Munda people

The Munda people are an Austroasiatic-speaking ethnic group of the Indian subcontinent. They
speak Mundari as their native language, which belongs to the Munda subgroup of Austroasiatic
languages. The Munda are found mainly concentrated in the south and East Chhotanagpur Plateau
region of Jharkhand,[8] Odisha and West Bengal.[1][9] The Munda also reside in adjacent areas of
Madhya Pradesh as well as in portions of Bangladesh, Nepal, and the state of Tripura.[1][10] They are
one of India's largest scheduled tribes. Munda people in Tripura are also known as Mura.[11]

Overview

Etymology

Munda means headman of a village in the Munda-Manki system to govern villages in South-east
Chotanagpur. They call themselves horoko or ho ko, which means men.[12] Robert Parkin notes that
the term "Munda" did not belong to the Austroasiatic lexis and is of Sanskrit origin.[13] According to
R. R. Prasad, the name "Munde" is a Ho word that means "headman". It is an honorific name given by
Hindus, and hence became a tribal name.[14] According to Standing (1976), it was under British rule
that the term Munda started to be used for the tribal group.[15]

Geographic distribution

Distribution of Munda people

The Munda primarily inhabit the eastern states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha, specifically
in the Khunti, Ranchi, Simdega, Paschim Singhbhum, Gumla, Purbi Singhbhum, and Ramghar
districts of Jharkhand; the Sundargarh and Sambalpur districts of Odisha; and the Jalpaiguri,
Paschim Medinipur, and North 24 Parganas
Munda people
districts of West Bengal. They are also
sporadically distributed in the neighboring states Hoṛoko, Hoṛo

of Chhattisgarh and Bihar. Additionally, they live in

the northeastern states of Assam, Tripura, and
Mizoram, largely in the tea valleys of Assam,
where they migrated to work as tea garden
workers during colonial India. Apart from India,
they also reside in neighboring countries such as
Bangladesh and Nepal.
Munda men, Dinajpur District, Bangladesh

History Total population

c. 2.29 million
According to linguist Paul Sidwell, Munda
languages arrived on the coast of Odisha from Regions with significant populations
Southeast Asia approximately 4,000 to 3,500
India Bangladesh Nepal
years ago (c. 2000 – c. 1500 BCE).[16][17] The
Munda people initially spread from Southeast India 2,228,661 (2011)[1]

Asia, but mixed extensively with local Indian

Jharkhand 1,229,221
populations.[18] They are genetically closely
related to Mah Meri and Temuan people of Odisha 584,346

Malaysia.[19]
West Bengal 366,386

According to historian R. S. Sharma, tribals who

Assam 149,851 (1921)[2]
spoke the Munda language occupied the eastern
region of ancient India. Many Munda terms occur Chhattisgarh 15,095

in Vedic texts that were written between 1500 Tripura 14,544

BCE and 500 BCE. Their presence in texts
Bihar 14,028
compiled in the upper Gangetic basin late in that
period suggests that Munda speakers were there Madhya Pradesh 5,041
[20]
at the time. According to Barbara A. West, the
Bangladesh 60,191 (2021)[3]
Mundas claim origin in Uttar Pradesh, and a
steady flow eastward in history as other groups Nepal 2,350 (2011)
moved into their original homeland; she suggests
Languages
that they inhabited a "much larger territory" in
ancient India.[21] Recent studies suggest that Mundari[4]• Panchpargania • Sadri • Odia •

Munda languages spread as far as Eastern Uttar Bengali • Hindi

Pradesh but not beyond that, and impacted Religion
Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, as some groups
Hinduism (41.3%) · Sarnaism (28.1%) ·
such as Musahar have Munda genetic lineage.
Christianity (27.4%)
The claim of a Munda presence in the Upper [5][6]: 327 [7]

Gangetic plain has no linguistic or genetic

basis.[22] Related ethnic groups

Munda peoples
Bhumijs · Ho · Kharias · Juangs · Santhals

1903 Group photo of Mundas in

Chota Nagpur.

In the late 1800s, during the British Raj, the Mundas were forced to pay rents and work as bonded
labourers to the zamindars. During the Kol uprising in 1823–1833, some Manki Munda revolted due
to their disposition and attacked Thikedars, other Mankis, plundered and destroyed villages. This
insurgency was suppressed by Thomas Wilkinson.[23] During the 19th century, Munda freedom
fighter Birsa Munda began the protest marches calling for non-payment of rents and remission of
forest dues. He led guerrilla warfare to uproot the British Raj and establish Munda Raj. He was
caught by Company forces, along with his supporters, and died in jail. He is still revered in
Jharkhand.[24]

Illustration of Munda rebellion in

1800s

Nomadic hunters in the India tribal belt, they became farmers and some were employed in
basketwork. With the listing of the Munda people as Scheduled Tribes, many are employed in
various governmental organisations (particularly Indian Railways).[25]
Social structure

Kinship patterns

Munda are divided into a number of exogamous clans. Clans among Mundas are known as Killi,
which is similar to Sanskrit word Kula. Munda are patrilineal, and clan name descends father to son.
According to tradition, people of the same clan are descendants of the same forefather. Clans
among Mundas are of totemic origin. Some clans are:[26]

Baa (a fish) Kerketta (a bird)

Baba (rice) Kula (tiger)

Bodra Nil (bull)

Balamchu (fish net) Mus (mouse)

Barla Nag (cobra)

Bhengra (horse) Oreya (bammboo basket)

Bukru (a bird) Pandu (cobra)

Bulung (salt) Purty

Dang, Dungdung (a fish) Runda (wild cat)

Gudia, Hans (swan) Sandil/Chandil (meteor)

Hemrom/Hembram (a tree) Sanga (a type of root)

Herenz (a specific Bird) Surin/Soren/Soreng (a bird)

Horo (turtle) Tiru (a bird)

Hundar (hyena) Tuti (a type of grain)[27]

Jojo (tamarind) Topno (red ants)

Kauwa (crow) Kongari (white crow)

Administrative system

Munda-Manki governing system was prevalent in Kolhan region of Jharkhand. Munda govern their
villages by Munda-Manki system. Head of village is called Munda, informant of village is called
Dakuwa, village priest is called Pahaan, assistant of Pahaan is called Pujhar, head of 15 to 20
villages is called Manki, assistant of Manki is called Tahshildar, which collected taxes. The priest
"Deori" is also prevalent among Hos, Bhumij, Bhuyan, Sounti, Khonds tribe of Odisha and Chutia
people of Assam.[28][a] In Chotanagpur division, Munda have adopted Pahan as their village
priest.[30]

Culture and tradition

Festival

Involved in agriculture, the Munda people celebrate the seasonal festivals of Mage Parab, Phagu,
Karam, Baha parab, Sarhul and Sohrai. Some seasonal festivals have coincided with religious
festivals, but their original meaning remains. Their deity is Singbonga.[31]

Music

They have many folk songs, dances, tales and traditional musical instruments. Both sexes
participate in dances at social events and festivals. The naqareh is a principal musical instrument.
Munda refer to their dance and song as durang and susun respectively. Some folk dances of the
Munda are Jadur, Karam Susun and Mage Susun.[32] Mundari music is similar to the music of
Sadan. Mundari Mage song (winter) rhythm is similar to the Nagpuri Fagua song (winter, spring)
rhythm.[33]

Mundari dance

Rituals

The Munda people have elaborate rituals to celebrate birth, death, engagement and marriage.

Munda practice clan exogamy and tribal endogamy. Monogamy is the norm. Bride price is prevalent.
Marriage ceremony starts with Sagai and ends with Bidai. Munda enjoy this occasion with feast,
drinks and dance.[34] According to Sarat Chandra Roy, Sindurdaan ceremony and turmeric use in
marriage clearly reflect Hindu elements borrowed into Munda tradition.[35]

Munda people of Jharkhand also follow the age old tradition of Patthalgari, i.e., stone erection, in
which the tribal community residing in the village buries a large inverted U-shaped dressed
headstone on the head side of a grave or at the entrance to the village, in which is inscribed the
family tree of the dead persons.[36] There are some other types of patthalgari also:-

Horadiri - It is the stone in which family tree is written.

Chalpadiri or Saasandiri - It is the stone in remarking boundary of any village and its limits.

Magodiri - This is the headstone of a social criminal who committed polygamy or unsocial
marriage.

Ziddiri - This is the stone placed over burial of placenta and dried navel part of a newborn.[37][38]

Munda House at "State Tribal Fair-

2020", Bhubaneswar

Munda Lady
Literature and studies

Part of John-Baptist Hoffmann's 15-volume

Encyclopaedia Mundarica

Jesuit priest John-Baptist Hoffmann (1857–1928) studied the language, customs, religion and life
of the Munda people, publishing the first Mundari language grammar in 1903. With the help of
Menas Orea, Hoffmann published the 15-volume Encyclopaedia Mundarica. The first edition was
published posthumously in 1937, and a third edition was published in 1976. The Mundas and Their
Country, by S. C. Roy, was published in 1912. Adidharam (Hindi:आदि धर्म) by Ram Dayal Munda and
Ratan Singh Manki, in Mundari with a Hindi translation, describes Munda rituals and customs.[39]

Social issues

Economic condition

In a 2016 research paper on subsistence strategies of Mundas in a village of Sunderbans in West

Bengal, it was found that many people migrate out of their residences because of poor economic
conditions and landlessness. This rural to urban migration has followed a greater trend within India.
Men and women engage in forest product collection, cultivation, small business and agricultural as
well as non-agricultural jobs. A person or a family may be engaged in multiple occupations, often
undertaking risky visits to the forests and rivers. It was also found that younger generation preferred
to engage as migrant workers outside the village and often outside the district and the state.[40]

Notable people

Dayamani Barla (active 2004–2013), journalist

Puna Bhengra, politician

Niral Enem Horo, politician

 Amrit Lugun (born 1962), ambassador to Greece,[41] South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation director[42]

Anuj Lugun (born 1986), poet who received the 2011 Bharat Bhushan Agarwal Award[43]

Munmun Lugun, football player

Arjun Munda (born 1968), politician

Birsa Munda (1875-1900), freedom fighter, religious leader

Jaipal Singh Munda (1903-1970), politician, hockey player

Joseph Munda, politician

Kariya Munda (born 1936), politician

Laxman Munda, politician

Nilkanth Singh Munda (born 1968), politician

Ram Dayal Munda (1939-2011), scholar in languages & folklore

Sukra Munda (active 2016 to 2020), politician

Tulasi Munda (born 1947), social activist

Rohidas Singh Nag (1934-2012), creator of "Mundari Bani" script

Masira Surin, hockey player

Rajeev Topno (born 1974), private secretary to the prime minister of India, senior advisor to the
executive director at World Bank

See also

Christianity in Jharkhand

Korku people

Munda peoples

Kolarian

References

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Further reading

Parkin, R. (1992). The Munda of central India: an account of their social organisation. Delhi:
Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-563029-7

Omkar, P.(2018). "Santhal tribes present in India" like Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal...
Belavadi.

Omkar, patil.(2018). "Kola tribes"...

External links

Sarna – A case study in religion (http://koenraadelst.bharatva Wikimedia Commons has

ni.org/articles/chr/sarna.html) On the religion of the Munda media related to Munda
people.
tribals

Sinlung (http://www.sinlung.com/) – Indian tribes

"Mundās" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mund%C4%81
s) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. This article is a discussion of the related
family of languages.

RWAAI | RWAAI, Lunds universitet (http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai) RWAAI (Repository and

Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)

http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view Mundari language in RWAAI

Digital Archive