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Tribals and Dalits in Orissa
Tribals and Dalits in Orissa
Towards a Social History of Exclusion,
c. 1800–1950
Biswamoy Pati
1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.
Published in India by
Oxford University Press
2/11 Ground Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India
Indrani Sen
New Delhi, 2018
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The social history of the marginal people of Orissa has been the focus
of my research for the last four decades or so. Some of the issues that
I deal with in this monograph are also the ones that have occupied
me from my earliest works. In the course of this long journey which
began with my doctoral work in the 1980s, I have incurred numerous
debts both personal and institutional.
I must first thank the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New
Delhi for awarding me a Senior Fellowship which enabled me to work
on this book in an uninterrupted fashion. My sincere thanks to the
helpful staff of various archives and repositories which I have used
over the years; in particular, the Orissa State Archives (Bhubaneshwar);
the West Bengal State Archives and the National Library (both in
Calcutta); the National Archives of India and the Nehru Memorial
Museum Library (both in New Delhi); the Oriental and India Office
Records at the British Library and Wellcome Library (both at London);
and the South Asia Institute Library (Heidelberg).
Fellowships and grants by funding bodies and institutions have
supported parts of my research over these years, including a British
Academy ‘Visiting Fellowship’ at Sheffield Hallam University; a ‘Ratan
Tata Fellowship’ at the London School of Economics; a ‘Baden-
Wuerttemberg Fellowship’ at Heidelberg University; a ‘Career Award’
Fellowship and a ‘Research Award’ Fellowship awarded by the
x Acknowledgements
revolved all these years, and from I have learnt so much about the
meanings of social exclusion.
I also acknowledge the encouragement I received at various stages
from Professors Amiya Bagchi, Amit K. Gupta, Hermann Kulke, K.N.
Panikkar, and Sumit Sarkar. The friendship of Amar, Amit, Arun,
Bahuguna, Bhairabi, Gopi, Lata, Madhurima, Mark, Mayank, Mridula
Ramanna, Pralay, Prasun, Rajesh, Raj Kumar, Rajsekhar, Ramakrishna
da, Sanjukta, Sarmistha, Sekhar, Shashank, and Waltraud has sustained
me in various ways. During research visits to England, there was
always Manu, Menka, Samiksha, and Saurabh to provide laptops and
blankets and add cheer to our stay. Special thanks to Manmohan for
his help at all times, and also to Ranjana, Saurav, and Shilpi.
I appreciate the keen interest taken by Oxford University Press,
New Delhi, in this monograph. I also wish to thank the two anonymous
reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.
My parents who always encouraged my research are not here to see
this book; Alekha Bhai, Bhauja, Bindu, Jiban, Sukanta, Tina, and my
nephew Sobhan have always been supportive. My final thanks goes to
Indrani, my friend and companion throughout this long journey; she
has not only been actively involved with this work, but with everything
else that I have written in the past.
Earlier versions of some the chapters have appeared as follows:
Chapter 2 (as ‘Rhythms of Change and Devastation: Colonial Capitalism
and the World of the Socially Excluded in Orissa’) in Social Scientist
(Vol 44, No. 7–8, July–August, 2016, pp. 27–51); Chapter 3 (as ‘Survival,
Interrogation, and Contests: Tribal Resistance in Nineteenth Century
Odisha’) in Uwe Skoda and Biswamoy Pati (eds)., Highland Odisha:
Life and Society (New Delhi: Primus, 2017, pp. 23–48); and Chapter 6
(‘Alternative Visions: The Communists and the State People’s Movement,
Nilgiri 1937–1948’) in Arun Bandhopadhyay and Sanjukta Das Gupta
(eds), In Search of the Historian’s Craft (New Delhi: Manohar, 2018,
pp. 435–62). I thank the publishers for their permission to use
them here.
Biswamoy Pati
New Delhi, 2017
ABBREVIATIONS
e
Sambalpur
or
las
Ba
Dhenkanal
Bolangir O R I S S A
h s Cuttack
ud al
Kalahandi Ba ndm
a Puri
Kh
Ganjam
B a y
Koraput
o f
B e n g a l
ANDHRA
PRADESH
Ranchi Singhbhum
sh
ip
ur
Ra Singhbhum
iga Gangpur Midnapur
rh
Sa
ran Bonai Mayurbhanj
ga
rh Keo
r njha
lpu Bamra r Nilgiri
e
ba
or
am Talche Pallahar
las
Rajpur S Rairakhol r
Ba
Sonepur Athmallik Dhen
kana
Kh
gul l
a r i a r Za in d a
Nar Khandapara
i
nd
ri Nayagarh
Puri
aha
Ranpur
Ganjam
Kal
B a y
Bastar o f
Koraput
B e n g a l
Province boundary
Madras
Princely State boundary
District boundary
This book aims to trace the history of the excluded people of Orissa
over a time frame that takes into account the colonial and the post-
colonial. The narrative begins in colonial times, when many long-
term developments in the tribal context were first set into motion.
Social historians speak of the ‘long term’, the ‘day to day’ and the
explosive/extraordinary forms of protest while referring to the lives
of oppressed social groups. However, one wonders if features such as
basic survival strategies are taken into account when talking of the
socially excluded. Besides the fact that protests in some form or the
other made the tribals and outcastes/dalits enter the official files and
the colonial archive, this study also takes into account strategies for
survival when examining their lives. After all, the basic act of simply
surviving not only demonstrates resistance but is something that
Tribals and Dalits in Orissa. Biswamoy Pati, Oxford University Press (2019). © Oxford
University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199489404.003.0001.
2 Tribals and Dalits in Orissa
SITUATING ORISSA
1 Very few studies exist on this subject; to get an idea on this aspect see,
for instance, Felix Padel and Samarendra Das, Out of this Earth: East India
Adivasis and the Aluminium Cartel (New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan, 2010).
2 In course of the chapters in this book we specifically touch upon the
3 For details see Waltraud Ernst, Biswamoy Pati, and T.V. Sekhar, Health
and Medicine in the India Princely States, 1850–1950 (London: Routledge,
2018). See also Biswamoy Pati, ‘The Order of Legitimacy: Princely Orissa,
1850–1947’, in Waltraud Ernst and Biswamoy Pati (eds), India’s Princely
States: People, Princes and Colonialism (London: Routledge, 2007), 85–98.
4 For details, see Hermann Kulke, ‘ “Juggernaut” under British Supremacy
SIIRI. Kävi. Ja sen tautta juuri pitää minun olla siellä mukana.
(Menee.)
SOHVI. Vast'ikään. Kun olin yksin, niin hän tuli. Hän tahtoi meitä
auttaa ja antoi minulle kaksikymmentä markkaa.
HILMA. Ja te otitte?
SOHVI. Oikeinko? Sinäkin hupsu! Saat nyt nähdä, mitä hän tekee,
kun hän siitä suuttuu, että me noin hylkäsimme hänen apunsa ja
sovinnon tarjouksensa.
HILMA. Enempää Sipi ei voi meille tehdä, äiti, kuin on jo tehnyt.
SOHVI. Vaan jos isä jää ilman hevosta. Hän kun tahtoi lähteä
hevosineen
Karjalan rautatielle työn hakuun.
HILMA. Parempihan se on, äiti, saada siitä hyvä hinta, kuin jos
uupuu ja täytyy talokin ryöstöön panna. Muutenkin on kaikki muu niin
halvalla mennyt.
SIIRI. Niin, ennen aikoja. Kyllä täti sen huutaa. Minä pyysin… Hän
lupasi.
Kahdeksas kohtaus.
Yhdeksäs kohtaus.
ANTTI. Arvaahan sen. Mistäpä sitä niin äi'ää olisi lähtenyt, kun
kaikki niin vähään nousi.
(Kansa poistuu.)
Esirippu.
(Loppu.)
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