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The Personality Puzzle (Seventh Edition ) Seventh Edition full chapter instant download
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Anybody in science, if there are enough anybodies, can find the answer—
it’s an Easter-egg hunt. That isn’t the idea. The idea is: Can you ask the
question in such a way as to facilitate the answer?
—GERALD EDELMAN
PART III The Mind and the Body: Biological Approaches to Personality 256
Chapter 8 The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality 258
Chapter 9 The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary
Psychology 300
PART IV The Hidden World of the Mind: The Psychoanalytic Approach 348
Chapter 10 Basics of Psychoanalysis 350
Chapter 11 Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current
Research 390
PART VI What Personality Does: Learning, Thinking, Feeling, and Knowing 502
Chapter 14 Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and Social Learning Theories 504
Chapter 15 Personality Processes: Perception, Thought, Motivation, and Emotion 540
Chapter 16 The Self: What You Know About You 584
Chapter 17 Personality, Mental Health, and Physical Health 614
EPILOGUE 652
ix
CONTENTS
Preface xxiii
xi
xii Contents
Parapraxes 374
Forgetting 375
Slips 376
Anxiety and Defense 377
Psychoanalysis as a Therapy and as a Route Toward
Understanding 379
Psychoanalytic Theory: A Critique 381
Excessive Complexity 381
Case Study Method 381
Vague Definitions 382
Untestability 382
Sexism 383
Why Study Freud? 383
Wrapping It Up 386
Summary 386
Think About It 388
Suggested Reading 389
Epilogue 652
Which Approach Is Right? 653
What Have We Learned? 655
Research Methods Are Useful 656
Cross-Situational Consistency and Aggregation 657
The Biological Roots of Personality 658
The Unconscious Mind 659
Contents xxi
xxiii
xxiv Preface
privilege. The opinions in this book are professional, not personal. I think I have
some credentials and experience that license me (not legally!) to have opinions
about psychological issues. I do not have any special qualifications to weigh in on
politics or morality. Although I have strong opinions about those matters, too,
I have tried very hard to leave them out. For example, the debate over abortion
is considered in Chapter 13, in the context of a discussion of collectivist versus
individualist values. A student once told me that after reading that chapter she
couldn’t figure out what my own position was. Good.
When it comes to my views on professional matters, surely not every
instructor (or student) will agree with me on every point. But that’s fine. For ex-
ample, in Chapter 3 I express a rather negative opinion about the use of decep-
tion in psychological experiments. I suspect this is a minority position among
my colleagues, and perhaps students as well. The ethics of research and exper-
imentation, including this issue, could make for a lively lecture topic or class
discussion, focusing on the ways in which my own viewpoint is wrong. I express
opinions not in the hope of having the final word on the subject, but in an at-
tempt to stimulate the reader to decide whether he or she agrees with me and to
formulate opinions of his or her own. For reasons explained in Chapter 15, this
is an excellent way to learn material no matter what the subject.
2. Respect for Freud. It is oh-so-fashionable for modern psychologists to trash
Freud, all of his works, and even all of psychoanalytic thought. Too often,
textbook chapters could be titled “Why Freud Was Wrong.” I don’t do this. I
find Freudian theory to be a perplexing mixture of wise and even startling in-
sights, strange ideas, and old-fashioned 19th-century sexism. As you can see
in Chapters 10 and 11, I seek to emphasize the first of these elements and de-
emphasize (or ignore) the other two. I have had colleagues ask, How can you
teach Freudian theory? It’s so boring! To which I answer, Not if you teach it
right. (Most years, it’s my students’ favorite part of the course.) I have also had
colleagues ask, How can you teach Freudian theory? Freud was wrong about so
many things! To which I answer, Read Chapter 10. I fixed it.
By the way, orthodox Freudians (there are still a few around) aren’t espe-
cially grateful for what I’ve done here. They would much rather see a presenta-
tion that marches through the entire Freudian canon in chronological order, and
includes a detailed apotheosis of Civilization and Its Discontents and all of Freud’s
other major works. There are plenty of places to find presentations like that (my
favorite is Gay, 1988). You won’t find one here.
3. Historical perspective. I am surprised by how many textbooks neglect the his-
tory of psychology; in fact, that seems to be a growing trend. I appreciate the
urge to present all the latest findings, and, indeed, you will find many new and
exciting studies in this book. But that’s not enough. How can you understand
where you are going if you don’t know where you have been? That is one (just
one) of the reasons I try to give Freud his due. It is also why this book includes
Preface xxv
1
Not all the cartoons are actually from the New Yorker; some are from other sources, and a few of them
were drawn by my older daughter.
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de la terra, y la elecció d’uns ó altres, tant pot confiarse al poble
directament, com al poder executiu ab aprobació d’una part del
llegislatiu, com á las Cámaras d’aquest. Tot cap dins de la organisació
particularista sens alterarla essencialment. Filla del reconeixement
de las varietats, en res renega de son orígen.
Un Estat, com tots los sers naturals ó jurídichs, desde lo moment que
gosa de personalitat propia, té duas missions capitals que cumplir.
La primera comprén tot lo que’s refereix á sa vida íntima; la segona
tot que’s té que veure ab sa vida exterior. Negada la possibilitat de
que tota la humanitat y tota la terra formin un sol Estat, han de
coexistirne varis, y puig que’ls Estats son conjunts d’homens,
necessaria y precisament han de relacionarse los uns ab los altres.
Aixis com no’s concebeix l’individuo sinó formant societat ab altres
individuos, tampoch se pot imaginar un Estat aislat de tots los altres.
La associació d’Estats té com un de sos objectes donar al conjunt de
molts de petits las condicions d’un de gran, sens que hagin de
renunciar á las ventatjas que’ls són propias, y perdent, per contra, las
desventatjas que de llur petitesa se originan. Los Estats associats van
á ferse forts per medi de la unió. Pera alcansar aquest resultat, al
dividirse las atribucions de la soberanía, deuhen encarregarse al
conjunt ó Estat general totas las que son indispensables pera la vida
exterior de la Confederació. Aquesta ha de presentarse unida y
compacta davant de las altras nacions, que han d’ignorar
diplomáticament la existencia de las varietats interiors.
En algun dels capítols anteriors hem indicat que certas brancas del
dret privat poden ser concentradas ab benefici de tots aquells á quins
han de obligar, puig per llur naturalesa especial no afectan á una sola
comarca, ni á una sola agrupació nacional, sinó á totas las societats
civilisadas. Molts contractes mercantils se troban en aquest cas. Se
pot, donchs, confiar sens inconvenient algunas atribucions relativas
á tals materias als poders generals de l’associació d’Estats.
Tal vegada á molts los semblará que aquesta ventatja del Estat
compost es molt bona pera ser exposada en teoria, y no creurán que
pugui manifestarse en fets práctichs. Si tal los semblés ó aixó
creguessin, s’enganyarian completament. No sóls aquellas ventatjas
se manifestan en la práctica, sino que son conseqüencia precisa de la
organisació particularista.
¿Se’n volen exemples? No hem de fer més que girar la vista cap á
qualsevol de las associacions d’Estats, y’n trovarem de tota classe.
¿Se’n volen en lo terreno del dret polítich? A Suissa tenim lo Veto, lo
Referendum, la Iniciativa, etc., quinas institucions s’han anat
introduhint en la majoría dels Cantons, en vista dels bons resultats
obtinguts per lo que primer va ferne la proba. Lo dret de revisar las
lleys dictadas per la autoritat llegislativa per medi de votacions
populars ad Referendum va naixer en los Cantons del Valais y dels
Grisons, en los quals hi havia d’antich la costum de referir ó donar
compte de las lleys fetas per lo Concell á las decenas ó municipalitats,
á fi y efecte que resolguessin sobre d’ellas en definitiva. Al acomodar
los Cantons la tradició ab las aspiracions, van modernisar la
institució, y copiantla los que no la havian encara adoptada dels que
ja la tenian, van anarla perfeccionant y extenent fins al punt, de que
avuy forma ja part del dret federal, puig que las lleys que dictan las
autoritats representativas del conjunt han de ser subjectadas á la
revisió popular de tota la Confederació, sempre que
constitucionalment ho demanan trenta mil ciutadans actius ó vuit
dels Cantons confederats. Y tot passant dels uns Cantons als altres, la
institució ha anat prenent formas tan variadas, que mentres en
alguns es lo Referendum obligatori pera totas las lleys, en altres ho es
sóls pera las que importin un gasto que passi d’una quantitat fixada,
y en altres es purament facultatiu ó condicional, no tenint efecte sinó
que ho demani lo número de ciutadans actius que está fixat en las
lleys fonamentals. De la meteixa manera que’l Referendum han anat
extenentse las demés institucions que havem citat y moltas altras.