freedom struggle (complete)

INDIA‘S FREEDOM STRUGGLE
(1857 – 1947)
 1857 – Revolt of 1857
The Revolt
• By Mangal Pandey ( 34th Reginment)
• The revolt is known by several names: the Sepoy Mutiny (by
the British Historians), the Indian Mutiny, the Great
Rebellion (by the Indian Historians), the Revolt of 1857, the
Indian Insurrection, and the First War of Independence (by
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar).
Results of The Revolt
• End of company rule: the great uprising of 1857 was an
important landmark in the history of modern India.
• The revolt marked the end of the East India Company’s rule in
India.
• Direct rule of the British Crown: India now came under the
direct rule of the British Crown.
Government Of India act ( 1858)

• Rule of East India Company Ended
• Governor General Post ended in India
• And Viceroy of India Started
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1885 – Indian National Congress
Formed
• 72 social reformers
• 1st president Of INC – WC Bannerje
• Ist British (non Indian) President - George Yule
• Youngest President – Maulana Abul KalamAzad (He became
the youngest President of the Indian National Congress, who
held that office at the age of 35.) in 1923
• The song Vande Mataram, composed in Sanskrit by
Bankimchandra Chatterji, was a source of inspiration to the
people in their struggle for freedom. The first political
occasion when it was sung was the 1896 session of the
Indian National Congress at Calcutta session.
1901 Victoria Memorial
Queen Victoria, who was the Empress of British
India, died in January 1901, Curzon suggested
building a grand memorial to honor her. He proposed
the memorial to be a stately edifice with a museum
where visitors get a glimpse of the marvels of the
past. The foundation for the memorial was laid on 4
January 1906 by the Prince of Wales, who later
became King George V. The building was formally
inaugurated and opened for public visits in 1921.
1905 Partition Of Bengal
• Since 1765 (following the Battle of Buxar) the province of
Bengal, which included present-day West Bengal, Bihar,
Odisha, Bangladesh and Assam was under the British.
• It was a very large area and the population rose to almost
80 million by the first few years of the 20th century.
Calcutta was the capital of the province and also of British
India.
• There were difficulties in administering such a large area.
• Partition of Bengal carried out by the British viceroy in
India, Lord Curzon, despite strong Indian nationalist
opposition. It divided Bengal into Hindu dominated west
which consisted of Bihar, Odisha, etc. and Muslim
dominated East Bengal with Assam on October 16, 1905.
• Swadeshi Movement -The swadeshi movement was
started as a response to the partition decision taken
by Lord Curzon.
• The movements included using goods produced in India
and burning British-made goods.. Bal Gandadhar Tilak
encouraged Swadeshi and Boycott movement after the
British government decided the partition of Bengal.
• In 1911 , The partition of Bengal Canceled.
 1907 – Split Of Congress
The Surat Split was the splitting of the Indian National
Congress into two groups - the Extremists and the
Moderates - at the Surat session in 1907.
1909 - Morley-Minto Reform
• Indian Council Act of 1909 is also known as Morley- Minto
Reform.
• The British also introduced communal electorates as a part of
these reforms. This was meant to create disunity between
Hindus and Muslims. Some seats in the councils were
reserved for Muslims to be elected by Muslim voters.
 1911 – Partition of Bengal Canceled
• Lord Hardinge, the Viceroy of India (1910- 1916), is
remembered for the annulment of the Partition of Bengal in
1911.
• Capital Shifted from Calcutta to Delhi 1911.
1919 – Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• The British colonial government passed the Rowlatt
Act which gave powers to the police to arrest any person
without any reason whatsoever.
• On 13th April 1919 , The peaceful gathering was attended by
men, women and children. General Dyer, a British military
officer, stationed a regiment of soldiers at the only entrance
of the park, declared the meeting illegal and without
warning ordered his soldiers to fire. The firing lasted for ten
minutes, till all the ammunition was exhausted. More than a
thousand people were killed and over twice that number
wounded.
• In 1919 Subash Chandra Bose went to london To give Indian
Civil Services examination and was Selected. He however
rejected.
1920 Non Cooperation Movement
• The Non-cooperation Movement was launched on 5th
September 1920 by the Indian National Congress (INC) under
the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
• The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in the wake
of a series of events including the Jallianwala Bagh
Massacre and was called off because of Chauri Chaura
incident of 1922.
• In 1921 Subash Chandra Bose Joined INC. And become
President of All India Youth Congress in 1923.
1927 Simon Commission
• Simon Commission, group appointed in November 1927 by
the British Conservative government under Stanley
Baldwin to report on the working of the Indian constitution
established by the Government of India Act of 1919.
• The Commission was strongly opposed by many Indians. It
was opposed by Nehru, Gandhi, Jinnah, the Muslim League
and Indian National Congress because it contained seven
members of the British Parliament but no Indians. Indians
saw it as a violation to their right of self determination and
insult to their self respect.
1929 – Puran Swaraj Lahore session
• The Indian National Congress, on 19 December 1929, passed
the historic ‘Purna Swaraj’ – (total independence) resolution
– at its Lahore session. A public declaration was made on 26
January 1930 – a day which the Congress Party urged Indians
to celebrate as ‘Independence Day’.
1930 Civil Disobedience Movement
• The observance of the Independence Day in 1930 was followed by
the launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement under the
leadership of Gandhi. It began with the famous Dandi March of
Gandhi. On 12 March 1930, Gandhi left the Sabarmati Ashram at
Ahmadabad on foot with 78 other members of the Ashram for
Dandi, a village on the western sea-coast of India, at a distance of
about 385 km from Ahmadabad.
1931 Gandhi Irwin Pact
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact, agreement signed on March 5, 1931,
between Mohandas K. Gandhi, leader of the Indian nationalist
movement, and Lord Irwin.
• It marked the end of a period of civil disobedience (satyagraha) in
India against British rule .
1942 – Cripps India mission
• Cripps came to India in March 1942. Cripps Mission was sent by the
British Government in March 1942 to India with key objective to
secure Indian cooperation and support for British War Efforts.
Headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, this mission sought to negotiate an
agreement with Indian Leaders.
• The Mission declared that entire India was to be a Dominion and
after the war its constitution was to be framed by an elected body
which was to be accepted by the British Government. Gandhi said
that Cripps' offer of Dominion Status after the war was a "post-
dated cheque drawn on a failing bank".
• In 1942 Subash Chandra Bose earned the Title “ Netaji” by the
Indian Soldiers of Azad Hind Fauj.
Revolt Of 1857
Revolt of 1857
• First war for Independence.
• By Mangal Pandey ( 34th Regiment)
• But British Government regarded it as “ Mutiny of sepoy”.
• The revolt is known by several names: the Sepoy Mutiny (by the
British Historians), the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion (by the
Indian Historians), the Revolt of 1857, the Indian
Insurrection, and the First War of Independence (by Vinayak
Damodar Savarkar).
 Causes
• ill treat with Indian Soldiers.
1. less pay
2. Indian soldiers were not given posts above that of
subedars. Some sepoys wanted special
bhatta/allowance if sent on oversea duty.
Sometimes they were paid, but most of the time
they were not.
• Doctrine of lapse:
The notable British technique called the Doctrine of Lapse was first
perpetrated by Lord Dalhousie in the late 1840s.
It involved the British prohibiting a Hindu ruler without a natural
heir from adopting a successor and, after the ruler died or
abdicated, annexing his land.
Rani Lakshmi Bai’s adopted son was not permitted to sit on
the throne of Jhansi.
Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi were annexed under the Doctrine
of Lapse.
Jaitpur, Sambalpur and Udaipur were also annexed.
• Economic Cause
1. In rural areas, peasants and zamindars were infuriated by
the heavy taxes on land and the stringent methods of
revenue collection followed by the Company.
Many among these groups were unable to meet the
heavy revenue demands and repay their loans to money
lenders, eventually losing the lands that they had held for
generations.
2. After the Industrial Revolution in England, there was
an influence of British manufactured goods into India,
which ruined industries, particularly the textile industry
of India.
Indian handicraft industries had to compete with cheap
machine- made goods from Britain.
• Social and Religious Cause
1. The rapidly spreading Western Civilisation in
India was alarming concerns all over the country.
2. The abolition of practices like sati and female
infanticide, and the legislation legalizing widow
remarriage Act 1856 , were believed as threats to
the established social structure.
• Immediate Cause
The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of
greased cartridges.
A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles
were greased with the fat of cows and pigs.
Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper
on the cartridges.
Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them.
Why did the Revolt Fail?
• Limited uprising: although the revolt was fairly widespread, a
large part of the country remained unaffected by it.
The revolt was mainly confined to the Doab region. Sind,
Rajputana, Kashmir, most parts of Punjab.The large princely
states, Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well
as the smaller ones of Rajputana, did not join the rebellion .
The southern provinces did not take part in it.
• No effective leadership: the rebels lacked an effective leader.
Although Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope and Rani Lakshmi Bai
were brave leaders, they could not offer effective leadership
to the movement as a whole.
• Limited resources: the rebels lacked resources in terms of
men and money. The English, on the other hand, received a
steady supply of men, money and arms in India.
• No participation of the middle class: The English educated
middle class, the rich merchants, traders and zamindars of
Bengal helped the British to suppress the revolt.
Government Of India act ( 1858)
• Rule of East India Company Ended
• Governor General Post ended in India
• And Viceroy of India Started
Indian National Congress
• 72 social reformers
• 1st president Of INC – WC Bannerje
• Ist British (non Indian) President - George Yule
• Youngest President – Maulana Abul KalamAzad (He
became the youngest President of the Indian
National Congress, who held that office at the age
of 35.) in 1923 .
Factors that Led to the Formation Of
INC:
• Between the years 1870 and 1880, Indian people
had become politically conscious and by the
year 1885, there was a platform ready for
establishment of a political organization on
national basis.
• Development of Communication and
transportation
• Spread Of Education
• Discrimination
• Economic Exploitation
Important Facts
• Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the president of
the first session of the Indian National Congress.
• Annie Beasant was the first female President of
the Indian National Congress.
• Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman
president of the Indian National Congress.
• Badruddin Tyabji was the first Muslim President of
• George Yule was the first European President of
• Dadhabhai Naoroji was the first Parsi President of
• Hakim Ajmal Khan was the only person to be
appointed as the President of INC, All India
Muslim League & All India Khilafat Committee.
Sessions
• First Session: held at Bombay in 1885. President: W.C. Bannerjee
Formation of Indian National Congress.
• Calcutta, 1886 Dadabhai Naoroji
National Congress and National Conference were merged.
• 1896: Calcutta. President: Rahimtullah Sayani
National Song ‘Vande Mataram’ sung for the first time by
Rabindranath Tagore.
• 1901: Calcutta. President: Dinshaw E.Wacha
First time Gandhiji appeared on the Congress platform
• Calcutta, 1906
Dadabhai Naoroji
The word ‘swaraj’ was mentioned for the first time.
• 1907: Surat. President: Rash Bihari Ghosh
Split in Congress- Moderates & Extremist
• 1911: Calcutta. President: B.N. Dhar
First time recital of Jan-Gan-Man in Congress session
• 1916: Lucknow. President: A.C. Majumdar
Unity between two factions-Moderates and Extremists of
CongressLucknow Pact signed between Congress and Muslim
League to build political consensus
• 1917: Calcutta. President: Annie Besant, First Woman President of
Congress
• 1929: Lahore. President: Jawahar Lal Nehru
Passed the resolution on ‘Poorna Swaraj.’
Civil Disobedience movement for complete independence to be
launched
26 January to be observed as ‘Independence Day’.
• Meerut, 1946
Acharya Kripalani
Last session before independence
Partition Of Bengal
• The decision to split Bengal into Two came in July
and by October 16, 1905, Bengal had been divided
• Announced on 19th July , 1905
• Came into effective on 16 October , 1905
• Divided into two - Hindu dominated west which
consisted of Bihar, Odisha, etc. and Muslim
dominated East Bengal with Assam.
• Viceroy - Lord Curzon
Swadeshi Movement
Background:
• The movement had its roots in the anti-partition movement which
was started to oppose Lord Curzon’s decision of dividing the
province of Bengal.
• The Anti-Partition Campaign was launched by Moderates to exert
pressure on the government to prevent the unjust partition of
Bengal from being implemented.
• The partition led to protest meetings in Bengal under which the
pledge to boycott foreign goods was first taken.
• After the partition came into force, widespread opposition was
shown by the people of Bengal by singing Vande Mataram.
• Rabindranath Tagore also composed Amar Sonar Bangla.
• People tied Rakhis on each other’s hands as a symbol of unity.
Congres Reaction:
• The Indian National Congress (INC) in a meeting in 1905
resolved to condemn the partition of Bengal and support the
anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement.
• The radical nationalists wanted the movement to be taken
outside Bengal and go beyond just the boycott of foreign
goods.
• In the 1906 Congress Session held at Calcutta, the INC under
the presidentship of Dadabhai Naoroji declared self-
government or Swaraj as the goal of INC.
Impact of Swadeshi Movement
• Decline in Imports: It resulted in significant decline in the
foreign imports during 1905-1908.
• Growth of Extremism: Movement resulted in growth of
extreme nationalism amongst youth which took to violence
and wanted to bring an instant end to British dominance.
• Morley-Minto Reforms: It forced British dispensation to offer
some concessions to Indians in forms of Morley-Minto
reforms in 1909.
• Establishment of Swadeshi Institutions: Inspired by Rabindranath
Tagore’s Shantiniketan, the Bengal National College and a number of
national schools and colleges in various parts of the country were
set up.
In August 1906, the National Council of Education was set up to
organise the national education system.
A Bengal Institute of Technology was set up for technical
education.
Scrapping of the partition
Curzon left for Britain in 1905, but the agitation continued for
many years.
Partition was finally reversed in 1911 by Lord Hardinge in the
face of unrelenting opposition.
Partition annulled
• Owing to mass political protests, the partition was annulled in
1911.
• New provinces were created based on linguistic lines rather
than religious lines. Bihar and Orissa Province was carved out
of Bengal. (Bihar and Orissa became separate provinces in
1936).
• A separate Assam province was created.
• The capital of British India was moved to Delhi from Calcutta
in 1911.
Formation Of Muslim League
• On December 30,1906,Muslim league was formed

under the leadership of Aga Khan, the Nawab of
Dhaka and khwaja Salimullah to safeguard the
rights of Muslims.
• Founded in Dhaka (Now in Bangladesh)
• It was the first Muslim Political Party of India.
Factors that promotes the Muslim league are –

• British Plan,
• Lack of Education,
• Loss of Sovereignty by Muslims,
• Expression of Religious Colour,
• Economic backwardness of India.
Objectives
• To safeguard the rights of Muslims
• Feeling of Loyalty Towards the British Government
• To overcome on the feeling of hostility among
Muslims towards other communities.
Surat Split, 1907
• In 1905 (Banaras Session of the INC): Gokhale was the
President and for the first time he had a discussion over
‘Swaraj’.
• In 1906, Dadabhai Naoroji (who was the President of the INC
session at Calcutta), and in his Presidential address, used the
word Swaraj. Thus, the word, ‘Swaraj’ wasn’t untouchable to
them, but they were reluctant to pass the resolution over
‘Swaraj’.
• In 1907, Surat Session: The two main objectives placed by the
extremists were that:
1) Demand for the resolution of Swaraj
2) Lala Lajpat Rai to be made the President of the INC
• These two demands were not acceptable to the
moderates. Thus, instead of Lala Lajpat Rai the moderates
supported the idea of Rash Behari Ghosh as the President.
This was the first time that there was to be an election in the
INC for Presidentship. In between the election, the extremists
were expelled from the INC, and the moderates had complete
command over the affairs of the INC. Rash Behari Ghosh
became the President of the Surat session.
• The Surat split was a victory of the British policy of Divide
and Rule, and after a long time, the British believed that they
were in control of the affairs of the moderates over the INC.
• The moderates and extremists were working together
for the Bengal movement. The extremists were of the
view that the movement should be expanded and
should target the government. Both sides thus viewed
each other as the enemy.
• The extremist leader Tilak and moderate leader
Gokhale wanted to avoid split as they knew that
divided congress could be easily subdued by the
British. But they had to kneel before the other leaders
of their factions. Finally on 1907 under president ship of
Rash Bihari Ghosh the party split in Surat.
• Immediately after the split the leaders of the extremists
were repressed by the government and the faction was
left leaderless. Tilak was imprisoned in Burma;
Aurobindo Ghosh gave up politics for religion. Pal
retired from politics and lala lajpat rai went abroad for
an extended stay.
• The moderates too were fooled and no concessions
were given by the Morley Minto reforms. Instead it
sowed the seeds of communal representation and
which finally led to the partition of India. They lost their
credibility and support. The period from 1907-1914 was
a dark period for the congress.
Important Facts
• Congress Divided Into Two – Extremist and
Moderates
• Done In the Surat session of INC 1907
• President – Ras Bihari Ghosh
• Extremist Camp led by – Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala
Lajpat rai and Bipin Chandra Pal
• Moderates Camp led by – Gopal Krishna Gokhle
• Session of 1907 was held at the bank of River Tapti
• Important Leaders
Exteremist –
Lala Lajpat Rai, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Bipin
Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghosem
Moderates –
A.O. Hume. W.C. Banerjee. Dadabhai Naoroji
Gopalakrishna Gokhale. Pandit Madan Mohan
Malaviya.
Annulment Of Partition Of
Bengal
• Towards the end of 1910 India had a new Viceroy, Lord
Hardinge, and a new Secretary of State, Lord Crewe, in
place, respectively, of Lord Minto and Lord Morley.
• Both Lord Hardinge and Lord Crewe felt that the unrest
in India was chiefly due to the Partition of Bengal, and
there would be no peace until this grievous wrong was
remedied.
• But as soon as Lord Hardinge realised the seriousness
of the situation in the two Bengals, he made up his
mind and carried his whole Council with him.
• According to the suggestion of the Governor-General-in-
Council, King George V at his Coronation Durbar in
Delhi in December 1911 announced the revocation of
the Partition of Bengal and the two parts of Bengal were
reunited.
Important Announcement
• Owing to mass political protests, the partition was
annulled in 1911.
• A separate Assam province was created.
• The capital of British India was moved to Delhi from
Calcutta in 1911.
Lucknow Session , 1916
• The Lucknow Pact was a significant political event

that took place in British India place during the
First World War.
• In 1916, both League and Congress held their
sessions simultaneously at Lucknow.
• Both parties together signed and adopted the joint
scheme of political reforms. This agreement came
to be known as the Lucknow Pact.
• It led to Hindu Muslim unity.
• While Congress accepted the scheme of separate
electorates for the Muslims, the Muslim League
accepted the principle of election and majority
rule.
• Congress was then led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
while Mohammed Ali Jinnah represented the
League.
• In fact, Jinnah was then member of both the
League and the Congress and the chief architect of
the pact.
• in 1916 freedom fighter Sarojini Naidu described
him as ‘Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity’ for
playing key role in signing of The Pact.
Major Demands made in the Pact

• Self rule for India
• One third representation of Muslims in Central
Govt
• Separation of executive from judiciary
• Separate electorates for all communities
• More representation of Indians in Central
Legislative and Provincial Councils.
Important Facts
• Lucknow Pact passed in - December 1916.
• the president of this joint session was Ambica Charan
Mazumdar.
• It is a Pact Of Hindu – Muslim unity
• Congress was then led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, while
Mohammed Ali Jinnah represented the League.
• it was adopted by the Congress at its Lucknow session on
December 29 and by the league on Dec. 31, 1916.
Gandhian Era
Introduction
• Mahatma Gandhi was in South Africa when he was
summoned by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, after which he
returned to India on Jan 9, 1915.
• The period from 1915 to 1947 is referred to as the Gandhian
Era. During this period many many incidents, satyagrahas,
acts, and marches were carried out to support the Indian
independence movement.
• List of Major Incidents during the Period 1917 –

1947 (Gandhian Era)
1. Champaran Agitations (1917) The Champaran Satyagraha is
considered to be a vital event in the history of India’s
freedom struggle. It was India’s first Civil Disobedience
movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi to protest against
the injustice meted out to tenant farmers in the Champaran
district of Bihar.
• Under the British rule, many farmers in the Champaran
district of Bihar were forced to grow indigo in their lands,
much to their dismay. To fight this, a money lender named
Raj Kumar Shukla reached out to Gandhiji and requested him
to come and help them
• In this, the ryot was under an obligation to cultivate
three kathas per beegha of his land with indigo i.e. 3/20th of
his landholding ( 1 beegha= 20 kathas).
• The peasantry was forced to grow Indigo fera, a
cash crop for Indigo dye whose demand had been
declining over two decades and were forced to
sell their crops to the planters at a fixed price.
• Unhappy with this, the peasantry appealed to
Gandhi at his ashram in Ahmedabad. Pursuing a
strategy of nonviolent protest, Gandhi took the
administration by surprise and won concessions
from the authorities.
2. Kheda Satyagrah ( 1918 )
Background:
• Peasants were already struggling with the
destruction of crops by late rains, a sudden rise in
agricultural wages, high rate of inflation and the
outbreak of bubonic plague.
• The peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue
and were demanding that revenue collection be
relaxed instead British government raised the
revenue.
• Local leaders, already running no revenue
Campaign, through the Gujarat Sabha they got in
touch with Gandhi in January 1918, but it was not
until 22 March that Gandhi decided to launch a
satyagraha in their support.
What happened in Kheda:
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and a close coterie of devoted
Gandhians, namely Narhari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya, Indulal
Yagnik and Ravi Shankar Vyas toured the countryside,
organized the villagers and gave them political leadership and
direction.
• Many aroused Gujaratis from the cities of Ahmedabad and
Vadodara joined the organizers of the revolt, but Gandhi and
Patel resisted the involvement of Indians from other
provinces, seeking to keep it a purely Gujarati struggle.
• By April the Bombay government partially fulfilled the
peasants' demands by not confiscating the properties of
defaulting peasants who could not pay, and in June Gandhi
withdrew the campaign.
• British government after facing a united opposition agreed on
a compromise and the revenue was waived for that year and
next year.
3. Ahemdabad Mill Worker Strike
• Ahmadabad was the second largest city of Bombay
Presidency and was a long established commercial centre.
Under the British, the cotton industry grew in the city and
Ahmadabad became a modern Industrial town of the 20th
century.
• In February March 1918, there was a situation of conflict
between the Gujarat Mill owners and workers on the
question of Plague Bonus of 1917. The Mill Owners wanted
to withdraw the bonus whole the workers demanded a 50%
wage hike. The Mill Owners were willing to give only 20%
wage hike.
• In March 1918, under the leadership of Gandhi,
there was a strike in the cotton mills. In this strike
Gandhi used the weapon of Hunger strike. If
Gandhi were not there as a leader of this revolt,
may be the shops were picketed, but it was carried
out in pure non-violent disciplined way. The result
was that the strike was successful and the workers
got a 35% wage increase.
Rowlatt Act & Jallianwala
Bagh Massacre
• The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British government to
increase their grip on power over the common folk. This
law was passed in March 1919 by the Imperial Legislative
Council which gave them the power to arrest any person
without any trial. To abolish this act, Gandhi and the other
leaders called for a Hartal (suspension of work) to show
Indians’ objection with this rule.
• On 6 April 1919, Mahatma Gandhi started a non-violent
Satyagraha against the unjust Rowlatt Act passed by the
British government.
• The Rowlatt Act was the popular name for the Anarchical
and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919 passed by the
British Indian government.
• This Act was termed the ‘Black Act’ by the Indian public
because of its unjust and restrictive nature.
• The Act gave the government the power to imprison any
person suspected of terrorist activities for a maximum
period of two years without trial.
• This Act which gave the police huge powers was opposed
by the people. The Act was described as “No Dalil, No
Vakil, No Appeal”.
• The government clamped down heavily on the people. There
were violent clashes in many parts. While the hartal was
successful in Delhi, Punjab and a few other places witnessed
violence. In the wake of the violence, the hartal was
suspended by Gandhi.
• The protests were very intense in Punjab. Two Congress
leaders Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were
arrested.
• The army was deployed in Punjab where martial law was
enacted. The infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place
in Amritsar on 13th April 1919. The people had gathered at
the enclosed garden to celebrate Baisakhi and also to
condemn the arrest of the two leaders. General Dyer arrived
there with his troops and without warning fired upon the
unarmed crowd. According to the inquiry conducted by the
Indian National Congress later, about 1500 people were
killed that day.
• After the Incident

The Bengali poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore
renounced the knighthood that he had received in 1915.
Gandhi soon began organizing his first large-scale and
sustained nonviolent protest (satyagraha) campaign, the Non
Cooperation Movement (1920–22).
• The then government of India ordered an investigation of the
incident (the Hunter Commission), which in 1920 censured
Dyer for his actions and ordered him to resign from the
military.
Khilafat Movement
• Turkey’s Alliance against British: The Muslims all
over the world, including India, regarded the sultan
of Turkey as their spiritual leader, Khalifa (Caliph).
• During the First World War, Turkey had allied with
Germany and Austria against the British.
• Discontented Indian Muslims: The Indian Muslims
supported the government during the First World
War with an understanding that the sacred places
of Ottoman Empire would be in the hands of
Khalifa.
• However, after the War, the Ottoman Empire was
divided, Turkey was dismembered and the Khalifa
was removed from power.
• This angered the Muslims who took it as an insult
to the Khalifa. The Ali brothers, Shoukat Ali and
Mohammad Ali started the Khilafat Movement
against the British government.
Non Cooperation
Movement
• The Non-cooperation Movement was launched on 5th
September 1920 by the Indian National Congress (INC)
under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. In September
1920, in Congress session in Calcutta, the party introduced
the Non-Cooperation programme. The period of the non-
cooperation movement is taken as September 1920 to
February 1922. It signified a new chapter in the history of the
Indian freedom struggle.
• The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in the wake
of a series of events including the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
& Rowlatt Act.
The non-cooperation movement was based on two aspects
majorly, struggle & rules of conduct. Here are some of its
features:
• Renunciation from their titles and notable posts
• Non- cooperation movement pushed the use &
manufacturing of goods & products made in India were
encouraged more & interdict the use of British products.
• The most essential feature of the non-cooperation movement
was to follow non-violent & peaceful to fight against the
British rules.
• Indians were asked to refuse to take part in elections for the
legislative council.
• Prohibiting & withdrawing British education institutions
Causes of Non Cooperation Movement
• World War 1
• Economic Crises
• Khilafat Movement
• Rowlatt Act
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement: In

February 1922, at Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh,
twenty two policemen were brutally killed by the
violent mob after the conflict between the mob
and the policemen of the Thana.
• The news shocked Gandhi too much. Not happy
with the increasingly violent trend of the
movement, he immediately announced the
withdrawal of the movement.
• Most of the nationalist leaders including C.R. Das,
Motilal Nehru, Subhash Bose, Jawaharlal Nehru,
however, expressed their disagreement at Gandhi’s
decision to withdraw the movement.
• In March 1922, Gandhi was arrested and sentenced
to six years in jail.
• What was the duration of the non-cooperation movement?
The non-cooperation movement was initiated in 1920 & ended
in 1922.
• When did the non-cooperation movement end?

Non- cooperative movement came to an end in February 1922
• When did the non-cooperation movement began?

Non- cooperative movement began in August 1920.
Swaraj Party
• After the withdrawal of Non-cooperation
movement and the arrest of Gandhiji in March,
1922 and his conviction and imprisonment for 6
years, there was disintegration, disorganization and
demoralization in the nationalist ranks.
• There arose the danger of the movement lapsing
into passivity.
• Many began to question the wisdom of the total
Gandhian strategy. Others started looking for
ways out of the impasse.
• At this stage a new lead was given by C.R. Das and
Motilal Nehru.
• These leaders proposed that instead of boycotting
the legislature, Non -Cooperation should be
carried into them.
Formation of Swaraj Party
• The proposal of council-entry attracted several
congressmen but it was stoutly opposed by orthodox
Gandhians led by Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad,
Sardar Patel etc.
• There was a split in the Congress.
• The No-Changers or orthodox Gandhians decried the
programme of council-entry and desired the congress
to follow Gandhi's constructive programme.
• The Pro-Changers or Swarajists wanted the constructive
programme to be coupled with a political programme
of council-entry.
• The matter came to a head in December 1922 at the
Gaya Session of the Congress.
• Due to differences between the two schools of thought
the proposal was defeated by 1748 to 890 votes.
• On being outvoted C.R. Das announced the formation
of the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party better known
later as the Swaraj Party on 31 December, 1922 with
himself as President and Motilal as Secretary.
• The adherents of the council-entry programme came to
be popularly known as pro-changers or Swarajists and
those still advocating boycott of the councils as no
changers .
Arguments of Swarajists or Pro-Changers
• The Swarajists claimed that council-entry would not negate
the Non-Cooperation Movement. The idea was to wreck the
reforms from within.
• The Swarajists said that work in the councils was necessary
to fill in the temporary political void.
• This would keep up the morale of the politicized Indians and
enthuse the people.
• By joining the councils, Congress could prevent the
government from stuffing the council with undesirable
elements and getting legitimacy for their laws.
• The Swarajists claimed that they would transform the
legislatures into arenas of political struggle.
Arguments of No-Changers
• The no-changers opposed council-entry mainly on the
ground that parliamentary work would lead to the neglect
of constructive and other work among the masses.
• It would lead to the loss of revolutionary zeal and political
corruption.
• The legislators who would go into the councils with the aim
of wrecking them would gradually give up the politics of
obstruction.
• They would get sucked into the imperial constitutional
framework, and start cooperating with the Government on
petty reforms and piecemeal legislation.
• Constructive work among the masses, on the other hand,
would prepare them for the next round of civil
disobedience.
Simon Commission
• The Government of India Act 1919 made a
provision for a review committee on its working
after 10 years. However the conservative
government was staring at defeat and it felt that
this constitutional question couldn’t be left in the
hands of inexperienced labor party. Thus the
Indian statutory commission popularly known as
the Simon commission was appointed in 1927.
• Chairman – Sir John Simon
• However as no Indian was on the committee it was
met with boycott unanimously throughout India by
all parties.
• Wherever the committee went it was greeted with
black flags and hartals. The police response to was
brutal and many places saw lathi charges even on
senior leaders. The youth got a chance for
political demonstrations and many youth leagues
sprang up throughout the country.
Why was Simon Commission boycotted?
• Indians were outraged at their exclusion from the
Commission.
• The Congress Party decided to boycott the Commission at
their session at Madras in 1927.
• The Muslim League led by M A Jinnah also boycotted it.
• When the Commission landed in February 1928, there
were mass protests, hartals and black flag demonstrations
all over the country.
• People were chanting the slogan, ‘Simon Go Back.’
• The police resorted to lathi charges to suppress the
movement. Even senior leaders like Pandit Nehru were not
spared.
• In Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai, who was leading the
demonstration against the Simon Commission, was
brutally lathi-charged. He died later that year due to
injuries sustained then.
• Bhagat Singh planned to kill the Superintendent of Police
Scott. who ordered lathi-charge at the protestors as
revenge for Lala Lajpat Rai’s death. However, Bhagat
Singh and his associates ended up killing the Assistant
Superintendent of Police John P Saunders and went into
hiding.
Nehru Report , 1928
 At the annual session of the Congress in Madras in December
1927, a resolution was passed which advocated the boycott
of the Simon Commission “at every stage and in every form“.
Other factions of the politicians also joined the suit.
 On February 3, 1928 a complete Hartal was observed in
Mumbai on the day when Simon Commission landed in
Bombay. Wherever the commission goes, people came out
in processions and show him “Simon Go Back”.
 But the commission had to do its duty. It visited twice in 1928
and 1929 and finally submitted its report in May 1930.
 But, it was not to be accepted by the Indian Leaders. The
secretary of state for India was Lord Birkenhead, who threw
a challenge to these congressmen to prepare a draft of
constitution of India. The political leaders accepted the
challenge and this was followed by a call for All party
conference in February and May 1928.
 The outcome of the All Parties Conference was that a
committee was appointed under the Chairman ship of
Motilal Nehru, to draft the proposed constitution.
 The draft constitution was prepared which was called “Nehru
Committee Report“. This report was submitted on August 28,
1928 at the Lucknow conference of all the parties. But M A
Jinnah Voted against this report.
 At the all-party conference held in Calcutta in 1928 to
discuss the report, Jinnah made three amendments to the
report:
• 1/3rd representation of Muslims in the Central Legislature.
• Reservation to Muslims in Punjab and Bengal in
proportion to their populations until adult suffrage was
established.
• Residual powers to be vested with the provinces and not
the centre.
• Since these demands of Jinnah were not met, he gave the
‘Fourteen Points’ in March 1929, which served as the
basis of all future agenda of the League.
Key Points of Nehru Report
The main points of the Nehru report were as follows:
• India would be given Dominion status. This means

independence within the British Commonwealth.
• India will be a federation which shall have a bicameral
legislature at the centre and Ministry would be responsible
to the legislature.
• Governor General of India would be the constitutional head
of India and will have the same powers as that of British
Crown.
• There will be no separate electorate.
• The draft report also defined the citizenship and
fundamental rights.
Gandhi – Irwin Pact
• The rejection of demands put forward by Mahatma
Gandhi in Delhi Manifesto led to Lahore Congress
session. Later, under the civil disobedience
movement, Gandhi put forward 11 demands and
gave an ultimatum of January 31, 1930, to accept
or reject. In July 1930 the viceroy, Lord Irwin,
suggested a round table conference and reiterated
the goal of dominion status.
• On January 25, 1931, Gandhi and all other
members of the Congress Working Committee
(CWC) were released from jail unconditionally. The
CWC authorised Gandhi to initiate discussions with
the viceroy Lord Irwin. Later a pact was signed in
Delhi, which came to be known as Delhi-
Pact or Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed by Mahatma Gandhi
and Viceroy Lord Irwin on 5 March 1931
in London.
• Sarojini Naidu called Gandhi and Irwin “the two
Mahatmas”.
Background of Gandhi-Irwin Pact
• The Second Round Table Conference was to be held in 1931
in London.
• In 1930, the Salt Satyagraha was conducted and India and
Gandhi received worldwide attention. The British
government in India was criticised for its unjust treatment of
Indians.
• Gandhi and many other leaders were imprisoned along with
thousands of Indians.
• Lord Irwin wanted the issue to come to an end.
• So, Gandhi was released from prison in January 1931.
• The then Congress President Sardar Vallabhai Patel
authorised Gandhi to hold talks with Lord Irwin.
• Accordingly, Gandhi met Irwin and held negotiations. It was
for the first time that the two were meeting as ‘equals’.
Features of Gandhi-Irwin Pact
• The Indian National Congress (INC) agreed to take part in the
Round Table Conference.
• The INC would stop the civil disobedience movement.
• Withdrawal of all ordinances that curbed the activities of the
Congress.
• Withdrawal of all prosecutions except those involving violent
crimes.
• Release of those who were arrested for taking part in the
civil disobedience movement.
• Removal of the salt tax.
First Round Table
Conference
• The First Round Table Conference (November 1930-
January 1931) was held in London. After the launch
of civil disobedience movement by INC under the
leadership of Gandhi and after his arrest there was
widespread mass demonstrations and protests
against the British. Therefore the British
government felt the need to initiate talks with
Indian leaders.
• First round table conference held in 1930 was
inaugurated by King George V on November 12,
1930 in London. The conference was chaired by
the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald.
• the leaders of Indian National Congress and
business leaders did not participate in the first
Round table conference.
• Muslim League: Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
Mohammed Shafi, Aga Khan
• Hindu Mahasabha: B.S Monjee and M.R.Jayakar
• Depressed classes: Dr BR Ambedkar, Rettamalai
Srinivasan
• Sikhs: Sardar Ujjal Singh
Second round Table
Conference
• The session started on 7 September 1931. The
major difference between the first and the second
conference was that the INC was participating in
the second one. This was one of the results of
the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
• The British decided to grant a communal award for
representing minorities in India by providing for
separate electorates for minority communities.
Gandhi was against this.
• In this conference, Gandhi and Ambedkar differed
on the issue of separate electorates for the
untouchables. Gandhi was against treating
untouchables as separate from the Hindu
community. This issue was resolved through
the Poona Pact 1932.
• Indian National Congress (INC) – Mahatma Gandhi
• Depressed classes – Dr B R Ambedkar
• Women – Sarojini Naidu
• Muslims – Md. Ali Jinnah, Aga Khan
Third Round Table
Conference
• The third Round Table Conference took place
between 17 November 1932 and 24 December
1932.
• Outcome
Not much was achieved in this conference also. The
recommendations of this conference were published
in a White Paper in 1933 and later discussed in the
British Parliament. The recommendations were
analysed and the Government of India Act of 1935
was passed on its basis.
• Who attended all 3 round table conference?
B.R. Ambedkar and Tej Bahadur attended all the three
round table conferences. Mahatma Gandhi took part
in the Second Round Table Conference.
Poona Pact
• in 1932, B.R. Ambedkar negotiated the Poona Pact
with Mahatma Gandhi. The background to the
Poona Pact was the Communal Award of August
1932 which provided a separate electorate for
depressed classes.
• According to Gandhi caste issue is a social one. He
wanted to reform it by changing the hearts and
minds of people.
• Poona Pact was an agreement between Dr.
Bhimrao Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi signed
on September 24, 1932. This pact ended Gandhi's
fast unto death.
• The Poona Pact (September 1932) gave Depressed
Classes (later to be known as Scheduled Caste)
reserved seats in provincial and central legislative
councils.
• Madan Mohan Malaviya signed it on behalf of
Gandhi.
Cripps India Mission
• In March 1942, a mission headed by Stafford Cripps
was sent to India with constitutional proposals to
seek Indian support for the World War II.
• Indian nationalists had agreed to support the Allied
on a condition that substantial power was
transferred immediately and complete
independence would be given after the war.
• Why did the Cripps Mission Fail? The proposals
were seen as too radical by the British and as too
conservative by the INC who wanted complete
independence. The Mission was rejected by the
INC, the Muslim League and other Indian groups.
• Mahatma Gandhi said that Cripps' offer of
Dominion Status after the war was a "post-dated
cheque drawn on a failing bank’’.
Quit India Movement
• On 8th August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi gave a clarion call to

end the British rule and launched the Quit India
Movement at the session of the All-India Congress
Committee in Mumbai.
• Gandhiji gave the call “Do or Die” in his speech delivered at
the Gowalia Tank Maidan, now popularly known as August
Kranti Maidan.
• Aruna Asaf Ali popularly known as the 'Grand Old Lady' of
the Independence Movement is known for hoisting the Indian
flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Mumbai during the Quit
India Movement.
• The immediate cause for the movement was the collapse of
Cripps Mission.
• The British assumption of unconditional support from India
to British in World War II was not taken well by the Indian
National Congress.
• The anti-British sentiments and demand for full-
independence had gained popularity among indian masses.
• Women Participation: Women took active participation in
the movement. Female leaders like Usha Mehta helped set
up an underground radio station which led to the awakening
about the movement.
CR Formula
• Objective of the C R Formula was to solve the political deadlock
between the All India Muslim League and Indian National Congress.
League’s position was that the Muslims and Hindus of British India
were of two separate nations and hence the Muslims had the right
to their own nation.
• The Core principle of the CR Formula was a proposal for the
Congress to offer the League the Muslim Pakistan based on
plebiscite of all the peoples in the regions where Muslims made a
majority.
Wavell Plan and Shimla

Conference
• The Wavell Plan was first presented at the Shimla Conference in

1945. It was named after Viceroy of India, Lord Wavell.
• It is also known as Breakdown Plan.
• Formation of a new Executive Council at the centre in which all the
members except the Viceroy and the Commander in Chief would be
Indian.
• In the Proposed Executive Council which was to have 14 members,
the Muslims who constituted only about 25 % of the total
population were given the right to be over represented by selecting
6 representatives.
• The Congress while objecting the demand asserted its rights to
select the representative of any community, including Muslims, as
the Congress nominees to the Council.
MCQ
1. Who was the Last Viceroy of India?
[A] Richard Wellesley
[B] Warren Hastings
[C] Lord Mountbatten
[D] Lord Northrook
2. Demand for Pakistan was raised by Mohammed Ali Jinnah in
which of the following years?
[A] 1938
[B] 1940
[C] 1942
[D] 1944
3. Consider the following freedom fighters:
1.Ram Prasad Bismil
2. Ashfaqullah Khan
3. Chandrashekhar Azad
4. Khudiram Bose
Which of the above were associated to Kakori Conspiracy?
[A] 1, 2 & 3 Only
[B] 1 & 4 Only
[C] 2, 3 & 4 Only
[D] 1, 2, 3 & 4
4. Which of the following incident started the violence in
Punjab before the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre?
[A] The “Crawling Order”
[B] Arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal
[C] Morley Minto Reform
[D] The partition of Bengal
5. What was / were the outcome(s) of the Lucknow
Sessions of Indian National Congress and Muslim League
in 1916?
1.A joint resolution of the two parties to work on joint
scheme of constitutional reforms
2. Congress acceptance of separate electorates
3. Temporary merger of Muslim League and Indian
National Congress
4. Return of some extremists back into congress
Select the correct option from the codes given below:
[A] 1, 2 & 3
[B] 2, 3 & 4
[C] 2 & 4
[D] Only 2
6 Who was the Governor General of India during the
Sepoy mutiny?
[A] Lord Dalhousie
[B] Lord Canning
[C] Lord Hardinge
[D] Lord Lytton
7 Which of the following was the most important event
of Lord Dufferin’s tenure as Viceroy?
[A] Establishment of Ramakrishna Mission
[B] Establishment of Muslim League in Dhaka
[C] Establishment of Indian National Congress
[D] Beginning of the first Census
8 In which year, Kakori Train Robbery occurred?
[A] 1923
[B] 1924
[C] 1925
[D] 1926
9 Arrange the following events in a correct sequence of Indian
National Movement
I. Foundation of Indian National Congress
II. Simon Commission
III. Home Rule Movement
IV. Cabinet Mission
A.I, III, II, IV
B.III, I, IV, II
C.I, II, IV, III
D.I, IV, III, II
10 When was the Non-Cooperation Movement got momentum
under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian
National Congress?
A.1920-1922
B.1922-1924
C.1987-1989
D.1990-1992
11 Khilafat Movement was organised by
A. Jinnah
B. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
C. Ali Brothers
D. Agha Khan
12 When was the 'Quit India Movement' launched by
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi?
A.1946
B.1939
C.1942
D.1940
13 The father of extremist movement in India is
A. Motilal Nehru
B. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
C. Vallabh Bhai Patel
D. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
14 What was the another name of 'Quit India movement'?
A. Khilafat Movement
B. Swadeshi Movement
C. Home Rule Movement
D. August Kranti
15 Consider the following statement (s) regarding Poona Pact
(1932)
I. It refers to an agreement between Babasaheb Ambedkar
and Mahatma Gandhi
II. It was signed by Pt Madan Mohan Malviya and B.R.
Ambedkar and some Dalit leaders to break the fast unto death
undertaken by Gandhi
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
Codes:
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. Both I and II
D. Neither I nor II
16 Who surrendered the knighthood conferred on him in
protest of Jallianwala Massacre?
(a) Motilal Nehru
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) C R Das
(d) Rabindranath Tagore
17 When did the congress split into moderates and
extremists?
(a) 1916
(b) 1906
(c) 1907
(d) 1917
18 Who was the Viceroy of India when Quit India
Movement Broke Out?
a. Lord Linlithgow
b. Lord Irwin
c. Lord Mountbatten
d. Lord Willington
19 The partition of Bengal was carried out under the rule
of...
(a) Lord Atlee (b) Lord Mayo
(c) Lord Curzon (d) Lord Minto
20 Who was the Viceroy of India at the time of Round
Table Conference?
(a) Lord Minto (b) Lord Dalhousie
(c)Lord Irwin (d) Lord Linlithgow
21 Muslim League was formed in 1906 at------
(a)Lahore (b) Calcutta
(c) Karachi (d) Dacca
22 Who founded the Azad Hind Fauj?
(a) Rash Bihari Bose (b) Captain Mohan Singh
(c) Abdul Kalam Azad (d) Chandra Sekhar Azad
23 Who was the founding president of Swaraj Party?
(a)Kripalani (b) Sardar Patel
(c) Motilal Nehru (d) C R Das
24 During the British rule the only British King to visit
India and hold his magnificent Durbar was:
a. Edward I b. George V
c. James II d. Peter VI
25 Who led the revolt of 1857 at Lucknow?
a. Rani Jhansi b. Begum HazratMahal
c. Nana Saheb d. Bahadur Khan
26 Who was the founder of ‘ All India Depressed Class
Federation?
(a) B R Ambedkar (b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) E V RamaswamyNaicker (D) Kesab Chandra Sen
27 Which act is also known as Black Act?
(a) Charter Act (b) Pitts India Act
(c) Rowlatt Act (d) Regulating Act
28 Which was the first major act of Gandhiji in
India?
(a) Champaran (b) Kheda
(c) Ahmedabad (d) Non Coperation
29 .Who was the first Indian Governor General of
independent India?
a. C .Rajagopalachary
(b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Lord Lilithgow
(d) Lord Curzon
30 Who gave the slogan, DilliChalo?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Subhash Chandra Bose
( c ) Jawaharlal Nehru (d) BalagangadharTilak
31 Whom did Gandhi accept as his Guru?
(a) Tagore (b) Gokhale
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji (d) Pherozshah Mehta
32. Who was the military commander of Amritsar,
responsible for the JallianwalaBagh massacre?
(a) Watson (b) Dyer
(c) Northbrook (d) Rand
33 Who composed ‘ Amar Sonar Bangla’?
(a)LalaLajpathRai (b) DayanandaSaraswathy
(c )Debendranath Tagore (d) Rabindranath Tagore
34 Who commented on the revolt of 1857 as a national war of
Independence?
(a) V D Savarkar (b) S N Sen
(c) R C Majumdar (d) Bipan Chandra
35 What was the immediate cause of the revolt of 1857/
(a) Doctrine of Lapse (b) Subsidiary Alliance
( c) Land Revenue system (d) Introduction of Enfield Rifle
36 When did the British shifted the capital from Kolkata to Delhi?
(a) 1907 (b) 1911
(c) 1916 (d) 1927
37 Who said “ You give me blood and I will give you freedom” ?
(a) BalGangadharTilak (b) Subash Chandra Bose
(c) Bhagat Singh (d) Nana Saheb
38 Who among the following participated in three round table
conferences
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) S C Bose
(c) Sarojini Naidu (d) B R Ambedkar
39 How many followers of Mahatma Gandhi participated in Dandi
March?
(a) 60 (b) 78
(c) 85 (d) 92
40 Who was the president of the following sessions of Indian National
Congress?
1. Lahore:1893
2. Calcutta: 1886
3. Calcutta: 1906
A Dadabhai Naoroji
b. G K Gokhale
c. Alfred Webb
d. George Yule
41 With reference to Indian Freedom Struggle, who of the
following was the lady representative of India at the Second
Round Table Conference?
A Sucheta Hriplani
B Aruna Asaf Ali
C Vijayalakshmi Pandit
D Sarojini Naidu
42 Who was the Viceroy of India at the time of Jallianwala
Bagh Massacre?
A Lord Irwin B Lord Chelmsford
C Lord Hardinge D Lord Curzon
43 The first movement launched against the British in India
was :
A Swadeshi Movement B Khilafat Movement
C Quit India Movement D Non-Cooperation Movement
44 At which congress session did Dadabhai Naoroji
announce that Swaraj was the goal of India’s political
efforts?
A 1906 Calcutta session
B 1905 Banaras session
C 1893 Lahore session
D 1916 Calcutta session
45 Who was called by British rulers as ‘Father of Indian
unrest’?
A M. K. Gandhi B Bal Gangadhar Tilak
C Subhash Chandra Bose D Gopal Krishna Gokhale
46 The title ‘Punjab Kesari’ was conferred on :
A Sarder Baldev Singh
B Lala Lajpat Rai
C Bhagat Singh
D Ranjit Singh
47 The Champaran Satyagraha was started by Mahatma
Gandhi in the year :
A 1915 B 1917
C 1919 D 1930
48 The first woman President of the Indian National
Congress was :
A Annie Besant B Sarojini Naidu
C Vijayalakshmi Pandit D Kasturba Gandhi
49 Ram Prasad Bismil was associated with
A Kanpur Conspiracy Case B Meetut Conspiracy Case
C Alipore Bomb Case D Kakori Conspiracy Case
50 The Chauri-Chaura incident (during Non-Cooperation
Movement) relates to :
A a major offensive by underground revolutionaries
B massive police firing on unarmed Satyagrahis
C the burning of a police post by a mob
D large scale looting of government property by Congress
workers
51 Burma was separated from India in :
A 1932 B 1935
C 1937 D 1939
52 Which of the following factors influenced the British to
transfer power to the Indians?
A The Indian armed forces could no longer be relied upon for
their loyalty to the British
B Revolutionary activities had affected law and order system
C Large scale labour unrest and hostile public mood
D The second world war had weakened Britain economically
and politically
53 The Cripps Mission failed mainly because :
A there was nothing said about a constitution making body for
India
B the Congress was no longer willing to trust the British
C it offered a clear programme for partitioning India
D the Congress demand for effective transfer of power to
Indians was not met
54 In which of the following movements Bande Mataram was
adopted as a slogan for agitation :
A Quit India movement in 1942
B Non-Cooperation movement in 1922
C Partition of Bengal in 1905
D Revolt of 1857
55 The Indian National Congress celebrated the Independence
Day for the first time on :
A January 10, 1930 B January 26, 1930
C August 15, 1947 D August 26, 1930
56 In 1917, at Champaran, the government forced farmers to
undertake :
A land ceiling B opium cultivation
C hallow cultivation D indigo cultivation
57 The Prime Minister of Britain at the time of
India’s independence was :
A Ramsay Macdonald
B Winston Churchill
C Lord Mountbatten
D Clement Attlee
58 All the three Round Table Conferences were held
in :
A Manchester B Calcutta
C Bombay D London
59 During the Indian Freedom Struggle, who among
the following started a journal “The Indian
Sociologist”?
A Jatindranath Mukherjee
B Shyamji Krishna Varma
C Bhikaji Cama
D Dadabhai Naoroji
60 Who commented that Cripps Mission was a
postdated cheque on a crashing bank?
A Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
B Mahatma Gandhi
C Subhash Chandra Bose
D Jawaharlal Nehru
61 Which Congress leader passed the Indian Civil Service
Examination?
A Aurobindo Ghosh b Subash Chandra Bose
C Both (a) and (b) d None of these
62 Who wrote the book My Experiment with Truth?
A Mahatma Gandhi b Jawaharlal Nehru
C Subhash Chandra Bose d M A Jinnah
63 Arrange by correct sequence.
(i) Rowlatt Act (ii) Gandhi Erwin Pact (iii) Morley Minto
reforms (iv) Elbert Bill
A: iv – iii – i – ii
B: iv – ii – iii – i
C: iv – iii – ii – i
D: iii – i – ii – iv
64 Why the British shifted the capital from Calcutta to
Delhi?
A: It was not possible to control the western part of India
from Calcutta.
B: Calcutta was the hotbed of revolutionaries.
C: The weather in Delhi was more suitable than Calcutta.
D: To prevent the advent of Portuguese
65 During which period ‘Mahatma’ Titled given before the
name of Gandhi?
A: During Swadeshi Movement
B: During Champaran Satyagraha
C: During the Implementation of the Rowlatt Act in India.
D: During Surat Session of 1907
66 After the failure of which among the following movements, the
Swaraj Party was formed?
[A] Quit India Movement
[B] Non-cooperation Movement
[C] Civil disobedience Movement
[D] Swadeshi Movement
67 The policy of the Doctrine of lapse was introduced by _________.
[A] Lord Wellesley
[B] Lord William Bentinck
[C] Lord Macaulay
[D] Lord Dalhousie
68 Muslim League established in December _________.
[A] 1901
[B] 1902
[C] 1906
[D] 1946
69 Who was the Governor-General when the first census was held?
[A] Lord Mayo
[B] Lord Lytton
[C] Lord Auckland
[D] Sir John Napier
70 Consider the following nationalists.
(1) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(2) Gopalkrishna Gokhale
(3) Bipin Chandra Pal
(4) Lala Lajpat Rai
Who among these were referred to as militant nationalist of the
Freedom Movement?
A 1 and 2 b 1, 2 and 3
C 2 and 3 d 1, 3 and 4
71 Who is the Indian freedom fighter known as "Iron
man of India"?
A. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
B. Rabindranath Tagore
C. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
D. Vallabhbhai Patel
72 Who is the Indian freedom fighter known as
"Lokmanya"?
A. Jawaharlal Nehru B. Dadasaheb Phalke
C. Bal Gangadhar Tilak D. Madan Mohan Malaviya
"Loknayak"?
A. Jayaprakash Narayan
B. M. S. Swaminathan
C. Vallabhbhai Patel
D. Gopinath Bordoloi
"Sardar"?
A. Valmeeki B. Bhagat Singh
C. Vallabhbhai Patel D. Madan Mohan Malaviya
75 Who is the Indian known as "Nightingale of
India"?
A. Indra Ghandhi B. Tessy Thomas
C. P.T. Usha D.Sarojini Naidu
76 How many distance covered by MK Gandhi during Dandi
March?
A. 200 Miles B. 240 Miles
C. 250 Miles D. 260 Miles
77 When was Gandhi-Irvin Pact taken place?
(a) September 23, 1931
(b) March 15, 1931
(c) March 5, 1931
(d) February 10, 1931
78 Why Simon commission was established?
(a) To enquire into the working of the Government of India Act,
1919 and to suggest further reforms in the system of
administration.
(b) To enquire into the working of the Marley-Minto reforms.
(c) To declare India as republic state
(d) None of these
79 Which of the following is the correct chronological order of the
establishment of parties during Indian Struggle Movement?
A. Indian National Congress, Swaraj party, Justice Party, Muslim
League
B. Indian National Congress, Muslim League, Justice Party , Swaraj
Party
C. Swaraj Party, Indian National Congress, Muslim League, Justice
Party
D. Swaraj Party, Indian National Congress, Justice Party, Muslim
League
80 The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant aimed at
A Boycotting foreign goods
B Attaining self rule for India
C Agitating against the British monopoly in administration
D Educating the Indian masses
81 Which of the following newspaper was started by Annie Besant?
A. The Hindu B. Indian Express
C. The Times of India D. New India
82 Which of the following leader was not associated with extremist
leadership of Indian National Congress?A. Lokmanya Tilak
B. Aurobindo Ghosh
C. Lala Lajpat Rai
D. A. O. Hume
83 Which of the following incident ended the historic fast of Gandhi?
A. Poona Pact
B. Issue of White Paper
C. Gandhi-Irwin Pact
D. Arrival of Simon Commission
84 Select the correct chronological sequence of the following events?
I. Appointment of the Simon Commission.
II. Submission of the Nehru report.
III. Inauguration of the First Round Table Conference.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
Codes:
A. I, III, II &
B. I, III & II
C. I, II, III
D. II, I & III
85 Which of the following event compel the Rabindranath Tagore to
renounce his knighthood?
A. To protest against the Rowlatt Act
B. To protest against lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai that caused his
death
C. To express solidarity with the leaders of Non-Cooperation
Movement/ Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
D. To express solidarity with the protestors against the arrival of Simon
Commission
86 Which of the following reason that compel the Congress leader
not to attend the Round Table Conference?
A. The British government was not in favour of M. K. Gandhi's
participation in it
B. The British government wanted to give representation to
communal organisations.
C. The British government did not give any assurance to the effect
that the discussions would proceed on the basis of granting
Poorna Swaraj.
D. Fazl-i-Hussain who was suspected of dislike towards the Muslims
with leanings towards the Congress was to guide the British
government in the choice of Muslim delegates to the conference.
87 Consider the following with reference to the Indian freedom
struggle
I. Passing of 'Indian Press Act'
II. Surat Split of Congress
III. Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement
IV. Passing of 'Rowlatt Act'
Which one of the following is the correct chronological order of
the above events?
A. I, II, III, IV
B. II, I, III, IV
C. II, I, IV, III
D. I, II, IV, III
88 Who among the following freedom fighter opposes the Annie
Besant's idea of launching Home Rule Movement?
A. G. K. Gokhale
B. Mahatma Gandhi
C. Aurobindo Ghosh
D. B. G. Tilak
89 Which of the following event was probe by the Hunter
Commission?
A. Chauri Chaura incident
B. Demolition of Kanpur mosque
C. Jalianwalla Bagh massacre
D. Kakori train dacoity incident
90 Which of the following is not matched correctly?
(a) Butler commission: 1927
(b) Nehru report: 1928
(c) 14 points of Jinnah: 1929
(d) Gandhi- Irvin pact: 1930
91 After the commencement of the government of India Act-1858,
what name was to British Governor-General of India?
(a) Governor-General of India.
(b) Governor of the state
(c) Viceroy of the state
(d) None of these
92 Consider the following statement (s) the causes for the failure
of the Great Revolt of 1857
I. The rebels lacked effective leadership.
II. They did not get the support of the civilian people anywhere in
the country.
III. There was no central organisation to guide them.
IV. Their military equipment was inferior to that of the English.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
A. I, III & IV
B. I, II & III
C. III & IV
D. II, III & IV
93 Who was the author of the Book, the Indian War of
Independence, 1857?
A. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
B. V.D. Savarkar
C. R.S Sharma
D. R.C. Majumdar
94 Which of the following place where the first meeting/session
of the Indian National Congress was held?
A. Calcutta
B. Bombay
C. Madras
D. Allahabad
95 Why was the Second Round Table Conference failed?
A. Priority to be given to communal question
B. Suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement
C. Grant of Dominion Status
D. Date of transfer of power
96 Who among the following leader headed the interim
Government of 1946?
A. C. Rajagopalachari
B. M.K Gandhi
C. Jawaharlal Nehru
D. Dr. Rajendra Prasad
97 Who among the following initiated the Kheda Satyagraha?
A. Mahatma Gandhi
B. Mohanlal Pandya
C. Sardar Patel
D. Vinoba Bhave
98 Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the lists:
List-I List-II
a.Swaraj Party 1. AO hume
b.Ghadar Party 2. C. R. Das
c.INC 3. Annie Besant
d.All India Homerule League 4. Lala Hardayal
Codes:
a b c d
A 2 4 1 3
B 4 3 2 1
C 3 2 1 4
D 1 3 4 2
99 Which of the following books were written by Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru?I. Discovery of India
II. Outline of History
III. Glimpses of World History
IV. A Study of History
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. I & IV
B. II & IV
C. I & III
D. I, II, III & IV
100 For which of the following is the comment “ no vakil, no appeal ,
no dalil” associated ?
A Communal award 1932
B Simon Commission 1928
C Vemacular press act 1878
D The Rowlatt act 1919

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freedom struggle (complete)

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INDIA‘S FREEDOM STRUGGLE

Government Of India act ( 1858)

• On December 30,1906,Muslim league was formed

Factors that promotes the Muslim league are –

• The Lucknow Pact was a significant political event

Major Demands made in the Pact

• List of Major Incidents during the Period 1917 –

• After the Incident

• Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement: In

• When did the non-cooperation movement end?

• When did the non-cooperation movement began?

• India would be given Dominion status. This means

• On 8th August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi gave a clarion call to

Wavell Plan and Shimla

• The Wavell Plan was first presented at the Shimla Conference in

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