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MP7 Look for and make use of structure.
Mathematically proficient students look closely to discern a pattern or
structure. Young students, for example, might notice that three and seven
more is the same amount as seven and three more, or they may sort a
collection of shapes according to how many sides the shapes have. Later,
students will see 7 × 8 equals the well remembered 7 × 5 + 7 × 3, in
preparation for learning about the distributive property. In the expression x2 +
9x + 14, older students can see the 14 as 2 × 7 and the 9 as 2 + 7. They
recognize the significance of an existing line in a geometric figure and can
use the strategy of drawing an auxiliary line for solving problems. They also
can step back for an overview and shift perspective. They can see
complicated things, such as some algebraic expressions, as single objects or
as being composed of several objects. For example, they can see 5 − 3(x − y)2
as 5 minus a positive number times a square and use that to realize that its
value cannot be more than 5 for any real numbers x and y.
MP8 Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.
Mathematically proficient students notice if calculations are repeated, and
look both for general methods and for shortcuts. Upper elementary students
might notice when dividing 25 by 11 that they are repeating the same
calculations over and over again, and conclude they have a repeating decimal.
By paying attention to the calculation of slope as they repeatedly check
whether points are on the line through (1, 2) with slope 3, middle school
students might abstract the equation (y − 2)/(x − 1) = 3. Noticing the
regularity in the way terms cancel when expanding (x − 1)(x + 1), (x − 1)(x2 +
x + 1), and (x − 1) (x3 + x2 + x + 1) might lead them to the general formula for
the sum of a geometric series. As they work to solve a problem,
mathematically proficient students maintain oversight of the process, while
attending to the details. They continually evaluate the reasonableness of their
intermediate results.
© 2010. National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School
Officers. All rights reserved.
Reconceptualizing
MATHEMATICS
for Elementary School Teachers

THIRD EDITION

Judith Sowder
Larry Sowder
Susan Nickerson
San Diego State University
Vice President: Ben Roberts
Publisher: Terri Ward
Acquisitions Editor: Nikki Miller
Marketing Manager: Tom DeMarco
Senior Developmental Editor: Katrina Mangold
Director of Digital Production: Keri DeManigold
Senior Media Producer: Alison Lorber
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Assistant Media Editor: Emily Tenenbaum
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Illustrations: MPS Ltd.
Art Manager: Matthew McAdams
Composition: MPS Ltd.
Cover Credit: ETA hand2mind®

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016953962

ISBN-13: 978-1-3194-1071-1 (mobi)

ISBN-10: 1-4641-9333-9

©2017, 2014, 2010 by W. H. Freeman and Company

All rights reserved

W. H. Freeman and Company

One New York Plaza
Suite 4500
New York, NY
10004-1562

www.macmillanlearning.com
 Contents in Brief

About the Authors

Message to Prospective and Practicing Teachers

Acknowledgments

Part I Reasoning About Numbers and Quantities

Chapter 1 Reasoning About Quantities

Chapter 2 Numeration Systems

Chapter 3 Understanding Whole Number Operations

Chapter 4 Some Conventional Ways of Computing

Chapter 5 Using Numbers in Sensible Ways

Chapter 6 Meanings for Fractions

Chapter 7 Computing with Fractions

Chapter 8 Multiplicative Comparisons and Multiplicative

Reasoning

Chapter 9 Ratios, Rates, Proportions, and Percents

Chapter 10 Integers and Other Number Systems

Chapter 11 Number Theory

Part II Reasoning About Algebra and Change

Chapter 12 What Is Algebra?

Chapter 13 A Quantitative Approach to Algebra and

Graphing

Chapter 14 Understanding Change: Relationships Among

Time, Distance, and Rate

Chapter 15 Further Topics in Algebra and Change

Part III Reasoning About Shapes and Measurement

Chapter 16 Polygons

Chapter 17 Polyhedra

Chapter 18 Symmetry

Chapter 19 Tessellations

Chapter 20 Similarity

Chapter 21 Curves, Constructions, and Curved Surfaces

Chapter 22 Transformation Geometry

Chapter 23 Measurement Basics

Chapter 24 Area, Surface Area, and Volume

Chapter 25 Counting Units Fast: Measurement Formulas

Chapter 26 Special Topics in Measurement

Part IV Reasoning About Chance and Data

Chapter 27 Quantifying Uncertainty

Chapter 28 Determining More Complicated Probabilities

Chapter 29 Introduction to Statistics and Sampling

Chapter 30 Representing and Interpreting Data with One

Variable

Chapter 31 Dealing with Multiple Data Sets or with

Multiple Variables

Chapter 32 Variability in Samples

Chapter 33 Special Topics in Probability

Appendix A: Video Clips Illustrating Children’s

Mathematical Thinking

Appendix B: Summary of Formulas

Appendix C: Using the Table of Randomly Selected Digits

(TRSD)

Appendix D: Data Sets in Printed Form

Selected Answers for Learning Exercises

Glossary

Index

Masters for Nets

Note: Appendices E–J and additional Masters are available on

the textbook’s website:
www.macmillanlearning.com/reconceptmath3e

Appendix E: About the Geogebra® Lessons

Appendix F: A Review of Some Rules

Appendix G: Using the Protractor to Measure Angle Size

Appendix H: Using the TI-73

Appendix I: Using Excel

Appendix J: Using the Illuminations Website

Masters for Base Materials, Pattern Blocks, and Dot Paper

 Contents

About the Authors

Message to Prospective and Practicing Teachers

Acknowledgments

Part I Reasoning About Numbers and Quantities

Chapter 1
Reasoning About Quantities

1.1 Ways of Thinking About Solving Story Problems

1.2 Quantitative Analysis
1.3 Problem Solving
1.4 Issues for Learning: Ways of Illustrating Story
Problems
1.5 Check Yourself

Chapter 2
Numeration Systems

2.1 Ways of Expressing Values of Quantities

2.2 Place Value
2.3 Bases Other Than Ten
2.4 Operations in Different Bases
 2.5 Issues for Learning: Understanding Place Value
2.6 Check Yourself

Chapter 3
Understanding Whole Number Operations

3.1 Ways of Thinking About Addition and Subtraction

3.2 Children’s Ways of Adding and Subtracting
3.3 Ways of Thinking About Multiplication
3.4 Ways of Thinking About Division
3.5 Children Find Products and Quotients
3.6 Issues for Learning: Developing Number Sense
3.7 Check Yourself

Chapter 4
Some Conventional Ways of Computing

4.1 Operating on Whole Numbers and Decimal Numbers

4.2 Issues for Learning: The Role of Algorithms
4.3 Check Yourself

Chapter 5
Using Numbers in Sensible Ways

5.1 Mental Computation

5.2 Computational Estimation
5.3 Estimating Values of Quantities
5.4 Using Scientific Notation for Estimating Values of
Very Large and Very Small Quantities
 5.5 Issues for Learning: Mental Computation
5.6 Check Yourself

Chapter 6
Meanings for Fractions

6.1
Understanding the Meanings of

6.2 Comparing Fractions

6.3 Equivalent (Equal) Fractions
6.4 Relating Fractions, Decimals, and Percents
6.5 Issues for Learning: Understanding Fractions and
Decimals
6.6 Check Yourself

Chapter 7
Computing with Fractions

7.1 Adding and Subtracting Fractions

7.2 Multiplying by a Fraction
7.3 Dividing by a Fraction
7.4 Issues for Learning: Teaching Calculation with
Fractions
7.5 Check Yourself

Chapter 8
Multiplicative Comparisons and Multiplicative Reasoning

8.1 Quantitative Analysis of Multiplicative Situations

 8.2 Fractions in Multiplicative Comparisons
8.3 Issues for Learning: Standards for Learning
8.4 Check Yourself

Chapter 9
Ratios, Rates, Proportions, and Percents

9.1 Ratio as a Measure

9.2 Comparing Ratios
9.3 Percents in Comparisons and Changes
9.4 Issues for Learning: Developing Proportional
Reasoning
9.5 Check Yourself

Chapter 10
Integers and Other Number Systems

10.1 Big Ideas About Signed Numbers

10.2 Children’s Ways of Reasoning About Signed
Numbers
10.3 Other Models for Signed Numbers
10.4 Operations with Signed Numbers
10.5 Multiplying and Dividing Signed Numbers
10.6 Number Systems
10.7 Issues for Learning: Open Number Sentences
10.8 Check Yourself

Chapter 11
Number Theory
 11.1 Factors and Multiples, Primes and Composites
11.2 Prime Factorization
11.3 Divisibility Tests to Determine Whether a Number Is
Prime
11.4 Greatest Common Factor, Least Common Multiple
11.5 Issues for Learning: Understanding the Unique
Factorization Theorem
11.6 Check Yourself

Part II Reasoning About Algebra and Change

Chapter 12
What Is Algebra?

12.1 Algebraic Reasoning in Elementary School

12.2 Numerical Patterns and Algebra
12.3 Functions and Algebra
12.4 Algebra as Generalized Arithmetic
12.5 Algebraic Reasoning About Quantities
12.6 Issues for Learning: The National Assessment of
Educational Progress and Achievement in Algebra
12.7 Check Yourself

Chapter 13
A Quantitative Approach to Algebra and Graphing

13.1 Using Graphs and Algebra to Show Quantitative

Relationships
13.2 Understanding Slope: Making Connections Across
 Quantitative Situations, Graphs, and Algebraic
Equations
13.3 Linear Functions and Proportional Relationships
13.4 Nonlinear Functions
13.5 Issues for Learning: Algebra in the Elementary
Grades
13.6 Check Yourself

Chapter 14
Understanding Change: Relationships Among Time, Distance,
and Rate

14.1 Distance–Time and Position–Time Graphs

14.2 Using Motion Detectors
14.3 Graphs of Speed Against Time
14.4 Interpreting Graphs
14.5 Issues for Learning: Common Graphing Errors
14.6 Check Yourself

Chapter 15
Further Topics in Algebra and Change

15.1 Finding Linear Equations

15.2 Solving Two Linear Equations in Two Variables
15.3 Different Approaches to Problems
15.4 Average Speed and Weighted Averages
15.5 More About Functions
15.6 Issues for Learning: Topics in Algebra
 15.7 Check Yourself

PART III Reasoning About Shapes and Measurement

Chapter 16
Polygons

16.1 Review of Polygon Vocabulary

16.2 Organizing Shapes
16.3 Triangles and Quadrilaterals
16.4 A Focus on Problem-Solving Strategies
16.5 Issues for Learning: Some Research on Two-
Dimensional Shapes
16.6 Check Yourself

Chapter 17
Polyhedra

17.1 Shoeboxes Have Faces and Nets!

17.2 Introduction to Polyhedra
17.3 Representing and Visualizing Polyhedra
17.4 Congruent Polyhedra
17.5 Some Special Polyhedra
17.6 Issues for Learning: Dealing with 3D Shapes
17.7 Check Yourself

Chapter 18
Symmetry

18.1 Symmetry of Shapes in a Plane

 18.2 Symmetry of Polyhedra
18.3 Issues for Learning: What Is Geometry in the Pre-
K–8 Curriculum?
18.4 Check Yourself

Chapter 19
Tessellations

19.1 Tessellating the Plane

19.2 Tessellating Space
19.3 Check Yourself

Chapter 20
Similarity

20.1 Similarity and Dilations in Planar Figures

20.2 More About Similar Figures
20.3 Similarity in 3D Figures
20.4 Issues for Learning: Similarity and Proportional
Reasoning
20.5 Check Yourself

Chapter 21
Curves, Constructions, and Curved Surfaces

21.1 Planar Curves and Constructions

21.2 Curved Surfaces
21.3 Issues for Learning: Standards for Mathematical
Practice
21.4 Check Yourself
Chapter 22
Transformation Geometry

22.1 Some Types of Rigid Motions

22.2 Finding Images for Rigid Motions
22.3 A Closer Look at Some Rigid Motions
22.4 Composition of Rigid Motions
22.5 Transformations and Earlier Topics
22.6 Issues for Learning: Promoting Visualization in the
Curriculum
22.7 Check Yourself

Chapter 23
Measurement Basics

23.1 Key Ideas of Measurement

23.2 Length and Angle Size
23.3 Issues for Learning: Measurement of Length and
Angle Size
23.4 Check Yourself

Chapter 24
Area, Surface Area, and Volume

24.1 Area and Surface Area

24.2 Volume
24.3 Issues for Learning: Measurement of Area and
Volume
24.4 Check Yourself
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+ Grinnell R 16:329 Ja ’21 1000w

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intelligence and information which will enable one to sift the truth
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 − + Review 3:420 N 3 ’20 1350w

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+ − Socialist R 8:382 My ’20 650w

Springf’d Republican p13a F 22 ’20
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+ Survey 44:307 My 29 ’20 320w

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’20 720w

SINCLAIR, UPTON BEALL (ARTHUR

STIRLING, pseud.). 100%; the story of a patriot.
*$1.20 (1½c) pa *60c Upton Sinclair, Pasadena, Cal.

21–1179

In fiction form Mr Sinclair has told the story of the Mooney case,
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And so it comes about that this pedestrian mass of graceless prose
achieves—in the most fundamental sense—literary values that young
intellectuals seeking cultural modes for our American life can never
reach. The book is a literary achievement of high and solid worth.”

+ − Nation 111:481 O 27 ’20 320w

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impression of verisimilitude, despite elements of sentimentality and
exaggeration. It gives a graphic insight into some of the ugliest
phases of the class struggle.” G. H.
 + − World Tomorrow 4:30 Ja ’21 160w

SINGMASTER, ELSIE (MRS HAROLD

LEWARS). Basil Everman. *$1.90 (2½c) Houghton

20–5404

Basil Everman, who never once appears in person, nevertheless

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musical career on which he has set his heart; Eleanor Bent, who has
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Eleanor’s parentage from her; Dr Green, a physician; Thomasina
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to learn all he can about the defunct genius. The story ends happily.

“A good armchair story for people who enjoy this kind of character
study, which is pervaded by kindly humor and gentle satire.”

+ Booklist 16:246 Ap ’20

Lit D p87 S 4 ’20 3500w
 “Miss Singmaster gives us a warm and charming picture of her
little college town; she catches the external characteristics and
harmless little oddities of her people. But she will not let herself
regard their real lives with a critical eye.”

+ − Nation 110:401 Mr 27 ’20 500w

“Carefully and skillfully written, showing a restraint and finish far

removed from the hasty, slipshod performances of so many writers of
contemporary fiction.”

+ N Y Times 25:120 Mr 14 ’20 500w

“Told with care and dignity, this novel has the quality we call
distinction.”

+ N Y Times 25:190 Ap 18 ’20 60w

“A fine piece of work.”

+ Outlook 124:562 Mr 31 ’20 80w

“Both in plot and in character delineation Miss Singmaster has

been very successful in this story. ‘Basil Everman’ ought to be one of
the star volumes of the year.”

+ Springf’d Republican p13a My 2 ’20

550w
 SIRÉN, OSVALD. Essentials in art. il *$3.50
Lane 704

20–20086

The author of this volume is professor of the history of art at the

University of Stockholm and has a world reputation as lecturer on
art, especially primitive Italian art, in other European countries, in
America and Japan. The essays in this volume are: Rhythm and
form; Art and religion; Art and religion during the renaissance; The
importance of the antique to Donatello; A late Gothic poet of line.
The last two essays are profusely illustrated. The poet of line in the
last essay is Parri Spinelli, a list of whose works is appended.

“His book on Leonardo da Vinci is better worth reading than many

others that have been written on that, apparently inexhaustible
subject. But his new volume can hardly be said to satisfy the
expectations that the title might legitimately arouse.” E. M.

+ − Ath p836 Je 25 ’20 860w

“Most of the book is objective criticism of the highest order; the

essay on ‘Rhythm and form’ is both penetrating and remarkable.
Professor Sirén understands art—his volume is a distinctive
contribution to aesthetics.”

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“Really touches essentials only in the initial essay on ‘Rhythm and

form,’ in which an important matter is treated with more fulness
than precision or originality. The rest is agreeable padding from the
author’s recent magazine articles. The book is well made, and has the
merit, in a critical work, of being easy to read.”

+ Review 3:564 D 8 ’20 90w

“Professor Sirén is a typical modern student, who has travelled

much, and has first-hand knowledge of many arts. In his more purely
historical essays he does not, in the pursuit of facts, lose sight of
underlying principles. The essay ‘On the importance of the antique to
Donatello’ is actually marred by a too careless treatment of material
facts, and by a strange misconception of the character of Gothic art.”

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a reasonable spirit, and state the modern position with moderation
and sense.”

+ − Spec 124:620 My 8 ’20 520w

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happy.”

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terms without defining them; we ourselves have to supply the
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really interested in the subject will find his essay [Rhythm and form]
worth reading.”

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SITWELL, OSBERT. Argonaut and juggernaut.

*$1.50 Knopf 821

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written in November, 1918. The four parts of the volume are entitled:
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war poems satire predominates.

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manner, who seems as yet to be uncertain both of his aim and
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to what we may be permitted to call his ‘poetical’ poems, we are less
certain in our appreciation and enjoyment.”
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rider of his hobby. The only pieces in this volume in which he betrays
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against the attitude of society towards the war.” J: G. Fletcher

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not kill Goliath, but at least they will annoy Goliath’s friends.” Robert
Lynd

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“Mr Sitwell’s impressive title is about the only impressive thing in

his book.” Clement Wood
 − + N Y Call p10 Je 20 ’20 380w
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embryonic poetic talent that may develop significantly, if he can get
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teacher. In ‘Argonaut and juggernaut’ Mr Sitwell is primarily not a
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each embodies an unobtrusive idea. Thus his ‘Sailor-song’ expresses
with Elizabethan freshness the Elizabethan delight in the wonders of
ocean and the life marvellous.”

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SKELTON, OSCAR DOUGLAS. Canadian

Dominion; a chronicle of our northern neighbor.
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separate school questions, required the restraint of a scholar.”

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 SKILLMAN, WILLIS ROWLAND. A. E. F. who
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“We all have hobbies,” says the author, and his is the collection of
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civilian can understand, the system by which the American army
accomplished its work in France.” Among its distinctive features are
statistical tables, maps, charts, diagrams, collar insignia, officer’s
insignia, chevrons and a large colored chart of the shoulder insignia
of the United States army. The table of contents is: A soldier’s survey
of the world war; America’s part in the world war; System of
command; The American divisions; The branches of the service;
Army honors and symbols; Reminiscences; Appendix; Index.

SKINNER, ADA MARIA, and SKINNER,

ELEANOR LOUISE, comps. Child’s book of
modern stories. il *$3.50 Duffield

20–15344

Sixty-six stories by such authors as Louisa M. Alcott, Julia Darrow

Cowles, Abbie Farwell Brown, Josephine Scribner Gates, Mary
Stewart, Patten Beard, Thornton Burgess, and others. They are
grouped as: Home tales; The story garden; Cheerful stories; and
Tales and legends beautiful. There are eight pictures by Jessie Wilcox
Smith.

+ Booklist 17:127 D ’20

“Filled with seventy or more of the best short stories for children
that have been written in recent years.”

+ Ind 104:376 D 11 ’20 100w

“The stories have been edited with tact and put into a style easy of
comprehension by the simplest minds.”

+ Lit D p95 D 4 ’20 240w

“The pictures are characteristically charming.”

+ Outlook 126:600 D 1 ’20 40w

SKINNER, ADA MARIA, and SKINNER,

ELEANOR LOUISE, comps. and eds. Garnet story
book. (Jewel ser.) *$1.75 (3c) Duffield
 20–3194

For this collection the compilers have brought together “tales of

cheer both old and new.” The collection opens with The good-
natured bear, by Richard H. Horne, a story praised by Thackeray.
The other stories are: Christmas wishes, by Louise Chollet; The man
of snow, by Harriet Myrtle; Butterwops, by Edward A. Parry; Finikin
and his golden pippins, by Madame De Chatelaine; The story of
Fairyfoot, by Frances Browne; The snow-queen, by Hans Christian
Andersen; The merry tale of the king and the cobbler, from Gammer
Gurton’s Historie; The story of Merrymind, by Frances Browne.

+ Boston Transcript p6 Jl 14 ’20 170w

SKINNER, CONSTANCE LINDSAY.

Adventurers of Oregon; a chronicle of the fur trade.
(Chronicles of America ser.) il per ser of 50v *$250
Tale univ. press 979.5

20–4768

“Constance Lindsay Skinner’s ‘Adventurers of Oregon’ describes

the Lewis and Clark expedition and the cruise of the Tonquin,
through which John Jacob Astor hoped to ‘control a mighty fur-
trading system reaching from the Great Lakes to the Pacific ocean
and on to China and India.’” (N Y Times) “The titles are: The river of
the West; Lewis and Clark; The reign of the trapper; The Tonquin;
Astor’s overlanders; Astoria under the Nor’westers, and The king of
old Oregon. The period covered is from the beginnings of exploration
to the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute in 1846, and the
themes represented by the above chapter-heads are essentially two—
discovery and exploration, and the fur-trade.” (Am Hist R)

“This book is a delight. The author treats the dramatic scenes and
incidents in the background of Oregon’s history, achieving therein a
wholly unusual degree of literary perfection. Thus she has produced
a narrative which, for adult readers, deserves to take very high rank
in its special field.” Joseph Schafer

+ Am Hist R 26:117 O ’20 650w

“Occasionally it would seem that the effort to maintain a swiftly

moving narrative has betrayed the author into sacrificing clarity. As a
‘Chronicle of the fur trade’ this work fulfills the purpose of the
editors of the series in presenting an interesting account of a
romantic phase of American development; historical perspective
appears to have suffered in ‘Adventurers of Oregon.’” L. B. Shippee

+ − Mississippi Valley Hist R 7:171 S ’20

660w

“The book has the true pioneering tang.”

+ N Y Times p16 O 31 ’20 130w

R of Rs 62:223 Ag ’20 30w
 SKINNER, ELEANOR LOUISE, and
SKINNER, ADA MARIA. Children’s plays. il
*$1.25 Appleton 812

19–1207

The authors urge the use of dramatic material in school work and
have designed these plays to that end. They say “The little plays in
this book, planned primarily for class room reading lessons, may be
used (1) for practice in oral reading, (2) for original dramatizations in
language work, (3) for school entertainments.” Some of the plays are
original, others are adaptations. Contents: Nick Bluster’s trick; Cicely
and the bears; The happy beggar; Professor Frog’s lecture; Cock-Alu
and Hen-Alie; Mother Autumn and North Wind; The one-eyed
servant; Little rebels; Everyday gold; The village shoe maker; The
faithful shepherd; A royal toy-mender; The new New year. There are
pictures by Willy Pogany.

“The simple, natural dialogue of these thirteen plays makes them

excellent for reading and acting or for exercises in language work.”

+ Booklist 16:316 Je ’20

St Louis 17:312 O ’19 50w

SLATER, THOMAS. Foundation of true

morality. *$1.25 (9c) Benziger 171

20–12834
 The author holds that man is not a mere physical machine but a
moral agent, endowed with freedom to choose between good and
evil. What is needed is a moral standard by which man can judge
their actions. That this standard can be supplied by the Catholic
conception of Christian morality rather than by the Protestant
conception is the contention of the book. Contents: Man a moral
agent; Legalism; Casuistry; Counsels and precepts; Sin; Grace.

SLATTERY, JOHN T. Dante. *$2 Kenedy 851

A course of lectures delivered before the student body of the New

York state college for teachers in 1919 and 1920. The author treats of
Dante as “Christianity’s greatest poet” and adopts for him Ruskin’s
descriptive phrase “the central man of all the world.” There are five
lectures: Dante and his time; Dante, the man; Dante’s “Inferno”;
Dante’s “Purgatorio”; Dante’s “Paradiso.” There is a preface by John
H. Finley.

[2]
SLATTERY, MARGARET. Highway to
leadership. *$1.50 Pilgrim press 174

20–19286

In a series of essays the author expounds all the qualities necessary

for leadership and incidentally the necessity of leadership. In the first
essay: “A leader—one who leads,” the illustrations of born leadership
are taken from children’s playgrounds with the conclusion that the
requirements are three: “some knowledge and the hunger for more,
an abandon of self-effacing consecration to the purpose, and a real
passion for the goal.” The other essays are: The eyes that see; The
ears that hear; The heart that feels; The mind that interprets; The
practice that prepares; The courage that faces facts; The patience
that teaches; The will that persists; The confidence that dares dream.

“In the clear convincing style which is usual with her, Miss Slattery
gives the world another of her inspiring volumes.”

+ Boston Transcript p4 Ja 5 ’21 180w

SLOANE, THOMAS O’CONOR. Standard

electrical dictionary; a complete manual of the
science; with addition by Prof. A. E. Watson. il *$5
Henley 621.3

20–12131

To this 1920 edition a second part has been added to the first. “In
this part all the recent advances in appliances, new developments
and refinements in theory have been very fully treated. The second
part includes a series of short treatises on a multitude of topics which
have arisen in the short period since the last enlarged edition
appeared. There are also a large number of what may be properly
termed definitions, which are required because of the increased
terminology of the science.” (Preface) The new section comprises 175
pages of text with new illustrations and diagrams.

R of Rs 62:336 S ’20 40w

 SLOANE, WILLIAM MILLIGAN. Balkans; a
laboratory of history. 4th ed, rev and enl *$2.50
Abingdon press 949.6

20–14471

“The first edition of this work was issued a few months before the
outbreak of the world war. Beginning with the fall of the Byzantine
empire, the history of this section of Europe, where the blood of so
many races have mingled that the author considers it an ethnological
museum, the history is followed down to the opening of the year
1914. To make his story of the Balkans complete it was necessary for
the author to revise it in the light of the last six years. Seven new
chapters have been added. They make a concise and very broad
sketch of the events leading up to the war, of the war, and of events
up to and including the peace conference.”—Boston Transcript

“The author transforms his pre-war volume so that it becomes one

of the best books on the war that we have.” F. W. C.

+ Boston Transcript p6 Jl 14 ’20 880w

Ind 103:292 S 4 ’20 20w

“In this difficult work he well maintains his reputation for fairness
and impartiality as an historian.”

+ R of Rs 62:221 Ag ’20 70w

 SLOSSON, EDWIN EMERY. Easy lessons in
Einstein. il *$1.35 Harcourt 530.1

20–8295

“A discussion of the more intelligible features of the theory of

relativity.” (Sub-title) Dr Slosson, literary editor of the Independent,
has attempted a simple explanation of the Einstein theories, making
use of “such crude and absurd analogies as trains and elevators and
projectiles flying through space and Coney island mirrors.” A paper
by Dr Einstein on Time, space, and gravitation is reprinted from the
London Times, and there is a bibliography of eight pages and an
index. Parts of the book have appeared in the Independent.

“He is to be congratulated on the enthusiasm he has brought to

what must have been a difficult and fatiguing performance.”

+ Ath p618 N 5 ’20 260w

“The main points of the Einstein theory and the experiments

leading to it are explained in an interesting, informal way so that
those not trained in mathematical physics can grasp them.”

+ Booklist 16:335 Jl ’20

“Slosson’s ‘Easy lessons in Einstein’ is a good attempt written in an

easy style far above the breezy smartness of the Sunday supplements;
it is trustworthy and throughout entertaining, if not always
instructive. There is perhaps too much about the fourth dimension
and somewhat too much striving ‘to loosen up,’ as he puts it, ‘our
conventional ideas of the fixity of time and space.’” R: F. Deimel