2,xx Þ 7
ð1Þ 166 R2 R2 7
7
þ C45 ðw,x þ α1 Þ þ 6   7
24 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ 5
þC 44 w,θ þ β2  þ C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ
R2 R2
2 3
ð2Þ  
1 4 ð2Þ D22 ð2Þ 1 ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ  
 D12 α2,xθ þ β þ D26 α2,θθ þ β2,xθ þ R2 D16 α2,xx þ D26 β2,xθ þ D66 α2,xθ þ R2 β2,xx 5
h2 R2 2,θθ R2
  
1 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ ∂ 2 v1 R2 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 v2 R2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 β2
þ R2 C44 w,θ þ β2  þ R2 C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ¼ R1 ρ1 h1 2 þ 
h2 R2 R2 ∂t 2 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2
ð9cÞ
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5408 DONG ET AL.

ð3Þ    
ð3Þ A22 ð3Þ ð3 Þ 1 ð3Þ ð3Þ 1 v3
A12 u3,xθ þ ðv3,θθ þ w,θ Þ þ R3 A16 u3,xx þ A26 u3,θθ þ v3,xθ þ v3,xθ þ w,x þ A66 ðu3,xθ þ R3 v3,xx Þ þ C44 w,θ þ β3 
R3 R3 R3 R3
2   3
ð2 Þ
A 1
6 Að122Þ u2,xθ þ 22 ðv2,θθ þ w,θ Þ þ Að262Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
u2,θθ þ v2,xθ þ R2 A16 u2,xx þ A26 ðv2,xθ þ w,x Þ 7
16 R R 7
þ C45 ðw,x þ α3 Þ þ 6 7
ð3Þ 2 2
26   7
4 ð2Þ ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ 5
þA66 ðu2,xθ þ R2 v2,xx Þ þ C 44 w,θ þ β2  þ C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ
R2 R2
2 3
ð2Þ  
1 4 ð2Þ D22 ð2Þ 1 ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ  
þ D12 α2,xθ þ β þ D26 α2,θθ þ β2,xθ þ R2 D16 α2,xx þ D26 β2,xθ þ D66 α2,xθ þ R2 β2,xx 5
h2 R2 2,θθ R2
  
1 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ ∂ 2 v3 R2 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 v2 R2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 β2
 R2 C44 w,θ þ β2  þ C 45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ¼ R3 ρ3 h3 2 þ þ
h2 R2 R2 ∂t 2 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2
ð9dÞ

ð1Þ    
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1 Þ   D26 ð1Þ 1 ð1Þ 1 v1
R1 D11 α1,xx þ D12 β1,xθ þ D16 α1,xθ þ R1 β1,xx þ α1,xθ þ β þ D66 α1,θθ þ β1,xθ  R1 C45 w,θ þ β1 
R1 1,θθ R1 R1 R1
2
ð2Þ
ð1Þ h1 4 ð2 Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ A
R1 C55 ðw,x þ α1 Þ þ R2 A11 u2,xx þ A12 ðv2,xθ þ w,x Þ þ A16 ðu2,xθ þ R2 v2,xx þ u2,xθ Þ þ 26 ðv2,θθ þ w,θ Þ
4 R2
3 2
 
ð2Þ 1 h1 4 ð2Þ   Dð2Þ
u2,θθ þ v2,xθ 5 
ð2Þ ð2 Þ ð9eÞ
þ A66 R2 D11 α2,xx þ D12 β2,xθ þ D16 α2,xθ þ R2 β2,xx þ α2,xθ þ 26 β2,θθ
R2 2h2 R2
3
    
ð2Þ 1 5 h1 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ
þ D66 α2,θθ þ β2,xθ þ R2 C45 w,θ þ β2  þ C55 ðw,x þ α2 Þ
R2 2h2 R2 R2

R2 ρ2 h1 h2 ∂ 2 u2 R1 ρ1 h31 ∂ 2 α1 R2 ρ2 h1 h22 ∂ 2 α2
¼ þ 
4 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2 24 ∂t2

ð3 Þ  
ð3 Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ   D26 ð3Þ 1
R3 D11 α3,xx þ D12 β3,xθ þ D16 α3,xθ þ R3 β3,xx þ α3,xθ þ β þ D66 α3,θθ þ β3,xθ
R3 3,θθ R3
2
  
ð3Þ 1 v3 h3
þ C55 ðw,x þ α3 Þ  4R2 A11 u2,xx þ A12 ðv2,xθ þ w,x Þ þ A16 ðu2,xθ þ R2 v2,xx þ u2,xθ Þ
ð3Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
 R3 C 45 w,θ þ β3 
R3 R3 4
3 2
ð2 Þ  
A26 ð2Þ 1 h ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ   Dð2Þ
u2,θθ þ v2,xθ 5 
3 4
þ ðv2,θθ þ w,θ Þ þ A66 R2 D11 α2,xx þ D12 β2,xθ þ D16 α2,xθ þ R2 β2,xx þ α2,xθ þ 26 β2,θθ
R2 R2 2h2 R2
3
    
ð2Þ 1 5 h3 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ
þ D66 α2,θθ þ β2,xθ þ R2 C 45 w,θ þ β2  þ C55 ðw,x þ α2 Þ
R2 2h2 R2 R2

R2 ρ2 h3 h2 ∂ 2 u2 R3 ρ3 h33 ∂ 2 α3 R2 ρ2 h3 h22 ∂ 2 α2
¼ þ 
4 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2 24 ∂t 2
ð9fÞ
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DONG ET AL. 5409

ð1Þ  
ð1Þ D ð1Þ ð1Þ 1 ð1 Þ  
D12 α1,xθ þ 22 β1,θθ þ R1 D16 α1,xx þ D26 α1,θθ þ β1,xθ þ β1,xθ þ D66 α1,xθ þ R1 β1,xx
R1 R1
  
ð1Þ 1 v1 ð1Þ
 R1 C44 w,θ þ β1  þ C45 ðw,x þ α1 Þ
R1 R1
2   3
ð2 Þ
A 1
6 Að122Þ u2,xθ þ 22 ðv2,θθ þ w,θ Þ þ Að262Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
u2,θθ þ v2,xθ þ R2 A16 u2,xx þ A26 ðv2,xθ þ w,x Þ þ A66 ðu2,xθ þ R2 v2,xx Þ 7
h1 6 R R 7
þ 6 7
2 2
44 6   7 ð9gÞ
ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ 5
þC44 w,θ þ β2  þ C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ
R2 R2
2 3
ð2Þ  
h1 4 ð2Þ D22 ð2 Þ 1 ð2 Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ  
 D12 α2,xθ þ β þ D26 α2,θθ þ β2,xθ þ R2 D16 α2,xx þ D26 β2,xθ þ D66 α2,xθ þ R2 β2,xx 5
2h2 R2 2,θθ R2
  
h1 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ R2 ρ2 h1 h2 ∂ 2 v2 R1 ρ1 h31 ∂ 2 β1 R2 ρ2 h1 h22 ∂ 2 β2
þ R2 C44 w,θ þ β2  þ C 45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ¼ þ 
2h2 R2 R2 4 ∂t 2 12 ∂t2 24 ∂t 2

ð3Þ  
ð3Þ D ð3Þ ð3Þ 1 ð3Þ  
D12 α3,xθ þ 22 β3,θθ þ R3 D16 α3,xx þ D26 α3,θθ þ β3,xθ þ β3,xθ þ D66 α3,xθ þ R3 β3,xx
R3 R3
  
ð3Þ 1 v3 ð3Þ
 R3 C44 w,θ þ β3  þ C 45 ðw,x þ α3 Þ
R3 R3
2   3
ð2Þ
ð2Þ A22 ð2Þ 1 ð2 Þ ð2Þ ð2 Þ
6 A12 u2,xθ þ ðv2,θθ þ w,θ Þ þ A26 u2,θθ þ v2,xθ þ R2 A16 u2,xx þ A26 ðv2,xθ þ w,x Þ þ A66 ðu2,xθ þ R2 v2,xx Þ 7
h3 6
6 R2 R2 7
7
 6   7 ð9hÞ
44 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ 5
þC44 w,θ þ β2  þ C 45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ
R2 R2
2 3
ð2 Þ  
h3 4 ð2Þ D22 ð2Þ 1 ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2 Þ  
 D12 α2,xθ þ β þ D26 α2,θθ þ β2,xθ þ R2 D16 α2,xx þ D26 β2,xθ þ D66 α2,xθ þ R2 β2,xx 5
2h2 R2 2,θθ R2
  
h3 ð2Þ 1 v2 ð2Þ R2 ρ2 h3 h2 ∂ 2 v2 R3 ρ3 h33 ∂ 2 β3 R2 ρ2 h3 h22 ∂ 2 β2
þ R2 C 44 w,θ þ β2  þ C45 ðw,x þ α2 Þ ¼  þ 
2h2 R2 R2 4 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2 24 ∂t 2

   
ð1Þ 1 v1,θ ð1Þ   ð1Þ ð3Þ 1 v3,θ
C44 w,θθ þ β1,θ  þ C 45 2w,xθ þ R1 β1,x  v1,x þ α1,θ þ R1 C55 ðw,xx þ α1,x Þ þ C44 w,θθ þ β3,θ 
R1 R1 R3 R3
 
ð3 Þ   ð3Þ ð2Þ 1 v2,θ ð2Þ  
þ C45 2w,xθ þ R3 β3,x  v3,x þ α3,θ þ R3 C55 ðw,xx þ α3,x Þ þ C44 w,θθ þ β2,θ  þ C45 2w,xθ þ R2 β2,x  v2,x þ α2,θ
R2 R2
0 1
ð1 Þ ð1Þ ð1 Þ
A A A
þ R2 C55 ðw,xx þ α2,x Þ  @A12 u1,x þ 22 v1,θ þ 22 w þ 26 u1,θ þ A26 v1,x A
ð2Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ
R1 R1 R1
0 1 0 1
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ
A A A A A A
@A12 u2,x þ 22 v2,θ þ 22 w þ 26 u2,θ þ A26 v2,x A  @A12 u3,x þ 22 v3,θ þ 22 w þ 26 u3,θ þ A26 v3,x A
ð 2Þ ð 2 Þ ð3 Þ ð 3Þ
R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3
¼ ðR1 ρ1 h1 þ R2 ρ2 h2 þ R3 ρ3 h3 Þw,tt
ð9iÞ
 15480569, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://4spepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pc.26843 by Virginia Tech, Wiley Online Library on [09/07/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5410 DONG ET AL.

where, AðmniÞ
, Bðmn
iÞ
, Cðmn
iÞ
, and Dðmn
iÞ
are the constant coeffi- where, ω0 is complex circular frequency; U imn , V imn , W mn ,
cients, and Aimn , and Bimn are the constant coefficients.
The Formula (9) can be rewritten as a characteristic
  Z hi
equation about the unknowns U imn , V imn , W mn , Aimn , and
2
ðiÞ  
Aðmn
iÞ
, Bðmn
iÞ
, Dðmn
iÞ
¼ h
Qij 1, z,z2 dz, ðm, n ¼ 1, 2, 6Þ Bimn by bringing Formula (12) into Formula (9).
 2i

ð10aÞ  
½K   ðω Þ2 ½M  fX g ¼ 0, ð13Þ
Z hi
2 ðiÞ
C ðmn
iÞ
¼ h
Qij dz, ðm, n ¼ 4, 5Þ ð10bÞ where ½M and ½K  are the complex mass and
 2i
stiffness matrix, respectively, and X¼
U mn , U mn , V mn , , V mn , W mn , Amn , Amn , Bmn Bmn Þ.
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3

Then one can obtain the complex eigenvalues

3 | R ES U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N ω20 ¼ ω2 ð1 þ iηÞ, and the loss factor and circular frequency
of CCSCS could be obtained from the following
3.1 | Numerical examples and validation formulae[33]:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi    
The simply supported boundary condition will be ω¼ Re ðω20 Þη ¼ Im ω20 = Re ω20 : ð14Þ
employed in the following numerical examples and para-
metric analysis:
At x = 0 and x = a: To check the validity of the deduced equations, first,
consider a three-layered [0 /90 /0 ] orthogonal anisotropy
N ðxiÞ ¼ 0 vi ¼ 0 w ¼ 0 M ðxiÞ ¼ 0 βi ¼ 0, ð11Þ laminated cylindrical shell. The material parameters are
as follows: E 22 ¼ 7:6 GPa, E 11 =E 22 ¼ 2:5, G12 ¼ 4:1 GPa,
where i = 1, 3, a is the length of the sandwich cylindrical ρ ¼ 1643 kg=m3 , μ12 ¼ 0:26, and the frequencies corre-
shell. sponding to the first six circumference wave numbers are
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Based on the Navier's type solution and the above in non-dimensional form (ωR2 ρ=E22) and shown in
boundary conditions, the middle plane displacement of Table 1.
each layer can be expressed as[32]: The second example is an isotropy sandwich cylindrical
shell, the material characteristics of the base and constrain-
X
∞ X
∞
ing layers are: E 1 ¼ E 3 ¼ 210 GPa, ρ1 ¼ ρ3 ¼ 7850 kg=m3 ,
ui ðx, θ, t Þ ¼ U imn cos ðnπx=aÞ cos ðmθÞeiω0 t ,
and μ1 ¼ μ3 ¼ 0:3; and the soft core's material
m¼1 n¼1
X
∞ X
∞ parameters are: G ¼ ð8:582 þ 2:985iÞ  106 Pa, μ2 ¼ 0:3,
vi ðx, θ, t Þ ¼ V imn sin ðnπx=aÞsin ðmθÞeiω0 t , and ρ2 ¼ 1340 kg=m3 . The results compared with the
m¼1 n¼1 literature are listed in Table 2.
X∞ X ∞
From Tables 1 and 2, an adequate agreement can
wðx, θ,t Þ ¼ W mn sin ðnπx=aÞ cos ðmθÞeiω0 t , ð12Þ
m¼1 n¼1 be observed although some differences occur between
X∞ X ∞ the results. It's necessary to note that the above
αi ðx, θ, t Þ ¼ Aimn cos ðnπx=aÞcos ðmθÞeiω0 t , material characteristics of CCSCS will be used in the
m¼1 n¼1
subsequent vibration and damping analysis (unless
X∞ X ∞
βi ðx, θ, t Þ ¼ Bimn sin ðnπx=aÞsin ðmθÞeiω0 t , explicitly stated).
m¼1 n¼1

T A B L E 1 The comparison of
m
frequencies for a three-layered
a/R2 Contrast 1 2 3 4 5 6 laminated cylindrical shell (n = 1,
1 Ref. [34] 1.061284 0.804054 0.598331 0.450144 0.345253 0.270754 h1 = h2 = h3, h1/R2 = 0.002/3).

Ref. [35] 1.061287 0.804054 0.598331 0.450144 0.345253 0.270754

Present 1.061282 0.804052 0.598328 0.45014 0.345248 0.270747
5 Ref. [34] 0.248635 0.107203 0.055087 0.03379 0.025794 0.025877
Ref. [35] 0.248635 0.107203 0.055087 0.03379 0.025794 0.025877
Present 0.248635 0.107203 0.055085 0.03379 0.025790 0.025872
 15480569, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://4spepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pc.26843 by Virginia Tech, Wiley Online Library on [09/07/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DONG ET AL. 5411

T A B L E 2 The comparison of
parameter ω20 ¼ ω2 ð1 þ iηÞ for a three-
layered sandwich cylindrical shell
(h1 = h2 = h3 = 1/3 mm,
a = R1 = 100 mm, m = 0).
n Ref. [28]
1 2.4277E + 09 + i2.0696E + 05
2 2.4539E + 09 + i1.9694E + 06
3 2.4826E + 09 + i5.3197E + 06
4 2.5402E + 09 + i1.0132E + 07
5 2.6487E + 09 + i1.6337E + 07
6 2.8347E + 09 + i2.3934E + 07
7 3.1296E + 09 + i3.2749E + 07
8 3.5747E + 09 + i4.3285E + 07
9 4.2106E + 09 + i5.5034E + 07
10 5.0893E + 09 + i6.8178E + 07
Present
2.4256E + 09 + i2.0665E + 05
2.4534E + 09 + i1.9691E + 06
2.4822E + 09 + i5.3287E + 06
2.5397E + 09 + i1.0127E + 07
2.6479E + 09 + i1.6322E + 07
2.8334E + 09 + i2.3902E + 07
3.1283E + 09 + i3.2858E + 07
3.5706E + 09 + i4.3185E + 07
4.2037E + 09 + i5.4878E + 07
5.0770E + 09 + i6.7932E + 07

F I G U R E 3 The variation of
loss factors and frequencies
(Hz) verse circumferential mode
number under different h1/h3
(R1 = 100 mm, h2 = 2 mm,
h = 4 mm, n = 1): (A) a/R1 = 1
(B) a/R1 = 5.

3.2 | Influence of thickness on vibration
and damping of CCSCS
Firstly, the thickness ratio (h1/h3) of base and constrain-
ing layers on vibration and damping of CCSCS with
length a is considered and ranges from 0.2 to 5. In this
case, the total and soft core thicknesses are unchanged.
The influence of h1/h3 on vibration and damping of
CCSCS with different a/R1 ratios is plotted in Figure 3.
Overall, frequencies versus circumferential mode number
first descend then rise; however, loss factors show differ-
ent patterns of variation: successively rising and falling.
Their general change trend does not vary with the ratios
a/R1 and h1/h3, but the circumferential mode number
corresponding to extremum value becomes smaller with
increasing a/R1. Additionally, for a given model number,
with the increasement of h1/h3, frequencies gradually
increase; meanwhile, loss factors decline gradually. So
the symmetric CCSCS more probably acquires the better
damping characteristics. And, h1/h3 has little effect on
frequencies and loss factor in low circumferential mode
numbers; but has significant influence in high circumfer-
ential mode numbers.
Next, the influence of the thickness of viscoelastic
layer (h2) on vibration and damping of CCSCS will be
considered and plotted in Figure 4. As we can see from
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5412 DONG ET AL.

F I G U R E 4 Effect of thickness h2 (mm) on loss factor and frequency of circular composite sandwich cylindrical shells (a = R1 = 1 m,
h1 = h3 = 1 mm).

TABLE 3 The effect of a/R1, R1/h, and h2/h on loss factor (%) and vibration frequency of CCSCS (R1 = 1 m, h1 = h3, and n = 1).

a/R1 = 1

R1/h h2/h m=1 m=2 m=3 m=4 m=5 m=6 m=7 m=8
Frequencies 10 0.2 706.0962 559.3281 439.2052 378.8349 384.9845 446.2056 545.4523 671.3909
0.4 677.8955 534.6313 411.5606 336.4932 315.6064 343.2741 406.3714 493.6872
0.6 634.2760 498.9273 378.6322 295.8097 253.4078 248.8611 274.8428 322.3311
0.8 545.4206 428.8314 323.1897 245.6456 195.6075 169.3456 163.0176 172.2433
50 0.2 711.8804 551.3421 409.0496 305.3179 236.9938 197.8094 182.7757 187.1417
0.4 688.1644 533.0243 395.1338 293.8172 225.3992 182.9863 161.3416 156.4798
0.6 647.5955 501.7749 371.978 276.2543 210.7919 168.4889 143.7758 132.7456
0.8 559.3758 433.7645 322.0372 239.8743 183.9909 148.0604 126.8351 116.3975
100 0.2 713.1238 551.3341 407.7757 302.0114 229.5659 182.4935 154.681 141.9572
0.4 689.7306 533.3232 394.4154 291.849 221.1134 174.2194 144.9121 128.9956
0.6 649.338 502.2259 371.5516 275.0718 208.5112 164.2266 136.1054 119.9325
0.8 560.9969 434.1234 321.5642 238.8215 182.3849 145.7696 123.6366 112.0402
Loss factor 10 0.2 0.0404 0.076 0.1648 0.3096 0.4133 0.4113 0.3565 0.2963
0.4 0.0392 0.0729 0.1622 0.3373 0.5283 0.5981 0.5547 0.4755
0.6 0.0543 0.0994 0.2242 0.507 0.9497 1.3188 1.4066 1.2958
0.8 0.1076 0.1938 0.4376 1.0387 2.2456 4.0083 5.6257 6.3859
50 0.2 0.0267 0.0578 0.1552 0.4195 1.0127 2.0205 3.1581 3.8868
0.4 0.0293 0.0599 0.1541 0.4087 0.9933 2.0725 3.5319 4.8199
0.6 0.0407 0.0806 0.2036 0.5372 1.3161 2.8296 5.1462 7.7485
0.8 0.0733 0.143 0.3611 0.9571 2.3458 5.0196 9.1183 13.9651
100 0.2 0.0111 0.0276 0.0872 0.274 0.7643 1.8143 3.565 5.6952
0.4 0.0158 0.0353 0.1023 0.3026 0.8132 1.9028 3.792 6.3261
0.6 0.023 0.0484 0.1358 0.3966 1.0606 2.4803 4.9763 8.4706
0.8 0.0382 0.075 0.2082 0.6222 1.6961 3.9649 7.7685 12.7212

Abbreviation: CCSCS, circular composite sandwich cylindrical shells.

the figures, with h2 increasing, the loss factor raises factor. The reason for this phenomenon is that the
greatly and varies dramatically; meanwhile, frequencies thicker the viscoelastic layer is, the greater the shear
show a decrease and vary small compared with the loss deformation is.
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DONG ET AL. 5413

TABLE 4 The effect of a/R1, R1/h, and h2/h on loss factor (%) and vibration frequency of CCSCS (R1 = 1 m, h1 = h3, n = 1).

a/R1 = 5

R1/h h2/h m=1 m=2 m=3 m=4 m=5 m=6 m=7 m=8
Frequencies 10 0.2 159.9604 72.1584 82.5556 141.2862 222.578 322.3826 439.8568 574.5685
0.4 155.1222 67.6558 64.203 103.8185 162.0544 234.2063 319.4423 417.485
0.6 146.4236 62.5706 48.5923 69.6817 105.3685 150.3789 203.7759 265.3412
0.8 126.8379 54.1185 37.3989 44.3944 60.0871 80.1304 103.7105 130.7014
50 0.2 158.0448 65.3529 39.9416 43.546 59.2286 80.4859 105.8699 135.0931
0.4 152.9955 63.1869 37.2644 37.3689 48.2512 63.7531 82.349 103.7186
0.6 144.1518 59.6493 35.3624 34.5338 42.4377 53.5166 66.4101 80.8495
0.8 124.6217 51.9718 33.1982 35.1911 43.3429 53.0353 63.2694 73.8486
100 0.2 157.8033 64.6961 36.0223 33.0603 41.1173 53.2517 67.5305 83.5489
0.4 152.7236 62.6463 34.7538 30.8404 36.7937 46.2194 57.268 69.527
0.6 143.8585 59.0979 33.357 30.4359 36.2194 44.6343 54.0096 63.9674
0.8 124.3344 51.2415 30.4775 31.0109 38.7943 48.3006 58.1977 68.1895
Loss factor 10 0.2 0.0145 0.725 1.8757 1.3058 0.8724 0.6162 0.4568 0.3515
0.4 0.0164 0.7078 2.6393 2.0571 1.4025 0.9983 0.7438 0.5748
0.6 0.024 0.953 5.2956 5.2522 3.8207 2.7933 2.1122 1.648
0.8 0.047 1.7667 12.4635 18.0924 16.4543 13.7925 11.4424 9.5377
50 0.2 0.0017 0.4032 5.4728 11.2099 11.0249 9.3561 7.7498 6.4292
0.4 0.0037 0.4723 6.1343 14.0717 14.9263 13.1805 11.2068 9.4792
0.6 0.0072 0.6144 7.8727 19.0436 22.3045 21.624 19.9232 18.0389
0.8 0.0165 0.8932 10.9681 23.772 28.5281 29.8741 30.098 29.856
100 0.2 0.001 0.0963 2.5925 10.2305 14.5649 15.3621 14.837 13.8418
0.4 0.0026 0.1487 3.4355 12.997 18.7005 19.9778 19.5574 18.5151
0.6 0.0057 0.1955 4.3139 15.4343 22.3226 24.7817 25.4391 25.3077
0.8 0.0149 0.2253 5.0305 16.1359 22.7149 25.9345 27.755 28.8779

Abbreviation: CCSCS, circular composite sandwich cylindrical shells.

In practice, the structural dimension of CCSCS, such
as thickness, radius, and length, et al. has a comprehensive
effect on the frequencies and loss factors. Therefore, in the
subsequent analysis, the comprehensive effect of h2/h, R1/
h, and a/R1 on CCSCS with a constant radius of the base
layer will be considered, as shown in Tables 3 and 4.
From Tables 3 and 4, firstly, we can see that for arbi-
trary ratios R1/h and h2/h, as the a/R1 raises, frequencies
gradually decrease under all circumferential mode num-
bers; meanwhile, the loss factor drops down under most
circumferential mode numbers, but increases only under
mode m = 1. So, the shorter CCSCS more probably
acquires a larger vibration frequency and a smaller loss
factor under most circumferential mode numbers.
Secondly, no matter how a/R1 and R1/h vary, frequen-
cies evidently drop down with h2/h increasing in most
circumferential mode numbers, but successively falls
and rises under a few circumferential mode numbers
and structure parameters (e.g. a/R1 = 5, R1/h = 100,
m = 4–8). Meanwhile, loss factors gradually increase
under some circumferential mode numbers, but first,
decline and then climb up under other circumferential
mode numbers.
Finally, regardless of how a/R1 and h2/h change, with
R1/h increasing, frequencies gradually drop down in most
circumferential mode numbers, but rise little by little under
a few circumferential mode numbers and structure param-
eters (e.g. a/R1 = 5, h2/h = 0.2, m = 1). And, the extent of
variation of frequencies is slight under small circumferen-
tial mode numbers but very large under big circumferential
mode numbers. Loss factors gradually decrease under
small circumferential mode numbers, and increase gradu-
ally under big circumferential mode numbers, and first
raise and then fall in other circumferential mode numbers.
Therefore, for a given circumferential mode number,
choosing appropriate corresponding relationships of a/
R1, h2/h, and R1/h could make CCSCS obtain higher
rigidity and damping property.

5414
Next, the effect of shear parameter g (g ¼
Gð1  μ1 2 Þ=E 1 )[36] on frequencies and loss factors of the
CCSCS will be plotted in Figures 5, and a logarithmic
scale of g-axis has been adopted for covering a wide range
of shear modulus.
As can be seen from the contrast of Figure 5A–D,
regardless of how structure parameters vary, with the
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DONG ET AL.
F I G U R E 5 The variation of
frequencies (Hz) and loss factor
(%) of CCSCS with a/R1, R1/h,
and h2/h (R1 = 1 m, h1 = h3,
n = 1), (A): a/R1 = 1, R1/h = 20;
(B): a/R1 = 5, R1/h = 20; (C): a/
R1 = 1, R1/h = 100; (D): a/
R1 = 5, R1/h = 100.
g increasing, the loss factor and vibration frequency
exhibit a similar changing trend. Both of them almost
increase gradually, however, in the case of smaller g, the
initial value basically remains unchanged and then raises
dramatically with the increasing of the shear parameter.
We can conclude that there is a better shear modulus
area of the viscoelastic layer to make the CCSCS achieve

DONG ET AL.
higher structural rigidity and damping characteristics. So
the better dynamics characteristics will more probably be
acquired by selecting the proper shear modulus region of
viscoelastic layer.
4 | C ON C L U S I ON
Based on the Hamilton principle and FOST, vibration
characteristics of CCSCS have been performed with
parameter analysis by adopting a discrete model. The vari-
ations of vibration frequencies and loss factors with thick-
ness, shear parameter, and some ratios have been
presented graphically. The ratio h1/h3 has little effect on
frequencies and loss factors in low circumferential mode
numbers but has significant influence in high circumfer-
ential mode numbers. Meanwhile, it is due to the fact that
the stiffness of the shell with large h1/h3 is too stiff and
then weakens the shear deformation of the soft core.
Therefore, with the increase of h1/h3, frequencies gradu-
ally increase and loss factors decline gradually. So the sym-
metric CCSCS more probably acquires the better damping
characteristics. With h2 increasing, the loss factor raises
gradually and varies significantly, because a thick soft core
produces more shear deformation; meanwhile, frequencies
tend to decrease and vary slightly compared with the loss
factor, it is mainly due to the small value of shear modulus
of the soft core compared to Young's modulus of the com-
posite layers. A longer CCSCS has a higher possibility of
obtaining a smaller frequency and loss factor compared
with a shorter one. And, choosing appropriate correspond-
ing relationships of a/R1, h2/h, and R1/h could make
CCSCS obtain higher rigidity and damping property. The
better dynamics characteristics will more probably be
acquired by selecting the proper shear modulus region of
the core layer. This is because appropriate structure
parameters could produce large shear deformation while
ensuring structural stiffness.
A C K N O WL E D G M E N T S
This research was financially supported by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (51705270).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The raw/processed data used to support the findings of
this study are included within the article.
ORCID
Yanchun Zhai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0905-3905
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5415
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 15480569, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://4spepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pc.26843 by Virginia Tech, Wiley Online Library on [09/07/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5416 DONG ET AL.

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ð1Þ
∂M ðx1Þ ∂M xθ
R1 þ R1  R1 Qðxz1Þ
How to cite this article: X. Dong, B. Yin, Y. Li, Y. ∂x R1 ∂θ
! !
ð2Þ ð2Þ
Zhai, Polym. Compos. 2022, 43(8), 5404. https:// h1 ∂N ðx2Þ ∂N xθ h1 ∂M ðx2Þ ∂M xθ ð2Þ
þ R2 þ  R2 þ  Qxz
doi.org/10.1002/pc.26843 4 ∂x R2 ∂θ 2h2 ∂x R2 ∂θ
ρ2 h1 h2 ∂ 2 u2 ρ1 h31 ∂ 2 α1
¼ R2 2 þ R1 2
4 ∂t 12 ∂t
A P P END I X A : EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS ρ2 h1 h22 ∂ 2 α2
 R2 2
24 ∂t
δu1 : ðA1eÞ
!
ð1Þ ð2Þ
∂N ðx1Þ ∂N xθ 1 ∂N ðx2Þ ∂N xθ δα3 :
R1 þ þ R2 þ
∂x ∂θ 2 ∂x R2 ∂θ
! !
ð3Þ ð2Þ
∂M ðx2Þ ∂M xθ
ð2Þ ∂M ðx3Þ ∂M xθ 1 ∂N ðx2Þ ∂N xθ
1
 R2 þ  Qðxz2Þ ðA1aÞ R3 þ  R3 Qðxz3Þ  h3 R2 þ
h2 ∂x R2 ∂θ ∂x ∂θ 4 ∂x R2 ∂θ
!
ð2Þ
∂ 2 u1 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 u2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 α2 h3 ∂M ðx2Þ ∂M xθ
¼ ρ1 h1 R1 þ R2 2  R2 2  R2 þ  Qðxz2Þ
∂t 2 2 ∂t 12 ∂t 2h2 ∂x R2 ∂θ
2 2 2
¼  ρ2 h3 h2 R2 ∂ u2 þ ρ3 h3 R3 ∂ α3  ρ2 h3 h2 R2 ∂ α2
3 2
δu3 : 4 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2 24 ∂t 2
! ðA1fÞ
ð3Þ ð2Þ
∂N ðx3Þ ∂N xθ 1 ∂N ðx2Þ ∂N xθ
R3 þ þ R2 þ
∂x ∂θ 2 ∂x R2 ∂θ δβ1 :
!
ð2Þ
1 ∂M ðx2Þ ∂M xθ ðA1bÞ !
þ R2 þ  Qðxz2Þ ð1Þ
∂M θ
ð1Þ
∂M xθ h1
ð2Þ
∂N θ
ð2 Þ
∂N xθ Qθz
ð2Þ
h2 ∂x R2 ∂θ þ R1
ð1Þ
 R1 Qθz þ R2 þ þ
∂θ ∂x 4 R2 ∂θ ∂x R2
∂ 2 u3 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 u2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 α2 !
¼ ρ3 h3 R3 þ R2 2 þ R2 2 ð2Þ ð2Þ
∂t 2 2 ∂t 12 ∂t h1 ∂M θ ∂M xθ ð2Þ
 R2 þ  Qθz
2h2 R2 ∂θ ∂x
δv1 : 2 2 2
¼ ρ2 h1 h2 R2 ∂ v2 þ ρ1 h1 R1 ∂ β1  ρ2 h1 h2 R2 ∂ β2
3 2

ð2Þ
! 4 ∂t 2 12 ∂t 2 24 ∂t 2
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
∂N θ ∂N xθ ð1Þ 1 ∂N θ ∂N xθ Qθz
þ R1 þ Qθz þ R2 þ þ ðA1gÞ
∂θ ∂x 2 R2 ∂θ ∂x R2
!
ð2Þ ð2Þ
1 ∂M θ ∂M xθ ð2Þ δβ3 :
 R2 þ  Qθz
h2 R2 ∂θ ∂x
ð3Þ ð3Þ
∂ 2 v1 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 v2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 β2 ∂M θ ∂M xθ ð3 Þ
¼ ρ1 h1 R1 þ R2 2  R2 2 þ R3  R3 Qθz
∂t 2 2 ∂t 12 ∂t ∂θ ∂x !
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
δv3 : ðA1cÞ 1 ∂N θ ∂N xθ Qθz
 h3 R2 þ þ
4 R2 ∂θ ∂x R2
! !
ð3Þ ð3Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
∂N θ ∂N xθ 1 ∂N θ ∂N xθ Qθz h3 ∂M θ ∂M xθ ð2Þ
þ R3
ð3Þ
þ Qθz þ R2 þ þ  R2 þ  Qθz ðA1hÞ
∂θ ∂x 2 R2 ∂θ ∂x R2 2h2 R2 ∂θ ∂x
!
1 ∂M θ
ð2Þ
∂M xθ
ð2Þ ρ2 h3 h2 ∂ 2 v2 ρ3 h33 ∂ 2 β3
þ R2 þ
ð2Þ
 Qθz ¼ R2 2 þ R3 2
h2 R2 ∂θ ∂x 4 ∂t 12 ∂t

∂ 2 v3 ρ2 h2 ∂ 2 v2 ρ2 h22 ∂ 2 β2 ρ2 h3 h22 ∂ 2 β2
¼ ρ3 h3 R3 þ R2 2 þ R2 2  R2 2
∂t 2 2 ∂t 12 ∂t 24 ∂t
ðA1dÞ
 15480569, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://4spepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pc.26843 by Virginia Tech, Wiley Online Library on [09/07/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DONG ET AL. 5417

δw :
0 1 0 1
M ðxiÞ Z hi
ðiÞ
σx
ð1Þ ð2 Þ B ðiÞ C 2 B ðiÞ C
∂Qθz ∂Qð1Þ ∂Q ∂Qð2Þ BM C ¼ B σ Czdz ðA3Þ
ð1Þ
þ R1 xz  N θ þ θz þ R2 xz  N θ
ð2Þ @ θ A h @ θ A
 2i
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂x ðiÞ
M xθ
ði Þ
τxθ
ð3Þ
∂Qθz ∂Qð3Þ ð3Þ ðA1iÞ
þ þ R3 xz  N θ
∂θ ∂x
∂ 2w
¼ ðρ1 h1 R1 þ ρ2 h2 R2 þ R3 ρ3 h3 Þ 2
∂t

where, the forces and moment can be obtained as

follows:
0 1
0 1 ðiÞ
N ðxiÞ σ xx
B C
B ðiÞ C B ðiÞ C
B N θ C Z hi B σ
B θθ
C
C
B C 2 B C
B ðiÞ C
B N xθ C ¼ h B Bτ
ðiÞ Cdz
C ðA2Þ
B C  2i B xθ C
B ðiÞ C B ðiÞ C
@ Qθz A Bτ C
ðiÞ @ θz A
Qxz ðiÞ
τxz