Multiplying Large Numbers Using Rounding

 Multiplying by Numbers Close to 100:

o Example: 97×9697 \times 9697×96
 97×96=(100−3)×(100−4)97 \times 96 = (100 - 3) \times (100 -
4)97×96=(100−3)×(100−4)
 Use the difference of squares: 1002−(3+4)×100+3×4100^2 - (3 + 4) \times
100 + 3 \times 41002−(3+4)×100+3×4
 10000−700+12=931210000 - 700 + 12 = 931210000−700+12=9312

The Rule of 72 for Compound Interest

 Estimating Doubling Time:

o Divide 72 by the annual interest rate to estimate the number of years it will take
for an investment to double.
o Example: Interest rate=8%\text{Interest rate} = 8\%Interest rate=8%
 Doubling time ≈728=9 years\approx \frac{72}{8} = 9 \text{ years}≈872
=9 years

Multiplying by Numbers Close to 50

 Using 50 as a Reference:
o Example: 52×4852 \times 4852×48
 52=50+252 = 50 + 252=50+2
 48=50−248 = 50 - 248=50−2
 52×48=(50+2)(50−2)=502−22=2500−4=249652 \times 48 = (50+2)(50-2)
= 50^2 - 2^2 = 2500 - 4 = 249652×48=(50+2)
(50−2)=502−22=2500−4=2496

Multiplying by Numbers Close to 1000

 Using 1000 as a Reference:

o Example: 1003×9991003 \times 9991003×999
 1003=1000+31003 = 1000 + 31003=1000+3
 999=1000−1999 = 1000 - 1999=1000−1
 1003×999=(1000+3)
(1000−1)=1000000−1000+3000−3=999000+3000−3=9999971003 \times
999 = (1000+3)(1000-1) = 1000000 - 1000 + 3000 - 3 = 999000 + 3000 -
3 = 9999971003×999=(1000+3)
(1000−1)=1000000−1000+3000−3=999000+3000−3=999997

Divisibility Rules

 Divisibility by 3: A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.

o Example: 123→1+2+3=6123 \rightarrow 1 + 2 + 3 = 6123→1+2+3=6, which is
divisible by 3.
  Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits form a number divisible
by 4.
o Example: 316→16÷4=4316 \rightarrow 16 \div 4 = 4316→16÷4=4, so 316 is
divisible by 4.
 Divisibility by 6: A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
o Example: 132→divisible by 2 (even) and 3 (sum of digits 6)132 \rightarrow \
text{divisible by 2 (even) and 3 (sum of digits
6)}132→divisible by 2 (even) and 3 (sum of digits 6)
 Divisibility by 9: A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
o Example: 729→7+2+9=18729 \rightarrow 7 + 2 + 9 = 18729→7+2+9=18, which
is divisible by 9.
 Divisibility by 11: A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of the
digits in odd positions and the sum of the digits in even positions is divisible by 11.
o Example: 121→1+1−2=0121 \rightarrow 1 + 1 - 2 = 0121→1+1−2=0, which is
divisible by 11.

Quick Percentages

 10% of a Number: Move the decimal point one place to the left.
o Example: 10% of 250=2510\% \text{ of } 250 = 2510% of 250=25
 5% of a Number: Half of 10%.
o Example: 5% of 250=25/2=12.55\% \text{ of } 250 = 25 / 2 =
12.55% of 250=25/2=12.5
 15% of a Number: Add 10% and 5%.
o Example: 15% of 250=25+12.5=37.515\% \text{ of } 250 = 25 + 12.5 =
37.515% of 250=25+12.5=37.5
 20% of a Number: Double 10%.
o Example: 20% of 250=2×25=5020\% \text{ of } 250 = 2 \times 25 =
5020% of 250=2×25=50

Multiplying by 25

 Multiplying by 25 Using Division by 4:

o Example: 64×25=(64×100)/4=6400/4=160064 \times 25 = (64 \times 100) / 4 =
6400 / 4 = 160064×25=(64×100)/4=6400/4=1600

Multiplying Two Numbers Close to Each Other

 Using Average and Difference:

o Example: 98×10298 \times 10298×102
 98=100−298 = 100 - 298=100−2
 102=100+2102 = 100 + 2102=100+2
 98×102=1002−22=10000−4=999698 \times 102 = 100^2 - 2^2 = 10000 -
4 = 999698×102=1002−22=10000−4=9996

Checking for Prime Numbers

  Prime Number Check: A number is prime if it is not divisible by any prime number less
than or equal to its square root.
o Example: Check if 29 is prime.
 Primes less than 29≈5.4\sqrt{29} \approx 5.429≈5.4: 2, 3, 5.
 29 is not divisible by 2, 3, or 5, so it is prime.

Magic Squares

 Creating a 3x3 Magic Square:

o Example: Start with 1 in the center of the top row. Continue placing numbers in a
diagonal going up and to the right, wrapping around the edges, and placing the
next number one space below the previous if the intended space is occupied or out
of bounds.

Fast Multiplication by 15

 Multiplying by 15:
o Example: 23×15=(23×10)+(23×5)=230+115=34523 \times 15 = (23 \times 10) +
(23 \times 5) = 230 + 115 = 34523×15=(23×10)+(23×5)=230+115=345