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Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology
LEAD EDITORS FIFTH EDITION
Myron Yanoff, MD Jay S. Duker, MD
Chair Emeritus, Ophthalmology Director
Professor of Ophthalmology & Pathology New England Eye Center
Departments of Ophthalmology & Pathology Professor and Chairman
College of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology
Drexel University Tufts Medical Center
Philadelphia, PA, USA Tufts University School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA

SECTION EDITORS
James J. Augsburger, MD Michael H. Goldstein, MD, MBA Alfredo A. Sadun, MD, PhD
Professor and Chairman Co-Director, Cornea and External Diseases Flora Thornton Chair, Doheny
Department of Ophthalmology Service Professor of Ophthalmology
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine New England Eye Center Vice-Chair of Ophthalmology, UCLA
Cincinnati, OH, USA Tufts Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
Boston, MA, USA
Dimitri T. Azar, MD, MBA Joel S. Schuman, MD
Senior Director, Google Verily Life Sciences Narsing A. Rao, MD Professor and Chairman of Ophthalmology
Distinguished University Professor and B.A. Professor of Ophthalmology and Pathology Director, NYU Eye Center
Field Chair of Ophthalmic Research USC Roski Eye Institute Professor of Neuroscience and Physiology
Professor of Ophthalmology, Pharmacology, and Department of Ophthalmology Neuroscience Institute
Bioengineering University of Southern California NYU School of Medicine
University of Illinois at Chicago Los Angeles, CA, USA Professor of Electrical and Computer
Chicago, IL, USA Engineering
Shira L. Robbins, MD NYU Tandon School of Engineering
Sophie J. Bakri, MD Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology
Professor of Neural Science
Professor of Ophthalmology Ratner Children’s Eye Center at the Shiley Eye
Center for Neural Science, NYU
Vitreoretinal Diseases & Surgery Institute
New York, NY, USA
Mayo Clinic University of California San Diego
Rochester, MN, USA La Jolla, CA, USA Janey L. Wiggs, MD, PhD
Paul Austin Chandler Professor of
Scott E. Brodie, MD, PhD Emanuel S. Rosen, MD, FRCS, Ophthalmology
Professor of Ophthalmology FRCOphth Harvard Medical School
NYU School of Medicine Private Practice Boston, MA, USA
New York, NY, USA Case Reports Editor for Journal of Cataract &
Jonathan J. Dutton, MD, PhD Refractive Surgery
Professor Emeritus Manchester, UK
Department of Ophthalmology
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
For additional online content visit ExpertConsult.com

Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney 2019

© 2019, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

First edition 1999

Second edition 2004
Third edition 2009
Fourth edition 2014

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about
the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright
Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/
permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).

Chapter 4.29: “Endothelial Keratoplasty: Targeted Treatment for Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction” by
Marianne O. Price, Francis W. Price, Jr.
Marianne O. Price and Francis W. Price, Jr. retain copyright of the video accompanying this chapter.

Chapter 6.5: “Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography” by Yale L. Fisher, Dov B. Sebrow

Yale L. Fisher retains copyright of the video accompanying this chapter. The remainder of this lecture as
well as additional lectures on ophthalmology can be found at www.OphthalmicEdge.org.

Chapter 7.2: “Mechanisms of Uveitis” by Igal Gery, Chi-Chao Chan

This chapter is in the Public Domain.

Chapter 7.23: “Masquerade Syndromes: Neoplasms” by Nirali Bhatt, Chi-Chao Chan, H. Nida Sen
This chapter is in the Public Domain.

Chapter 11.8: “Torsional Strabismus” by Scott K. McClatchey, Linda R. Dagi

This chapter is in the Public Domain.

Chapter 12.16: “Aesthetic Fillers and Botulinum Toxin for Wrinkle Reduction” by Jean Carruthers,
Alastair Carruthers
Jean Carruthers retains copyright of Figures 12.16.1 & 12.16.6.

Notices

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of
rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug
dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier,
authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
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 User Guide

User Guide
COLOR CODING
Ophthalmology is organized into 12 parts, which are color-coded as follows
for quick and easy reference:

Part 1: Genetics

Part 2: Optics and Refraction

Part 3: Refractive Surgery

Part 4: Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases

Part 5: The Lens

Part 6: Retina and Vitreous

Part 7: Uveitis and Other Intraocular Inflammations

Part 8: Intraocular Tumors

Part 9: Neuro-Ophthalmology

Part 10: Glaucoma

Part 11: Pediatric and Adult Strabismus

Part 12: Orbit and Oculoplastics

EXPERTCONSULT WEBSITE
n Full searchable text and downloadable image gallery
n Full reference lists for each chapter
n Additional online content including text, figures, & video clips

v
 Video Contents Video available at
Video Contents
ExpertConsult.com

Part 3: Refractive Surgery Chapter 6.25 Coats’ Disease and Retinal Telangiectasia
Chapter 3.4 LASIK 6.25.1 Pars Plana Vitrectomy and Subretinal Fluid and Exudate Drainage Performed
for a Severe Exudative Retinal Detachment
3.4.1 iLASIK
Chapter 6.32 Macular Hole
Chapter 3.5 Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)
6.32.1 Macular Hole Surgery
3.5.1 SMILE Instructional Video
Chapter 6.33 Epiretinal Membrane
Chapter 3.7 Phakic Intraocular Lenses
6.33.1 Epiretinal Membrane Removal
3.7.1 Cachet Lens
3.7.2 Artisan/Verisyse Lens Implantation for Hyperopia After Radial Keratotomy Chapter 6.34 Vitreomacular Traction
3.7.3 Toric Artiflex Phakic Intraocular Lens in a Patient With High Myopia and
6.34.1 Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome
Astigmatism After Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
3.7.4 Toric Artiflex Lens Implantation in a Patient With a Previous Intracorneal Chapter 6.39 Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Ring for Keratoconus 6.39.1 Internal Limiting Membrane (ILM) Peeling for Primary Rhegmatogenous
3.7.5 ICL Implantation Repair to Reduce Postoperative Macular Pucker
3.7.6 ICL Exchange
Chapter 6.41 Choroidal Hemorrhage
Part 4: Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases 6.41.1 Transconjunctival Trocar/Cannula Drainage of Suprachoroidal Fluid
Chapter 4.17 Noninfectious Keratitis
Chapter 6.43 Posterior Segment Ocular Trauma
4.17.1 Patient With Lax Eyelids Recommended for Sleep Study
6.43.1 Intraocular Foreign Body Removal
Chapter 4.29 Endothelial Keratoplasty: Targeted Treatment for Corneal 6.43.2 Intraocular Foreign Body Removal With Rare Earth Magnet
Endothelial Dysfunction
Part 9: Neuro-Ophthalmology
4.29.1 DSEK Pull-Through
4.29.2 DMEK Donor Preparation Chapter 9.19 Nystagmus, Saccadic Intrusions, and Oscillations
4.29.3 Descemet’s Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) 9.19.1 Congenital Nystagmus
9.19.2 Oculocutaneous Albinism With Associated Nystagmus
Part 5: The Lens 9.19.3 Latent Nystagmus
Chapter 5.8 Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery 9.19.4 Spasmus Nutans
5.8.1 Standard Technique for Sub-Tenon’s Anesthesia 9.19.5 Right Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
5.8.2 “Incisionless” Technique for Sub-Tenon’s Anesthesia 9.19.6 Convergence Retraction Nystagmus in Parinaud’s Syndrome

Chapter 5.9 Phacoemulsification Part 10: Glaucoma

5.9.1 Two Examples of “Sculpting” Using Low Flow and Vacuum but Higher Chapter 10.7 Optic Nerve Analysis
Power/Amplitude 10.7.1 Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Optic Nerve Head
5.9.2 Two Examples of Using Higher Flow and Vacuum for Nucleus Fragment
Removal Chapter 10.28 Minimally Invasive and Microincisional Glaucoma Surgeries
Chapter 5.11 Small Incision and Femtosecond Laser-Assisted 10.28.1 iStent G1 Implantation
Cataract Surgery 10.28.2 Key Steps in Trabectome Surgery
5.11.1 Unexpected Subluxation Chapter 10.29 Trabeculectomy
5.11.2 Microincision Phaco 10.29.1 Bleb Leak Detection Using Concentrated Fluorescein Dye
5.11.3 Microincision Refractive Lens Exchange 10.29.2 Trabeculectomy With Mitomycin C
5.11.4 700µ Phaco 10.29.3 5-Fluorouracil Subconjunctival Injection
Chapter 5.13 Combined Procedures Chapter 10.32 Complications of Glaucoma Surgery and Their Management
5.13.1 Combined Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery and Descemet’s Stripping 10.32.1 Small Pupil Cataract Surgery With Use of Pupil Expansion Ring (I-Ring;
Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK) Beaver Visitec, Waltham, MA) and Trypan Blue Capsular Staining
5.13.2 Combined Phacovitrectomy 10.32.2 Repair of Bleb Leak
Chapter 5.16 Complications of Cataract Surgery
Part 11: Pediatric and Adult Strabismus
5.16.1 Artisan Implantation
Chapter 11.3 Examination of Ocular Alignment and Eye Movements
Part 6: Retina and Vitreous 11.3.1 Strabismus Exam Elements
Chapter 6.3 Retinal and Choroidal Circulation 11.3.2 Cover/Uncover Test
11.3.3 Exotropia
6.3.1 Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green (ICG) Video Angiogram 11.3.4 Esotropia
Chapter 6.5 Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography 11.3.5 Hypertropia
11.3.6 Prism Alternate Cover Test
6.5.1 Examination Techniques for Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography
11.3.7 Simultaneous Prism Cover Test
Chapter 6.11 Scleral Buckling Surgery 11.3.8 Exophoria
11.3.9 Alternate or Cross Cover Test
6.11.1 Scleral Buckle
6.11.2 Suture Total running time approximately 2 hours and 34 minutes
6.11.3 Drain
Chapter 6.12 Vitrectomy
6.12.1 Vitrectomy for Nonclearing Vitreous Hemorrhage

vi
 Preface
Preface
It’s been 20 years since the first edition of Ophthalmology was published.
We are delighted that our textbook now has gone to a fifth edition. The lon-
gevity of this title reflects the uniqueness and utility of its format; the hard
work of our authors, editors, and publishers; and the pressing need in our
field for updated, clinically relevant information. We continue to recognize
the advantage of a complete textbook of ophthalmology in a single volume
rather than multiple volumes. The basic visual science is admixed with
clinical information throughout, and we have maintained an entire sepa-
rate section dedicated to genetics and the eye.
xii
Ophthalmology was never intended to be encyclopedic, but with each
edition we strived to make it quite comprehensive, readable, and easy to
access. Like the fourth edition, this edition is thoroughly revised, with new
section editors and many new authors. Chapters have been rewritten and
restricted to reflect the new way diseases are diagnosed, categorized, and
treated. We have discarded out-of-date material and have added numerous
new items. Extra references and other material have been moved online to
keep the book itself as one volume.
 Preface to First Edition
Over the past 30 years, enormous technologic advances have occurred in
many different areas of medicine—lasers, molecular genetics, and immu-
nology to name a few. This progress has fueled similar advances in almost
every aspect of ophthalmic practice. The assimilation and integration of
so much new information makes narrower and more focused ophthalmic
practices a necessity. As a direct consequence, many subspecialty textbooks
with extremely narrow focus are now available, covering every aspect of
ophthalmic practice. Concurrently, several excellent multivolume textbooks
detailing all aspects of ophthalmic practice have been developed. Yet there
remains a need for a complete single-volume textbook of ophthalmology
for trainees, nonophthalmologists, and those general ophthalmologists
(and perhaps specialists) who need an update in specific areas in which
they do not have expertise. Ophthalmology was created to fill this void
between the multivolume and narrow subspecialty book.
This book is an entirely new, comprehensive, clinically relevant, sin-
gle-volume textbook of ophthalmology, with a new approach to content and
presentation that allows the reader to access key information quickly. Our
approach, from the outset, has been to use templates to maintain a uniform
chapter structure throughout the book so that the material is presented in
a logical, consistent manner, without repetition. The majority of chapters
in the book follow one of three templates: the disease-oriented template,
the surgical procedure template, or the diagnostic testing template. Metic-
ulous planning went into the content, sectioning, and chapter organization
of the book, with the aim of presenting ophthalmology as it is practiced,
rather than as a collection of artificially divided aspects. Thus, pediatric
ophthalmology is not in a separate section but is integrated into relevant
sections across the book. The basic visual science and clinical information,
including systemic manifestations, is integrated throughout, with only two
exceptions. We dedicated an entire section to genetics and the eye, in rec-
ognition of the increasing importance of genetics in ophthalmology. Optics
and refraction are included in a single section as well because an under-
standing of these subjects is fundamental to all of ophthalmology.
Preface to First Edition
To achieve the same continuity of presentation in the figures as well
as in the text, all of the artworks have been redesigned from the authors’
originals, maximizing their accessibility for the reader. Each section is
color coded for easy cross-referencing and navigation through the book.
Despite the extensive use of color in artworks and photographs through-
out, the cost of this comprehensive book has been kept to a fraction of the
multivolume sets. We hope to make this volume more accessible to more
practitioners throughout the world.
Although comprehensive, Ophthalmology is not intended to be encyclo-
pedic. In particular, in dealing with surgery, we do not stress specific tech-
niques or describe rarer ones in meticulous detail. The rapidly changing
nature of surgical aspects of ophthalmic practice is such that the reader
will need to refer to one or more of the plethora of excellent books that
cover specific current techniques in depth. We concentrate instead on
the areas that are less volatile but, nevertheless, vital surgical indications,
general principles of surgical technique, and complications. The approach
to referencing is parallel to this: For every topic, all the key references are
listed, but with the aim of avoiding pages of redundant references where a
smaller number of recent classic reviews will suffice. The overall emphasis
of Ophthalmology is current information that is relevant to clinical practice
superimposed on the broad framework that comprises ophthalmology as
a subspecialty.
Essential to the realization of this ambitious project is the ream of
Section Editors, each bringing unique insight and expertise to the book.
They have coordinated their efforts in shaping the contents list, finding
contributors, and editing chapters to produce a book that we hope will
make a great contribution to ophthalmology.
We are grateful to the editors and authors who have contributed to
Ophthalmology and to the superb, dedicated team at Mosby.
Myron Yanoff
Jay S. Duker
July 1998
xiii
 List of Contributors
List of Contributors
The editor(s) would like to acknowledge and offer grateful thanks for the input of all previous editions’ contributors, without whom this new edition
would not have been possible.
Erika C. Acera, OC(C)
Clinical Orthoptist
Department of Ophthalmology
Anne F. and Abraham Ratner
Children’s Eye Center
Shiley Eye Institute
University of California San Diego
La Jolla, CA, USA
Natalie A. Afshari, MD
Stuart I. Brown MD Chair in
Ophthalmology in Memory of
Donald P. Shiley
Professor of Ophthalmology
Chief of Cornea and Refractive Surgery
Vice Chair of Education
Shiley Eye Institute
University of California San Diego
La Jolla, CA, USA
Anita Agarwal, MD
Adjoint Professor of Ophthalmology
Vanderbilt Eye Institute
West Coast Retina
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
San Francisco, CA, USA
Joshua S. Agranat, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Ophthalmology
Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
Radwan S. Ajlan, MBBCh, FRCS(C),
FICO, DABO
Assistant Professor
Retina and Vitreous
Department of Ophthalmology
University of Kansas School of
Medicine
Kansas City, KS, USA
Anam Akhlaq, MBBS
Postdoctoral Fellow
Center for Translational Ocular
Immunology
Department of Ophthalmology
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Thomas A. Albini, MD
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
University of Miami
Miami, FL, USA
Ahmed Al-Ghoul, MD, MBA, FRCSC,
DipABO
Clinical Lecturer
Division of Ophthalmology
Department of Surgery
University of Calgary
Calgary, AB, Canada
xiv
†
Deceased
Ferhina S. Ali, MD, MPH
Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellow
Wills Eye Hospital
Retina Service
Mid Atlantic Retina
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Jorge L. Alió, MD, PhD
Professor of Ophthalmology
Miguel Hernandez University, Vissum
Alicante, Spain
Norma Allemann, MD
Adjunct Professor
Department of Ophthalmology and
Visual Sciences
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
Adjunct Professor
Department of Ophthalmology and
Visual Sciences
Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM)
Universidade Federal de São Paulo
(UNIFESP)
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
David Allen, BSc, MB, BS, FRCS,
FRCOphth
Consultant Ophthalmologist (Cataract)
Cataract Treatment Centre
Sunderland Eye Infirmary
Sunderland, Tyne & Wear, UK
Keith G. Allman, MBChB, MD, FRCA
Consultant Anaesthetist
West of England Eye Unit
Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust
Exeter, Devon, UK
Nishat P. Alvi, MD
Medical Director of Ophthalmology
The Vision Institute of Illinois
Elgin, IL, USA
Leonard P.K. Ang, MBBS, MD, FRCS,
MRCOphth, MMed, FAMS
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Medical Director, Lang Eye Centre
Singapore
David J. Apple, MD †
Formerly Professor of Ophthalmology
and Pathology
Director, Laboratories for Ophthalmic
Devices Research
John A. Moran Eye Center
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Maria Cecilia D. Aquino, MD, MMED,
(Ophthalmology)
Resident Physician II
Ophthalmology/Glaucoma
National University Hospital
National University Health System
Singapore
Anthony C. Arnold, MD
Professor and Chief
Neuro-Ophthalmology Division
UCLA Stein Eye Institute
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Steve A. Arshinoff, MD, FRCSC Nicole Balducci, MD
Associate Professor Consultant
University of Toronto Ophthalmology Division
Department of Ophthalmology and Studio Oculistico d’Azeglio
Visual Sciences Bologna, Italy
Toronto, ON, Canada
Piero Barboni, MD
Penny A. Asbell, MD, FACS, FARVO Consultant
Professor of Ophthalmology Neuro-Ophthalmology
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Scientific Institute San Raffaele
Sinai Milan, Italy
New York, NY, USA Studio Oculistico d’Azeglio
Bologna, Italy
Kerry K. Assil, MD
Corneal, Cataract and Refractive Cullen J. Barnett, COT, CRA, OCT-C,
Surgeon CDOS
Medical Director Clinical Supervisor of Ophthalmology
The Assil Eye Institute Roski Eye Institute
Beverly Hills, CA, USA Keck Medicine USC
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Neal H. Atebara, MD, FACS
Associate Professor Soumyava Basu, MS
Department of Surgery Head of Uveitis Services
University of Hawaii LVPEI Network
John A. Burns School of Medicine L V Prasad Eye Institute
Honolulu, HI, USA Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
James J. Augsburger, MD Priti Batta, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Dr. E. Vernon & Eloise C. Smith Chair Director of Medical Student Education
of Ophthalmology New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of
College of Medicine, University of Mount Sinai
Cincinnati New York, NY, USA
Founding Director, Ocular Oncology &
Diagnostic Ultrasonography Service, Caroline R. Baumal, MD, FRCSC
University of Cincinnati Medical Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Center Director ROP Service
Attending Surgeon, University of Vitreoretinal Surgery
Cincinnati Medical Center New England Eye Center
Consulting Surgeon, Cincinnati Tufts University
Children’s Hospital Medical Center School of Medicine
Cincinnati, OH, USA Boston, MA, USA
G. William Aylward, FRCS, FRCOphth, Srilaxmi Bearelly, MD, MHS
MD Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Consultant Ophthalmologist Ophthalmology
London, UK Columbia University Medical Center
New York, NY, USA
Dimitri T. Azar, MD, MBA
Senior Director, Google Verily Life Jesse L. Berry, MD
Associate Director, Ocular Oncology
Sciences
Distinguished University Professor Service
and B.A. Field Chair of Ophthalmic Associate Residency Program Director
Research for Ophthalmology
Professor of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute
Pharmacology, and Bioengineering Keck School of Medicine, University of
University of Illinois at Chicago Illinois Southern California
College of Medicine Attending Surgeon, Children’s Hospital
Chicago, IL, USA of Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Sophie J. Bakri, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology Angela P. Bessette, MD
Vitreoretinal Diseases & Surgery Assistant Professor
Mayo Clinic Department of Ophthalmology
Rochester, MN, USA Flaum Eye Institute
University of Rochester
Laura J. Balcer, MD, MSCE Rochester, NY, USA
Professor of Neurology
Vice-Chair, Neurology
New York University
School of Medicine
New York, NY, USA
Nirali Bhatt, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
University of Pennsylvania
Perelman School of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Orry C. Birdsong, MD
Clinical Fellow
Ophthalmology
Hoopes Vision
Draper, UT, USA
Jyotirmay Biswas, MS, FMRF, FNAMS,
FIC, Path, FAICO
Director
Uveitis and Ocular Pathology
Department
Sankara Nethralaya
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Bahram Bodaghi, MD, PhD, FEBOphth
Professor of Ophthalmology
DHU ViewRestore
APHP, UPMC, Sorbonne University
Paris, France
Swaraj Bose, MD
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
UCI and Attending Physician
Cedars Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Charles S. Bouchard, MD, MA
Professor and Chairman of
Ophthalmology
Loyola University Health System
Maywood, IL, USA
Michael E. Boulton, PhD
Susan and Dowd Ritter/RPB Endowed
Chair of Ophthalmology
University of Alabama Birmingham
Birmingham, AL, USA
James D. Brandt, MD
Professor
Department of Ophthalmology &
Vision Science
Vice-Chair for International Programs
and New Techology
Director - Glaucoma Service
University of California Davis
Sacramento, CA, USA
Scott E. Brodie, MD, PhD
Professor of Ophthalmology
NYU School of Medicine
New York, NY, USA
Michael C. Brodsky, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology and
Neurology
Knights Templar Research Professor of
Ophthalmology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA
Cassandra C. Brooks, MD
Resident in Ophthalmology
Duke Eye Center
Duke University School of Medicine
Durham, NC, USA
Matthew V. Brumm, MD
Ophthalmologist
Cataract and Refractive Surgery
Brumm Eye Center
Omaha, NE, USA
Donald L. Budenz, MD, MPH
Kittner Family Distinguished Professor
and Chairman
Department of Ophthalmology
University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Igor I. Bussel, MS, MHA Chi-Chao Chan, MD Abbot (Abe) Clark, PhD, FARVO
Doris Duke Clinical Research Fellow Scientist Emeritus Regents Professor of Pharmacology
List of Contributors
Department of Ophthalmology Laboratory of Immunology and Neuroscience
University of Pittsburgh School of National Eye Institute Executive Director, North Texas Eye
Medicine National Institutes of Health Research Institute
Pittsburgh, PA, USA Bethesda, MD, USA University of North Texas Health
Visiting Professor Science Center
Louis B. Cantor, MD Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
Jay C. and Lucile L. Kahn Professor Sun Yat-Sen University
and Chair China Jonathan C.K. Clarke, MD, FRCOphth
Department of Ophthalmology Consultant Ophthalmologist
Indiana University Melinda Y. Chang, MD NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research
School of Medicine Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Centre
Indianapolis, IN, USA USC Roski Eye Institute and Children’s Moorfields Eye Hospital
Hospital Los Angeles UCL Institute of Ophthalmology
Hilda Capó, MD Keck School of Medicine of the London, UK
Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology University of Southern California
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Los Angeles, CA, USA François Codère, MD
Division Chief Pediatric Associate Professor
Ophthalmology and Adult Stanley Chang, MD Ophthalmology/Oculoplastic and
Strabismus KK Tse and KT Ying Professor of Orbital Surgery Section
Miller School of Medicine Ophthalmology Université de Montréal
John T. Flynn Professor of Department of Ophthalmology Montréal, QC, Canada
Ophthalmology Chair Columbia University
University of Miami New York, NY, USA Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD
Miami, FL, USA Assistant Professor
Victoria S. Chang, MD Ophthalmology
Antonio Capone, Jr., MD Assistant Professor of Clinical UPMC Eye Center
Professor Ophthalmology Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Department of Ophthalmology Ophthalmology, Cornea and External
Oakland University Disease Peter Coombs, MD
William Beaumont Hospital Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Vitreoretinal Physician and Surgeon
School of Medicine University of Miami Utah Eye Centers
Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Auburn HIlls, MI, USA Naples, FL, USA
Alastair Carruthers, MA, BM, BCh, David G. Charteris, MD, FRCS(Ed), Zélia M. Corrêa, MD, PhD
FRCP(Lon), FRCPC FRCOphth Tom Clancy Endowed Professor of
Clinical Professor Professor Ophthalmology
Department of Dermatology and Skin Vitreoretinal Unit Head of Ocular Oncology and
Echography
Science Moorfields Eye Hospital
University of British Columbia London, UK Retina Service, Wilmer Eye Institute
Johns Hopkins University School of
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Soon-Phaik Chee, MD Medicine
Jean Carruthers, MD, FRCSC, Professor Baltimore, MD, USA
FRC(OPHTH) Cataract Service, Ocular Inflammation
Clinical Professor & Immunology Service Steven M. Couch, MD, FACS
Assistant Professor
Department of Ophthalmology Singapore National Eye Centre
University of British Columbia Singapore Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
Fellow
American Society for Ophthalmic John J. Chen, MD, PhD Washington University in St Louis
Assistant Professor St Louis, MO, USA
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Vancouver, BC, Canada Department of Ophthalmology and
Neurology Stuart G. Coupland, PhD
Keith D. Carter, MD, FACS Mayo Clinic Associate Professor
Lillian C. O’Brien and Dr. C.S. O’Brien Rochester, MN, USA Department of Ophthalmology
University of Ottawa
Chair in Ophthalmology
Professor and Chair Xuejing Chen, MD, MS Ottawa, ON, Canada
Clinical Fellow
Department of Ophthalmology & Claude L. Cowan, Jr., MD, MPH
Visual Sciences Retina
Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology
Carver College of Medicine Georgetown University Medical Center
University of Iowa New England Eye Center at Tufts
Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
Iowa City, IA, USA Staff Physician
Boston, MA, USA
Rafael C. Caruso, MD Surgical Service
Paul T.K. Chew, MMed, FRCOphth Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Staff Clinician
National Eye Institute Director Glaucoma Division Washington, DC, USA
Ophthalmology/Glaucoma
National Institutes of Health E. Randy Craven, MD
Bethesda, MD, USA National University Hospital Singapore
Singapore Associate Professor, Glaucoma
Johns Hopkins University
Harinderpal S. Chahal, MD
Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Bing Chiu, MD Baltimore, MD, USA
Ophthalmology Resident
Surgery Catherine A. Cukras, MD, PhD
Eye Medical Center New York University
New York, NY, USA Director, Medical Retina Fellowship
Fresno, CA, USA Program
Clement C. Chow, MD National Eye Institute
Wallace Chamon, MD
Adjunct Professor Partner Physician National Institutes of Health
Retinal Diagnostic Center Bethesda, MD, USA
Department of Ophthalmology and
Visual Sciences Campbell, CA, USA
Linda R. Dagi, MD
University of Illinois at Chicago Mortimer M. Civan, MD Director of Adult Strabismus
Chicago, IL, USA Professor of Physiology and Professor Boston Children’s Hospital
Adjunct Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Physiology Director of Quality Assurance
Visual Sciences University of Pennsylvania Department of Ophthalmology
Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) Perelman School of Medicine Children’s Hospital Ophthalmology
Universidade Federal de São Paulo Philadelphia, PA, USA Foundation Chair
(UNIFESP) Harvard Medical School
São Paulo, SP, Brazil Boston, MA, USA
xv
 Elie Dahan, MD, MMed, (Ophth)†
Formerly Senior Consultant Pediatric
List of Contributors
Ophthalmology and Glaucoma
Department of Ophthalmology
Ein Tal Eye Hospital
Tel Aviv, Israel
Iben Bach Damgaard, MD
PhD Fellow
Department of Ophthalmology
Aarhus University Hospital
Aarhus, Denmark
Karim F. Damji, MD, FRCSC, MBA
Professor
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
University of Alberta
Edmonton, AL, Canada
Dipankar Das, MD
Senior Consultant & Ocular Pathologist
Uveitis, Ocular Pathology and Neuro-
ophthalmology Services
Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya
Guwahati, Assam, India
Adam DeBusk, DO, MS
Instructor
Department of Ophthalmology
Wills Eye Hospital
Sidney Kimmel Medical College
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Jose de la Cruz, MD, MSc
Assistant Professor
Ophthalmology, Cornea Refractive
Surgery Service
University of Illinois Eye and Ear
Infirmary
Chicago, IL, USA
Joseph L. Demer, MD, PhD
Arthur L. Rosenbaum Chair in
Pediatric Ophthalmology
Professor of Neurology
Chief, Pediatric Ophthalmology and
Strabismus Division
Director, Ocular Motility Laboratories
Chair, EyeSTAR Residency/PhD and
Post-doctoral Fellowship Program in
Ophthalmology and Visual Science
Member, Neuroscience
Interdepartmental Program
Member, Bioengineering
Interdepartmental Program
University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Shilpa J. Desai, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
Tufts University
School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA
Deepinder K. Dhaliwal, MD, L.Ac
Professor of Ophthalmology, University
of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Director, Cornea and Refractive
Surgery Services
Director and Founder, Center for
Integrative Eye Care
Co-Director, Cornea and Refractive
Surgery Fellowship
Associate Medical Director, Charles
T. Campbell Ocular Microbiology
Laboratory
Medical Director, UPMC Laser Vision
Center
University of Pittsburgh Medical
Center
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
xvi †
Deceased
Gary R. Diamond, MD†
Formerly Professor of Ophthalmology
and Pediatrics
Drexel University School of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Daniel Diniz, MD
Surgical Optics Fellow
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
Federal University of São Paulo
(UNIFESP)
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Diana V. Do, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology
Byers Eye Institute
Stanford University
School of Medicine
Palo Alto, CA, USA
Peter J. Dolman, MD, FRCSC
Clinical Professor
Division Head of Oculoplastics and
Orbital Surgery
Fellowship Director
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
Division of Oculoplastics and Orbit
University of British Columbia
Vancouver General Hospital
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Sean P. Donahue, MD, PhD
Professor
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN, USA
Richard K. Dortzbach, MD
Professor Emeritus
Department of Ophthalmology and
Visual Sciences
University of Wisconsin
School of Medicine and Public Health
Madison, WI, USA
Kimberly A. Drenser, MD, PhD
Associated Retinal Consultants, PC
Department of Ophthalmology
Oakland University
William Beaumont Hospital School of
Medicine
Royal Oak, MI, USA
Jacob S. Duker, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Ophthalmology
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
University of Miami
Miami, FL, USA
Jay S. Duker, MD
Director
New England Eye Center
Professor and Chairman
Department of Ophthalmology
Tufts Medical Center
Tufts University School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA
Vikram D. Durairaj, MD, FACS
ASOPRS Fellowship Director and
Managing Partner
Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery
TOC Eye and Face
Austin, TX, USA
Jonathan J. Dutton, MD, PhD
Professor Emeritus
Department of Ophthalmology
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Bryan Edgington, MD
Associate Professor, Cornea Division
Casey Eye Institute
Oregon Health Sciences University
Staff Ophthalmologist
Veterans Health Administration
Portland Health Care System
Portland, OR, USA
Howard M. Eggers, MD
Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology
Harkness Eye Institute
New York, NY, USA
Dean Eliott, MD
Stelios Evangelos Gragoudas Associate
Professor of Ophthalmology
Harvard Medical School
Associate Director, Retina Service
Massachusetts Eye & Ear
Boston, MA, USA
George S. Ellis, Jr., MD, FAAP, FAAO,
FACS
Director Ophthalmology
Children’s Hospital New Orleans
Associate Clinical Professor of
Ophthalmology and Pediatrics
Tulane University
Associate Clinical Professor of
Ophthalmology and Pediatrics
Louisiana State Universities Schools of
Medicine
New Orleans, LA, USA
Michael Engelbert, MD, PhD
Research Assistant Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
NYU/VRMNY
New York, NY, USA
Miriam Englander, MD
Attending Surgeon
Vitreo-Retinal Surgery
Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston
Boston, MA, USA
Bita Esmaeli, MD, FACS
Professor of Ophthalmology
Director, Ophthalmic Plastic &
Reconstructive Surgery Fellowship
Program, Department of Plastic
Surgery
Chair, Graduate Medical Education
Committee
University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center
Houston, TX, USA
Joshua W. Evans, MD
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Division of Glaucoma
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY, USA
Monica Evans, MD
Ophthalmology
San Jose, Costa Rica
Daoud S. Fahd, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
Ophthalmic Consultants of Beirut
Jal el Dib, Metn, Lebanon
Lisa J. Faia, MD
Partner, Associated Retinal Consultants
Associate Professor
Oakland University
William Beaumont School of Medicine
Ophthalmology - Retina
Royal Oak, MI, USA
Katherine A. Fallano, MD
Department of Ophthalmology
University of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Ayad A. Farjo, MD
President & Director
Brighton Vision Center
Brighton, MI, USA
Eric Feinstein, MD
Surgical Retina Fellow
Department of Ophthalmology
Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute
University of Colorado
School of Medicine
Denver, CO, USA
Karen B. Fernandez, MD
Consultant
Department of Ophthalmology
The Medical City
Pasig City, Metro Manila, Philippines
Yale L. Fisher, MD
Voluntary Clinical Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Miami, FL, USA
Voluntary Clinical Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
Weill Cornell Medical Center
New York, NY, USA
Gerald A. Fishman, MD
Director
The Pangere Center for Inherited
Retinal Diseases
The Chicago Lighthouse
Professor Emeritus of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
University of Illinois at Chicago
College of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
Jorge A. Fortun, MD
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Vitreoretinal Diseases and Surgery
Medical Director of Bascom Palmer
Eye Institute
Palm Beach Gardens Bascom Palmer
Eye Institute
University of Miami Miller School of
Medicine
Miami, FL, USA
Veronica Vargas Fragoso, MD
Refractive Surgery Fellow
Vissum Corporation
Alicante, Spain
Nicola Freeman, MBChB, FCOphth,
MMed
Senior Specialist
Department of Pediatric
Ophthalmology
Red Cross Children’s Hospital
Cape Town, Western Province, South
Africa
David S. Friedman, MD, MPH, PhD
Director, Dana Center for Preventive
Ophthalmology
Professor of Ophthalmology, Wilmer/
Glaucoma
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD, USA
Deborah I. Friedman, MD, MPH
Professor
Department of Neurology
& Neurotherapeutics and
Ophthalmology
University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, TX, USA
Neil J. Friedman, MD
Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA, USA
Nicoletta Fynn-Thompson, MD
Partner
Cornea, Cataract and Refractive Surgery
Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston
Boston, MA, USA
Neha Gadaria-Rathod, MD
Assistant Clinical Instructor
Department of Ophthalmology
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
New York, NY, USA
Debora E. Garcia-Zalisnak, MD
Cornea Fellow
Department of Ophthalmology
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
Gregg S. Gayre, MD
Chief of Eye Care Services
Department of Ophthalmology
Kaiser Permanente
San Rafael, CA, USA
Steven J. Gedde, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology, John
G. Clarkson Chair, Vice Chair of
Education
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
University of Miami Miller
School of Medicine
Miami, FL, USA
Igal Gery, PhD
Scientist Emerita
Laboratory of Immunology
National Eye Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD, USA
Ramon C. Ghanem, MD, PhD
Director
Cornea and Refractive Surgery
Department
Sadalla Amin Ghanem Eye Hospital
Joinville, SC, Brazil
Vinícius C. Ghanem, MD, PhD
Ophthalmologist, Medical Director
Department of Ophthalmology
Sadalla Amin Ghanem Eye Hospital
Joinville, SC, Brazil
Saurabh Ghosh, MBBS, DipOphth,
MRCOphth, FRCOphth
Consultant Ophthalmologist
Cornea, Cataract, External Eye Disease
Sunderland Eye Infirmary
Sunderland, Tyne & Wear, UK
Allister Gibbons, MD
Assistant Professor
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
University of Miami
Miami, FL, USA
James W. Gigantelli, MD, FACS
Professor
Department Ophthalmology & Visual
Sciences
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, NE, USA
Pushpanjali Giri, BA
Research Specialist
Department of Ophthalmology
University of Illinois at Chicago
College of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
Ivan Goldberg, AM, MB, BS, FRANZCO,
FRACS
Clinical Professor
University of Sydney
Head of Discipline of Ophthalmology
and Glaucoma Unit
Sydney Eye Hospital
Director
Eye Associates
Sydney, NSW, Australia
Jeffrey L. Goldberg, MD, PhD
Professor and Chairman
Department of Ophthalmology
Byers Eye Institute at Stanford
University
Palo Alto, CA, USA
Debra A. Goldstein, MD, FRCSC
Magerstadt Professor of
Ophthalmology
Director Uveitis Service
Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
Michael H. Goldstein, MD, MBA
Co-Director, Cornea and External
Diseases Service
New England Eye Center
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
John A. Gonzales, MD
Assistant Professor
Francis I. Proctor Foundation and
Department of Ophthalmology
University of California San Francisco
San Francisco, CA, USA
David B. Granet, MD, FACS, FAAp
Anne F. Ratner Chair of Pediatric
Ophthalmology
Professor of Ophthalmology &
Pediatrics
Director of the Ratner Children’s Eye
Center at the Shiley Eye Institute
University of California San Diego
La Jolla, CA, USA
Matthew J. Gray, MD
Assistant Professor Cornea and
External Disease
Department of Ophthalmology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL, USA
Kyle M. Green, BA
Medical Student Researcher
Ophthalmology
University of Southern California
Roski Eye Institute
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Craig M. Greven, MD
Richard G. Weaver Professor and
Chairman
Department of Ophthalmology
Wake Forest University
School of Medicine
Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Margaret A. Greven, MD
Assistant Professor
Ophthalmology
Wake Forest University
School of Medicine
Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Josh C. Gross, MD
Clinical Research Fellow
Ophthalmology
Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute
Indiana School of Medicine
Indianapolis, IN, USA
Ronald L. Gross, MD
Professor and Jane McDermott Schott
Chair
Chairman, Department of
Ophthalmology
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV, USA
Sandeep Grover, MD
Associate Professor & Associate Chair
of Ophthalmology
University of Florida
Jacksonville, FL, USA
Jason R. Guercio, MD, MBA Joshua H. Hou, MD
Senior Resident in Anesthesiology Assistant Professor
List of Contributors
Department of Anesthesiology Department of Ophthalmology &
Duke University Medical Center Visual Neurosciences
Durham, NC, USA University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Julie Gueudry, MD
Senior Consultant Odette M. Houghton, MD
Ophthalmology Senior Associate Consultant
Charles Nicolle University Hospital Ophthalmology
Rouen, France Mayo Clinic
Scottsdale, AZ, USA
Ahmet Kaan Gündüz, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology Kourtney Houser, MD
Ankara University Assistant Professor
Faculty of Medicine Ophthalmology
Ankara, Turkey University of Tennessee
Health Science Center
Joelle A. Hallak, PhD Memphis, TN, USA
Assistant Professor, Executive Director
Ophthalmic Clinical Trials & Frank W. Howes, MBChB, MMed, FCS,
Translational Center FRCS, FRCOphth, FRANZCO
Department of Ophthalmology & Associate Professor
Visual Sciences Bond University
University of Illinois at Chicago Company and Clinical Director
Chicago, IL, USA Cataract Refractive & Glaucoma
Surgery
Julia A. Haller, MD Eye & Laser Centre
Ophthalmologist-in-Chief, Wills Eye Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
Hospital
William Tasman, MD Endowed Chair Jason Hsu, MD
Professor and Chair of Ophthalmology Co-Director of Retina Research
Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital
Thomas Jefferson University Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Philadelphia, PA, USA Thomas Jefferson University
Mid Atlantic Retina
Pedram Hamrah, MD, FACS Philadelphia, PA, USA
Director of Clinical Research
Director, Center for Translational Jeffrey J. Hurwitz, MD, FRCS(C)
Ocular Immunology Professsor, Ophthalmology
Associate Professor, Ophthalmology University of Toronto
Tufts Medical Center Oculoplastic Specialist
Tufts University Mount Sinai Hospital
School of Medicine Toronto, ON, Canada
Boston, MA, USA
Francisco Irochima, PhD
David R. Hardten, MD Professor, Biotechnology
Director of Refractive Surgery Universidade Potiguar
Department of Ophthalmology Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Minnesota Eye Consultants
Minnetonka, MN, USA Jihad Isteitiya, MD
Cornea Fellow, Ophthalmology
Alon Harris, MS, PhD, FARVO Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Professor of Ophthalmology Sinai
Letzter Endowed Chair in New York, NY, USA
Ophthalmology
Director of Clinical Research Andrea M. Izak, MD
Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute Post-Doctoral Fellow
Indiana University Storm Eye Institute
School of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, SC, USA
Indianapolis, IN, USA
Jeffrey S. Heier, MD Deborah S. Jacobs, MD
Co-President and Medical Director Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Director, Vitreoretinal Service Harvard Medical School
Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston Medical Director
BostonSight
Boston, MA, USA
Needham, MA, USA
Leon W. Herndon, Jr., MD
Professor, Ophthalmology Sandeep Jain, MD
Duke University Eye Center Associate Professor, Ophthalmology
Durham, NC, USA University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
Allen C. Ho, MD
Henry D. Jampel, MD, MHS
Wills Eye Hospital Director of Retina
Research Odd Fellows Professor of
Retina Service Ophthalmology
Wills Eye Hospital Wilmer Eye Institute
Philadelphia, PA, USA Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine
Christopher T. Hood, MD Baltimore, MD, USA
Clinical Assistant Professor
Michigan Medicine Ophthalmology Lee M. Jampol, MD
Cornea and Refractive Surgery Clinic Louis Feinberg Professor of
W.K. Kellogg Eye Center Ophthalmology
Ann Arbor, MI, USA Feinberg School of Medicine
Northwestern University
Chicago, IL, USA
xvii
 Aliza Jap, FRCS(G), FRCOphth, FRCS Kevin Kaplowitz, MD
(Ed) Assistant Professor
List of Contributors
Senior Consultant Ophthalmologist Ophthalmology, VA Loma Linda
Division of Ophthalmology Loma Linda University
Changi General Hospital, Singapore Loma Linda, CA, USA
Singapore National Eye Centre
Singapore Michael A. Kapusta, MD, FRCSC
Associate Professor
Chris A. Johnson, PhD, DSc Director of Retina and Vitreous Surgery
Professor Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology & Jewish General Hospital
Visual Sciences McGill University
University of Iowa Hospitals and Montreal, QC, Canada
Clinics
Iowa City, IA, USA Rustum Karanjia, MD, PhD, FRCSC
Assistant Professor, Ophthalmology
Mark W. Johnson, MD University of Ottawa
Professor, Chief of Retina Section Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
Department of Ophthalmology & The Ottawa Hospital
Visual Sciences Ottawa, ON, Canada
University of Michigan Doheny Eye Institute
Ann Arbor, MI, USA Doheny Eye Centers
UCLA, David Geffen School of
T. Mark Johnson, MD, FRCS(C) Medicine
Attending Surgeon, Vitreo-Retinal Los Angeles, CA, USA
Surgery
Retina Group of Washington Randy H. Kardon, MD, PhD
Rockville, MD, USA Professor and Director of Neuro-
ophthalmology and Pomerantz
Mark M. Kaehr, MD Family Chair in Ophthalmology
Partner Ophthalmology/Neuro-ophthalmology
Associated Vitreoretinal and Uveitis Director of the Iowa City VA Center
Consultants for the Prevention and Treatment of
Assistant Clinical Professor of Visual Loss
Ophthalmology University of Iowa and Iowa City VA
Indiana University Medical Center
Associated Vitreoretinal and Uveitis Iowa City, IA, USA
Consultants
Indiana University Carol L. Karp, MD
School Of Medicine Professor of Ophthalmology
Indianapolis, IN, USA Richard K. Forster Chair in
Ophthalmology
Malik Y. Kahook, MD Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
The Slater Family Endowed Chair in University of Miami
Ophthalmology Miller School of Medicine
Vice Chair of Clinical & Translational Miami, FL, USA
Research
Professor of Ophthalmology & Chief of Amir H. Kashani, MD, PhD
Glaucoma Service Assistant Professor of Clinical
Director of Glaucoma Fellowship Ophthalmology
University of Colorado University of Southern California
School of Medicine Roski Eye Institute
Aurora, CO, USA Los Angeles, CA, USA
Peter K. Kaiser, MD Michael A. Kass, MD
Chaney Family Endowed Chair in Bernard Becker Professor,
Ophthalmology Research Ophthalmology and Visual Science
Professor of Ophthalmology Washington University
Cleveland Clinic School of Medicine
Cole Eye Institute St Louis, MO, USA
Cleveland, OH, USA
Paula Kataguiri, MD
Sachin P. Kalarn, MD Research Fellow
Resident Physician Department of Ophthalmology and
Department of Ophthalmology & Center for Translational Ocular
Visual Sciences Immunology
University of Maryland Tufts Medical Center
Baltimore, MD, USA New England Eye Center
Boston, MA, USA
Ananda Kalevar, MD, FRCSC, DABO PhD Candidate
Associate Professor, Department of
Department of Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology Universidade Federal de São Paulo
University of Sherbrooke
(UNIFESP)
Sherbrooke, QC, Canada São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Steven Kane, MD L. Jay Katz, MD
Cornea, Cataract, and Refractive
Director, Glaucoma Service
Surgery Specialist Wills Eye Hospital
Eye Institute of West Florida
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Largo, FL, USA
Paul L. Kaufman, MD
Elliott M. Kanner, MD, PhD Ernst H. Bárány Professor of Ocular
Chief, Glaucoma Service Pharmacology
Hamilton Eye Institute
Department Chair Emeritus
University of Tennessee Department of Ophthalmology &
Health Science Center
Visual Sciences
Memphis, TN, USA University of Wisconsin-Madison
xviii School of Medicine & Public Health
Madison, WI, USA
Jeremy D. Keenan, MD, MPH Victor T.C. Koh, MBBS, MMed(Oph),
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology FAMS
Francis I. Proctor Foundation and Associate Consultant, Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology National University Hospital
University of California San Francisco Singapore
San Francisco, CA, USA
Thomas Kohnen, MD, PhD, FEBO
Kenneth R. Kenyon, MD Professor and Director
Clinical Professor, Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology
Tufts University University Clinic Frankfurt
School of Medicine Goethe University
Harvard Medical School Frankfurt am Main
Schepens Eye Research Institute Germany
Boston, MA, USA
Andrew Koustenis, BS
Sir Peng Tee Khaw, PhD, FRCS, FRCP, Medical Student
FRCOphth, FRCPath, FRSB, FCOptom Clinical Ophthalmology Research
(Hon), DSc, FARVO, FMedSci Internship
Professor of Glaucoma and Ocular Department of Ophthalmology
Healing Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute
Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon Indiana University
Director, National Institute for Health School of Medicine
Research, Biomedical Research Indianapolis, IN, USA
Centre for Ophthalmology
Moorfields Eye Hospital Stephen S. Lane, MD
UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Medical Director
London, UK Adjunct Clinical Professor
Chief Medical Officer and Head Global
Gene Kim, MD Franchise Clinical Strategy
Assistant Professor and Residency Associated Eye Care
Program Director University of Minnesota, Alcon
Department of Ophthalmology & Minneapolis, MN, USA
Visual Science at McGovern Medical
School at UTHealth Patrick J.M. Lavin, MB, MRCPI
Houston, TX, USA Prof. Neurology and Ophthalmology
Neurology, Ophthalmology and Visual
Ivana K. Kim, MD Science
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Nashville, TN, USA
Ear
Harvard Medical School Fabio Lavinsky, MD, PhD, MBA
Boston, MA, USA Research Fellow
NYU Langone Eye Center
Alan E. Kimura, MD, MPH NYU School of Medicine
Clinical Associate Professor New York, NY, USA
Department of Ophthalmology Director, Ophthalmic Imaging
University of Colorado Department
Health Sciences Center Lavinsky Eye Institute
Aurora, CO, USA Porto Alegre, Brazil
Michael Kinori, MD Andrew W. Lawton, MD
Senior Physician Director, Neuro-Ophthalmology
The Goldschleger Eye Institute Division
Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer Ochsner Health Services
Ramat Gan, Israel New Orleans, LA, USA
Caitriona Kirwan, FRCSI(Ophth) Bryan S. Lee, MD, JD
Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon Private Practitioner
Mater Private Hospital Altos Eye Physicians
Dublin, Ireland Los Altos, CA, USA
Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor of
Szilárd Kiss, MD Ophthalmology
Chief, Retina Service Director Stanford University
Clinical Research Director Stanford, CA, USA
Tele-Ophthalmology Director
Compliance Associate Professor of Daniel Lee, MD
Ophthalmology Clinical Instructor, Glaucoma Service
Weill Cornell Medical College Wills Eye Hospital
New York, NY, USA Philadelphia, PA, USA
John W. Kitchens, MD Gregory D. Lee, MD
Retina Surgeon, Partner Assistant Professor, Ophthalmology/
Co-Fellowship Director Retina
Retina Associates of Kentucky New York University
Lexington, KY, USA New York, NY, USA
Kendra Klein, MD Olivia L. Lee, MD
Faculty Physician Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine
University of Arizona University of California Los Angeles
Associated Retina Consultants Los Angeles, CA, USA
Phoenix, AZ, USA Associate Medical Director
Doheny Image Reading Center
Douglas D. Koch, MD Doheny Eye Institute
Professor and Allen, Mosbacher, and
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Law Chair in Ophthalmology
Cullen Eye Institute
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
Paul P. Lee, MD, JD
F. Bruce Fralick Professor and Chair
Director W.K. Kellogg Eye Center
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Richard M.H. Lee, MSc, FRCOphth
Clinical Fellow
Department of Glaucoma
Moorfields Eye Hospital
London, UK
Dawn K.A. Lim, MBBS, MRCP,
MMed(Int, Med), MMed(Ophth), FAMS
Consultant, Ophthalmology/Glaucoma
National University Hospital
Singapore
Jennifer I. Lim, MD, FARVO
Marion H. Schenk Esq. Chair in
Ophthalmology for Research of the
Aging Eye
Professor of Ophthalmology
Director of the Retina Service
University of Illinois at Chicago
Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary
Chicago, IL, USA
Ridia Lim, MBBS, MPH, FRANZCO
Ophthalmic Surgeon
Glaucoma Service
Sydney Eye Hospital
Sydney, NSW, Australia
Tony K.Y. Lin, MD, FRCSC
Assistant Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
Schulich School of Medicine and
Dentistry
Western University
London, ON, Canada
John T. Lind, MD, MS
Associate Professor
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
Washington University in St Louis
St Louis, MO, USA
Yao Liu, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, WI, USA
Sidath E. Liyanage, MBBS, FRCOphth,
PhD
Consultant Ophthalmologist
Bristol Eye Hospital
Bristol, UK
Alastair J. Lockwood, BM, BCh,
FRCOphth, PhD
Consultant, Ophthalmology
Queen Alexandra Hospital
Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
Nils A. Loewen, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Vice Chair of Electronic Health
Records in Ophthalmology
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Reid A. Longmuir, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN, USA
Pedro F. Lopez, MD
Professor and Founding Chair
Department of Ophthalmology
Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine
Florida International University
Director of Vitreoretina and Macular
Division
Center for Excellence in Eye Care
Miami, FL, USA
Mats Lundström, MD, PhD
Adjunct Professor Emeritus
Department of Clinical Sciences,
Ophthalmology
Faculty of Medicine
Lund University
Lund, Region Skåne, Sweden
Robi N. Maamari, MD
Ophthalmology Resident
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
Washington University School of
Medicine in St Louis
St Louis, MO, USA
Assumpta Madu, MD, MBA, PharmD
Vice Chair, Operations
Associate Clinical Professor of
Ophthalmology
NYU School of Medicine
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA
Maya H. Maloney, MD
Consultant, Medical Retina
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA
Naresh Mandava, MD
Professor and Chair
Department of Ophthalmology
University of Colorado
School of Medicine
Denver, CO, USA
Michael F. Marmor, MD
Professor
Department of Ophthamology
Byers Eye Institute
Stanford University
School of Medicine
Palo Alto, CA, USA
Jeevan R. Mathura, Jr., MD
Private Practitioner and Owner
Diabetic Eye and Macular Disease
Specialists, LLC
Washington, DC, USA
Cynthia Mattox, MD
Associate Professor, Ophthalmology
Tufts University
School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA
Scott K. McClatchey, MD
Associate Professor, Ophthalmology
Naval Medical Center
San Diego, CA, USA
Stephen D. McLeod, MD
Theresa M. and Wayne M. Caygill
Distinguished Professor and Chair,
Ophthalmology
University of California San Francisco
San Francisco, CA, USA
Brian D. McMillan, MD
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
WVU Eye Institute
West Virginia University
School of Medicine
Morgantown, WV, USA
Alan A. McNab, DMedSc, FRANZCO,
FRCOphth
Associate Professor and Director
Orbital Plastic and Lacrimal Clinic
Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Jodhbir S. Mehta, BSc, MD, MBBS,
FRCS(Ed), FRCOphth, FAMS
Associate Professor, Cornea and
External Disease
Singapore National Eye Centre
Singapore
Luis J. Mejico, MD
Professor and Chair of Neurology
Professor of Ophthalmology
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Syracuse, NY, USA
Carolina L. Mercado, MD
Clinical Research Fellow,
Ophthalmology
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Miami, FL, USA
Shahzad I. Mian, MD
Associate Chair, Terry J. Bergstrom
Professor
Associate Professor, Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
William F. Mieler, MD, FACS
Cless Family Professor of
Ophthalmology
Vice-Chairman of Education
Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary
University of Illinois at Chicago
College of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
David Miller, MD
Associate Clinical Professor of
Ophthalmology
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
Kyle E. Miller, MD
Assistant Professor, Ophthalmology
Naval Medical Center Portsmouth
Portsmouth, VA, USA
Tatsuya Mimura, MD, PhD
Tokyo Womens Medical University
Medical Center East
Tokyo, Japan
Rukhsana G. Mirza, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
Mihai Mititelu, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
University of Wisconsin-Madison
School of Medicine and Public Health
Madison, WI, USA
Ramana S. Moorthy, MD
Clinical Associate Professor,
Ophthalmology
Indiana University
School of Medicine
Founding Partner and CEO
Associated Vitreoretinal and Uveitis
Consultants
Indianapolis, IN, USA
Andrew A. Moshfeghi, MD, MBA
Director, Vitreoretinal Fellowship
Associate Professor of Clinical
Ophthalmology
University of Southern California
Roski Eye Institute
Keck School of Medicine
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Majid Moshirfar, MD, FACS
Professor of Ophthalmology
List of Contributors
Hoopes Vision and John A. Moran Eye
Center
Draper, UT, USA
Heather E. Moss, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
Departments of Ophthalmology and
Neurology & Neurological Sciences
Stanford University
Palo Alto, CA, USA
Mark L. Moster, MD
Director, Neuro-Ophthalmology
Fellowship
Professor, Neurology and
Ophthalmology
Wills Eye Hospital
Sidney Kimmel Medical College of
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Kelly W. Muir, MD, MHSc
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology,
Glaucoma Division
Duke University
School of Medicine
Durham, NC, USA
Ann G. Neff, MD
Dermatology Associates
Sarasota, FL, USA
Jeffrey A. Nerad, MD
Oculoplastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Cincinnati Eye Institute
Volunteer Professor, Ophthalmology
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH, USA
Neda Nikpoor, MD
Clinical Instructor, Ophthalmology
Byers Eye Institute
Stanford University
Palo Alto, CA, USA
Robert J. Noecker, MD, MBA
Director of Glaucoma
Ophthalmic Consultants of
Connecticut
Fairfield, CT, USA
Ricardo Nosé, MD
Clinical Research Fellow
New England Eye Center
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Annabelle A. Okada, MD, DMSc
Professor of Ophthalmology
Kyorin University
School of Medicine
Tokyo, Japan
Michael O’Keefe, FRCS
Professor, Ophthalmology
Mater Private Hospital
Dublin, Ireland
Jeffrey L. Olson, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
University of Colorado
School of Medicine
Denver, CO, USA
Jane M. Olver, MB, BS, BSc, FRCS,
FRCOphth
Consultant Ophthalmologist
Eye Department
Clinica London
London, UK
Yvonne A.V. Opalinski, BSc, MD, BFA,
MFA
Clinical Associate Cardiovascular
Surgery
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
Trillium Health Partners xix
Toronto, ON, Canada
 Faruk H. Örge, MD
William R. and Margaret E. Althans
List of Contributors
Chair and Professor
Director, Center for Pediatric
Ophthalmology and Adult
Strabismus
Rainbow Babies, Children’s Hospital,
UH Eye Institute
Cleveland Medical Center
Cleveland, OH, USA
Mark Packer, MD, FACS, CPI
President
Mark Packer MD Consulting, Inc.
Boulder, CO, USA
Suresh K. Pandey, MD
Director, Ophthalmology
SuVi Eye Institute and Lasik Laser
Center
Kota, Rajasthan, India
Visiting Assistant Professor
John A. Moran Eye Center
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Vishal S. Parikh, MD
Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellow, Retina
Service
The Retina Institute
St Louis, MO, USA
Louis R. Pasquale, MD, FARVO
Professor of Ophthalmology
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
Sarju S. Patel, MD, MPH, MSc
Director of Uveitis
Department of Ophthalmology
Weill Cornell College of Medicine
New York City, NY, USA
Vivek R. Patel, MD
Associate Professor, Ophthalmology
USC Roski Eye Institute
Keck School of Medicine
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Carlos E. Pavesio, MD
Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon
Medical Retina
Moorfields Eye Hospital
London, UK
Victor L. Perez, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology
Stephen and Frances Foster Professor
of Ophthalmology
Duke University School of Medicine
Director, Duke Center for Ocular
Immunology
Durham, NC, USA
Claudia E. Perez-Straziota, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of
Ophthalmology
Roski Eye Institute
University of Southern California
Private Practitioner
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Lauren T. Phillips, MD
Assistant Professor, Neurology &
Neurotherapeutics
University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, TX, USA
Jody R. Piltz-Seymour, MD
Adjunct Professor, Ophthalmology
Perelman School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Glaucoma Care Center at Valley Eye
Professionals, LLC
Glaucoma Service, Wills Eye Hospital
Philadelphia, PA, USA
xx
Alfio P. Piva, MD
Professor of Neurosurgery and
Ophthalmology
University of Costa Rica
San Jose, Costa Rica
Dominik W. Podbielski, HonBSc, MSc,
MD, FRCSC
Staff Physician, Ophthalmology
Prism Eye Institute
North Toronto Eye Care
Toronto, ON, Canada
Nicolas J. Pondelis, BA
Ophthalmic Photographer and
Research Assistant
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Francis W. Price, Jr., MD
President
Price Vision Group
Indianapolis, IN, USA
Marianne O. Price, PhD, MBA
Executive Director
Cornea Research Foundation of
America
Indianapolis, IN, USA
Cindy Pritchard, CO
Orthoptist
Clinical Instructor of Ophthalmology
Children’s Hospital of New Orleans
Tulane University
Department of Ophthalmology
New Orleans, LA, USA
Peter A. Quiros, MD
Associate Professor, Ophthalmology
University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Aleksandra V. Rachitskaya, MD
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology,
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of
Medicine of Case Western Reserve
University
Vitreoretinal Staff Physician
Cole Eye Institute
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, OH, USA
Pradeep Y. Ramulu, MD, MHS, PhD
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Chief, Glaucoma Division
Wilmer Eye Institute
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA
J. Bradley Randleman, MD
Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Refractive Surgery
Professor of Ophthalmology
Director, Cornea & Refractive Surgery
USC Roski Eye Institute
Keck School of Medicine of USC
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Narsing A. Rao, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology and
Pathology
Chief of Uveitis Service and
Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory
USC Roski Eye Institute
Keck School of Medicine
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Naveen K. Rao, MD
Cornea, Cataract, and Anterior
Segment Surgery
Lahey Hospital and Medical Center
Burlington, MA, USA
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Tufts University
School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA
P. Kumar Rao, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual
Science
Washington University
St Louis, MO, USA
Rajesh C. Rao, MD
Leslie H. and Abigail S. Wexner
Emerging Scholar
Assistant Professor, Retina Service
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
W.K. Kellogg Eye Center
University of Michigan
VA Ann Arbor Health System
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Sivakumar Rathinam, FAMS, PhD
Professor of Ophthalmology
Head of Uveitis Service
Aravind Eye Hospital
Post Graduate Institute of
Ophthalmology
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Russell W. Read, MD, PhD
Max and Lorayne Cooper Endowed
Professor in Ophthalmology
Residency Training
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL, USA
Caio Vinicius Saito Regatieri, MD, PhD
Professor, Ohalmology
Tufts Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
Federal University of São Paulo
São Paulo, Brazil
Carl D. Regillo, MD
Director Retina Service
Professor of Ophthalmology
Wills Eye Hospital Retina Service
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Elias Reichel, MD
Professor and Vice Chair
New England Eye Center
Tufts University
School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA
Douglas J. Rhee, MD
Chairman
Department of Ophthalmology and
Visual Sciences
University Hospitals Case Medical
Center
Case Western Reserve University
School of Medicine
Cleveland, OH, USA
Alexander L. Ringeisen, MD
Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellow
VitreoRetinal Surgery, PA
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Robert Ritch, MD, FACS
Shelley and Steven Einhorn
Distinguished Chair
Professor of Ophthalmology
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of
Mount Sinai
New York, NY, USA
Shira L. Robbins, MD
Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology
Director of Neonatal Ophthalmology
Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology
and Strabismus
Ratner Children’s Eye Center at the
Shiley Eye Institute
La Jolla, CA, USA
Damien C. Rodger, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Clinical
Ophthalmology
Research Assistant Professor of
Biomedical Engineering
USC Roski Eye Institute and Viterbi
School of Engineering
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Miin Roh, MD, PhD
Vitreoretina Surgery Clinical Fellow
Department of Ophthalmology/Retina
Service
Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Boston, MA, USA
Shiyoung Roh, MD
Associate Clinical Professor
Tufts University
School of Medicine
Vice-Chair Division of Ophthalmology
Vice-Chair Department of Surgery
Lahey Hospital and Medical Center
Peabody, MA, USA
Noel Rosado-Adames, MD
Cornea and External Disease Specialist
Private Practitioner
OMNI Eye Specialists
Baltimore, MD, USA
Emanuel S. Rosen, MD, FRCS,
FRCOphth
Professor
Department of Vision Sciences
University of Manchester
Manchester, UK
Jonathan B. Rubenstein, MD
Deutsch Family Endowed Chair in
Ophthalmology
Vice-Chairman of the Department of
Ophthalmology
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, IL, USA
Richard M. Rubin, MD, LT, COL, USAF,
MC, SFS
Neuro-Ophthalmologist and Senior
Flight Surgeon
Departments of Ophthalmology and
Aerospace Medicine
David Grant USAF Medical Center
Travis AFB, CA, USA
Steven E. Rubin, MD
Vice Chair, Residency Program
Director and Co-Chief, Pediatric
Ophthalmology
Hofstra North Shore–Long Island
Jewish School of Medicine
Great Neck, NY, USA
Patrick E. Rubsamen, MD
Physician, Vitreoretinal Surgery
Retina Group of Florida
Boca Raton, FL, USA
Jason D. Rupp, MD
Ophthalmology Specialist
Department of Ophthalmology and
Visual Sciences
Washington University
School of Medicine
St Louis, MO, USA
Hossein G. Saadati, MD
Oculofacial/Reconstructive Surgeon,
Ophthalmology
Kaiser Permanente Medical Offices
Stockton, CA, USA
Alfredo A. Sadun, MD, PhD
Flora Thornton Chair, Doheny
Professor of Ophthalmology
Vice-Chair of Ophthalmology, UCLA
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Osamah J. Saeedi, MD
Associate Professor
Director of Clinical Research
Associate Residency Program Director
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
University of Maryland
School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA
Daniel J. Salchow, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology
Section of Pediatric Ophthalmology,
Strabismus and Neuro-
ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology
Charité – University Medicine Berlin
Berlin, Germany
Sarwat Salim, MD, FACS
Professor of Ophthalmology
Eye Institute
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, WI, USA
Thomas W. Samuelson, MD
Attending Surgeon
Glaucoma and Anterior Segment
Surgery
Minnesota Eye Consultants, PA
Adjunct Associate Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Simrenjeet Sandhu, MD
Ophthalmology Resident
University of Alberta
Edmonton, AL, Canada
Marcony R. Santhiago, MD, PhD
Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology
Refractive Surgery Department
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Professor of Ophthalmology
Refractive Surgery Department
University of São Paulo
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Giacomo Savini, MD
Researcher
G.B. Bietti Foundation
Rome, Italy
Ibrahim O. Sayed-Ahmed, MD
Research Fellow
Graduate Student in Vision Science
and Investigative Ophthalmology
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Miami, FL, USA
Amy C. Scheffler, MD
Assistant Professor of Clinical
Ophthalmology
Assistant Clinical Member, Research
Institute
Weill Cornell Medical College
Houston Methodist Hospital Medical
Center
Retina Consultants of Houston
Houston, TX, USA
Paulo Schor, MD, MSci, DSci
Director of Research and Technological
Development
Professor of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) –
Universidade Federal de São Paulo
(UNIFESP)
São Paulo, Brazil
Hermann D. Schubert, MD
Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology
and Pathology
E.S. Harkness Eye Institute
Columbia University
New York, NY, USA
Joel S. Schuman, MD
Professor and Chairman of
Ophthalmology
Director, NYU Eye Center
Professor of Neuroscience and
Physiology
Neuroscience Institute
NYU School of Medicine
Professor of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
NYU Tandon School of Engineering
Professor of Neural Engineering
Center for Neural Science, NYU
New York, NY, USA
Gary S. Schwartz, MD, MHA
Adjunct Associate Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
University of Minnesota
School of Medicine Associated Eye
Care
Stillwater, MN, USA
J. Sebag, MD, FACS, FRCOphth, FARVO
Founding Director
VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula
Retina
Huntington Beach, CA, USA
Dov B. Sebrow, MD
Senior Vitreoretinal Surgical Fellow,
Ophthalmology/Vitreoretinal
Diseases
Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute
Columbia University Medical Center
Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of
New York
Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat
Hospital
New York, NY, USA
H. Nida Sen, MD, MHS
Director, Uveitis Felowship Program
National Eye Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD, USA
Gaurav K. Shah, MD
Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
The Retina Institute
Washington University
School of Medicine
St Louis, MO, USA
Carol L. Shields, MD
Director, Ocular Oncology Service
Wills Eye Hospital
Professor of Ophthalmology
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Yevgeniy (Eugene) Shildkrot, MD
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Ocular Oncology and Vitreoretinal
Diseases and Surgery
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA, USA
Bradford J. Shingleton, MD
Clinical Associate Professor,
Ophthalmology
Harvard Medical School
Partner, Ophthalmic Consultants
of Boston
Boston, MA, USA
Roni M. Shtein, MD, MS
Associate Professor
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Ryan W. Shultz, MD
Ophthalmologist, Vitreoretinal
Diseases
Colorado Permanente Medical Group
Denver, CO, USA
Patricia B. Sierra, MD
Sacramento Eye Consultants
Sacramento, CA, USA
Brent Siesky, PhD
Assistant Director, Research Associate
Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Research
and Diagnostic Center
Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute
Indiana University
School of Medicine
Indianapolis, IN, USA
Paul A. Sieving, MD, PhD
Director
National Eye Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD, USA
Dimitra Skondra, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
and Visual Science
Director, J. Terry Ernest Ocular
Imaging Center
The University of Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
Kent W. Small, MD
President/Founder, Vitreo-Retinal
Surgery
Molecular Insight Research Foundation
Glendale, CA, USA
William E. Smiddy, MD
Professor, Ophthalmology
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine
Miami, FL, USA
Marie Somogyi, MD
Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery
TOC Eye and Face
Austin, TX, USA
H. Kaz Soong, MD
Chief of Cornea and Refractive Service
Co-Director of International
Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Sarkis H. Soukiasian, MD
Director, Cornea and External Diseases
Director, Ocular Inflammation and
Uveitis
Lahey Health Systems
Burlington, MA, USA
Richard F. Spaide, MD
Vitreous, Retina, Macula Consultants
of New York
New York, NY, USA
Tatyana Spektor, MD
Cornea and Refractive Surgery Fellow
Department of Ophthalmology
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
Thomas C. Spoor, MD, FACS
Private Practitioner
Neuro-Ophthalmology and Oculo-
Plastic Surgery
Sarasota Retina Institute
Sarasota, FL, USA
Sunil K. Srivastava, MD
Staff Physician
List of Contributors
Cleveland Clinic
Cole Eye Institute
Cleveland, OH, USA
Brian C. Stagg, MD
Clinical Lecturer
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
David H.W. Steel, MBBS, FRCOphth
Consultant Ophthalmologist and
Vitreoretinal Surgeon
Sunderland Eye Infirmary
City Hospitals Sunderland NHS
Foundation Trust
Sunderland, Tyne & Wear, UK
Joshua D. Stein, MD, MS
Associate Professor, Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
Associate Professor, Health
Management & Policy
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Mitchell B. Strominger, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology and
Pediatrics
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Alan Sugar, MD
Professor and Vice-Chair,
Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences
Kellogg Eye Center
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Joel Sugar, MD
Professor and Vice Head,
Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences
University of Illinois Eye and Ear
Infirmary
Chicago, IL, USA
Yevgeniy V. Sychev, MD
Senior Clinical Fellow
Ophthalmology/Vitreoretinal Disease
and Surgery
Washington University
School of Medicine in St Louis
St Louis, MO, USA
Tak Yee Tania Tai, MD
Assistant Professor, Ophthalmology
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of
Mount Sinai
New York, NY, USA
James C. Tan, MD, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of
Ophthalmology
Doheny Eye Institute
University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Myron Tanenbaum, MD
Voluntary Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine
Miami, FL, USA
Suphi Taneri, MD
Director, Center for Refractive Surgery,
Eye Department
St. Francis Hospital
Associate Professor, Eye Clinic
Ruhr University Bochum
Munster, NRW, Germany
xxi
 William Tasman, MD†
Formerly Professor and Emeritus
List of Contributors
Chairman
Department of Ophthalmology
Wills Eye Hospital and Jefferson
Medical College
Philadelphia, PA, USA
David G. Telander, MD, PhD
Clinical Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
University of California Davis
Davis, CA, USA
Associate Professor
California Northstate
School of Medicine
Sacramento, CA, USA
Edmond H. Thall, MD, MS
Consultant in Aerospace
Ophthalmology
Aeromedical Consultation Service
Ophthalmology Branch
United States Air Force School of
Aerospace Medicine
Wright–Patterson Air Force Base
Dayton, OH, USA
Aristomenis Thanos, MD
Retina Department
Devers Eye Institute
Portland, OR, USA
Christos N. Theophanous, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Ophthalmology and
Visual Science
University of Chicago Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
Benjamin J. Thomas, MD
Physician, Vitreoretinal Surgery
Florida Retina Institute
Jacksonville, FL, USA
Praneetha Thulasi, MD
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Cornea, External Diseases, and
Refractive Surgery
Emory University
Atlanta, GA, USA
Michael D. Tibbetts, MD
Director of Retina Services
Tyson Eye Center
Cape Coral, FL, USA
David P. Tingey, BA, MD, FRCSC
Associate Professor, Ophthalmology
Western University
London, ON, Canada
Faisal M. Tobaigy, MD
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Jazan University
Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Bozho Todorich, MD, PhD
Staff Physician
Pennsylvania Retina Specialists, PC
Camp Hill, PA, USA
Stuart W. Tompson, PhD
Associate Scientist
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, WI, USA
James C. Tsai, MD, MBA
President, New York Eye & Ear
Infirmary of Mount Sinai, Delafield-
Rodgers Professor and System Chair
Department of Ophthalmology
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai
New York, NY, USA
xxii †
Deceased
Julie H. Tsai, MD
Assistant Professor of Clinical
Ophthalmology
Albany, NY, USA
Nancy Tucker, MD, FRCSC
Chief of Oculoplastics, Ophthalmology
University of Toronto
Toronto, ON, Canada
Sonal S. Tuli, MD, MEd
Professor and Chair, Ophthalmology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL, USA
Caroline W. Vargason, MD, PhD
Oculoplastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Fellow
Cincinnati Eye Institute
Cincinnati, OH, USA
Roshni A. Vasaiwala, MD
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Director of Cornea Service
Loyola University Medical Center
Maywood, IL, USA
Daniel Vitor Vasconcelos-Santos, MD,
PhD
Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology
Director of Uveitis
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Gregory J. Vaughn, MD
Consultant, Global Healthcare Practice
Spencer Stuart
Atlanta, GA, USA
Arthi Venkat, MD, MS, BA
Staff Physician in Medical Retina and
Uveitis
Cleveland Clinic
Cole Eye Institute
Cleveland, OH, USA
Guadalupe Villarreal, Jr., MD
Attending
Department of Ophthalmology
Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical
Group
Falls Church, VA, USA
Kateki Vinod, MD
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of
Mount Sinai
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai
New York, NY, USA
Jesse M. Vislisel, MD
Staff Physician, Cornea & External
Disease
Associated Eye Care
Stillwater, MN, USA
Ivan Vrcek, MD
Partner, Texas Ophthalmic Plastic,
Reconstructive, and Orbit Surgery
President, Ivan Vrcek, M.D. PA
Associate Adjunct Professor of
Ophthalmology and Oculoplastic
Surgery, Texas A&M Medical School,
Dallas Campus
Clinical Assistant Professor of
Ophthalmology and Oculoplastic
Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical
Center
Dallas, TX, USA
Hormuz P. Wadia, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
James A. Haley VAMC
Morsani School of Medicine
University of South Florida Eye
Institute
Tampa, FL, USA
Brian D. Walker, BS
Medical Student
McGovern Medical School
Houston, TX, USA
David S. Walton, MD
President, Children’s Glaucoma
Foundation
Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology
Harvard Medical School
Surgeon in Ophthalmology
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Boston, MA, USA
Li Wang, MD, PhD
Associate Professor, Ophthalmology
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
Michelle Y. Wang, MD
Associate Physician
Department of Ophthalmology/
Neuro-Ophthalmology
Southern California Permanente
Medical Group
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Robert C. Wang, MD
Partner
Texas Retina Assoc
Clinical Associate Professor of
Ophthalmology
UT Southwestern
Dallas, TX, USA
Martin Wax, MD
Chief Medical Officer and Executive
Vice-President R&D
PanOptica, Inc.
Bernardsville, NJ, USA
Joel M. Weinstein, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology and
Pediatrics
Penn State University M.S. Hershey
Medical Center
Hershey, PA, USA
John J. Weiter, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
Liliana Werner, MD, PhD
Professor of Ophthalmology & Visual
Sciences
Co-Director Intermountain Ocular
Research Center
University of Utah
John A. Moran Eye Center
Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Mark Wevill, MBChB, FRCSE, FCS(SA)
Consultant Ophthalmologist
Optegra Birmingham Eye Hospital
Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
Janey L. Wiggs, MD, PhD
Paul Austin Chandler Professor of
Ophthalmology
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
Andrew M. Williams, MD
Resident
Department of Ophthalmology
University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
George A. Williams, MD
Chair, Department of Ophthalmology
Oakland University
William Beaumont School of Medicine
Royal Oak, MI, USA
Matthew T. Witmer, MD
Partner Physician, Vitreoretinal Surgery
Retina Associates of Western New York
Rochester, NY, USA
Clinical Instructor
University of Rochester Medical Center
Rochester, NY, USA
Gadi Wollstein, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology
Vice Chairman for Clinical Research
Director of Ophthalmic Imaging
Research Laboratory
Director of Research Education
NYU School of Medicine
New York, NY, USA
Maria A. Woodward, MD, MS
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
& Visual Sciences
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Nicholas K. Wride, MB, ChB, FRCOphth
Consultant Ophthalmologist
Sunderland Eye Infirmary
City Hospitals Sunderland
Sunderland, Tyne & Wear, UK
Albert Wu, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai
New York, NY, USA
David Xu, MD
Resident Physician
Stein Eye Institute
University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Joshua A. Young, MD
Clinical Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
New York University
School of Medicine
Chief Ophthalmologist Correspondent
EyeWorld Magazine
Producer and Manager of Podcasting
American Society of Cataract and
Refractive Surgery
New York, NY, USA
Edward S. Yung, MD
Clinical Instructor, Glaucoma
Wills Eye Hospital
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Cynthia Yu-Wai-Man, PhD, FRCOphth
Postdoctoral Research Fellow
Rescue, Repair and Regeneration
UCL Institute of Ophthalmology
London, UK
Wadih M. Zein, MD
Staff Clinician
Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual
Function Branch
National Eye Institute, NIH
Bethesda, MD, USA
Ivy Zhu, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Ophthalmology &
Visual Sciences
Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary
University of Illinois at Chicago
College of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
 Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the editors and authors who have contributed to
Ophthalmology and to the superb, dedicated Ophthalmology team at Else-
vier. We especially would like to thank Sharon Nash and Russell Gabbedy
for their tireless efforts in keeping us on track and making our job
much easier. We would also like to thank Josh Mearns, Content Coordi-
nator; Joanna Souch, Project Manager; Brian Salisbury, Designer; Karen
Giacomucci, Illustration Manager; Richard Tibbitts, Illustrator; Vinod
Kothaparamtath, Multimedia Producer; and Claire McKenzie, Marketing
Manager.
 Dedication

Dedication
We would like to dedicate this book to our wives, Karin Yanoff and Julie
Starr-Duker, and to our children—Steven, David, and Alexis Leyva-Yanoff;
Joanne Grune-Yanoff; and Jake, Claire, Bear, Becca, Sam, Colette, and Elly
Duker—all of whom play such an important part in our lives and without
whose help and understanding we would have never come this far.

xxiii
Part 1 Genetics


Fundamentals of Human Genetics

Janey L. Wiggs
Definition: The central principles of human genetics with relevance to
eye disease.
Key Features
• Gene structure and expression.
• Organization and inheritance of the human genome.
• Mutations and clinical phenotypes.
• Gene-based therapies.
DNA AND THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF
HUMAN GENETICS
The regulation of cellular growth and function in all human tissue is depen-
dent on the activities of specific protein molecules. In turn, protein activity
is dependent on the expression of the genes that contain the correct DNA
sequence for protein synthesis. The DNA molecule is a double-stranded
helix. Each strand is composed of a sequence of four nucleotide bases—
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)—joined to a sugar
and a phosphate. The order of the bases in the DNA sequence forms the
genetic code that directs the expression of genes. The double-stranded helix
is formed as a result of hydrogen bonding between the nucleotide bases of
opposite strands.1 The bonding is specific, such that A always pairs with
T, and G always pairs with C. The specificity of the hydrogen bonding is
1.1
HUMAN GENOME
Human DNA is packaged as chromosomes located in the nuclei of cells.
Chromosomes are composed of individual strands of DNA wound about
proteins called histones. The complex winding and coiling process culmi-
nates in the formation of a chromosome. The entire collection of human
chromosomes includes 22 paired autosomes and two sex chromosomes.
Women have two copies of the X chromosome, and men have one X and
one Y chromosome (Fig. 1.1.3).
The set consisting of one of each autosome as well as both sex chro-
mosomes is called the human genome. The chromosomal molecules of
DNA from one human genome, if arranged in tandem end to end, contain
approximately 3.2 billion base pairs (bp). The Human Genome Project was
formally begun in 1990 with the defined goals to: identify all the approxi-
mately 20,000–25,000 genes in human DNA; determine the sequences of
the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA; store this
information in publicly available databases; improve tools for data anal-
ysis; transfer related technologies to the private sector; and address the
STRUCTURE OF THE DNA DOUBLE HELIX
Sugar–phosphate backbone Separation of individual
and nitrogenous bases strands allows DNA replication
sugar–
phosphate
backbone
one helical turn = 3.4 nm

the molecular basis of the accurate copying of the DNA sequence that is
required during the processes of DNA replication (necessary for cell divi-
sion) and transcription of DNA into RNA (necessary for gene expression
and protein synthesis; Fig. 1.1.1).
Gene expression begins with the recognition of a particular DNA
sequence called the promoter sequence as the start site for RNA synthe-
sis by the enzyme RNA polymerase. The RNA polymerase “reads” the
DNA sequence and assembles a strand of RNA that is complementary
to the DNA sequence. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid composed
of the same nucleotide bases as DNA, except that uracil takes the place
of thymine. Human genes (and genes found in other eukaryotic organ-
bases
isms) contain many DNA sequences that are not translated into polypep-
tides and proteins. These sequences are called intervening sequences or
introns. Introns do not have any known specific function, and although
they are transcribed into RNA by RNA polymerase, they are spliced out of
the initial RNA product (termed heteronuclear RNA, or hnRNA) to form
the completed messenger RNA (mRNA). Untranslated RNA may have spe-
cific functions. For example, antisense RNA and micro RNAs (miRNA) 5l 3l 5l 3l
appear to regulate expression of genes.2 The mRNA is the template for original
new chains
original
protein synthesis. Proteins consist of one or more polypeptide chains, chain chain
forming
which are sequences of specific amino acids. The sequence of bases in
the mRNA directs the order of amino acids that make up the polypeptide adenine thymine guanine cytosine
chain. Individual amino acids are encoded by units of three mRNA bases,
termed codons. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bind specific amino acids
Fig. 1.1.1 Structure of the DNA Double Helix. The sugar–phosphate backbone
and recognize the corresponding three-base codon in the mRNA. Cellular and nitrogenous bases of each individual strand are arranged as shown. The two
organelles called ribosomes bind the mRNA in such a configuration that strands of DNA pair by hydrogen bonding between the appropriate bases to form
the RNA sequence is accessible to tRNA molecules and the amino acids the double-helical structure. Separation of individual strands of the DNA molecule
are aligned to form the polypeptide. The polypeptide chain may be pro- allows DNA replication, catalyzed by DNA polymerase. As the new complementary
cessed by a number of other chemical reactions to form the mature protein strands of DNA are synthesized, hydrogen bonds are formed between the 1
(Fig. 1.1.2). appropriate nitrogenous bases.
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Review,
Volume I, No. 9, September 1911
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Title: The Review, Volume I, No. 9, September 1911

Author: Various

Publisher: National Prisoners' Aid Association

Release date: February 12, 2024 [eBook #72941]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: National Prisoners' Aid

Association, 1913

Credits: Carol Brown and The Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

REVIEW, VOLUME I, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1911 ***
VOLUME I, No. 9. SEPTEMBER, 1911
THE REVIEW
A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE
NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION
AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

TEN CENTS A COPY. SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR

E. F. Waite, President. James Parsons, Member Ex.

Committee.
F. Emory Lyon, Vice President. A. H. Votaw, Member Ex.
Committee.
O. F. Lewis, Secretary and G. E. Cornwall, Member Ex.
Editor Review. Committee.
E. A. Fredenhagen, Chairman Albert Steelman, Member Ex.
Ex. Committee. Committee.
 PRISON LABOR LEGISLATION OF 1911
By E. Stagg Whitin

General Secretary, National Committee on Prison Labor

The state’s property right in the prisoner’s labor exists by virtue of

the 13th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States which
provides that slavery or involuntary servitude may be a punishment
for crime, after due process of law. This property right the state may
lease or retain for its own use, the manner being set forth in state
constitutions and acts of legislatures. To make this of material value
the prisoner’s labor must be productive. The distribution of the
product of the prisoner’s labor inevitably presents the problem of
competition. The confounding of the evil of penal servitude with the
methods of production and the methods of distribution which have
grown out of it has produced a confusion in the thought underlying
prison labor regulation by legislative enactment.
The usual penological analysis of prison labor into lease, contract,
piece-price, public account and state-use systems is impossible to
use in an economic analysis of the labor conditions involved.
Economically two systems of convict production and two systems of
distribution of convict-made goods exist; production is either by the
state or under individual enterprise: distribution is either limited to the
preferred state use market or through the general competitive
market. In the light of such classification the convict labor legislation
of the current year shows definite tendencies toward the state’s
assumption of its responsibility for its own use of the prisoner on
state lands, in state mines and as operatives in state factories; while
in distribution the competition of the open market, with its disastrous
effect upon prices, tends to give place to the use of labor and
commodities by the state itself in its manifold activities.
Improvements like these in the production and distribution of the
products mitigate evils, but in no vital way effect the economic
injustice always inherent under a slave system. The payment of
wage to the convict as a right growing out of his production of
valuable commodities is the phase of this legislation which tends to
destroy the slavery condition. Such legislation has made its
appearance, together with the first suggestion of the right of choice
allowed to the convict in regard to his occupation. These statutes still
waver in an uncertain manner between the conception of the wage
as a privilege, common to England and Germany, and the wage as a
right as it exists in France. The development of the idea of the right
of wage, fused as it is with the movement towards the governmental
work and workshops, cannot fail to stand out in significance when
viewed from the standpoint of the labor movement.
The expression of these tendencies found in the legislation of
1911 comes to view in divers states and a confusion of statutes in
which every shade of development is present. While no state
legislated to give new powers of leasing or contracting for the labor
of prisoners and one only, Idaho, extended the field of its present
leases, twenty-one made some provision for the state’s assumption
and operation of industries: eight, California, Idaho, Indiana,
Missouri, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, and Wyoming, provided
in some manner for the state’s consumption of the manufactured
articles; and six, California, Indiana, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, and
Wyoming, established laws for the regulation of prices and
standardization of commodities. The prisoner received compensation
for labor in six states, Florida, Kansas, Michigan, Nevada, Rhode
Island, and Wyoming; his dependent family was given assistance in
five, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri and New Jersey;
while Nevada gave him the right to choose between working on the
roads or working indoors. The New York farm and industrial colony
for tramps and vagrants is of significance. Florida met the peonage
issue by a provision for working off fines during imprisonment. The
antagonism of organized labor to the distribution of the products of
the convict’s labor on the open market resulted in the passage in
Montana, Oregon and California of laws requiring branding of convict
made goods. The New Jersey and Wyoming laws, which are
especially complete, are summarized below.
In a word, the economic progress in prison labor shown in the
legislation of 1911 is toward more efficient production by the
elimination of the profits of the leasee, more economical distribution
by the substitution of a preferred market where the profits of the
middleman are eliminated in place of the unfair competition with the
products of free labor in the open markets, and finally the curtailment
of the slave system by the provisions for wages and choice of
occupation for the man in penal servitude.
New Jersey.—The sale on the open market of the products of
convict labor of any state penal institution is prohibited after the
expiration of existing contracts. A preferred market is established
consisting of all manufacturable articles consumed by the state and
sub-divisions thereof. A prison labor commission is created to so
regulate the penal industries that the greatest amount consumable
by this preferred market will be produced. They are to publish a list
of all possible articles of manufacture and grant releases when
articles cannot be supplied. Penal officers are required to keep all
physically capable convicts employed, not to exceed nine hours a
day except Sunday and holidays, on productive work or in receiving
industrial and scholastic instruction.
Yearly budgets are to be sent on October 1st to the commission
by all purchasing officials in the state. The penal institutions are to
report fully regarding all convict labor and its productive power
together with the cost of production. A uniform system of accounting
is to be established, together with a standardization of commodities
to be manufactured, on which is to be affixed a fair price. Agricultural
pursuits are to be given preference and the products sold as above,
except that the surplus products may be sold at advertised auction to
the general public once in six months unless they are of destructible
character and require more immediate sale. Counties and
municipalities are to conform to the state plan but may employ the
prisoners for their own use. Charitable institutions are allowed to
manufacture for their own use. Prisoners’ families dependent on
charity are relieved by the commissioner of charities at the rate of
fifty cents for every day the prisoner works, but this relief fund is
limited to 5 per cent. of the value of all goods produced. The services
of charitable societies are to be used for making investigations of
families. The estimates of added appropriations needed to carry this
into effect are to be included in annual estimates. The commission
reports to the governor.
Wyoming.—The state board of charities and reform and the
warden constitute a state commission on prison labor, to regulate
according to its best judgment the employment of the state convicts
so that they may acquire a knowledge of a trade at which they can
earn a livelihood upon release. The labor of the convicts is to be
upon products for the state and sub-divisions of the state, and public
officials cannot purchase in the open market, unless upon release by
the commission. The price is fixed at the market price, and the type
of articles may be standardized. Prisoners, in the discretion of the
commission, are to receive a graded compensation, in no case more
than 10 per cent. of earnings of the institution. Surplus earnings may
go to a prisoner’s family, but may never be used in buying food or
clothing beyond that of common usage in his class; the balance, paid
on release, is subject to draft.
 A REAL JAIL
[From the Boston, (Mass.,) Globe, August 6, 1911]

The new jail and house of correction for Plymouth county is the
finest of its kind in the state. To Sheriff Henry S. Porter credit is due
for the jail. Had it not been for his untiring efforts to get the county
commissioners to buy and build in this locality the county would not
have had such a place.
Soon after the county purchased the property work was
commenced on laying out for the new building. Excavating began in
1907. The work was done by the “trusty” prisoners, in charge of
officers and engineers. The building is fireproof. The material is
concrete and iron, most of the work being done by the prisoners
themselves. All the floors in the institution are of terrazzo, made and
finished by the “trusties” after a few instructions. Such a building put
out to contract would have cost Plymouth a fortune, more than
$200,000, but as it is the cost will not be far from $100,000.
The jail is on the top of a hill. It commands a view of the
surrounding country. It has a frontage of 250 feet, and is 48 feet
deep, with an ell 86×46.
In January, 1902, when Sheriff Henry S. Porter took the position
of high sheriff of Plymouth county, there were 53 inmates in the jail.
During the following five years prisoners increased to nearly 100. At
the present time the number varies from 120 to 130. After he had
been in office a short time he began to consider improvements for
the men. They were all cane-seating chairs for townspeople, an
industry which netted the county but $400 a year and they paid an
instructor $1200. The sheriff found that a good man who had some
experience could earn only about five cents a day and others two
and a half cents and that the industry was not a paying one. It was
then that he first devised the plan of working his men in the open. He
hired half an acre of land in Samoset street and placed four or five of
the “trusty” prisoners, in charge of officers, tilling the ground. That
year he raised 50 bushels of potatoes, and the men who did the
work were in much better condition than those employed inside. The
sheriff was vigorously opposed by the county commissioners, who
ordered him to stop the work, but after he had shown what could be
done the commissioners decided to let him continue. A tract of land
of three acres was bought in 1904, and that year the sheriff raised
519 bushels of potatoes, 265 bushels of turnips, 610 pounds of ham,
325 pounds of rib and at the end of the season had four hogs left.
The products sold for $1084.25. The expenses were $390. They
were for dressing, seed and tools.
The next year the sheriff made more money, and provided fresh
vegetables and potatoes during the winter for the men in the
institution. In 1907 he prevailed upon the county commissioners to
purchase what was known as the Chandler farm, at Obery, about a
mile from the center of Plymouth on which was a dwelling house and
barn. Its acreage was 135, field and woods. The farm was much run
down and was covered with bushes and weeds. The sheriff started
in immediately to build it up, and a large number of the “trusty” men
were put out there, with officers in charge, and cleared away the
bushes and broke up the land. Part of the men worked on the new
jail, while the others were employed in the garden.
In 1910 about 15 acres were broken up into tillage land. In that
year was grown 75 tons of hay, 175 bushels of potatoes, 850
bushels of turnips, 650 bushels of corn, many vegetables, five tons
of cabbages, 100 hogs, scores of sheep and numerous hens. At the
beginning of 1911 there were five cows, two yokes of oxen, seven
horses and a large number of hogs and poultry at the place.
The construction of the new jail was begun late in 1908, and since
then an average of 48 to 50 men have been employed at it daily. A
good deal has been said about the care and expense of prisoners in
all institutions, but Sheriff Porter believes that his scheme is one of
the best that can be done for prisoners, as the work benefits the men
and they are not likely to come back. Last year the sheriff had to
send to the state farm for men to assist in the general work. Out of
100 who have been here and worked on the farm, 85 have made
good. The sheriff believes that good treatment and outdoor work has
good and lasting effects. One man who did work at the jail for nearly
a year after his term expired was employed by the contractor, and
worked every day thereafter until the building was completed.
Several others who worked on the construction of the building have
been working at the concrete business out in the free world ever
since.
“Men who work on the farm have to have different food from those
inside,” says the sheriff. “We give them a hearty breakfast, dinner
and supper and no fault is found with the bill of fare.”
During the period of outdoor work only four men have tried to
escape. They were brought back. Not a man has been treated
roughly and no man has been required to do more than a fair day’s
work. The sheriff says that when he first took charge the dungeon
was used 65 times a year. Last year it was only used three or four
times, which seems to show that the prisoners are contented.
 THE EVILS OF “DOUBLING UP.”
On his return from a two-months’ trip to Europe, where he visited some
two-score prisons and correctional institutions, O. F. Lewis, general
secretary of the Prison Association of New York, has raised the issue in New
York City of the “doubling-up” of prisoners in cells. In an open letter,
published in interview form in several city papers, Mr. Lewis says:

“I have just returned from a two months’ visit to about forty prisons
in Belgium, Holland, Germany, England, and Scotland. In not a
single cell of the thousands which I saw did I see two inmates
imprisoned. One might say that the first principle of all in
administering correctional institutions in Europe and in Great Britain
is that prisoners shall never be ‘doubled up.’
“As for the situation in New York city on the night of September
10, at the Jefferson Market district prison, in four cells two men were
sleeping, though only one cot was in each cell. In two instances the
men were sleeping, one at the head and one at the foot of the cot; in
two other instances, one of the men was sleeping on the floor. The
‘doubling up’ was occasioned by a lack of cell space for the male
prisoners. On the ground floor there is for male prisoners a pen with
bare boards, not separated off into bunks, where men sleep or try to
sleep overnight.
“In the night court for men on East Fifty-seventh street the prison
connected with the court was so crowded at 11.30 on that night that
in several cells five and six men were confined, so closely as to
forbid any of the men lying down unless on the floor. In one large
room sixteen peddlers, fined $2, were awaiting midnight to pay $1
then remaining of their fine. The night keeper at the district prison
stated that the prison is frequently grievously overcrowded, that
‘doubling up’ of three or four persons is common, and that on such
nights as last night it is necessary to pack prisoners into the various
cells and await the close of court, when the distribution can take
place with some alleviation, but with a continuance of the ‘doubling
up’ system.
“At the Criminal Courts building there are so-called prison pens in
which persons not yet convicted are held often for hours pending
their appearance in some one of the parts of the Court of General
Sessions. Particularly on Fridays one of these pens, smaller than the
cattle car of a freight train is packed with from fifty to seventy-five
persons, mainly young men. No more improper or wretched
preparation for a court trial could, it seems to me, be imagined than
this pen. Fortunately our foreign visitors to the International Prison
Congress last fall were not shown this pen. Grand juries and the
Prison Association have since the first of the year frequently called
the attention of the borough president to this condition, yet it remains
unchanged. ‘Doubling up’ is of frequent occurrence in the Tombs.
English law expressly provides that such ‘doubling up’ shall never
take place.
“We cast around for explanations of crime waves, increasing
tendency to criminality, and a growing disregard by young men in
New York City of the principles of law and order. I fail to see how any
young man going through the experience now daily undergone by
hundreds of our young men can emerge from New York City’s
prisons without a vindictive attitude of mind toward the city which
maltreats him thus.
“The remedy is more money—more money for more cells and
more prisons. For some years a new workhouse has been
contemplated. It is as necessary to have an up-to-date workhouse as
an up-to-date police force. If we are to have a night court for men, to
save the innocent from overnight imprisonment, we must have a
night prison which will not condemn the guilty to intolerable
conditions of imprisonment. If we expect to reform our young
criminals, we must provide a cell for each prisoner. And if the city is
really concerned with the reduction of crime, its Board of Estimate
and Apportionment must clearly recognize that it costs money to
reduce crime, and that one of its first principles of useful
imprisonment is separate confinement.”
 DOMESTIC RELATIONS COURT OF NEW YORK
By Kellogg Durland

[Reprinted from Boston Transcript]

The domestic relations court which was established in New York

city exactly one year ago has already taken its place as a permanent
institution of the city. The tremendous work of this court arouses
wonder that the idea had not been adopted years ago and that it is
not more widely emulated in other cities throughout the country.
Chicago and Washington are the only two other cities where similar
courts exist, and even in these cities the jurisdiction of the courts is
not quite the same as in New York. There are two domestic relations
courts in New York city, one located in East Fifty-seventh street in
the same building with a magistrate’s court and a municipal civil
court, and serving the needs of the residents of the two boroughs,
Manhattan and the Bronx; the other is in Brooklyn, administering to
that section of the greater city.
The domestic relations court is essentially a poor man’s court. In
its prime office, indeed, it partakes of the nature of a conciliatory
court, similar to the conciliatory courts of France, through which all
domestic difficulties pass before any divorce or other serious case
involving domestic infelicity, abandonment or non-support can enter
the courts proper. Like the judges of the conciliatory courts in
France, the judges of the domestic relations court in New York are
chosen for their tact, patience, knowledge of mankind and sympathy
with the frailties of men and women. Every case that comes into the
domestic relations court these judges first try to adjust without legal
procedure.
 In the next instance the domestic relations court is a woman’s
court. In almost every case that has appeared here the complainant
has been a woman. It is not more than once in several months that a
man appears as a complainant in this court. This is, of course,
largely owing to the fact that man is not usually dependent upon his
wife for support, and even if deserted by his wife a man is not likely
to be exposed to hardship and suffering as is the case with a
woman. Furthermore, this court has no power to grant divorces. It
merely adjusts differences, punishes abandoning husbands, and
advises separation when separation seems the only wise course,
and determines the amount of money that the man must contribute
towards the support of his wife, children or other relatives. The law
under which the domestic relations court was established provides
that to this court “shall be taken or transferred for arraignment,
examination or trial, or to which shall be summoned all persons
described as disorderly, all persons compelled by law to support
poor relatives, and all persons charged with abandonment or non-
support of wives of poor relatives under any provision of law,
conferring upon magistrates summary jurisdiction or the authority to
hold for trial in another court.” The law further provides that “the
commissioner of public charities shall establish and maintain an
office of the superintendent of outdoor poor in or convenient to the
building in which is situated the domestic relations court.” This latter
provision is to insure the supervision over delinquent husbands and
also to provide against any miscarriage of support money. In other
words, it is a sort of clearing house and controlling office after the
case has passed through the domestic relations court.
The functions of the domestic relations court in New York,
therefore, are clearly defined and extremely limited. In Chicago the
domestic relations court has a much more ample scope, for it has
jurisdiction in any of the following violations of state laws: Abduction
of children under twelve years of age, abandonment of wife or child,
bastardy, improper public exhibition or employment of children under
fourteen years of age, contributing to dependency or delinquency of
children, violation of all laws relating to child labor, violation of all
laws relating to compulsory education and truancy, climbing upon
cars by minors, permitting minors to gamble in saloons, permitting
minors to enter dance halls where intoxicating liquor is sold, sale or
gift of deadly weapons to minors, having or procuring intoxicating
liquors for minors, sale of tobacco to minors. And also the Chicago
court has jurisdiction over violations of the following city ordinances:
sale of cigarettes to minors, sale of cigarettes within 600 feet from
schoolhouse, gathering of cigar refuse by minors, sale of tobacco to
minors under sixteen years of age, sale of intoxicating liquors to
minors, purchasing of intoxicating liquors by minors, obtaining
intoxicating liquors by minors by false pretences, sale of materials
saturated with liquor to minors under sixteen years of age, giving
samples of intoxicating liquors in bottles or otherwise to minors,
gambling by minors in saloons, jumping up on moving cars by
minors under eighteen years of age, employment of minors under
sixteen years of age in pawnshops, receiving pledges from minors
by pawn brokers, sale of deadly weapons to minors. Thus it is
apparent that the Chicago domestic relations court is almost a
combined children’s court. If the jurisdiction of the New York court
were anything like as large, the calendar would be constantly glutted,
and cases would have to wait as long as cases on the Supreme
Court calendar must needs wait now. As it is, the domestic relations
court handles all of its cases promptly, although it is perhaps the
busiest court of the city, owing to the fact that the docket is cleaned
up every day.
The two judges who sit in the Manhattan court are Magistrates
Harris and Cornell. Each magistrate sits fifteen days alternately, then
five days in one of the regular criminal magistrate’s courts, and then
ten days holiday. Under Judge Harris and Judge Cornell the
domestic relations court experiment has been tried out and proved
successful. Under these two magistrates there has been established
a progressive procedure in regard to husbands who refuse to live
with and support their wives and families. When a woman appears in
this court the judge listens to her story and if he feels that there is
ground for action or need of legal interference, he will issue a
summons which is really a legal form of request to the husband to
appear in court on a certain day. The wife is then told to come back
on the same day. If the husband appears in response to this
summons, all well and good.
 On the other hand, if he fails to take cognizance of the summons,
a warrant is issued for his arrest, and he is brought to court willy nilly.
When the moment for trial comes, the woman is put on the witness
stand and after being duly sworn, proceeds to tell her story, without
let or hindrance. If the corporation counsel happens to be present he
represents the woman, and the defendant is entitled to counsel,
although most of them are willing to tell their side of the story and
abide by the decision of the judge. In the absence of the corporation
counsel the presiding magistrate questions the woman, not in a
hostile way at all, but with the idea of drawing from her all the facts
which shall enable him to attain a wise decision. When she has
finished the defendant takes the stand in the usual way and the
judge questions him with a similar desire to elucidate the trouble. If
the case is flagrant it is within the power of the court to sentence the
man to the workhouse for a period of not more than six months.
Many women urge that their neglectful husbands be sent away, but it
is in this connection that the law is perhaps not all that it should be. If
sending a man to prison provided his wife and children with bread
and butter and rent it might frequently be a good thing for society in
general and the family in particular to have the man locked up.
Unfortunately, a man sent to Blackwell’s Island for six months is
obliged to do work for the state, but this precludes all possibility of
his contributing to the support of his family during the period of his
incarceration. Furthermore, the law will not allow the prosecution a
second time of a man who has just served a term of imprisonment
for non-support or abandonment within one year of the first
prosecution, so that if a woman asks the court to lock up her
husband and the court complies, that woman voluntarily surrenders
all legal right to take further action against him or collect money from
him for a whole year. There is an agitation just now to have the state
pay a prisoner for the work he does during his term of imprisonment
and have the money forwarded to his family. This surely is a wise
and reasonable provision.
If the court stipulates that a man making nine or ten dollars a
week must contribute three dollars and a half or four dollars a week
to the support of his family, that man is either placed on probation to
one of the two regular probation officers attached to the domestic
relations court, or he is placed under the supervision of the
department of charities, alimony division. Money to be paid through
the department of charities is regulated in this way. The defendant is
instructed to bring or send the stated amount to the office of this
department, at the foot of East Twenty-sixth street, a certain day in
the week, and then the wife or whoever is to receive the money must
call in person the following day and, upon accepting the amount, is
required to give a receipt which is duly sent to the remitter. These
receipts often figure in court at a later date as evidence of the
amount of money which has actually been paid by the payee. It
frequently happens that a man will contribute faithfully for several
weeks and then payments will cease. In some instances this
secession of payment is for a legitimate reason—the man may be
sick, or may have lost his position, whereupon he is given an
opportunity to explain in the court the reason for his delinquency.
When the wife appears in court and tells the magistrate that her
husband has become delinquent, the clerk of the court sends out a
printed form which reads as follows:
Dear Sir—I have been informed by your wife, So-and-So,
that you have failed to comply with the direction of the court to
pay her——so much——per week. I desire to inform you that
unless the direction of the court is complied with at once, a
warrant will be issued for your arrest and you may be
compelled to furnish a bond to insure the payment of the said
money for the support of your family.
Respectfully,
If the man appears in court in response to this notice, all well and
good, otherwise he is arrested by an officer and brought before the
judge to explain his failure to comply with the direction of the court.
The work of the domestic relations court is constantly increasing
as the functions of the court are being more widely heard of
throughout the city, especially among the foreign population. The
largest number of cases that come before this court are classified
under the nationality of Russia. There is an injustice in this
classification, however, inasmuch as the “Russians” are 99 per cent.