ATOMIC STRUCTURE

3.1.1

The table below gives the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms or ions.
particle number of number of number of neutrons symbol or
protons electrons formula
A 9 10 10 19
9
F-

m
B 11 11 12

co
C 18 18 22

D 15 18 16

s.
E 13 10 14

e
rc
(a) Complete the table. The first line is given as an example. [6]

and 14n? Give a reason for your choice.

s ou
(b) Which atom in the table is an isotope of the atom which has the composition 11p, 11e
re

[2]
am

[Total: 8]
x
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w
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 3.1.2
The table gives the composition of three particles.

number of number of number of

particle
protons electrons neutrons

A 15 15 16
B 15 18 16
C 15 15 17

m
(a) What is the evidence in the table for each of the following?

co
(i) Particle A is an atom.

....................................................................................................................................

s.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

e
rc
(ii) They are all particles of the same element.

ou
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
s
(iii) Particle B is a negative ion.
re
....................................................................................................................................
am

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iv) Particles A and C are isotopes.

x
te

....................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) What is the electronic structure of particle A?

m

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
.s

(ii) What is the valency of the element?

w

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
w

(iii) Is the element a metal or a non-metal? Give a reason for your choice.
w

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 9]

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3.1.3
The following table gives information about six substances.

melting point boiling point electrical conductivity electrical conductivity

substance
/ °C / °C as a solid as a liquid

A 839 1484 good good

B –210 –196 poor poor
C 776 1497 poor good

m
D –117 78 poor poor
E 1607 2227 poor poor

co
F –5 102 poor good

s.
(a) Which substance could have a macromolecular structure, similar to that of silicon(IV)
oxide?

e
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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Which substances are solids at room temperature?

ou
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
s
re
(c) Which substance could be a metal?
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..................................................................................................................................... [1]
x

(d) Which substance could be aqueous sodium chloride?

te

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
ar

(e) Which substance is an ionic compound?

m

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
.s
w

(f) Which substances are liquids at room temperature?

w

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
w

[Total: 6]

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3.1.4
The Kinetic Theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the arrangement and
movement of particles.

(a) Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, N2, which are spread far
apart move in a random manner at high speed.

(i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in a nitrogen
molecule.
Use × to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.

m
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e s.
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[2]

ou
(ii) How does the movement and arrangement of the molecules in a crystal of nitrogen
differ from those in gaseous nitrogen?
s
....................................................................................................................................
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....................................................................................................................................
am

............................................................................................................................... [3]
x

(b) Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain the following.
te

(i) A sealed container contains nitrogen gas. The pressure of a gas is due to the
molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container.
ar

Explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the temperature is
increased.
m

....................................................................................................................................
.s

.............................................................................................................................. [2]
w
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3.1.5
Cobalt is an element in Period 4 of the Periodic Table.

(a) Use your copy of the Periodic Table to help you complete the table below.

number of number of number of

particle
protons neutrons electrons

Co
Co2+

m
[2]

co
60
(b) Co is a cobalt isotope.

s.
(i) Explain the term isotope.

e
....................................................................................................................................

rc
....................................................................................................................................

ou
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Explain why two isotopes of the same element have identical chemical properties.
s
re
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) State one industrial use and one medical use of radioactive isotopes.
am

industrial use ....................................................................................................... [1]

medical use ......................................................................................................... [1]

x
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[Total: 7]
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