Changes observed in Earth’s climate since the mid-20th century are driven by human activities, particularly fossil

fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere, raising Earth’s average
surface temperature.
Scientists use observations from the ground, air, and space, along with computer models, to monitor and study
past, present, and future climate change. Climate data records provide evidence of climate change key indicators,
such as global land and ocean temperature increases; rising sea levels; ice loss at Earth’s poles and in mountain
glaciers; frequency and severity changes in extreme weather such as hurricanes, heatwaves, wildfires, droughts,
floods, and precipitation; and cloud and vegetation cover changes.

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Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s surface observed since the pre-industrial period (between
1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse
gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere.

Significant societal, economic, and ecological damage would result if the global average temperature rose by more
than 2 °C (3.6 °F). Few national governments had begun the process of instituting carbon reduction plans as part
of the Paris agreement, a treaty designed to help countries keep global warming to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F)
Five key greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons,
and water vapor.

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https://www.nrdc.org/stories/greenhouse-effect-101#gases

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Volume of GHG Emissions by Industry Sector
1. Energy (Electricity and Heating) – 15.83 billion tons
2. Transport – 8.43 billion tons
3. Manufacturing and construction – 6.3 billion tons
4. Agriculture – 5.79 billion tons
5. Food retail – 3.1 billion tons
6. Fashion – 2.1 billion tons
7. Technology – 1.02 billion tons

Top Producers of CO2 Emissions in 2022

China remains the world’s largest greenhouse gas
emitter with emissions greater than the United States
and European Union combined.
1. China – more than 10,065 million tons
2. United States – 5,416 million tons
3. India – 2,654 million tons
4. Russia – 1,711 million tons
5. Japan – 1,162 million tons
6. Germany – 759 million tons
7. Iran – 720 million tons

https://talema.com/carbon-footprint-understanding-greenhouse-gases/
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A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide and methane) that are
generated by our actions.

The carbon footprint serves as an indicator to compare the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted from an
activity, product, company or country. Carbon footprints are usually reported in tons of emissions per unit of
comparison; such as per year, person, kg protein, km travelled and alike.

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The India GHG Program is a voluntary initiative to standardize measurement and management of GHG emissions in
India.

The India GHG Program provides Indian businesses with access to:

•Internationally recognized and locally relevant GHG measurement and accounting tools
•Customized training and capacity building initiatives
•Relevant industry specific best practices, benchmarking data and analytics
•Expertise on appropriate goal setting and voluntary targets
•Business solutions to facilitate GHG emission reductions

https://indiaghgp.org/program-overview

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 AAT 1 – Individual report preparation - Energy and water consumed

As per IS1172-1993 (Reaffirmed 2007), Out of the 150 to

200 litres per head per day, 45 litres per head per day may
be taken for flushing requirements and the remaining
quantity for other domestic purposes.

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 waste management hierarchy

waste management practised

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More than 90 per cent of our time is spent in buildings i.e. either in the office or at home. Energy used in
buildings (residential and commercial) accounts for a significant percentage of a country’s total energy
consumption. This percentage depends greatly on the degree of electrification, the level of urbanization,
the amount of building area per capita, the prevailing climate, as well as national and local policies to
promote efficiency.

Building designs and materials have a significant effect on the energy consumed for a select set of end
uses.

The measure of heat loss through a material, referred to as the U-Value, is also used as a way of
describing the energy performance of a building. The U-value refers to how well an element conducts heat
from one side to the other by rating how much the heat the component allows to pass through it.

Development has an important effect on energy demand from the building sector, implying that building
efficiency becomes more significant as countries become more prosperous.

Building codes often influence material use, and appliance standards, both mandatory and voluntary,
have a significant effect on energy efficiency.

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 CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad

The center was the first building in India and the first outside the United States to acquire a LEED Platinum certification in 2004.

This truly sustainable campus gives equal regards to the traditional practices and modern technological innovations in
the built sector. The organization also promotes behavioral changes to further lower emissions.

https://www.infurnia.com/blog/the-first-green-building-in-india-cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-building-centre-hyderabad

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Several world class energy and environment friendly
features
Extensive energy simulation to orient the building –
minimize heat ingress while allowing natural daylight
600 varieties of trees – native and adaptive to local
climatic conditions

• Solar PV systems
• Indoor air quality monitoring
• High efficiency HVAC system
• Passive cooling system using wind tower
• High performance glass
• Aesthetic roof garden
• Rain water harvesting
• Root zone treatment system

✓ 50% saving in overall energy consumption

✓ 35% reduction in potable water consumption
✓ 80% usage of recycled / recyclable materials

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Most of the energy used in buildings is used to maintain a comfortable indoor environment in terms of thermal comfort
(heating or cooling) and air quality (ventilation). Other energy uses are electric light, domestic hot water and household
appliances or other electrical equipment (refrigerators, computers, TVs etc.).

https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/2023/S/fa/sustainable-and-smart-built-environment-revised-
ar2039-spring-2022/aarohan-women-s-community-center-spring-2022-uar20235

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The energy efficiency of a building is the extent to which the energy
consumption per square meter of floor area of the building measures up to
established energy consumption benchmarks for that particular type of
building under defined climatic conditions.

The main benefit from measures to improve energy efficiency buildings is

lower energy costs - reduces the capital outlay required and the running
costs of stand-by systems.

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Green Building is a concept of constructing high-performance structures that has no
negative impacts on the environment throughout the project's life-cycle including : from
planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.

The main objectives of green buildings are to optimize energy consumption, deliver high
efficiency, protect the environment and boost the productivity of its inhabitants. They
also try to converse land, energy, water, and other resources to the maximum extent.

The five principles of green building:

➢ Livable communities.
➢ Energy efficiency.
➢ Indoor air quality.
➢ Resource conservation.
➢ Water conservation.

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Utilizing green building components can have some benefits,
both for the environment and for the people who occupy the
space. Green building benefits
•Energy Efficiency
•The most vital benefit of green buildings is that they help •Water Efficiency
reduce pollution. Facilities are responsible for a significant •Efficient Technologies
portion of air pollution, and by using materials and designs that •Easier Maintenance
limit emissions, green buildings can make a big difference. •Return on Investment
•Improved Indoor Air Quality
•Green buildings also tend to be more energy-efficient than •Waste Reduction
traditional structures, using less electricity and generating •Temperature Moderation
fewer greenhouse gases. It can have a significant impact on •Water Conservation
climate change. •Economical Construction For Poor
•Healthier Lifestyles and Recreation
•In addition to helping the environment, green buildings also •Improved Health.
offer many benefits for the people who occupy them. These
spaces are more comfortable and healthier, with improved air
quality and natural light. It helps save energy costs too.

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1. Aluminum Weather Resistant Insulated Access Panel
Aluminum panels help regulate indoor temperature and prevent moisture and pests from entering. It is essential to use
an aluminum weather-resistant insulated access panel to create a tight seal that will keep the inside of your building comfortable
and dry.
2. Energy Efficient Windows
Windows are one of the most significant sources of heat loss in a home, so it is essential to choose windows that will help keep the
heat inside. There are many different types of energy-efficient windows on the market, so you can find ones that fit your style and
budget.
3. Green Roof
Green roofs have become more popular because they help insulate a home and reduce the amount of heat lost through the roof.
They also help reduce storm water runoff and provide additional living space for plants and animals.
4. Solar Power
Solar power is a renewable energy source that heats and cools a home and provides electricity. Solar power is becoming increasingly
affordable, and it is a great way to reduce your carbon footprint.
5. Water Conservation
Several ways to help conserve water in your home include installing reduced showerheads and toilets, collecting rainwater in
barrels. Water conservation is important because it helps reduce the amount of water in a home, saving money on your water bill.
6. Recycling
Recycling is an excellent way to minimize the amount of waste generated in the home. It is also a great way to reuse materials.
There are many different recycling programs, so you can find one that works for your family.
7. Landscaping
Landscaping can help reduce the amount of heat absorbed by a home, and it can also allow cooling of the air around a house. Trees
and shrubs can provide shade and windbreaks, and they can also help filter pollutants.

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 TYPICAL ENERGY FLOW IN A BUILDING
Passive solar heating, passive
cooling, natural ventilation
flow and daylight

Anticipated buildings
requirements for
heating, lighting, Amount of energy
cooling, ventilation, supplied to meet a
air conditioning etc., building’s net
energy demand

The indoor climate requirements,

outdoor climatic conditions and
Thermal energy from people,
the building properties are the
lighting and appliances that The fraction of delivered
parameters used for determining System losses result from
give off heat to the indoor energy that, where
what the gross energy needs of the the inefficiencies in
environment applicable, is sold to
building will be. transporting and converting external users
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Natural energy gains can be maximized by exploiting the potential contribution to a building’s
performance offered by the site and its surroundings through:
• A building plan which places functions in locations that minimize the need for applied energy;
• A shape which encourages the use of daylight and natural ventilation, and reduces heat losses;
• An orientation that takes account of the potential benefits from solar gains while reducing the risk of
glare and overheating;
• Effective use of natural daylight combined with the avoidance of glare and unwanted solar gains;
• Natural ventilation wherever practical and appropriate, with mechanical ventilation and/or air
conditioning used only to the extent they are actually required;
• Good levels of thermal insulation and prevention of unwanted air infiltration through the building
envelope;
• Intrinsically efficient and well-controlled building services, well-matched to the building fabric and to
the expected use.
This is best achieved at the building’s design stage but can also be done during refurbishment.

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Sustainable construction is the practice of building or
renovating buildings using less energy, water, and materials
than typical construction practices and generating less waste.

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One glass (250ml) of Milk is equivalent to 0.44m3 of CO2 Gas.

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Embodied energy is a calculation of all the energy that is used to produce a material
or product, including mining, manufacture and transport. To achieve a home that is
truly low energy, it is important to consider embodied energy when choosing
materials and construction systems.

Examples of embodied energy include: the energy used to extract raw resources,
process materials, assemble product components, transport between each step,
construction, maintenance and repair, deconstruction and disposal.

Because most of the embodied energy of materials results from the manufacturing
process, energy efficiency improvements within the manufacturing industries can
make the most significant contribution to lowering the embodied energy of
materials. Energy sources used to manufacture materials are also important to
consider, given the large difference in environmental impact between renewable
and fossil fuel-based energy sources.
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The embodied energy of different building materials has been in study
from quite some time due to the interest associated :

•to decrease the energy consumption by the construction industry

•to decrease the energy consumed there by cost incurred during
different process so as to increase the production efficiency and
competitiveness in the market
•to choose a material with lower embodied energy among the options
available there by reducing the environmental impact associated with
their use

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 https://www.wienerberger.in/green-building/why.html

Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than nonrenewable resources. Green materials are
environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life of the product.

Naturally occurring materials (such as wood), ceramics, glass and composite materials are common examples of
green materials. Green materials have the following characteristics :
• High recycled content and/or high recyclability
• Made from rapidly renewable sources
• Very low emissions that contribute to global warming and ozone depletion
• Minimal to zero pollution to the environment

In practice, when green or sustainable materials are used in construction, the construction is referred to as a
“green building”. A green building has the following characteristics :
• It does not negatively impact its environment.
• It does not negatively affect the health of the occupants and is constructed from materials with low volatile
organic compounds (VOC) content and no toxicity.
• It is energy-efficient and consumes renewable energy such as solar or wind energy.
• It is designed to implement natural ventilation.
• The materials used in the construction should be appropriate and economical.

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Following is the list of Green building materials used in construction :

▪ Stone
▪ Cob
▪ Bamboo
▪ Cork
▪ Earthen Materials
▪ Adobe brick
▪ Wood
▪ Straw Bale
▪ Earth Bags
▪ Slate/ Stone Roofing
▪ Steel
▪ Thatch
▪ Cordwood
▪ Composites
▪ Natural Fiber
▪ Natural Clay
▪ Polyurethane
▪ Fiber Glass
▪ Cellulose
▪ Polystyrene and isocyanurate
▪ Non- VOC paints
▪ Natural Fiber Floor
▪ Insulated Concrete Forms
▪ Fiber Cement
▪ Recycled building materials
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https://www.thezebra.com/resources/home/green-building-materials/

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Do green buildings cost more than conventional
buildings?

The reality is that there isn’t s definite answer to the

question. Costs are subject to vary from one project to
another depending on a range of factors. It is, however,
worthwhile to note that green buildings don’t necessarily
break the budget.

The initial cost of a green building is said to be not more

than 10% - 12% higher than its counterpart. However,
because they are developed to run more effectively, this
cost is offset by reductions in operational and
maintenance costs by 14%. The reduction in energy
consumption helps recover 20% of the initial
construction cost. Facilitating a healthier indoor
environment and improved air quality, green buildings
are a perfect alternative to conventional buildings with
greater energy efficiency, lower utility bills, and lower
operation and maintenance costs.
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https://theconstructor.org/construction/life-cycle-cost-technique/563163/

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V7/i10/IRJET-V7I10187.pdf

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In conversations around the world and across industries, environmentally-conscious decision-making continues to
materialize as the heart of innovation, cost-saving, and responsible practice.
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