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 Contents vii

15 Integrals and Vector Fields 821

15.1 Line Integrals 821
15.2 Vector Fields and Line Integrals: Work, Circulation, and Flux 828
15.3 Path Independence, Conservative Fields, and Potential Functions 840
15.4 Green’s Theorem in the Plane 851
15.5 Surfaces and Area 863
15.6 Surface Integrals 874
15.7 Stokes’ Theorem 885
15.8 The Divergence Theorem and a Unified Theory 897
Questions to Guide Your Review 908
Practice Exercises 908
Additional and Advanced Exercises 911

16 First-Order Differential Equations  online

16.1 Solutions, Slope Fields, and Euler’s Method
16.2 First-Order Linear Equations
16.3 Applications
16.4 Graphical Solutions of Autonomous Equations
16.5 Systems of Equations and Phase Planes

17 Second-Order Differential Equations  online

17.1 Second-Order Linear Equations
17.2 Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations
17.3 Applications
17.4 Euler Equations
17.5 Power Series Solutions

Appendices  AP-1
A.1 Real Numbers and the Real Line AP-1
A.2 Mathematical Induction AP-6
A.3 Lines and Circles AP-10
A.4 Conic Sections AP-16
A.5 Proofs of Limit Theorems AP-24
A.6 Commonly Occurring Limits AP-27
A.7 Theory of the Real Numbers AP-28
A.8 Complex Numbers AP-31
A.9 The Distributive Law for Vector Cross Products AP-39
A.10 The Mixed Derivative Theorem and the Increment Theorem AP-41

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises  A-1

Index  I-1

A Brief Table of Integrals  T-1

This page intentionally left blank
 Preface
This third edition of University Calculus provides a streamlined treatment of the material in a
standard three-semester or four-quarter course taught at the university level. As the title sug-
gests, the book aims to go beyond what many students may have seen at the high school level.
By emphasizing rigor and mathematical precision, supported with examples and exercises,
this book encourages students to think more clearly than if they were using rote procedures.
Generalization drives the development of calculus and is pervasive in this book. Slopes
of lines generalize to slopes of curves, lengths of line segments to lengths of curves, areas
and volumes of regular geometric figures to areas and volumes of shapes with curved
boundaries, rational exponents to irrational ones, and finite sums to series. Plane analytic
geometry generalizes to the geometry of space, and single variable calculus to the calculus
of many variables. Generalization weaves together the many threads of calculus into an
elegant tapestry that is rich in ideas and their applications.
Mastering this beautiful subject is its own reward, but the real gift of mastery is the
ability to think through problems clearly—distinguishing between what is known and
what is assumed, and using a logical sequence of steps to reach a solution. We intend this
book to capture the richness and powerful applicability of calculus, and to support student
thinking and understanding for mastery of the material.

New to this Edition

In this new edition, we have followed the basic structure of earlier editions. Taking into
account helpful suggestions from readers and users of previous editions, we continued to
improve clarity and readability. We also made the following improvements:
• Updated and added numerous exercises throughout, with emphasis on the mid-level
and more in the life science areas
• Reworked many figures and added new ones
• Moved the discussion of conditional convergence to follow the Alternating Series Test
• Enhanced the discussion defining differentiability for functions of several variables
with more emphasis on linearization
• Showed that the derivative along a path generalizes the single-variable chain rule
• Added more geometric insight into the idea of multiple integrals and the meaning of the
Jacobian in substitutions for their evaluations
• Developed surface integrals of vector fields as generalizations of line integrals
• Extended and clarified the discussion of the curl and divergence, and added new figures
to help visualize their meanings

ix
x Preface

Continuing Features

RIGOR The level of rigor is consistent with that of earlier editions. We continue to dis-
tinguish between formal and informal discussions and to point out their differences. We
think starting with a more intuitive, less formal, approach helps students understand a new
or difficult concept so they can then appreciate its full mathematical precision and out-
comes. We pay attention to defining ideas carefully and to proving theorems appropriate
for calculus students, while mentioning deeper or subtler issues they would study in a
more advanced course. Our organization and distinctions between informal and formal
discussions give the instructor a degree of flexibility in the amount and depth of coverage
of the various topics. For example, while we do not prove the Intermediate Value Theo-
rem or the Extreme Value Theorem for continuous functions on a … x … b, we do state
these theorems precisely, illustrate their meanings in numerous examples, and use them to
prove other important results. Furthermore, for those instructors who desire greater depth
of ­coverage, in Appendix 7 we discuss the reliance of these theorems on the completeness
of the real numbers.

WRITING EXERCISES Writing exercises placed throughout the text ask students to
explore and explain a variety of calculus concepts and applications. In addition, the end of
each chapter contains a list of questions to help students review and summarize what they
have learned. Many of these exercises make good writing assignments.

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEWS In addition to problems appearing after each section, each

chapter culminates with review questions, practice exercises covering the entire chapter,
and a series of Additional and Advanced Exercises providing more challenging or synthe-
sizing problems.

WRITING AND APPLICATIONS As always, this text continues to be easy to read, con-
versational, and mathematically rich. Each new topic is motivated by clear, easy-to-
understand examples and is then reinforced by its application to real-world problems of
immediate interest to students. A hallmark of this book has been the application of calcu-
lus to science and engineering. These applied problems have been updated, improved, and
extended continually over the past several editions.

TECHNOLOGY In a course using the text, technology can be incorporated at the discre-
tion of the instructor. Each section contains exercises requiring the use of technology;
these are marked with a “T” if suitable for calculator or computer use, or they are labeled
“Computer Explorations” if a computer algebra system (CAS, such as Maple or Math-
ematica) is required.

Additional Resources

Instructor’s Solutions Manual (download only)

Single Variable Calculus (Chapters 1–10)
Multivariable Calculus (Chapters 9–15)
The Instructor’s Solutions Manual contains complete worked-out solutions to all of the
exercises. These files are available to qualified instructors through the Pearson Instructor
Resource Center, www.pearsonhighered.com/irc, and MyMathLab.
 Preface xi

Student’s Solutions Manual

Single Variable Calculus (Chapters 1–10), ISBN 0-321-99980-0 | 978-0-321-99980-1
Multivariable Calculus (Chapters 9–15), ISBN 0-321-99985-1 | 978-0-321-99985-6
The Student’s Solutions Manual is designed for the student and contains carefully worked-
out solutions to all the odd-numbered exercises.

Just-in-Time Algebra and Trigonometry for Early

Transcendentals Calculus, Fourth Edition
ISBN 0-321-67103-1 | 978-0-321-67103-5
Sharp algebra and trigonometry skills are critical to mastering calculus, and Just-in-Time
Algebra and Trigonometry for Early Transcendentals Calculus by Guntram Mueller and
Ronald I. Brent is designed to bolster these skills while students study calculus. As stu-
dents make their way through calculus, this text is with them every step of the way, show-
ing the necessary algebra or trigonometry topics and pointing out potential problem spots.
The easy-to-use table of contents has algebra and trigonometry topics arranged in the or-
der in which students will need them as they study calculus.

Technology Resource Manuals (download only)

Maple Manual by Marie Vanisko, Carroll College
Mathematica Manual by Marie Vanisko, Carroll College
TI-Graphing Calculator Manual by Elaine McDonald-Newman, Sonoma State University
These manuals cover Maple 17, Mathematica 8, and the TI-83 Plus/TI-84 Plus and TI-89,
respectively. Each manual provides detailed guidance for integrating a specific software
package or graphing calculator throughout the course, including syntax and commands.
These manuals are available to qualified instructors through the University Calculus:
Early Transcendentals Web site, www.pearsonhighered.com/thomas, and MyMathLab.

WEB SITE www.pearsonhighered.com/thomas

The University Calculus: Early Transcendentals Web site contains the chapters on
First-Order Differential Equations and Second-Order Differential Equations, includ-
ing odd-numbered answers, and provides the expanded historical biographies and essays
referenced in the text. The Technology Resource Manuals and the Technology Applica-
tion Projects, which can be used as projects by individual students or groups of students,
are also available.

MyMathLab® Online Course (access code required)

MyMathLab from Pearson is the world’s leading online resource in mathematics, inte-
grating interactive homework, assessment, and media in a flexible, easy-to-use format. It
provides engaging experiences that personalize, stimulate, and measure learning for each
student. And, it comes from an experienced partner with educational expertise and an eye
on the future.
To learn more about how MyMathLab combines proven learning applications with power-
ful assessment, visit www.mymathlab.com or contact your Pearson representative.

MathXL® Online Course (access code required)

MathXL® is the homework and assessment engine that runs MyMathLab. (MyMathLab is
MathXL plus a learning management system.)
With MathXL, instructors can:
• Create, edit, and assign online homework and tests using algorithmically generated
exercises correlated at the objective level to the textbook.
• Create and assign their own online exercises and import TestGen tests for added
flexibility.
• Maintain records of all student work tracked in MathXL’s online gradebook.
xii Preface

With MathXL, students can:

• Take chapter tests in MathXL and receive personalized study plans and/or personalized
homework assignments based on their test results.

• Use the study plan and/or the homework to link directly to tutorial exercises for the
objectives they need to study.

• Access supplemental animations and video clips directly from selected exercises.
MathXL is available to qualified adopters. For more information, visit our Web site at
www.mathxl.com, or contact your Pearson representative.

Video Lectures with Optional Captioning

The Video Lectures with Optional Captioning feature an engaging team of mathemat-
ics instructors who present comprehensive coverage of topics in the text. The lecturers’
presentations include examples and exercises from the text and support an approach that
emphasizes visualization and problem solving. Available only through MyMathLab and
MathXL.

TestGen®
TestGen® (www.pearsoned.com/testgen) enables instructors to build, edit, print, and ad-
minister tests using a computerized bank of questions developed to cover all the objec-
tives of the text. TestGen is algorithmically based, allowing instructors to create multiple
but equivalent versions of the same question or test with the click of a button. Instructors
can also modify test bank questions or add new questions. The software and test bank are
available for download from Pearson Education’s online catalog.

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

These classroom presentation slides are geared specifically to the sequence and philos-
ophy of University Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Key graphics from the book are
included to help bring the concepts alive in the classroom. These files are available to qual-
ified instructors through the Pearson Instructor Resource Center, www.pearsonhighered
.com/irc, and MyMathLab.

Acknowledgments
We wish to express our gratitude to the reviewers of this and previous editions, who
provided such invaluable insight and comment.
Harry Allen, Ohio State University
Edoh Amiran, Western Washington
University
Anthony Bedenikovic, Bradley University
Robert A. Beezer, University of Puget
Sound
Przemyslaw Bogacki, Old Dominion
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University
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Community College
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Technology
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University
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University
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University
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Lincoln
Preface xiii
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Xin Li, University of Central Florida
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Alabama
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Massachusetts—Boston
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Community College—Dale Mabry
Campus
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Credits
Chapter 3
Page 145, Exercise 19, PSSC PHYSICS, 2nd ed., Reprinted by permission of Education
Development Center, Inc.

Chapter 6
Page 383, Figure 6.40, PSSC PHYSICS, 2nd ed., Reprinted by permission of
Educational Development Center, Inc.

Chapter 9
Page 493, Figure 9.9, PSSC PHYSICS, 2nd ed., Reprinted by permission of Educational
Development Center, Inc.

Chapter 13
Page 680, Figure 13.7, Reprinted by permission of the Appalachian Mountain Club;
Page 713, Figure 13.26, U.S. Geological Survey

Chapter 15
Page 828, Figures 15.6 and 15.7, National Committee for Fluid Mechanics, edited by
Shapiro, ILLUSTRATED EXPERIMENTS IN FLUID MECHANICS: THE NCFMF
BOOK OF FILM NOTES, reprinted by permission of Educational Development Center,
Inc.; Page 830, Figure 15.15, InterNetwork Media, Inc., courtesy of NASA/JPL
 chapter

1 Functions

Overview Functions are fundamental to the study of calculus. In this chapter we review
what functions are and how they are pictured as graphs, how they are combined and trans-
formed, and ways they can be classified. We review the trigonometric functions, and we
discuss misrepresentations that can occur when using calculators and computers to obtain
a function’s graph. We also discuss inverse, exponential, and logarithmic functions. The
real number system, Cartesian coordinates, straight lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses, and
hyperbolas are reviewed in the Appendices.

1.1 Functions and Their Graphs

Functions are a tool for describing the real world in mathematical terms. A function can be
represented by an equation, a graph, a numerical table, or a verbal description; we will use
all four representations throughout this book. This section reviews these function ideas.

Functions; Domain and Range

The temperature at which water boils depends on the elevation above sea level (the boiling
point drops as you ascend). The interest paid on a cash investment depends on the length of
time the investment is held. The area of a circle depends on the radius of the circle. The dis-
tance an object travels at constant speed along a straight-line path depends on the elapsed time.
In each case, the value of one variable quantity, say y, depends on the value of another
variable quantity, which we might call x. We say that “y is a function of x” and write this
symbolically as
y = ƒ(x) (“y equals ƒ of x”).
In this notation, the symbol ƒ represents the function, the letter x is the independent variable
representing the input value of ƒ, and y is the dependent variable or output value of ƒ at x.

Definition A function ƒ from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique

(single) element ƒ(x) ∊Y to each element x∊D.

The set D of all possible input values is called the domain of the function. The set of
all output values of ƒ(x) as x varies throughout D is called the range of the function. The
range may not include every element in the set Y. The domain and range of a function can
be any sets of objects, but often in calculus they are sets of real numbers interpreted as
points of a coordinate line. (In Chapters 12–15, we will encounter functions for which the
elements of the sets are points in the coordinate plane or in space.)

1
2 Chapter 1: Functions
x f
Input Output
(domain) (range)
Figure 1.1 A diagram showing a
function as a kind of machine.
x value (the square root) whenever you enter a nonnegative number x and press the 2x key.
a f(a)
D = domain set Y = set containing
the range
Figure 1.2 A function from a set D
to a set Y assigns a unique element of Y
to each element in D.
Often a function is given by a formula that describes how to calculate the output value
from the input variable. For instance, the equation A = pr 2 is a rule that calculates the
area A of a circle from its radius r (so r, interpreted as a length, can only be positive in this
formula). When we define a function y = ƒ(x) with a formula and the domain is not stated
explicitly or restricted by context, the domain is assumed to be the largest set of real
x-values for which the formula gives real y-values, which is called the natural domain. If
we want to restrict the domain in some way, we must say so. The domain of y = x2 is the
entire set of real numbers. To restrict the domain of the function to, say, positive values of
x, we would write “y = x2, x 7 0.”
Changing the domain to which we apply a formula usually changes the range as well.
The range of y = x2 is [0, q). The range of y = x2, x Ú 2, is the set of all numbers
obtained by squaring numbers greater than or equal to 2. In set notation (see Appendix 1),
f(x)
the range is 5x2  x Ú 26 or 5y  y Ú 46 or 3 4, q).
When the range of a function is a set of real numbers, the function is said to be real-
valued. The domains and ranges of most real-valued functions of a real variable we con-
sider are intervals or combinations of intervals. The intervals may be open, closed, or half
open, and may be finite or infinite. Sometimes the range of a function is not easy to find.
A function ƒ is like a machine that produces an output value ƒ(x) in its range whenever we
feed it an input value x from its domain (Figure 1.1). The function keys on a calculator give an
example of a function as a machine. For instance, the 2x key on a calculator gives an output
f(x) A function can also be pictured as an arrow diagram (Figure 1.2). Each arrow associates
an element of the domain D with a unique or single element in the set Y. In Figure 1.2, the
arrows indicate that ƒ(a) is associated with a, ƒ(x) is associated with x, and so on. Notice that
a function can have the same value at two different input elements in the domain (as occurs
with ƒ(a) in Figure 1.2), but each input element x is assigned a single output value ƒ(x).
EXAMPLE 1   Let’s verify the natural domains and associated ranges of some simple
functions. The domains in each case are the values of x for which the formula makes sense.
Function Domain (x) Range ( y)
y = x2 (- q, q) 3 0, q)
y = 1>x (- q, 0) ∪ (0, q) (- q, 0) ∪ (0, q)
y = 2x 3 0, q) 3 0, q)
y = 24 - x (- q, 44 3 0, q)
y = 21 - x2 3 -1, 14 3 0, 14
Solution The formula y = x2 gives a real y-value for any real number x, so the domain
is (- q, q). The range of y = x2 is 3 0, q) because the square of any real number is non-
negative and every nonnegative number y is the square of its own square root, y = 1 2y 2
2
for y Ú 0.
The formula y = 1>x gives a real y-value for every x except x = 0. For consistency
in the rules of arithmetic, we cannot divide any number by zero. The range of y = 1>x, the
set of reciprocals of all nonzero real numbers, is the set of all nonzero real numbers, since
y = 1>(1>y). That is, for y ≠ 0 the number x = 1>y is the input assigned to the output
value y.
The formula y = 2x gives a real y-value only if x Ú 0. The range of y = 2x is
3 0, q) because every nonnegative number is some number’s square root (namely, it is the
square root of its own square).
In y = 24 - x, the quantity 4 - x cannot be negative. That is, 4 - x Ú 0, or
x … 4. The formula gives real y-values for all x … 4. The range of 24 - x is 3 0, q),
the set of all nonnegative numbers.
 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 3

The formula y = 21 - x2 gives a real y-value for every x in the closed interval from
-1 to 1. Outside this domain, 1 - x2 is negative and its square root is not a real number.
The values of 1 - x2 vary from 0 to 1 on the given domain, and the square roots of these
values do the same. The range of 21 - x2 is 3 0, 14 .

Graphs of Functions
If ƒ is a function with domain D, its graph consists of the points in the Cartesian plane
whose coordinates are the input-output pairs for ƒ. In set notation, the graph is
5(x, ƒ(x))  x∊D6 .
The graph of the function ƒ(x) = x + 2 is the set of points with coordinates (x, y) for
which y = x + 2. Its graph is the straight line sketched in Figure 1.3.
The graph of a function ƒ is a useful picture of its behavior. If (x, y) is a point on the
graph, then y = ƒ(x) is the height of the graph above (or below) the point x. The height
may be positive or negative, depending on the sign of ƒ(x) (Figure 1.4).

y f (1)
f(2)

x
y=x+2 x
0 1 2
2 f(x)
(x, y)
x y = x2 x
−2 0

-2 4 Figure 1.3 The graph of ƒ(x) = x + 2 Figure 1.4 If (x, y) lies on the graph of
-1 1 is the set of points (x, y) for which y has the ƒ, then the value y = ƒ(x) is the height of
0 0 value x + 2. the graph above the point x (or below x if
1 1 ƒ(x) is negative).
3 9
2 4 EXAMPLE 2   Graph the function y = x2 over the interval 3 -2, 24 .
2 4
Solution Make a table of xy-pairs that satisfy the equation y = x2 . Plot the points (x, y)
whose coordinates appear in the table, and draw a smooth curve (labeled with its equation)
through the plotted points (see Figure 1.5).

y How do we know that the graph of y = x2 doesn’t look like one of these curves?

(−2, 4) (2, 4)
4 y y
y = x2
3
3 9
2 a2 , 4b

(−1, 1) (1, 1) y = x 2? y = x 2?
1

x
−2 −1 0 1 2

Figure 1.5 Graph of the function x x

in Example 2.
4 Chapter 1: Functions

To find out, we could plot more points. But how would we then connect them? The basic
question still remains: How do we know for sure what the graph looks like between the
points we plot? Calculus answers this question, as we will see in Chapter 4. Meanwhile,
we will have to settle for plotting points and connecting them as best we can.

Representing a Function Numerically

We have seen how a function may be represented algebraically by a formula (the area
function) and visually by a graph (Example 2). Another way to represent a function is
numerically, through a table of values. Numerical representations are often used by engi-
neers and experimental scientists. From an appropriate table of values, a graph of the func-
tion can be obtained using the method illustrated in Example 2, possibly with the aid of a
computer. The graph consisting of only the points in the table is called a scatterplot.

EXAMPLE 3   Musical notes are pressure waves in the air. The data associated with
Figure 1.6 give recorded pressure displacement versus time in seconds of a musical note
produced by a tuning fork. The table provides a representation of the pressure function
over time. If we first make a scatterplot and then connect approximately the data points
(t, p) from the table, we obtain the graph shown in the figure.

p (pressure)
Time Pressure Time Pressure
1.0
Data
0.00091 -0.080 0.00362 0.217 0.8
0.6
0.00108 0.200 0.00379 0.480 0.4
0.00125 0.480 0.00398 0.681 0.2
t (sec)
0.00144 0.693 0.00416 0.810 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
−0.2
0.00162 0.816 0.00435 0.827 −0.4
−0.6
0.00180 0.844 0.00453 0.749
0.00198 0.771 0.00471 0.581 Figure 1.6 A smooth curve through the plotted points
0.00216 0.603 0.00489 0.346 gives a graph of the pressure function represented by the
0.00234 0.368 0.00507 0.077 accompanying tabled data (Example 3).
0.00253 0.099 0.00525 -0.164
0.00271 -0.141 0.00543 -0.320
0.00289 -0.309 0.00562 -0.354
0.00307 -0.348 0.00579 -0.248
0.00325 -0.248 0.00598 -0.035
0.00344 -0.041

The Vertical Line Test for a Function

Not every curve in the coordinate plane can be the graph of a function. A function ƒ can
have only one value ƒ(x) for each x in its domain, so no vertical line can intersect the
graph of a function more than once. If a is in the domain of the function ƒ, then the vertical
line x = a will intersect the graph of ƒ at the single point (a, ƒ(a)).
A circle cannot be the graph of a function, since some vertical lines intersect the circle
twice. The circle graphed in Figure 1.7a, however, does contain the graphs of functions of
x, such as the upper semicircle defined by the function ƒ(x) = 21 - x2 and the lower
semicircle defined by the function g (x) = - 21 - x2 (Figures 1.7b and 1.7c).
 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 5

y y y

−1 1
x x x
−1 0 1 −1 0 1 0

(a) x 2 + y 2 = 1 (b) y = "1 − x 2 (c) y = −"1 − x 2

Figure 1.7 (a) The circle is not the graph of a function; it fails the vertical line test. (b) The
upper semicircle is the graph of a function ƒ(x) = 21 - x2. (c) The lower semicircle is the graph
of a function g (x) = - 21 - x2.
y
y = 0x0
y = −x 3
y=x Piecewise-Defined Functions
2

1 Sometimes a function is described in pieces by using different formulas on different parts

of its domain. One example is the absolute value function
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x, x Ú 0 First formula
Figure 1.8 The absolute value 0x0 = e     
function has domain (- q, q) and -x, x 6 0, Second formula

range 30, q). whose graph is given in Figure 1.8. The right-hand side of the equation means that the
function equals x if x Ú 0, and equals -x if x 6 0. Piecewise-defined functions often
y
arise when real-world data are modeled. Here are some other examples.
y = −x y = f(x)
2

1
y=1 EXAMPLE 4   The function
y = x2
x
−2 −1 0 1 2 -x, x 6 0 First formula
ƒ(x) = c x2, 0 … x … 1    Second formula
Figure 1.9 To graph the 1, x 7 1 Third formula
function y = ƒ(x) shown here,
we apply different formulas to is defined on the entire real line but has values given by different formulas, depending on
different parts of its domain the position of x. The values of ƒ are given by y = -x when x 6 0, y = x2 when
(Example 4). 0 … x … 1, and y = 1 when x 7 1. The function, however, is just one function whose
domain is the entire set of real numbers (Figure 1.9).
y
y=x
3 EXAMPLE 5   The function whose value at any number x is the greatest integer less
2 than or equal to x is called the greatest integer function or the integer floor function. It
y = :x; is denoted : x ; . Figure 1.10 shows the graph. Observe that
1

−2 −1 1 2 3
x : 2.4 ; = 2, : 1.9 ; = 1, : 0 ; = 0, : -1.2 ; = -2,

: 2 ; = 2, : 0.2 ; = 0, : -0.3 ; = -1, : -2 ; = -2.
−2

Figure 1.10 The graph of the
greatest integer function y = : x ;
lies on or below the line y = x, so
it provides an integer floor for x
(Example 5).
EXAMPLE 6   The function whose value at any number x is the smallest integer
greater than or equal to x is called the least integer function or the integer ceiling func-
tion. It is denoted < x = . Figure 1.11 shows the graph. For positive values of x, this function
might represent, for example, the cost of parking x hours in a parking lot that charges $1
for each hour or part of an hour.
6 Chapter 1: Functions

y Increasing and Decreasing Functions

3
y=x If the graph of a function climbs or rises as you move from left to right, we say that the
function is increasing. If the graph descends or falls as you move from left to right, the
2
function is decreasing.
y = <x=
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 Definitions Let ƒ be a function defined on an interval I and let x1 and x2 be
−1 any two points in I.
−2 1. If ƒ(x2) 7 ƒ(x1) whenever x1 6 x2, then ƒ is said to be increasing on I.
2. If ƒ(x2) 6 ƒ(x1) whenever x1 6 x2, then ƒ is said to be decreasing on I.
Figure 1.11 The graph
of the least integer function
y = < x = lies on or above the line It is important to realize that the definitions of increasing and decreasing functions
y = x, so it provides an integer must be satisfied for every pair of points x1 and x2 in I with x1 6 x2. Because we use the
ceiling for x (Example 6). inequality 6 to compare the function values, instead of … , it is sometimes said that ƒ is
strictly increasing or decreasing on I. The interval I may be finite (also called bounded) or
infinite (unbounded) and by definition never consists of a single point (Appendix 1).

EXAMPLE 7   The function graphed in Figure 1.9 is decreasing on (- q, 04 and increas-

ing on 3 0, 14 . The function is neither increasing nor decreasing on the interval 3 1, q)
because of the strict inequalities used to compare the function values in the definitions.

Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry

The graphs of even and odd functions have characteristic symmetry properties.

Definitions A function y = ƒ(x) is an

even function of x if ƒ(-x) = ƒ(x),
odd function of x if ƒ(-x) = -ƒ(x),
for every x in the function’s domain.
y

y = x2 The names even and odd come from powers of x. If y is an even power of x, as in
(−x, y) (x, y) y = x2 or y = x4, it is an even function of x because (-x)2 = x2 and (-x)4 = x4. If y is an
odd power of x, as in y = x or y = x3, it is an odd function of x because (-x)1 = -x and
x
0 (-x)3 = -x3.
(a) The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis. Since ƒ(-x) = ƒ(x), a
point (x, y) lies on the graph if and only if the point (-x, y) lies on the graph (Figure 1.12a).
y A reflection across the y-axis leaves the graph unchanged.
y = x3 The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin. Since ƒ(-x) = -ƒ(x), a
(x, y) point (x, y) lies on the graph if and only if the point (-x, -y) lies on the graph (Figure 1.12b).
Equivalently, a graph is symmetric about the origin if a rotation of 180° about the origin leaves the
x
0 graph unchanged. Notice that the definitions imply that both x and -x must be in the domain of ƒ.
(−x, −y)
EXAMPLE 8   Here are several functions illustrating the definition.

(b)
ƒ(x) = x2 Even function: (-x)2 = x2 for all x; symmetry about y-axis.

Figure 1.12 (a) The graph of y = x2
(an even function) is symmetric about the
y-axis. (b) The graph of y = x3 (an odd
function) is symmetric about the origin.
ƒ(x) = x2 + 1 Even function: (-x)2 + 1 = x2 + 1 for all x; symmetry about
y-axis (Figure 1.13a).
ƒ(x) = x Odd function: (-x) = -x for all x; symmetry about the origin.
ƒ(x) = x + 1 Not odd: ƒ(-x) = -x + 1, but -ƒ(x) = -x - 1. The two are not
equal.
Not even: (-x) + 1 ≠ x + 1 for all x ≠ 0 (Figure 1.13b).
 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 7

y y
y = x2 + 1

y=x+1
y = x2

y=x

1 1
x x
0 −1 0

(a) (b)

Figure 1.13 (a) When we add the constant term 1 to the function
y = x2, the resulting function y = x2 + 1 is still even and its graph is
still symmetric about the y-axis. (b) When we add the constant term 1 to
the function y = x, the resulting function y = x + 1 is no longer odd,
since the symmetry about the origin is lost. The function y = x + 1 is
also not even (Example 8).

Common Functions
A variety of important types of functions are frequently encountered in calculus. We iden-
tify and briefly describe them here.
Linear Functions A function of the form ƒ(x) = mx + b, for constants m and b, is called
a linear function. Figure 1.14a shows an array of lines ƒ(x) = mx where b = 0, so these
lines pass through the origin. The function ƒ(x) = x where m = 1 and b = 0 is called the
identity function. Constant functions result when the slope m = 0 (Figure 1.14b).
A linear function with positive slope whose graph passes through the origin is called a
proportionality relationship.

y
m = −3 m=2
y = −3x y = 2x
m = −1 m=1 y

y=x
1
y = −x m=
2 2 y=3
1 2
y= x
0 2 1
x
x
0 1 2
(a) (b)

Figure 1.14 (a) Lines through the origin with slope m. (b) A constant func-
tion with slope m = 0.

Definition Two variables y and x are proportional (to one another) if one
is always a constant multiple of the other; that is, if y = kx for some nonzero
constant k.

If the variable y is proportional to the reciprocal 1>x, then sometimes it is said that y is
inversely proportional to x (because 1>x is the multiplicative inverse of x).
Power Functions A function ƒ(x) = xa, where a is a constant, is called a power function.
There are several important cases to consider.
8 Chapter 1: Functions

(a) a = n, a positive integer.

The graphs of ƒ(x) = xn, for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, are displayed in Figure 1.15. These func-
tions are defined for all real values of x. Notice that as the power n gets larger, the curves
tend to flatten toward the x-axis on the interval (-1, 1), and to rise more steeply for
0 x 0 7 1. Each curve passes through the point (1, 1) and through the origin. The graphs of
functions with even powers are symmetric about the y-axis; those with odd powers are
symmetric about the origin. The even-powered functions are decreasing on the interval
(- q, 04 and increasing on 3 0, q); the odd-powered functions are increasing over the
entire real line (- q, q).
y y y y y y = x5
y=x y = x2 y = x3 y = x4

1 1 1 1 1

x x x x x
−1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1

Figure 1.15 Graphs of ƒ(x) = xn, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, defined for - q 6 x 6 q.

(b) a = -1 or a = -2.
The graphs of the functions ƒ(x) = x-1 = 1>x and g(x) = x-2 = 1>x2 are shown in
Figure 1.16. Both functions are defined for all x ≠ 0 (you can never divide by zero). The
graph of y = 1>x is the hyperbola xy = 1, which approaches the coordinate axes far from
the origin. The graph of y = 1>x2 also approaches the coordinate axes. The graph of the
function ƒ is symmetric about the origin; ƒ is decreasing on the intervals (- q, 0) and
(0, q). The graph of the function g is symmetric about the y-axis; g is increasing on
(- q, 0) and decreasing on (0, q).

y
y

y = 1x y = 12
x
1
x
0 1 1
Domain: x ≠ 0 x
Range: y ≠ 0 0 1
Domain: x ≠ 0
Range: y > 0

(a) (b)

Figure 1.16 Graphs of the power functions ƒ(x) = xa for part (a) a = - 1
and for part (b) a = - 2.

1 1 3 2
(c) a = , , , and .
2 3 2 3
3
The functions ƒ(x) = x1>2 = 2x and g(x) = x1>3 = 2 x are the square root and cube
root functions, respectively. The domain of the square root function is 3 0, q), but the
cube root function is defined for all real x. Their graphs are displayed in Figure 1.17, along
with the graphs of y = x3>2 and y = x2>3. (Recall that x3>2 = (x1>2)3 and x2>3 = (x1>3)2.)
Polynomials A function p is a polynomial if
p(x) = an xn + an - 1xn - 1 + g + a1 x + a0
where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0, a1, a2, c, an are real constants
(called the coefficients of the polynomial). All polynomials have domain (- q, q). If the
 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 9

y
y y
32
y = !x y=x

y = !x
3 y = x 23
1
1 1 1
x x x x
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Domain: 0 ≤ x < ∞ Domain: −∞ < x < ∞ Domain: 0 ≤ x < ∞ Domain: −∞ < x < ∞
Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞ Range: −∞ < y < ∞ Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞ Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞
1 1 3 2
Figure 1.17 Graphs of the power functions ƒ(x) = xa for a = , , , and .
2 3 2 3

leading coefficient an ≠ 0 and n 7 0, then n is called the degree of the polynomial. Lin-
ear functions with m ≠ 0 are polynomials of degree 1. Polynomials of degree 2, usually
written as p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, are called quadratic functions. Likewise, cubic functions
are polynomials p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d of degree 3. Figure 1.18 shows the graphs
of three polynomials. Techniques to graph polynomials are studied in Chapter 4.

3 2
y = x − x − 2x + 1
3 2 3
y
4 y
y y = (x − 2)4(x + 1)3(x − 1)
y= 8x 4 − 14x 3 − 9x 2 + 11x − 1
16
2 2
x
−1 1 2
x −2
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 x
−1 0 1 2
−6
−2
−8
−10
−16
−4 −12
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1.18 Graphs of three polynomial functions.

Rational Functions A rational function is a quotient or ratio ƒ(x) = p(x)>q(x), where

p and q are polynomials. The domain of a rational function is the set of all real x for which
q(x) ≠ 0. The graphs of several rational functions are shown in Figure 1.19.

y
y 8
y 2 y = 11x3 + 2
4 y = 5x +2 8x − 3 6 2x − 1
3x + 2
2
2
4
y = 2x − 3 2 Line y = 5
7x + 4 1 3 2

x x x
−4 −2 2 4 −5 0 5 10 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−1 −2
−2
−4
−2
NOT TO SCALE
−4 −6

−8
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1.19 Graphs of three rational functions. The straight red lines approached by the graphs are called
asymptotes and are not part of the graphs. We discuss asymptotes in Section 2.6.
10 Chapter 1: Functions

Algebraic Functions Any function constructed from polynomials using algebraic oper-
ations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking roots) lies within the
class of algebraic functions. All rational functions are algebraic, but also included are
more complicated functions (such as those satisfying an equation like y3 - 9xy + x3 = 0,
studied in Section 3.7). Figure 1.20 displays the graphs of three algebraic functions.

y y = x 13(x − 4)
y y = x(1 − x)25
4 y = 3 (x 2 − 1) 23
4
3 y
2 1
1
x x x
−1 4 −1 0 1 0 5 1
−1 7
−2 −1
−3

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1.20 Graphs of three algebraic functions.

Trigonometric Functions The six basic trigonometric functions are reviewed in Section 1.3.
The graphs of the sine and cosine functions are shown in Figure 1.21.

y y

1 1 3p 5p
3p − p2 2 2
x x
−p 0 p 2p 0 p
−1 −1 2

(a) f (x) = sin x (b) f (x) = cos x

Figure 1.21 Graphs of the sine and cosine functions.

Exponential Functions Functions of the form ƒ(x) = ax, where the base a 7 0 is a
positive constant and a ≠ 1, are called exponential functions. All exponential functions
have domain (- q, q) and range (0, q), so an exponential function never assumes the
value 0. We discuss exponential functions in Section 1.5. The graphs of some exponential
functions are shown in Figure 1.22.

y y
y = 10 x y = 10 –x
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 y= 3 –x 6
y = 3x
4 4
2 2
y = 2x y = 2 –x
x x
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
(a) (b)

Figure 1.22 Graphs of exponential functions.

 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 11

Logarithmic Functions These are the functions ƒ(x) = loga x, where the base a ≠ 1
is a positive constant. They are the inverse functions of the exponential functions, and
we discuss these functions in Section 1.6. Figure 1.23 shows the graphs of four loga-
rithmic functions with various bases. In each case the domain is (0, q) and the range
is (- q, q).

y y = log 2 x
y = log 3 x

x
0 1
y = log5 x 1
−1 y = log10 x
x
−1 0 1

Figure 1.23 Graphs of four logarithmic Figure 1.24 Graph of a catenary or

functions. hanging cable. (The Latin word catena
means “chain.”)

Transcendental Functions These are functions that are not algebraic. They include the
trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions, and many
other functions as well. A particular example of a transcendental function is a catenary.
Its graph has the shape of a cable, like a telephone line or electric cable, strung from one
support to another and hanging freely under its own weight (Figure 1.24). The function
defining the graph is discussed in Section 7.3.

Exercises 1.1
Functions 8. a. y b. y
In Exercises 1–6, find the domain and range of each function.
1. ƒ(x) = 1 + x2 2. ƒ(x) = 1 - 2x
3. F(x) = 25x + 10 4. g(x) = 2x2 - 3x
4 2
5. ƒ(t) = 6. G(t) =
3 - t t 2 - 16
In Exercises 7 and 8, which of the graphs are graphs of functions of x, x x
and which are not? Give reasons for your answers. 0 0

7. a. y b.
x x
0 0
y
Finding Formulas for Functions
9. Express the area and perimeter of an equilateral triangle as a
function of the triangle’s side length x.
10. Express the side length of a square as a function of the length d of
the square’s diagonal. Then express the area as a function of the
diagonal length.
11. Express the edge length of a cube as a function of the cube’s
diagonal length d. Then express the surface area and volume of
the cube as a function of the diagonal length.
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 CHAPTER VII.
AN AFFAIR AT THE STATE HOUSE.

Barbara filed the messages herself with the manager of the

telegraph company, who lifted the green shade from his eyes and
smiled upon her.
“We’ll rush them, Miss Osborne. Shall I telephone the answers if
they come to-night? No; your father likes his telegrams delivered, I
remember.”
“I will call for them,” said Griswold. “Governor Osborne was only at
home a few hours this evening, and he left me in charge of these
matters.”
The manager’s face expressed surprise.
“Oh! I didn’t know the governor was at home,” he remarked, as he
finished counting the words and charging them against the state’s
account. “I will send them myself, and ask the operators at the other
end to look lively about the answers. You are Mr.——”
“This is Major Griswold,” said Barbara, conferring the title with a
vague feeling that it strengthened her cause.
“Major,” repeated the manager, as he nodded to Griswold with an air
that implied his familiarity with official secrets. “You will call? In a
couple of hours, Major.”
As Barbara and Griswold turned to leave, a young man who had
been writing a message at the standing desk in the lobby lifted his
hat and addressed Barbara. He was a reporter for the Columbia
Intelligencer, and his manner was eager.
“Oh, Miss Osborne, pardon me, but I’ve been trying to get you on the
telephone. Can you tell me where your father is to-night?”
“Father was in town only a few hours, and then left on state
business.”
The young man glanced from one to the other. He was a polite
youngster, and Miss Barbara Osborne was—Miss Barbara Osborne,
and this, to the people of South Carolina, was a fact of weight. Still
the reporter twirled his hat uncertainly.
“Well, I thought I had met all the trains, but I guess I missed the
governor.”
“No; you didn’t miss him,” smiled Barbara. “Father drove in from the
country and went back the same way. He didn’t come into town at
all.”
The news instinct is the keenest with which man may be blessed,
and the reporter scented events. Griswold, seeing the light flash in
the young man’s eye, felt that here was an opportunity to allay public
criticism.
“Governor Osborne is engaged upon important public business. He
will be absent from town for a day—perhaps a week. He will not
return to Columbia until the business is thoroughly disposed of.”
“May I ask if it’s the Appleweight case? The Raleigh papers have
wired for information, and we’d like to know here.”
“I cannot answer that question. It’s enough that the governor is
absent on state business, and that the business is important. You
may print that in the Intelligencer, and repeat it to Raleigh.—There is
no harm in that, is there, Miss Osborne?”
“No; certainly not,” Barbara replied.
“But the papers all over the state are talking about the Appleweight
gang. They intimate that those people enjoy immunity from
prosecution, and that the governor—you will pardon me, Miss
Osborne—will take no steps to arrest them, for personal reasons.”
“Your question is quite proper,” replied Griswold. “The governor’s
acts are subject to scrutiny at all times, and it is just as well to have
this matter understood now. I am employed by the governor as
special counsel in some state matters. My name is Griswold. Take
out your book and come to the desk here, and I will give you a
statement which you may publish as by the authority of the
governor.”
The three found seats at a table, and Griswold dictated while the
reporter wrote, Barbara meanwhile sitting with her cheek resting
against her raised hand. She was experiencing the relief we all
know, of finding a strong arm to lean upon in an emergency, and she
realized that Griswold was not only wise, but shrewd and
resourceful.
“Please print this exactly as I give it: It having been intimated in
certain quarters that the Appleweight gang of outlaws, which has
been terrorizing the North Carolina frontier for several years, enjoys
immunity from prosecution in South Carolina owing to the fact that
Governor Osborne was at some time attorney for Appleweight,
Governor Osborne begs to say that steps have already been taken
for the arrest of this man and his followers, dead or alive. The
governor presents his compliments to those amiable critics who have
so eagerly seized upon this pretext for slurring his private character
and aspersing his official acts. The governor has no apologies to
proffer the people of South Carolina, who have so generously
reposed in him their trust and confidence. He is intent upon
safeguarding the peace, dignity, and honour of the state through an
honest enforcement of law, and he has no other aim or ambition.”
Griswold took the reporter’s notebook and read over this
pronunciamiento; then he handed it to Barbara, who studied it
carefully.
“I think that sounds just right, only why not substitute for ‘honest’ the
word ‘vigorous’?”
“Excellent,” assented Griswold, and thus amended the statement
was returned to the reporter.
“Now,” said Griswold to the young man, “you are getting a pretty
good item that no other paper will have. Please wire your story to
Raleigh; Governor Osborne is very anxious that the people up there
shall understand fully his attitude in the Appleweight matter.”
“I reckon this will wake up old Dangerfield all right,” said the reporter,
grinning. “He’ll be paralyzed. May I use your name in this
connection, sir?”
“Not at all. My engagement with Governor Osborne is of the most
confidential character, and our purposes would be defeated by
publicity. Remember, you get the exclusive use of this story—the
return and immediate departure of the governor, his statement to the
people in the Appleweight case—all with the understanding that you
use what you have to the best advantage.”
“This is all right, is it, Miss Osborne?” asked the reporter.
“Major Griswold has full authority to act, and you need question
nothing he tells you,” Barbara replied.
“I suppose the governor didn’t see the attorney-general to-day?”
asked the reporter detainingly, as Barbara rose. She exchanged a
glance with Griswold.
“Father didn’t see Mr. Bosworth at all, if that’s what you mean!”
“Didn’t see him? Well, Bosworth didn’t exactly tell me he had seen
him to-day, but I asked him about the Appleweight case an hour ago
at his house, and he said the governor wasn’t going to do anything,
and that was the end of it so far as the administration is concerned.”
“Print his story and see what happens! We have no comment to
make on that, have we, Miss Osborne?”
“Nothing at all,” replied Barbara scornfully.
“I’m at the Saluda House at present. See me to-morrow and I may
have another story for you!” and Griswold shook the reporter warmly
by the hand as they parted at the carriage door.
“Home,” said Barbara for the reporter’s benefit, and then, to
Griswold: “I must speak of another matter. Drive with me a little way
until we can throw the reporter off.”
She spoke quietly, but he saw that she was preoccupied with some
new phase of the situation, and as the carriage gained headway she
said earnestly,—
“That young man told the truth—I am sure of it—about Mr. Bosworth.
I knew he would do something to injure father if he could, but I did
not know he had the courage to go so far.”
“It’s only politics, Miss Osborne,” said Griswold lightly. “Besides, you
may be sure the Intelligencer will print the governor’s side of it in its
largest type.”
“No; it is not politics. It is more despicable, more contemptible, more
ungenerous even than politics. But he shall be punished, humiliated,
for his conduct.”
“You shall fix his punishment yourself!” laughed Griswold; “but the
state’s business first. We have a little more to do before I am
satisfied with the day’s work.”
“Yes, of course. We must leave nothing undone that father would do
were he here to act for himself.”
“We must be even more careful in his absence to safeguard his
honour than the case really requires. We not only have his public
responsibility but our own into the bargain in so far as we speak and
act for him. And there’s always the state—the Palmetto flag must be
kept flying at the masthead.” Their eyes met as they passed under
an electric lamp, and he saw how completely she was relying on his
guidance.
They were now at the edge of town, and she bade him stop the
carriage.
“We must go to the state house,” said Griswold. “We must get that
requisition, to guard against treason in the citadel. Assuming that
Governor Osborne really doesn’t want to see Appleweight punished,
we’d better hold the requisition anyhow. It’s possible that your father
had it ready—do pardon me!—for a grand-stand play, or he may
have wanted to bring Appleweight into the friendlier state—but that’s
all conjectural. We’d better keep out of the principal streets. That
reporter has a sharp eye.”
She gave the necessary directions, and the driver turned back into
Columbia. It was pleasant to find his accomplice in this conspiracy a
girl of keen wit who did not debate matters or ask tiresome
questions. The business ahead was serious enough, though he tried
by manner, tone, and words to minimize its gravity. If the attorney-
general was serving a personal spite, or whatever the cause of his
attitude, he might go far in taking advantage of the governor’s
absence. Griswold’s relation to the case was equivocal enough, he
fully realized; but the very fact of its being without precedent, and so
beset with pitfalls for all concerned, was a spur to action. In the
present instance a duly executed requisition for the apprehension of
a criminal, which could not be replaced if lost, must be held at all
hazards, and Griswold had determined to make sure of the
governor’s warrant before he slept.
“Have you the office keys?” he asked.
“Yes; I have been afraid to let go of them. There’s a watchman in the
building, but he knows me very well. There will not be the slightest
trouble about getting in.”
The watchman—an old Confederate veteran—sat smoking in the
entrance, and courteously bade them good-evening.
“I want to get some papers from father’s office, Captain.”
“Certainly, Miss Barbara.” He preceded them, throwing on the lights,
to the governor’s door, which he opened with his own pass-key. “It’s
pretty lonesome here at night, Miss Barbara.”
“I suppose nobody comes at night,” remarked Griswold.
“Not usually, sir. But one or two students are at work in the library,
and Mr. Bosworth is in his office.”
The veteran walked away jingling his keys. Barbara was already in
the private office, bending over the governor’s desk. She found the
right key, drew out a drawer, then cried out softly. She knelt beside
the desk, throwing the papers about in her eagerness, then turned to
Griswold with a white face.
“The drawer has been opened since I was here this morning. The
requisition and all the other papers in the case are gone.”
Griswold examined the lock carefully and pointed to the roughened
edges of the wood.
“A blade of the shears there, or perhaps the paper-cutter—who
knows? The matter is simple enough, so please do not trouble about
it. Wait here a moment. I want to make some inquiries of the
watchman.”
He found the old fellow pacing the portico like a sentry. He pointed
out the attorney-general’s office, threw on a few additional lights for
Griswold’s guidance, and resumed his patrol duty outside.
The attorney-general’s door was locked, but in response to
Griswold’s knock it was opened guardedly.
“I am very sorry to trouble you, Mr. Bosworth,” began Griswold,
quietly edging his way into the room, “but one never gets wholly
away from business these days.”
He closed the door himself, and peered into the inner rooms to be
sure the attorney-general was alone. Bosworth’s face flushed angrily
when he found that a stranger had thus entered his office with a cool
air of proprietorship; then he stared blankly at Griswold for a moment
before he recalled where he had seen him before.
“I don’t receive visitors at night,” he blurted, laying his hand on the
door. “I’m engaged, and you’ll have to come in office hours.”
He shook the door as though to call Griswold’s attention to it.
“Do you see this thing? it’s the door!” he roared.
“I have seen it from both sides, Mr. Bosworth. I intend to stay on this
side until I get ready to go.”
“Who the devil are you? What do you mean by coming here at this
time of night?”
“I’m a lawyer myself, if you will force the ignoble truth from me. Now,
when you are perfectly quiet, and once more the sane, reasonable
human being you must be to have been trusted with the office you
hold, we’ll proceed to business. Meanwhile, please put on your coat.
A man in his shirt-sleeves is always at a disadvantage; and we
Virginians are sticklers for the proprieties.”
The attorney-general’s fury abated when he saw that he had to deal
with a low-voiced young man who seemed unlikely to yield to
intimidation. Griswold had, in fact, seated himself on a table that was
otherwise covered with law books, and he sniffed with pleasure the
familiar atmosphere of dusty law calf, which no one who has had the
slightest acquaintance with a law office ever forgets. To his infinite
amusement Bosworth was actually putting on his coat, though it may
have been a little absent-mindedly to give him an opportunity to
decide upon a plan for getting rid of his visitor. However this may
have been, Bosworth now stepped to the side of the room and
snatched down the telephone receiver.
Griswold caught him by the shoulder and flung him round.
“None of that! By calling the police you will only get yourself into
trouble. I’m bigger than you are, and I should hate to have to throw
you out of the window. Now”—and he caught and hung up the
receiver, which was wildly banging the wall—“now let us be sensible
and get down to business.”
“Who the devil are you?” demanded Bosworth, glaring.
“I’m special counsel for Governor Osborne in the Appleweight case.
There’s no use in wasting time in further identification, but if you take
down that volume on Admiralty Practice just behind you, you will find
my name on the title-page. Or, to save you the trouble, as you seem
to be interested in my appearance, I will tell you that my name is
Griswold, and that my address is Charlottesville, Virginia.”
“You are undoubtedly lying. If you are smart enough to write a book,
you ought to know enough about legal procedure to understand that
the attorney-general represents the state, and special counsel would
not be chosen without his knowledge.”
“Allow me to correct you, my learned brother. You should never
misquote the opposing counsel—it’s one of the rules of the game.
What I said a moment ago was that I represented the governor—
Governor Osborne. I didn’t say I represented the state, which is a
different matter, and beset with ultra vires pitfalls. There is no earthly
reason why a governor should not detach himself, so to speak, from
his office and act in propria persona, as a mere citizen. His right to
private remedy is not abridged by the misfortune of office-holding.
Whether he can himself be made defendant in an action at law
touches that ancient question, whether the monarch or the state can
be sued. That’s a question law students have debated from the
beginning of time, but we must not confuse it with the case at issue.
The governor, as a citizen, may certainly employ such counsel as he
pleases, and just now I represent him. Of course, if you want me to
furnish a brief——”
Griswold’s manner was deliberate and ingratiating. He saw that the
attorney-general had not the slightest sense of humour, and that his
play upon legal phrases was wasted. Bosworth grinned, but not at
the legal status of monarchs and states. He had thought of a clever
stroke, and he dealt the blow with confidence.
“Let us assume,” he said, “that you represent Mr. Osborne. May I ask
the whereabouts of your client?”
“Certainly. You may ask anything you please, but it will do you no
good. It’s an old rule of the game never to divulge a client’s secret.
Governor Osborne has his own reasons for absenting himself from
his office. However, he was at home to-night.”
“I rather guess not, as I had all the trains watched. You’ll have to do
a lot better than that, Mr. Griswold.”
“He has issued a statement to the public since you lied to the
Intelligencer reporter about him to-day. I suppose it’s part of your
official duty to misrepresent the head of the state administration in
the press, but the governor is in the saddle, and I advise you to be
good.”
The attorney-general felt that he was not making headway. His
disadvantage in dealing with a stranger whose identity he still
questioned angered him. He did not know why Griswold had sought
him out, and he was chagrined at having allowed himself to be so
easily cornered.
“You seem to know a good deal,” he sneered. “How did you get into
this thing anyhow?”
“My dear sir, I was chosen by the governor because of my superior
attainments, don’t you see? But I’m in a hurry now. I came here on a
particular errand. I want that requisition in the Appleweight case—
quick!—if you please, Mr. Bosworth.”
He jumped down from the table and took up his hat and stick.
“Mr. Griswold, or whoever you are, you are either a fool or a
blackguard. There isn’t any requisition for Appleweight. The governor
never had the sand to issue any, if you must know the truth! If you
knew anything about the governor, you would know that that’s why
Osborne is hiding himself. He can’t afford to offend the
Appleweights, if you must know the disagreeable truth. Your coming
here and asking me for that requisition is funny, if you had the brains
to see it. Poor old Osborne is scared to death, and I doubt if he’s
within a hundred miles of here. You don’t know the governor; I do!
He’s a dodger, a trimmer, and a coward.”
“Mr. Bosworth,” began Griswold deliberately, “that requisition, duly
signed and bearing the seal of the secretary of state as by the
statutes in such cases made and provided, was in Governor
Osborne’s desk this morning at the time you were so daintily kicking
the door in your anxiety to see the governor. It has since been taken
from the drawer where the governor left it when he went to New
Orleans. You have gone in there like a sneak-thief, pried open the
drawer, and stolen that document; and now——”
“It’s an ugly charge,” mocked the attorney-general.
“It’s all of that,” and Griswold smiled.
“But you forget that you represent Mr. Osborne. On the other hand, I
represent Governor Osborne, and if I want the Appleweight papers I
had every right to them.”
“After office hours, feloniously and with criminal intent?” laughed
Griswold.
“We will assume that I have them,” sneered Bosworth, “and such
being the case I will return them only to the governor.”
“Then”—and Griswold’s smile broadened—“if it comes to
concessions, I will grant that you are within your rights in wishing to
place them in the governor’s own hands. The governor of South
Carolina is now, so to speak, in camera.”
“The governor is hiding. He’s afraid to come to Columbia, and the
whole state knows it.”
“The papers, my friend; and I will satisfy you that the governor of
South Carolina is under this roof and transacting business.”
“Here in the state house?” demanded Bosworth, and he blanched
and twisted the buttons of his coat nervously.
“The governor of South Carolina, the supreme power of the state,
charged with full responsibility, enjoying all the immunities, rights,
and privileges unto him belonging.”
It was clear that Bosworth took no stock whatever in Griswold’s
story; but Griswold’s pretended employment by the governor and his
apparent knowledge of the governor’s affairs piqued his curiosity. If
this was really the Griswold who had written a widely accepted work
on admiralty and who was known to him by reputation as a brilliant
lawyer of Virginia, the mystery was all the deeper. By taking the few
steps necessary to reach the governor’s chambers he would prove
the falsity of Griswold’s pretensions to special knowledge of the
governor’s whereabouts and plans. He stepped to an inner office,
came back with a packet of papers, and thrust a revolver into his
pocket with so vain a show of it that Griswold laughed aloud.
“What! Do you still back your arguments with firearms arms down
here? It’s a method that has gone out of fashion in Virginia!”
“If there’s a trick in this it will be the worse for you,” scowled
Bosworth.
“And pray, remember, on your side, that you are to give those
documents into the hands of the governor. Come along.”
They met the watchman in the corridor, and he saluted them and
passed on. Bosworth strode eagerly forward in his anxiety to prick
the bubble of Griswold’s pretensions.
Griswold threw open the door of the governor’s reception-room, and
they blinked in the stronger light that poured in from the private
office. There, in the governor’s chair by the broad official desk, sat
Barbara Osborne reading a newspaper.
“Your Excellency,” said Griswold, bowing gravely and advancing, “I
beg to present the attorney-general.”
“Barbara!”
The papers fell from the attorney-general’s hands. He stood staring
until astonishment began to yield to rage as he realized that a trap
had been sprung upon him. The girl had risen instantly, and a smile
played about her lips for a moment. She had vaguely surmised that
Griswold would charge Bosworth with the loss of the papers, but her
associate in the conspiracy had now given a turn to the matter that
amused her.
“Barbara!” blurted the attorney-general, “what game is this—what
contemptible trick is this stranger playing on you? Don’t you
understand that your father’s absence is a most serious matter, and
that in the present condition of this Appleweight affair it is likely to
involve him and the state in scandal?”
Barbara regarded him steadily for a moment with a negative sort of
gaze. She took a step forward before she spoke, and then she asked
quickly and sharply,—
“What have you done, Mr. Bosworth, to avert these calamities, and
what was in your mind when you pried open the drawer and took out
those papers?”
“I was going to use the requisition——”
“How?”
“Why, I expected——”
“Mr. Bosworth expected to effect a coup for his own glory during the
governor’s absence,” suggested Griswold.
“How?” and Barbara’s voice rang imperiously and her eyes flashed.
“Send this unknown person, this impostor and meddler away, and I
will talk to you as old friends may talk together,” and he glared
fiercely at Griswold, who stood fanning himself with his hat.
“I asked you how you intended to serve my father, Mr. Bosworth,
because you sent me this afternoon a letter in which you threatened
me—you threatened me with my father’s ruin if I did not marry you.
You would take advantage of my trouble and anxiety to force that
question on me when I had answered it once and for all long ago.
Before this stranger I want to tell you that you are a despicable
coward, and that if you think you can humiliate me or my father or
the state by such practices as you have resorted to you are very
greatly mistaken. And further, Mr. Bosworth, if I find you interfering
again in this matter, I shall print that letter you wrote me to-day in
every newspaper in the state! Now, that is all I have to say to you,
and I hope never to see you again.”
“Before you go, Mr. Bosworth,” said Griswold, “I wish to say that Miss
Osborne has spoken of your conduct with altogether too much
restraint. I shall add, on my own account, that if I find you meddling
again in this Appleweight case, I shall first procure your removal from
office, and after that I shall take the greatest pleasure in flogging you
within an inch of your life. Now go!”
The two had dismissed him, and before Bosworth’s step died away
in the hall, Griswold was running his eye over the papers.
“That man will do something nasty if he is clever enough to think of
anything.”
“He’s a disgusting person,” said Barbara, touching her forehead with
her handkerchief.
“He’s all of that,” remarked Griswold, as he retied the red tape round
the packet of papers. “And now, before we leave we may as well
face a serious proposition. Your father’s absence and this fiction we
are maintaining that he is really here cannot be maintained for ever. I
don’t want to trouble you, for you, of course, realize all this as keenly
as I. But what do you suppose actually happened at New Orleans
between your father and the governor of North Carolina?”
She leaned against her father’s desk, her hands lightly resting on its
flat surface. She was wholly serene now, and she smiled and then
laughed.
“It couldn’t have been what the governor of North Carolina said to
the governor of South Carolina in the old story, for father is strongly
opposed to drink of all kinds. And in the story——”
“I’ve forgotten where that story originated.”
“Well, it happened a long time ago, and nobody really knows the
origin. But according to tradition, at the crisis of a great row between
two governors, the ice was broken by the governor of North Carolina
saying to the governor of South Carolina those shocking words
about its being a long time between drinks. What makes the New
Orleans incident so remarkable is that father and Governor
Dangerfield have always been friends, though I never cared very
much for the Dangerfields myself. The only tiffs they have had have
been purely for effect. When father said that the people of North
Carolina would never amount to anything so long as they fry their
meat, it was only his joke with Governor Dangerfield—but it did make
North Carolina awfully mad. And Jerry—she’s the governor’s
daughter—refused to visit me last winter just on that account. Jerry
Dangerfield’s a nice little girl, but she has no sense of humour.”
 CHAPTER VIII.
THE LABOURS OF MR. ARDMORE.

While he waited for Miss Jerry Dangerfield to appear Mr. Thomas

Ardmore read for the first time the constitution of the United States.
He had reached the governor’s office early, and seeking diversion,
he had picked up a small volume that bore some outward
resemblance to a novel. This proved, however, to be Johnston’s
American Politics, and he was amazed to find that this diminutive
work contained the answers to a great many questions which had
often perplexed him, but which he had imagined could not be
answered except by statesmen or by men like his friend Griswold,
who spent their lives in study.
He had supposed that the constitution of a great nation like the
United States would fill many volumes, and be couched in terms
bewildering and baffling; and it was perhaps the proudest moment in
Mr. Ardmore’s life when, in the cool and quiet of the May morning, in
the historic chambers of the governor of North Carolina, it dawned
upon him that the charter of American liberty filled hardly more space
than the stipulations for a yacht race, or a set of football rules; and
that, moreover, he understood the greater part of it, or thought he
did. Such strange words as “attainder” and “capitation” he sought out
in the dictionary, and this also gave him a new sensation and thrill of
pleasure at finding the machinery of knowledge so simple. He made
note of several matters he wished to ask Griswold about when they
met again; then turned back into the body of the text, and had read
as far as Burr’s conspiracy when Jerry came breezily in. He
experienced for the first time in his life that obsession of guilt which
sinks in shame the office-boy who is caught reading a dime novel.
Jerry seemed to tower above him like an avenging angel, and
though her sword was only a parasol, her words cut deep enough.
“Well, you are taking it pretty cool!”
“Taking what?” faltered Ardmore, standing up, and seeking to hide
the book behind his back.
“Why, this outrageous article!” and she thrust a newspaper under his
eyes. “Do you mean to say you haven’t seen the morning paper?”
“To tell you the truth, Miss Dangerfield, I hardly ever read the
papers.”
“What’s that you were reading when I came in?” she demanded
severely, withholding the paper until she should be answered.
“It’s a book about the government, and the powers reserved to the
states and that sort of thing. I was just reading the constitution; I
thought it might help us—I mean you—in your work.”
“The constitution help me? Hasn’t it occurred to you before this that
what I’m doing is all against the constitution and the revised statutes
and all those books you see on the shelf there?”
“But the constitution sounds all right. It seems remarkably
reasonable. You couldn’t ask anything fairer than that!”
“So are the ten commandments fair enough; but you’re on the wrong
track, Mr. Ardmore, if you’re trying to support the present
administration with stupid things in books. I don’t follow precedents,
Mr. Ardmore; I create them.”
“But I should think you would have to be awfully careful not to mix up
the business of the executive and judicial branches of the
government. I think I heard Grissy speak of that once, though I’m not
certain. Grissy knows more than almost any other living man.”
“I don’t doubt that your friend is a well-educated person, but in times
like these you’ve got to rise above the constitution; and just now it’s
more convenient to forget it. There’s a constitution of North Carolina,
too, if you’re looking for constitutions, but in good society such things
are not mentioned. Papa always refers to the constitution with tears
in his eyes when he’s making speeches, but papa’s very emotional.
If I could make a speech I should tell the people what I think of them
—that they’re too silly and stupid for words.”
“You are right, Miss Dangerfield. I have felt exactly that way about
the people ever since I was defeated for alderman in New York. But
let me have the paper.”
She turned to the morning mail while he read and opened the
envelopes rapidly. Such of the letters as she thought interesting or
important she put aside, and when Ardmore finished reading a
double-leaded telegram from Columbia, in which the governor of
South Carolina was quoted as declaring his intention of taking
immediate steps for the apprehension of Appleweight, she was still
reading and sorting letters, tapping her cheek lightly meanwhile with
the official paper-knife.
“Here, Mr. Ardmore,” she said, drawing a paper from her pocket, “is
the answer to that telegram we sent yesterday evening. Suppose
you read that next, and we can then decide what to do.”
She was making the letters into little piles, humming softly
meanwhile; but he felt that there was a storm brewing. He read the
message from Columbia a number of times, and if the acting
governor had not been so ominously quiet he would have laughed at
the terse sentences.
“There must be a mistake about this. He wouldn’t have used
‘diverting’ that way; that’s insulting!”
“So you appreciate its significance, do you, Mr. Ardmore? The iron
enters your soul, does it? You realize that I have been insulted, do
you?”
“I shouldn’t put it that way, Miss Dangerfield. Governor Osborne
would never have sent a message like that to you—he thought he
was sending it to your father.”
“He’s insulted me and every other citizen in the Old North State;
that’s who he’s insulted, Mr. Ardmore. Let me read it again;” and she
repeated the telegram aloud:
“‘Your extremely diverting telegram in Appleweight case received
and filed.’ I think it’s the extremely that’s so perfectly mean. The
diverting by itself would not hurt my feelings half so much. He’s a
good deal smarter man than I thought he was to think up a telegram
like that. But what do you think of that piece in the newspaper?”
“He says he’s going to catch Appleweight dead or alive. That sounds
pretty serious.”
“I think it’s a bluff myself. That telegram we sent him yesterday must
have scared him to death. He was driven into a corner and had to do
something to avoid being disgraced, and it’s easy enough to talk big
in the newspapers when you haven’t the slightest intention of doing
anything at all. I’ve noticed that father talks the longest and loudest
about things he doesn’t believe at all.”
“Is it possible?” whispered Ardmore incredulously.
“Of course it’s possible! Father would never have been elected if
he’d expressed his real sentiments; neither would anybody else ever
be elected if he said beforehand what he really believed.”
“That must have been the reason I got defeated for alderman on the
reform ticket. I told ’em I was for turning the rascals out.”
“That was very stupid of you. You’ve got to get the rascals to elect
you first; then if you’re tired of office and don’t need them any more
you bounce them. But that’s political practice; it’s a theory we’ve got
to work out now. Governor Osborne’s telegram is much more
important than his interview in the newspapers, which is just for
effect and of no importance at all. He doesn’t say the same things in
the telegram to father that he said to the reporter. A governor who
really meant to do anything wouldn’t be so ready to insult another
governor. The newspapers are a lot of bother. I spent all yesterday
evening talking to reporters. They came to the house to ask where
papa was and when he would be home!”
“What did you tell them?”
“I didn’t tell them anything. I sent out for two other girls, and we all
just talked to them and kept talking, and gave them lemon sherbet
and ginger cookies; and Eva Hungerford played the banjo—you
don’t know Eva? Of course you don’t know anybody, and I don’t want
you to, for it would spoil you for private secretary. But Eva is simply
killing when she gets to cutting up, and we made those reporters
sing to us, and all they say in the papers, even the opposition
papers, this morning is that Governor Dangerfield is in Savannah
visiting an old friend. They all tell the same story, so they must have
fixed it up after they left the house. But what were you doing, Mr.
Ardmore, that you didn’t come around to help? It seems to me you
don’t appreciate the responsibilities of being secretary to a
governor.”
“I was afraid you might scold me if I did. And besides I was glued to
the long distance telephone all evening, talking to my manager at
Ardsley. He read me my letters and a lot of telegrams that annoyed
me very much. I wish you wouldn’t be so hard on me, for I have
trifling troubles of my own.”
“I didn’t suppose you ever had troubles; you certainly don’t act as
though you ever had.”
“No one who has never been brother-in-law to a duke has the
slightest idea of what trouble is.”
“I’ve seen the Duke of Ballywinkle’s picture in the papers, and he
looks very attractive.”
“Well, if you’d ever seen him eat celery you’d change your mind.
He’s going down to Ardsley to visit me; for sheer nerve I must say
my relations beat the world. I got my place over here in North
Carolina just to get away from them, and now my sister—not the
duchess, but Mrs. Atchison—is coming down there with a lot of girls,
and Ballywinkle has attached himself to the party. They’ll pass
through here to-day, and they’ll expect to find me at Ardsley.”
“If the duke’s really coming to our state I suppose we ought to
recognize him officially,” and Jerry’s eyes were large with reverie as
she pondered her possible duty.
“Do something for him!” blazed Ardmore. “I hope you don’t labour
under the delusion that a duke’s any better than anybody else? If
you’d suffered what I have from being related to a duke you’d be
sorry to hear he was even passing through your state, much less
stopping off for a couple of weeks.”
“Because you don’t like him is no reason why every one else should
feel the same way, is it? I’ve read about the Duke of Ballywinkle, and
he belongs to one of the oldest families in England, and I’ve seen
pictures of Ballywinkle Castle——”
“Worse than that,” grinned Ardmore, with rising humour, “I had to
chip in to pay for it! And the plumbing isn’t yet what it ought to be.
The last time I was over there I caught cold and nearly died of
pneumonia. I make it a rule now never to visit dukes. You never
know what you’ll strike when you stay in those ancestral castles,
even when they’ve been restored with some silly American girl’s
grandfather’s money. Those places are all full of draughts and
malaria and ghosts, and they make you drink tea in the afternoon,
which is worse than being haunted.”
“I suppose we might invite his Grace to inspect our militia,” persisted
Jerry. “It would sound well in the papers to have a real duke inspect
the North Carolina troops.”
“It would sound better than he would look doing it, I can tell you that.
Old Wellington may have been all right, but these new dukes were
never made for horseback.”
“He might appear in a carriage, wearing his orders and ride the lines
that way, with all the troops presenting arms.”
“Or you might pin his debts on him and mount him on a goat on the
rifle-range and let the sharpshooters pepper away at him! Please let
us not talk about Ballywinkle any more; the thought of him gives me
that sinking feeling.”
He had opened an atlas and was poring over it with a magnifying
glass.
“It’s positively funny,” he murmured, laughing a little to himself, “but I
know something about this country over here. Here’s Ardsley, in the
far corner of Dilwell County, and here’s Kildare.”
“Yes; I understand maps. Dilwell is green, and there’s the state line,
and that ugly watery sort of yellow is Mingo County, South Carolina,
and Turner Court House is the county seat of it. Those little black
marks are hills on the border, and it’s right there that these