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Demystifying Myanmar’s Transition and Political Crisis Chosein Yamahata full chapter instant download
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Demystifying
Myanmar’s Transition
and Political Crisis
Edited by
Chosein Yamahata
Bobby Anderson
Demystifying Myanmar’s Transition and Political
Crisis
Chosein Yamahata · Bobby Anderson
Editors
Demystifying
Myanmar’s Transition
and Political Crisis
Editors
Chosein Yamahata Bobby Anderson
Aichi Gakuin University Chiang Mai University
Nisshin, Japan Chiang Mai, Thailand
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
To those who are working on social transformations of all kinds to make soci-
eties freer, communities more prosperous and individuals more empowered—
Myanmar is not and cannot be a failed state for one simple reason. It is
not a state. It may be a member of the United Nations (UN) and of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and it may have diplo-
matic recognition as a state but in fact it does not constitute a state. The
Burma nation-building project begun at independence in 1947 was soon
corrupted into a Bamar ethnic project under the thumb of the Bamar
ethnic armed organization, called the Tatmadaw. Now, even that project
has been derailed as the Bamar people too turn their backs on it.
The Tatmadaw’s Bamar project could never succeed. For most of its
history, the project was led by one of the most incompetent organizations
in the world. The Tatmadaw has been at war continually for seventy years,
but it has never fought a foreign foe, only the people it was pledged to
protect. And it has never won any of its many wars in all that time. Rather,
it has been forced to accept ceasefires that have effectively ceded large
swathes of Myanmar territory to its armed opponents. The Tatmadaw’s
incompetence extends well beyond the battlefield. It took one of the
richest countries in Asia and turned it into one of the poorest countries
in the world. It overthrew a fledgling democracy and, 50 years later, the
political system it crafted all on its own was far less developed, far less
successful and far less democratic than the one it had crushed.
The ethnic minorities resisted the Tatmadaw from the beginning.
Many of them have professional armies that have been far more effec-
tive than the Tatmadaw. They have carved out their own self-governed
vii
viii FOREWORD
Chris Sidoti is an international human rights lawyer and advocate. His work has
included a strong focus on Myanmar for 25 years. He is a founding member of
the Special Advisory Council for Myanmar. He was an Expert Member of the
United Nations Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar
(2017–2019).
Acknowledgements
xi
xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
xiii
xiv CONTENTS
Index 345
Notes on Contributors
xvii
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Burma (Myanmar) (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017) and State and Society
in Modern Rangoon (Routledge, 2011).
Dr. Voravit Suwanvanichkij is an Advisor of Mae Tao Clinic, Thailand,
and also a member at the Center for Public Health and Human Rights of
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States.
Dr. Makiko Takeda is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Policy
Studies, Aichi Gakuin University, Japan, who co-edited a book enti-
tled Social Transformations in India, Myanmar, and Thailand: Volume
I (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021), and is the author of Women, Children and
Social Transformation in Myanmar (Palgrave Pivot, 2020).
Saw Chit Thet Tun is a Director of Karen Institute of Strategic Studies,
founded in 2019 as a non-profit policy research think tank dedicated to
providing strategic insights and policy alternatives, and specializes in tech-
nical advisory services related to ceasefire monitoring, conflict resolutions
and peace process.
Dr. Chosein Yamahata is a Professor of Global and Area Studies at the
Graduate School of Policy Studies, Aichi Gakuin University, Japan, who
recently co-edited Social Transformations in India, Myanmar, and Thai-
land: Volume I (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021), and Rights and Security in
India, Myanmar, and Thailand (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020).
List of Figures
Fig. 3.1 Seven main dimensions of human security and the possible
root causes 49
Fig. 4.1 Basic education school student list in Chin State
(2019–2020 academic year) (Source CEI 2020) 71
Fig. 4.2 Matriculation pass rate in Chin State 74
Fig. 4.3 Comparison chart of matriculation pass rate in Chin State
and the whole country 75
Fig. 4.4 Japan G.G.P. in Chin State (2005–2020) (Source
Embassy of Japan in Burma/Myanmar) 78
Fig. 4.5 Na Ta La schools across Burma/Myanmar (Source
MoBA, Burma/Myanmar) 79
Fig. 4.6 Na Ta La residential basic education schools
in Burma/Myanmar 80
Fig. 6.1 Primary Health Care Convergence Model
(Burma/Myanmar) (Source Prepared by authors based
on the draft of the Health Convergence Core Group
[HCCG]) 110
Fig. 7.1 Location of Grihang Village (Source Google Maps) 126
Fig. 7.2 A grocery store in Grihang Village (Source Photo taken
by the author) 127
Fig. 10.1 Actors, stakeholders and mechanisms of peace process
up to 2010 (Source: Fisas, V. (2012). 2011 Yearbook
on Peace Processes (p. 138). Barcelona: Icaria Editorial :
Escola de Cultura de Pau.) 193
xxi
xxii LIST OF FIGURES
xxiii
xxiv LIST OF TABLES
XXVI luku.
TAISTELU HIETASÄRKILLÄ.
Kun tuo yleistä kunnioitusta nauttiva hra William Rhett oli saanut
kuvernööriltä toimekseen käydä omalla uhallaan ja vastuullaan
pelättyä sissiä vastaan, jonka ilkivaltaisuus oli niin säikähdyttänyt
kunnon kaupunkilaisia, otti hän lain nimessä haltuunsa kaksi
satamassa makaavaa isoa purtta nimeltä Henry ja Sea-Nymph
("Merenneito"), palkkasi niihin omalla kulullaan hyvin asestetut
miehistöt ja sijoitti kumpaankin kahdeksan vähäistä tykkiä. Kun
kaikki oli valmista, oli hra Rhettillä käytettävänään olosuhteisiin
nähden jotenkin pelättävä sotavoima; ja jos hän olisi päässyt vesille
muutamaa päivää aikaisemmin, olisi hän voinut harjoittaa miehiään
merisotaan ennen varsinaiseen viholliseensa yhtymistään. Juuri kun
hänen laivansa olivat valmiit purjehtimaan, sai hän näet tietää, että
muuan rosvolaiva oli siepannut pari kolme kauppahaahta aivan
sataman edustalla; ja vaikka hän kiireimmiten kohotti purjeensa ja
lähti julkean öykkärin perään, risteillen edestakaisin rannikolla, oli
tämän jo onnistunut korjata itsensä ja saaliinsa näkymättömiin.
Sitten hra Rhett, joka ei ollut sen parempi merimies kuin Stede
Bonnetkaan sissiuransa alussa, lähti rohkeasti rannikkoa ylöskäsin
Kap Fear River-joen suulle, jossa oli kuullut vainoamansa
merirosvon piileksivän. Sinne tultua hän huomasi, ettei virtaa ylös
käynytkään helposti nouseminen, sillä hänen matruusinsa olivat
aivan outoja tällä rantaman taholla; ja vaikka laivat kulkivat hyvin
varovaisesti eteenpäin, ei se onnistunut paremmin kuin että
molemmat pian luoteen tultua kävivät karille matalille hietasärkille.
Kun luode yhä eteni ja vesi särkillä kävi yhä matalammaksi, rupesi
kumpikin taisteleva alus kallistumaan ja vieläpä molemmat samalle
kyljelle, niin että Henryn kansi tuli aivan alttiiksi Royal Jamesin
tulelle. Se oli Bonnetille ja tämän miehille suureksi eduksi, varsinkin
kun he itse saivat pysytellä laivansa rungon suojassa. Mutta hra
Rhett ja hänen karolinalaisensa olivat kaikki urheita poikia ja
pamauttelivat musketeillaan ja pistooleillaan mistä vain näkivät sissin
pään pistävän esiin, samalla kun heidän tykkinsä uurtelivat Royal
Jamesin kylkeä minkä ennättivät.
XXVII luku.
KUUSIVIIKKOINEN MERIROSVO.
<tb>
HELMAVÄKEÄ SISSINTÖISSÄ.
Maria Reed oli nyt vakituinen sissi; hänellä oli pistooli vyössä,
tappara kupeella ja koko muukin ulkomuoto uskaliaan merirosvon
tapaan. Hänellä ei valitettavasti ollut partaa, jota olisi käynyt kirjavin
nauhoin palmikoiminen, mutta sen sijaan oli hänen ihonsa jo
tarpeeksi karhea ja ruskettunut vaikuttaakseen pelkoa ja vapistusta
vangiksi otetuissa ihmispoloisissa. Tosin kerrotaan, ettei hän erittäin
rakastanut sissielämää; mutta hänellä näytti olevan periaatteena,
että mihin ryhtyy, se on kunnolla tehtävä. Hän oli yhtä valmis