Multiplying Two Numbers That Are Both Close to 100

 Using Differences from 100:

o Example: 97×9697 \times 9697×96
 97=100−397 = 100 - 397=100−3
 96=100−496 = 100 - 496=100−4
 Multiply the differences from 100: 3×4=123 \times 4 = 123×4=12
 Subtract the sum of the differences from 100: 100−3−4=93100 - 3 - 4 =
93100−3−4=93
 Combine: 97×96=9300+12=931297 \times 96 = 9300 + 12 =
931297×96=9300+12=9312

Multiplying Numbers in the Teens

 Using Base 10:

o Example: 14×1314 \times 1314×13
 Add the last digits to one of the numbers: 14+3=1714 + 3 = 1714+3=17
 Multiply by 10: 17×10=17017 \times 10 = 17017×10=170
 Add the product of the last digits: 4×3=124 \times 3 = 124×3=12
 Combine: 170+12=182170 + 12 = 182170+12=182

Multiplying by 11

 For Two-Digit Numbers:

o Example: 54×1154 \times 1154×11
 Separate the digits: 5 and 4
 Add the digits and place the sum between them: 5+4=95 + 4 = 95+4=9
 Combine: 594594594
o For numbers where the sum of the digits is greater than 9, carry over:
 Example: 76×1176 \times 1176×11
 Separate the digits: 7 and 6
 Add the digits: 7+6=137 + 6 = 137+6=13
 Carry over: 7(1+3)6=8367 (1+3) 6 = 8367(1+3)6=836

Squaring Numbers Near 50

 Using 50 as a Base:
o Example: 48248^2482
 Determine the difference from 50: 48−50=−248 - 50 = -248−50=−2
 Square the difference: (−2)2=4(-2)^2 = 4(−2)2=4
 Subtract the absolute difference from 25 (since 50 - 25 = 25): 25−2=2325 -
2 = 2325−2=23
 Combine: 2300+4=23042300 + 4 = 23042300+4=2304

Squaring Numbers Near 100

  Using 100 as a Base:
o Example: 1032103^21032
 Determine the difference from 100: 103−100=3103 - 100 = 3103−100=3
 Square the difference: 32=93^2 = 932=9
 Add twice the difference to 100: 100+3+3=106100 + 3 + 3 =
106100+3+3=106
 Combine: 10600+9=1060910600 + 9 = 1060910600+9=10609

Subtraction from 1000, 10000, etc.

 Using Complements:
o Example: 1000−6471000 - 6471000−647
 Subtract each digit from 9 except the last, which you subtract from 10:
 (9−6)(9−4)(10−7)=353(9 - 6)(9 - 4)(10 - 7) = 3 5 3(9−6)(9−4)(10−7)=353
 Combine: 1000−647=3531000 - 647 = 3531000−647=353

Multiplying Two Numbers Just Over 100

 Using Base 100:

o Example: 104×107104 \times 107104×107
 Determine the excess over 100: 104−100=4104 - 100 = 4104−100=4,
107−100=7107 - 100 = 7107−100=7
 Add one number's excess to the other number: 104+7=111104 + 7 =
111104+7=111
 Multiply by 100: 111×100=11100111 \times 100 = 11100111×100=11100
 Add the product of the excesses: 4×7=284 \times 7 = 284×7=28
 Combine: 11100+28=1112811100 + 28 = 1112811100+28=11128

Quickly Converting Between Units

 Temperature Conversion (Celsius to Fahrenheit):

o Example: Convert 25°C to Fahrenheit
 Multiply by 2 and add 30: 25×2+30=50+30=8025 \times 2 + 30 = 50 + 30
= 8025×2+30=50+30=80
 Temperature Conversion (Fahrenheit to Celsius):
o Example: Convert 77°F to Celsius
 Subtract 30 and divide by 2: 77−30=4777 - 30 = 4777−30=47,
47÷2=23.547 \div 2 = 23.547÷2=23.5

Doubling and Halving for Easy Multiplication

 Simplifying Multiplication by Doubling and Halving:

o Example: 48×2548 \times 2548×25
 Double one number and halve the other: 48×25=24×50=12×100=120048 \
times 25 = 24 \times 50 = 12 \times 100 =
120048×25=24×50=12×100=1200
The Rule of 9 for Subtraction

 Subtracting from Multiples of 10:

o Example: 1000−4561000 - 4561000−456
 Subtract each digit from 9, except the last from 10: (9−4)(9−5)
(10−6)=544(9-4)(9-5)(10-6) = 544(9−4)(9−5)(10−6)=544
o Example: 10000−123410000 - 123410000−1234
 Subtract each digit from 9, except the last from 10: (9−1)(9−2)(9−3)
(10−4)=8766(9-1)(9-2)(9-3)(10-4) = 8766(9−1)(9−2)(9−3)(10−4)=8766

Multiplying by 9 with Your Fingers

 Finger Trick for Multiplying by 9:

o Example: 9×79 \times 79×7
 Hold out all ten fingers. Lower the 7th finger. You have 6 fingers on the
left and 3 on the right. Combine them: 9×7=639 \times 7 = 639×7=63.

Fast Multiplication by 99

 Using Base 100:

o Example: 34×9934 \times 9934×99
 Multiply by 100 and subtract the number: 34×100−34=3400−34=336634 \
times 100 - 34 = 3400 - 34 = 336634×100−34=3400−34=3366.

Simplifying Large Multiplication Using the Grid Method

 Grid Method:
o Example: 123×456123 \times 456123×456
 Break into smaller parts and use a grid:

yaml
Copy code
123 x 456:
400 50 6
100 | 40000 5000 600
20 | 8000 1000 120
3 | 1200 150 18

 Sum all partial results:

40000+8000+1200+5000+1000+150+600+120+18=5608840000 + 8000 +
1200 + 5000 + 1000 + 150 + 600 + 120 + 18 =
5608840000+8000+1200+5000+1000+150+600+120+18=56088.

These tricks should help you perform mental calculations faster and more efficiently.