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Transportation, Land Use,
and Environmental Planning
Page left intentionally blank
Transportation, Land Use,
and Environmental Planning
Edited by
Elizabeth Deakin
Professor Emerita of City and Regional Planning and Urban Design,
University of California-Berkeley, USA
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further
information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations
such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our
website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using
such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others,
including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume
any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or
ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-815167-9
Contributors xvii
Introduction xix
Part I
Motivations
1. The changing nature of work and time use: implications
for travel demand
Noreen McDonald, Ke Peng
1 Introduction 3
2 Background 4
2.1 Changing young adult labor market 4
2.2 Changing young adult travel 5
3 Research questions 5
4 Data and methods 6
4.1 Segmentation 6
4.2 Sample characteristics 8
5 Results 9
5.1 Employment and economic characteristics, 2003–15 9
5.2 Work time use segmentation 9
5.3 Commuting in peak periods 11
6 Discussion and conclusions 12
References 14
v
vi Contents
5 Policy implications 30
6 Conclusions 31
References 33
PART II
Strategies
5. Urban design for sustainable and livable communities:
the case of Vancouver
Elizabeth Macdonald
1 Introduction 83
2 Urban context and overview of Vancouver’s plans
and policies in the two eras 85
3 Downtown neighborhood planning in the “Living First” era 90
3.1 Downtown South 90
3.2 False Creek North 92
3.3 Southeast False Creek 95
3.4 Results 96
4 Neighborhood planning in outlying areas during
the EcoDensity era 98
5 Vancouver going forward 101
6 Conclusions 101
References 103
10. Parking: not as bad as you think, worse than you realize
Rachel Weinberger
1 Introduction 189
2 The parking problem 190
Contents ix
Part III
Broadening the scope
15. Energy sources for sustainable transportation
and urban development
Blas L. Pérez Henríquez
1 Introduction: the energy outlook and emerging challenges 281
2 Global decarbonization efforts 283
3 Subnational and non-governmental action
for clean energy and greenhouse gas reductions 286
4 Case example: California’s emissions and energy
policies for a clean future 289
5 Implications for energy planning 292
References 297
Part IV
Implementation issues: the case of California
18. Integrated transport and land use planning
aiming to reduce GHG emissions: International
comparisons
Andrea Broaddus
1 Introduction 399
2 What legal regulatory frameworks for transportation
and land use planning are in use? 400
2.1 Roots of centralized regional land use and transport
planning in Europe 400
2.2 Trends: devolution and regionalism 405
3 What policies linking transportation and land use
planning to CO2 emissions are in place? 409
4 What types of projects and development have resulted
in practice, and what are the barriers to implementation? 411
4.1 Planning approaches 411
4.2 Plans and Projects 412
4.3 Barriers 413
5 Conclusion 416
References 417
Contents xiii
PART V
Conclusions
24. The role of modern research universities in advancing
innovative transportation infrastructure renewal
Bjorn Birgisson
1 Background 555
2 Key trends affecting university-based research
on transportation infrastructure renewal 556
3 Changing nature of research universities 557
4 Accelerating globalization 558
5 Accelerating rate of technological change 559
6 Growth in multidisciplinary research and innovation 559
6.1 Smart Infrastructure 560
6.2 Manufacturing and automation for transportation
infrastructure renewal 562
6.3 Resilient and critical infrastructure systems 563
6.4 Innovative financing and procurement 564
6.5 New collaboration and societal engagement modes
for university-based transportation researchers 565
6.6 Universities for the new knowledge society 565
7 Recommendations 566
References 567
Bruce Appleyard School of Public Administration and Urban affairs, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA, United States
Apaar Bansal Transportation Sustainability Research Center, University of California,
Berkeley, CA, United States
Elisa Barbour University of California, Davis, CA, United States
Bjorn Birgisson Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
Andrea Broaddus Mineta Transportation Institute, San Jose State University, San Jose,
CA, United States
Robert Cervero Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California,
Berkeley, CA, United States
Nelson Chan Transportation Sustainability Research Center, University of California,
Berkeley, CA, United States
Karen Chapple Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California,
Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
Adam Cohen Transportation Sustainability Research Center, University of California,
Berkeley, CA, United States
Elizabeth Deakin Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California,
Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
Caitlin Dyckman Department of City and Regional Planning and Real Estate
Development, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
Karen Trapenberg Frick Department of City and Regional Planning, University of
California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
Alexander R. Frost School of Public Administration and Urban affairs, San Diego
State University, San Diego, CA, United States
Carol Galante Terner Center for Housing Innovation, University of California,
Berkeley, CA, United States
Susan Handy Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of
California, Davis, CA, United States
Peter Hylton High Street Consulting, Columbia, SC, United States
William L. Kaplowitz Independent Researcher, Chicago, IL, United States
xvii
xviii Contributors
xix
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del venir meno di un profitto pubblico. Nell’antica Atene, specie dopo
la formazione dell’impero e il moltiplicarsi delle mansioni politiche dei
cittadini, i forestieri, grazie alla loro libera attività ed ai loro capitali,
erano divenuti i propulsori più insigni dell’ingranaggio economico
della città [160]: essi stavano a capo di molteplici intraprese,
animavano il commercio, fondavano opificî, offrivano lavoro, pane ed
utili a molta parte dei veri e propri cittadini, e la loro ricchezza,
magari come semplice mezzo di scambio, circolava e veniva
consumata tra gli Ateniesi stessi. Che cosa doveva avvenire di tutto
ciò, allorquando, per i turbamenti incessanti che la guerra portava,
per le sue disastrose conseguenze economiche, anche il capitale
straniero, al pari dell’antica fortuna, cominciarono a disertare i lidi
gloriosi dell’Attica?
Spopolamento e
sovrapopolazione.
2. Herod., 9, 28.
3. Calcolando solo 100 navi da guerra, 200 teti e un paio di decine di opliti
per ciascuna trireme.
4. Thuc., 1, 107, 5.
10. Calcolando su Diod., 18, 11, 3; cfr. Beloch, in Klio, V, 350. Sulle cifre
precedenti, cfr. J. Kromayer, Studien über Wehrkraft d. griech. Staaten,
in Klio, III, 448 sgg., cui il Beloch (in Klio, V, 347 sgg., 355 sgg.) ha
talora opposta la sua preferita critica radicale. Tralasciamo dati minori
d’altre età, relativi a singole operazioni, che non dànno punto l’idea dello
sforzo militare di Atene, in ciascuna guerra.
14. Böckh, op. cit., I3, 56-57; cfr. Büchsenschütz, Besitz u. Erwerb, pp.
209 sgg.
15. Cic., De imp. Cn. Pomp., 6, 15.
18. Cfr. Aristoph., Acharn., vv. 183, 232, 1023; Pax, v. 627; Lys., Pro sacra
olea, 6.
19. Demost., XLII (In Phaenipp.), 20; 31; Böckh, op. cit., I3, 123-24.
25. È la frase del Böckh, op. cit., I3, pp. 224, 276. Sull’argomento, cfr. il
saggio del Ciccotti, Le retribuzioni delle funzioni pubbliche ecc., in Bibl.
st. econ., I, 2, pp. 525 sgg.
28. Foucart, Notes sur les comptes d’Eleusis, in B. C. H., VIII, 1884, p.
211.
31. Lys., Adv. frument., 14; Demost., XXXIV (In Phorm.), 30; XX (In Lept.),
31; LVI (In Dionysod.), 7 sgg. passim.; XXXII (In Zenoth.), 4; 18; 19 e
l’Argomento apposto da Libanio alla medesima; Demost., L (In Policr.),
17; 58; Theophr., H. Pl., 8, 4, 3 sgg.; Perrot, Le commerce des
céreales en Attique au IV siècle avant notre ère, in Revue hist., IV, 211
sgg.; Glotz, op. cit., 354 sgg.
32. Su questo punto i dati, che, per la loro copia, ci autorizzano a tale
conclusione, non ci provengono da Atene, ma da Delo; cfr. G. Glotz, Le
prix des denrées à Délos, in Journal des savants, 1913, pp. 119 sgg.
Ma, data l’analogia delle condizioni, naturali e commerciali, fra Delo e
Atene, è legittima l’analogia delle relative induzioni: cfr. anche Thuc., 7,
28, 1.
33. Lys., Adv. frumentarios, passim.; Demost., LVI (In Dionysod.), 7-8; XXII
(In Androt.), 15; Xen., Oecon., 20, 27-28; Böckh, op. cit., I3, 104-107.
36. Böckh, op. cit., I3, 60; Du Mesnil-Marigny, Hist. de l’écon. pol., II, 229;
Beloch, Zur griechischen Wirtschaftsgesch., in Zeitschrift für
Sozialwissenschaft, V, 3, 1902, pp. 172-73.
37. Francotte, L’industrie en Grèce, 1, 148 sgg.; Glotz, op. cit., 366 sgg.
39. Scylax Caryandens., Peripl., 112 (in Geogr. gr. min., I, ed. Müller).
41. Demost., XXXV (In Lacr.), 36; LVI (In Dionysod.), 1 sgg.
43. Andoc., De mysteriis, 133 e Böckh, op. cit., I3, 386; Gilbert, op. cit., I,
392.
46. 2, 12.
48. Thuc., I, 144, 2; Xen., Lacedaem. Resp., 14, 4; Plut., Agis, 10, 2; Lyc.,
9, 5.
51. 2, 3.
52. 2, 11.
53. E. Ciccotti, La guerra e la pace nel mondo antico, Torino, Bocca, pp. 7-
8.
55. Thuc., 2, 13, 8; Böckh, op. cit., I3, 263-64; Arist., Ath. Resp., 24.
56. Thuc., loc. cit.; Aristot., loc. cit.; Böckh, op. cit., I3, 317.
60. Böckh, op. cit., I3, 320; Sauppe, Die καταστάσις d. alt. Reiterei, in
Philologus, 15 (1861), pp. 69 sgg.; Martin, Les cavaliers Atheniens,
Paris, 1886, p. 334.