Reverse Osmosis System Basics

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Jan 26, 2011•Download as PPTX, PDF•

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WaterFilters.NET
This document provides an overview of reverse osmosis systems, including: - Osmosis is
the natural process by which water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from an
area of high water concentration to low. Reverse osmosis forces water through a
membrane from a low to high concentration area using pressure. - Reverse osmosis
membranes filter out dissolved ions and particles as small as 0.0001 microns to produce
purified water. Factors like temperature, pressure, and contaminants affect production
rates. - Proper maintenance of pre-filters, post-filters, and membranes is required to
maximize system performance and lifespan. Troubleshooting guidance addresses
common issues like low flow rates or continuous running.

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1. Reverse Osmosis BasicsOverview: Osmosis

2. Reverse Osmosis Definition
3. RO Fundamentals
4. Reverse Osmosis Membrane
5. Parameters Affecting RO Systems
6. Air Gap Faucets
7. RO Maintenance
8. Quick ConnectFittings
9. TroubleshootingReverse Osmosis BasicsOsmosis:
Osmosis is a natural phenomenon that provides water to all
animal and vegetable cells to support life
10. Water moves from a high concentration of water (less
sugar/salt dissolved in it) to a low concentration of water
(more salt/sugar dissolved in it) across a semi-permeable
membrane
11. This means that water can cross a selectively permeable
membrane from a dilute solution (less dissolved in it) to a
concentrated solution (more dissolved in it)Reverse Osmosis
BasicsOsmosis: What is it?Reference: //ehrig-privat.de A
semi-permeable membrane is a membrane which will allow
only certain molecules or ions to pass through
12. Osmosis is very important in biology as it provides the
primary means by which water is transported in and out of
cellsNet Movement of Water Molecules
13. Reverse Osmosis BasicsReverse Osmosis: What is it?
RO is a form of filtration using osmosis in reverse
14. Water passes from a more concentrated solution to a less
concentrated solution
15. To accomplish this a force or pressure MUST be applied
16. RO requires 1 psi of pressure for every 100 ppm of TDS
17. RO is used to remove dissolved solids from water but it
can also improve taste, odor & color of water
18. RO membranes have the capability to remove particles as
small as ions i.e. magnesium ions or sodium ions
19. RO membrane will reject most compounds based largely
on size

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20. Dissolved ions, such as salts, carry an electric charge and
will also be rejected by membraneReverse Osmosis
BasicsOsmosis: How does it work? Feed water flows into RO
unit with the force of line pressure
21. Water is forced through membrane by cross flow filtration
22. Cross flow filtration is most commonly used in RO as it
allows membrane to continually clean itself
23. Membrane then either rejects or repels contaminants
24. Two exit streams generated: waste & product stream
25. Waste stream consists of: A concentrate (reject) stream
which carries contaminants (compounds too large to pass
through membrane)
26. Permeate stream consists of: Product water which has
been forced through the membrane & is virtually free of
TDSReverse Osmosis BasicsReverse Osmosis Schematic
27. Reverse Osmosis BasicsRO Membrane:
28. Reverse Osmosis BasicsReverse Osmosis
Fundamentals:FEED WATER: Main flow of impure water to be
treated; PRODUCT WATER: Portion of feed water which
passes through membrane as permeateREJECT WATER:
Portion of feed water which did not pass through membrane;
carries impurities to drainMODULE: Combination of spiral
round membrane element & pressure vessel
29. Reverse Osmosis BasicsSpiral Wound Membrane:RO
membrane is a method of fine filtration but much smaller
30. Membrane consists of tiny pores which are approximately
0.0005 microns in size
31. THEREFORE reverse osmosis membranes are capable of
rejecting contaminants as small as 0.0001 to 0.00001
micronsThin Film Composite Membrane (TFC)
32. Reverse Osmosis BasicsRO Membrane: Membrane is the
work-horse of an reverse osmosis system
33. When choosing an RO system you must do so wisely –
taking into account water quality is very important
34. Three main types of membranes:CTA membrane:
Cellulose acetate/triacetate blend Provides lowest cost per
gallon of water
35. Resists chlorine but has a lower flow rate limit in
applications of high water consumptionTFC membrane: Thin
film/thin layer composite Can handle high flow, has a high
rejection rate & can handle high water consumption
36. Cannot handle chlorine concentrations; water must be
carbon pre-filteredReverse Osmosis BasicsMembrane
Comparison:

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37. Reverse Osmosis BasicsTFC Membrane: TFC
membranes are intolerant to chlorine – will cause deterioration
of membrane
38. Must use a carbon pre-filter for TFC membranes
39. TFC membranes have a much higher rejection rate of
many chemicals than CTA membranes
40. Carbon pre filters are vital in the life of this membrane &
must be changed regularlyReverse Osmosis
BasicsParameters that affect RO:Water Temperature: RO
system ratings are based on 770F/ 250C water
temperaturei.e. : RO system rated at 20 GPD (gallons per
day) at 340F/10C will only produce 6 GPDFeed Water
Pressure: A lack in water pressure (less than 40 PSI) will
reduce product water; this can be helped with the aid of a
booster pumpContaminants in Feed Water: Large particles,
iron concentration or high levels of hardness in feed water can
cause clogging of the membrane Clogging of the membrane
can decrease its lifeMicroorganisms: RO membranes can filter
out bacteria, depending on the bacteria size, however this
may cause fouling of the membrane as bacteria can begin to
grow through pores of membrane causing BACTERIA CREEP
– RO systems should not be installed on non-potable water
41. Reverse Osmosis BasicsRO Production Rate vs. Feed
Water Conditions:
42. Reverse Osmosis BasicsRO Systems can remove the
following contaminants: Dissolved solids = TDS (salts &
minerals) – UP TO 2000 ppm
43. Most Heavy metals (lead, mercury, silver)
44. Most radioactive elements
45. RO systems may not be capable of removing nitrates to
recommended levelsReverse Osmosis BasicsTypical
Rejection Ranges of Contaminants:
46. Reverse Osmosis BasicsRO Treated Water: RO systems
will remove up to 97% (depending on parameters) of salts in
water bringing it closer to a level of ‘pure water’
47. The purer the water, the more aggressive it will be with
materials it comes in contact with
48. THEREFORE RO can be slightly corrosive
49. It’s recommended NEVER to use copper piping on RO
water Reverse Osmosis BasicsTypical Consumer RO
System:POSTFILTERRO membraneAIR GAP
FAUCETPREFILTERTANKToDrain
50. Reverse Osmosis BasicsUnder-the-counter RO System:

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51. Reverse Osmosis BasicsAir-Gap Faucets: ‘Air gap’ faucet
is a plumbing device designed to provide a siphon break for
an under-sink reverse osmosis unit
52. It is a valve used to isolate one part of a water system
from the drain
53. Air gaps are designed to prevent backflow by
incorporating a “backflow prevention” method called an ‘air
gap’
54. Purpose of an air gap faucet is to assure that no water
from a stopped-up sink can possibly be forced backward into
your reverse osmosis system unit via its drain connection
55. Some plumbing codes do enforce the use of an Air Gap
faucetReverse Osmosis BasicsRO System
Maintenance:When to Replace Pre-filters:When to Replace
Post-filters:Every 6 months for normal installations.
56. After a Boil Water Advisory (BWA)Every 6 months,
depending on water conditions.Noticeable decrease in water
production indicates that the prefilter should be changed.After
microbiological contamination, such as in a Boil Water
Advisory (BWA)
57. Reverse Osmosis BasicsRO System Maintenance:When
to Replace the Membrane Typically, every 18 months to 3
years
58. Test using a TDS (total dissolved solids) meter. Replace a membrane below
80% TDS reduction.
59. This will depend on influent water quality, usage, pre & post filter maintenance
60. Maintain filters, lengthen life of membrane!!!Reverse Osmosis
BasicsTroubleshooting:Q: I have an RO system & there is water coming out the
back of the faucet. What’s wrong?A:You probably have an air gap style faucet. What
is most likely happening is there may be a clog or kink in the RO drain line causing
water to come through the hole at the back of the faucetQ:What if my hardness
level is more than 7 gpg?A:The hardness level of your water will tend to foul the
membrane of the system.Q:Is it true that RO systems waste a lot of water? A:With
some RO systems it take as much as 10 gallons of water to produce one gallon.
This is an extreme case but most ‘high quality’ systems will have a 3:1
ratioQ:Should you use copper tubing with RO systems?A:NO. RO systems reduce
up to 97% of TDS in water. The aggressiveness of the purified water toward
materials it comes in contact with is a function of its purity. The better the purity the
higher its aggressiveness.

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 61. Reverse Osmosis BasicsTroubleshooting:Q: My RO continues to run. What is
wrong?A: Shut off valve could be defective ORA: Check the storage tank; it might
not have enough air in it. The tank should have 7 lbs of air in it when empty. Too
much air will cause an RO to shut off permanently Q: I have installed my RO but am
not getting much water from faucet. I do hear water running. What is wrong?A: For
a residential system it takes a long time to product RO water. Faucet needs to be in
‘off’ position & then the tank will fill slowly. If a system is rated at 30 USGPM then it
will take one full day to produce that 30 USGPM. The water you hear running is the
reject stream going to drain.Q: My RO system seems to work but when I want to get
3 gallons of water at once I can’t get anything. Is this normal?A: Most RO systems
come with a 3-4 gallon storage tank.
62. Reverse Osmosis BasicsTroubleshooting:No Permeate WaterMembrane
Fouling
63. Prefilter Fouling
64. Inadequate PressureSlow Flow at the FaucetAir Charge
65. Tank not filling
66. Installation of tank, tubing length
67. Inadequate PressureReverse Osmosis BasicsQuick Connect Fittings: RO
systems cannot be installed using copper piping as product water is slightly
aggressive
68. Plastic tubing is most commonly used in RO installations
69. Pipe connections are accomplished using Quick Connect Fittings
70. Quick Connect fittingsdo NOT need any additional special tools
71. Simply cut tube square & insert into QCfitting to accomplish a secure
connectionReverse Osmosis BasicsQuick Connect Fittings:Prepare the connection:
cut pipe square ensuring that it is free from score marksDO NOT USE A
HACKSAWTo avoid damage to o-ring of QCfitting, makesure burrs & sharp edges
are removed

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