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Practical Electronic Design for Experimenters 1st Edition Louis Frenzel full chapter instant download
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Practical Electronic Design
for Experimenters
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Practical Electronic Design
for Experimenters
ISBN: 978-1-26-045616-5
MHID: 1-26-045616-1
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Contents
Introduction .................................................. . xi
7 Amplifier Design. • • . • • . . • . . • • . • • . . • . . • • . . • . . • . . • • . • • . . • . . • • . • • . . • 69
Amplifier Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Specifying Amplifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Understanding the Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
A Microphone Amplifier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Designing with Op Amps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Primary Op Amp Application Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Differential Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Error Source Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Comparators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Power Amplifiers................................................ 83
Design Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Design Project 7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Design Project 7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Design Project 7 .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Design Project 7 .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
This book is for you experimenters and makers wheel? The result is lesser design time and greater
who want to design your own electronic circuits success at lower cost. Your design may not
and equipment. There are not too many books always be "leading-edge" but it will do the job.
like this. Most books tell you how electronic
devices work and provide some projects to learn
You Are the Target Audience
from. But now you have in your hands a book
that is actually going to show you how to design When writing this book, I had the following
your own electronic circuits and equipment. It is people in mind:
written in a way so that any of you who have a • Hobbyists, experimenters, DIYers, and
background in electronic fundamentals can create makers who want to create their own
a circuit or device to do something you want to do. equipment.
You don't have to be an engineer to design things.
• New engineers-graduates who are well
With the knowledge and procedures in versed in math, physics, and electronic
this book, you can create products for resale, fundamentals but have not yet learned to
implement scientific projects that need special apply that knowledge to creating products.
equipment, or produce circuits for your own
• Technicians who are knowledgeable in
DIY (do-it-yourself) idea. The book relies upon
electronics but have not designed.
the availability of popular integrated circuits and
the many finished modules and subassemblies. • Scientists like physicists, chemists,
Using existing products and legacy circuits geologists, and other users of electronic
eliminates most of the difficult circuit design. equipment who often need custom
In many cases, you can piece together existing noncommercial equipment but can learn to
circuits and modules to make a device with design their own.
minimal electronic design. However, some basic • Students who can supplement their
circuit design is usually necessary and hopefully, theoretical studies with practical design
this book will help with that. knowledge. Students in an introductory
The design approach in this book focuses on college design course or taking a design
making a working device using standard parts capstone course or culminating design
and circuits. The recommendations in each project course where the theory is applied to
chapter suggest that you use chips and circuits a specific circuit or device.
that have been used before. Why reinvent the It is likely that you are part of one those groups.
xl
xii Introduction
Now you can go on to the chapters on specific will give you practice in breadboarding
designs. If you do not have a good laboratory and/or using the simulation software.
power supply, you may want to go to Chapter 6 Some possible design solutions are given in
next and build your own power supply. Appendix B. Finally, as you go through the
You are on your own after that. You can go to book, you will discover a product or circuit
any other chapter as it fits your needs. that interests you. Start the design and
follow through.
Again, I urge you to build and test the
Design Projects given in each chapter. It Now, go design something.
This page intentionally left blank
CHAPTER 1
This book covers design much like the stores, grocery stores, and pharmacies. Special
connect-the-pins approach. It offers an almost engineering notebooks containing grid paper
cookbook-like method for conceiving of a are great and useful but also expensive and not
product and making it. With literally thousands really necessary.
of different types of ICs out there, you need Do not skip this first step. You must keep
to be creative to put them together in one of notes and record details so that you know what
the almost infinite number of ways possible to works and what does not. You want to maintain
accomplish your design goal. Best of all, you all facts and figures, schematics, calculations, test
really do not have to be a graduate engineer to results, and debugging notes in one place so you
do it. But you do need to meet the prerequisites can reference them later if needed. And be sure
discussed elsewhere. to get into the habit of putting the date on each
Two key points to consider are: page.
• Know your chips. Get familiar with Many companies absolutely require engineers
the available ICs, dig out the details of to maintain a design notebook to document
those of interest, and get relevant data the progress and retain the experience and
sheets, app notes, etc. Keep track of new knowledge they acquire during the design.
chip introductions by monitoring the It also documents the activities in case the
semiconductor company Web sites and outcome is a patentable circuit, process, or
keeping up with industry magazines and product. Writing everything down will take
Web sites. some getting used to, and it may aggravate you
• Become software literate. Learn to code in a at first. Eventually you will discover how useful
popular language, and become proficient in the notebook is since we all tend to forget. You
writing programs for micros. The future is must document everything. This is especially
firmware. true in writing software code. Chances are your
design will include a microcontroller for which
The remainder of this book will take you
you will write some programs. Documenting this
down that path.
process is critical. If you or someone else needs
to revise or fix the software, you will appreciate
any explanations or other details you find there.
Get a Design Notebook Documenting can be aggravating, but get over
Before listing the design steps, you should it-before long you will grow to appreciate the
acquire a notebook that you will use to record-keeping process.
document your design. It will contain
statements of purpose, goals, features, benefits,
specifications, test results, identified problems, Get a Calculator
and other defining data. The notebook will also
When you design, you will be making
be used to contain your calculations, draw your
calculations. Most of the calculations are
block diagrams and schematics, and record test
simple formulas to solve or at worst, some
and measurement data. The design notebook
basic algebra. You may need to rearrange a
can be anything you are comfortable with. A
formula to solve for a different variable, for
standard-size spiral bound school notebook is a
example. For these calculations you need a
good choice. They are available in most big box
scientific calculator. The calculator should
stores like Walmart and Target, office supply
include scientific notation, trigonometry
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XIX.
Asunto 10 guldenia
Aamiainen — oi, mimmoinen aamiainen!
Viikunakahvia ja vedelläsekoitettua maitoa 5 »
Illallinen, nimittäin lasillinen olutta ja
makkara- tai juustopalanen 6 »
Pesu ja valo 5 »
Palvelija 1 »
Erinäisiä pukutarpeita 10 »
Yhteensä 37 guldenia.
Hannan toimi ei ollut raskas hoitaa, mutta päivä päivältä se tuli yhä
vastenmielisemmäksi. Elävänä nukkena olo, jolloin hänen oma
olemuksensa ei ollut minkään arvoinen hänen ylleen pantujen
vaatekappaleiden rinnalla, tuntui hänestä perin alentavalta, sillä
hänhän oli tottunut olemaan seurapiirin keskipisteenä. »Oikealle,
neiti… olkaa hyvä ja kävelkää hiukan, että näemme tuon poimun
vaikutuksen… Ei, tämä on liian raskasta, koettakaa vielä kerran
tuota toista… miltä näyttää tuo vyö takaapäin? Kääntykää… Kas
niin… entä paljonko se maksaa?… Ei, se on liian kallista; näyttäkää
vielä kerran tuota toista…» Tuossa seisoo ostaja silmälasit nenällä ja
tarkastaa vain vaatteita.
»En ole ylpeä, eikä minulla ole syytäkään olla», vastasi Hanna.
»Mutta minulla on suruni, enkä siksi halua käydä tanssiaisissa.»
»Neiti Anna, tulkaa tänne», huusi johtaja. — Hanna oli pitänyt Anna
Meyerin nimen. —
»Mitä käskette?»
»En tiedä missä se on, mutta palvelija voi kai näyttää tien.»
»Mene hänen luokseen ja kysy, eikö hän sitten tahtoisi tulla tänne
katselemaan näitä.» Kamarineitsyt totteli. Hanna aikoi jatkaa
vaatekappaleiden näyttämistä.