Function, Limit, Continuity 1

Function
Definition of Function: If a variable y depends on a variable x in such a way that each value of x
determines exactly one value of y, then we say that y is a function of x.
yfx=()
∙ Domain of Function: The set of input.
∙ Range of Function: The set of output.

Polynomial Function: 2 3 3 2 f x x g x x h x x l x x x x ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) 5 2 10 =
= = = + − + Domain = = −∞ ∞ ( , )
Range = = −∞ ∞ ( , )
Square root:

∙fxx()5=−
xx−≥⇒≥505
Domain of f = ∞ [5, )
Range of f = ∞ [0, )
∙gxx()6=−
6066−≥⇒≥⇒≤xxx
Domain of g = −∞ ( ,6]
Range of g = ∞ [0, )
Logarithmic Function:
∙ f x x ( ) ln =
x>0
Domain of f = ∞ (0, )
Range of f = −∞ ∞ ( , )
∙ f x x ( ) ln( 5) = +
xx+>⇒>−505
Domain of f = − ∞ ( 5, )
Range of f = −∞ ∞ ( , )
Fraction:

∙1
fx
x+
x
()
3
=
−

f+
 314
(3) undefined
===
330
−
x − ≠3 0 ⇒ ≠x 3.
Domain of f = −{3}

farooq@bubt.edu.bd Md. Farooq Hasan

Function, Limit, Continuity 2

Now 1
yfx
x+
x
==
−
()
3
fxy
() =
xfy−
⇒= = 3
−
y 1 ()
x+
1
x

⇒ − = +yxx(
3) 1 ⇒ − − = yx y
x 3 1 ⇒ − = + yx
x y3 1 ⇒ − = + x
y y ( 1) 3 1
x
y+
31
y
⇒= 1
−
− +
31()
1 1
y
⇒==
−
 xfy
y
− +
31()
1 1
x
⇒=
−
fx
x
y − ≠1 0
Range of f = −{1}

∙1
gx
x x+
x
()
( 3)( 2)
=
−+
( 3)( 2) 0
xx
−+≠
∴−≠+≠
3 0 or 2 0
xx
x x ≠ ≠ − 3, 2
Domain ofg = − − {3, 2}.
Now for Range
x + 1
y =
xx −+

2
56
xxyx
−+=+
561
()
2

x y xy y x − + = +
561
()
2

x y xy y x − + − − =

56102
yx y x y − + + − =
 (5 1) (6 1) 0 2
2
yx y x y − + + − = (5 1) (6 1) 0
ax bx c + + = 0Second degree equation has two roots �� =−��±√��2−4����
2
2��. Range: −{0}
�� 2��.
=(5��+1)±√(5��+1)2−4��(6��−1)

farooq@bubt.edu.bd Md. Farooq Hasan

Function, Limit, Continuity 3

One-One function
y f x = ( )is said to be one-one for all 1 2 x x, ∈, if and only if
1 2 f x f x ( ) ( ) =Then 1 2 x x = .

Example:y f x x = = + ( ) 2 1
For any1 2 x x, ∈ , 1 2 f x f x ( ) ( ) =if and only if 1 2 x x = .
Now 1 2 f x f x ( ) ( ) =
122 1 2 1 x x + = +

122 2 x x =

1 2 x x =Hence y f x x = = + ( ) 2 1is one-one function.

gxx()=
Example: 2

For any1 2 x x, ∈ , 1 2 g x g x ( ) ( ) =if and only if 1 2 x x = .

Now 1 2 g x g x ( ) ( ) =
12x x =
22

12xx−=0
22

( x x x x 1 2 1 2 + − = )( ) 0
( x x x x 1 2 1 2 + = − = ) 0 or 0 ( )
1212x x x x = − = or
12x x ≠

Not one-one function.

Inverse of Function
yfx=()
x f y( ) −
 1
=
y x x ( 3) 1 − = +
f
Example: Given 1 yx y x − = + 3 1
yx x y − = + 3 1 x
x y y ( 1) 3 1 − = +
x+
x
x y+
31
f x( ) −.
y
1 y = find 1 ( )
− 3
Let 3 x+

x
=
−
1

=
−

farooq@bubt.edu.bd Md. Farooq Hasan

Function, Limit, Continuity 4

31
()();()fyfxyxfy===

y
−−11

y 1
−
31() f
1

x
x

x +
−
31()
= 1
− 1

y
− +
xfy
y
==
−
131()
Now 1
− +
x
fx
x
=
−

Example: Give f x x ( ) 2 1 =
+yx=+21

x−
= 1 2
y
−
x f y − 11

== y
()
2
−
fx −
11

x
=.
()
2

Even Function: A function f x( )is said to be even function if and only if f

xfx()()−=
Example:
i.f x x ( ) cos =
Now f x x x f x ( ) cos( ) cos ( ) − = − = = .
fxfx()()−=
gxx()=
ii. 2

gxxxgx()()()−=−==
Now 2 2
Odd Function: A function f x( )is said to be odd function if and only if
fxfx()()−=−
i.f x x ( ) sin =
f x x x f x ( ) sin( ) sin ( ) − = − = − = −
gxx()=
ii. 3
 ( )3 3
gxxxgx()()−=−=−=−

Composite of Functions: Suppose there are two functions f x g x ( ) and ( ), then composite of
these two functions be like f g f g x = ( ( ))and g f g f x = ( ( ))
gxx()=
Example:f x x ( ) 1 = +and 2

farooq@bubt.edu.bd Md. Farooq Hasan

Function, Limit, Continuity 5

22
f g f g x f x x = = = + ( ( )) ( ) 1
g f g f x g x x = = + = + ( ( )) ( 1)
(
1
)
2

( )(5) 5 1 26 f g = + =
( )( ) 1 f g x x = + 2

( )(5) ? f g = 2

( )( 5) ( ( )) ( 1) ( 5 1) 16 g f g f x g x − = = + = − + =
2

Limit of a Function: Limit of a function f x( )at point x a =is written as lim ( ) x af x

→and it
will be exists if and only if

R. H. L. = lim ( )
+
→ and L. H. L. = lim ( )
xa
fx
fx −
→ xa

lim ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )

fxfxfx
==
+−
→→ →

xaxaxa

Example:f x x ( ) 2 3 = +at point x =

2 ��(2) = 2.2 + 3 = 7
lim ( ) lim (2 3) 2.2 3 7 f x x
R. H. L. = L. H. L. = f x x
=+=+= =+=+=
++ −−
→→ →→
xx xx
22 22

lim ( ) lim (2 3) 2.2 3 7

lim ( ) lim ( ) 7
fxfx
==
+−
→→
xx
22

Example:2; 0
⎧+>
xx
=⎨
⎩ ≤ at x = 0
fx
xx
()
;0

lim ( ) lim 2 0 2 2
fxx
R. H. L. = L. H. L. f x x

=
==
−−
→→
=+=+= xx
++
→→ 00
xx
00

lim ( ) lim 0

lim ( ) lim ( )
fxfx
≠
+−
→→
xx
00

Limit does not exists at �� = 0.

⎧+ ≤ ⎪⎪
⎪

xx
2;0
fxxx
();01
Example: = 0 and �� = 1? 1
;1
= < < ⎨⎪⎪≥ ⎪ . Does limit exists at ��
⎩
 x
x

Solution: At point �� = 0:
000
R. H. L. = L. H. L.
lim ( ) lim 2 0 2 2 f x
=
x
lim ( ) lim lim 0 0 f x
x
=+=+=.
−−
=== →→
xx
+++
→→→ 00
xxx

lim ( ) lim ( ) f x f x

≠
+−
→→
xx
00

farooq@bubt.edu.bd Md. Farooq Hasan

Function, Limit, Continuity 6

Limit does not exists at �� = 0.

At point �� = 1:
R. H. L. = L. H. = = =
xx
1
L. = 11

11 f
lim ( ) lim 1
==.
x →→++
x

lim ( ) lim 1 fx
x
1
fxx
−−
→→
xx
11

lim ( ) lim ( )
fxfx
=
+−
→→

Continuity of a
xx
11

→= . function
lim ( ) 1

A function f x( )is said to be continuous at x a =if and only if it satisfies the followings:
i.f a( )exists.
 ii.lim ( )
x af x

→exists and finite.

iii.lim ( ) ( )
x af x f a

→=

f x x ( ) 2 = +at x = 2
Example: 2

f (2) 2 2 6 = + =
2

lim ( ) lim ( 2) 2 2 6
fxx
=+=+=
L.H.L=2 2
−−
→→
xx
22

lim ( ) lim ( 2) 2 2 6
fxx
=+=+=
R.H.L=2 2
++
→→
xx
22

lim ( ) 6
xf x

→=

Therefore, 2
lim ( ) 6 (2)
xf x f

→= =
2

f x x ( ) 2 = +is continuous at x = 2 .
Hence 2
Example: Show that 22; 2
⎧+<
xx
=⎨ is discontinuous at x = 2 .
⎩−≥
fx
xx
()
1; 2
22
f x x f ( ) 1; (2) 2 1 3 = − = − =
lim ( ) lim 2 2 2 4
fxx
L.H.L= lim ( ) lim( 1) 2 1 3
=+=+=
−−
→→
xx
fxx
22
=−=−=
R.H.L=2 2
++
→→
xx
22

L.H.L.≠R.H.L.
Limit doesn’t exists at x = 2
So the function f x( )is not continuous at x = 2 .
Example: Show that 21; 2
⎧+<
xx
=⎨ is continuous at x = 2 .
⎩−≥
fx
xx
()
1; 2
f (2) 2 1 3 = − =
2

farooq@bubt.edu.bd Md. Farooq Hasan

Function, Limit, Continuity 7 lim ( ) lim 1 2 1 3 f x x
=+=+=
L.H.L=
−−
→→
xx
22

lim ( ) lim( 1) 2 1 3
fxx
=−=−=
R.H.L. =2 2
++
→→
xx
22

L.H.L. =R.H.L.
lim ( ) 3 (2)
xf x f

→= =
2

So the function f x( )is continuous at x = 2

Example: Show that 21; 3
⎧+<
xx
=⎨ is discontinuous atx = 3.
⎩−≥
fx
xx
()
1; 3
f (3) 3 1 8 = − =
2

lim ( ) lim 1 3 1 4
 fxx
L.H.L= xx
=+=+=
→→
−− =−=−=
xx
32

lim ( ) lim( 1) 3 1 8 f
R.H.L. =2 2 → → + +
xx
33

L.H.L. =R.H.L.

So the function f x( )is discontinuous at x = 3 ⎧

−≤
⎪

xx
;0
fxxx
();01
Example: Show that = < ≤ ⎨⎪
⎩ − >is continuous at x = 0and x
=1. 2 ; 1
At x = 0:
xx
f (0) 0 =
xx
00

lim ( ) lim( ) 0
L.H.L= fxx
lim ( ) lim( ) 0
R.H.L. =
fxx ==
++
→→
=−= xx
00
−−
→→

→= =. So ��(��) is continuous at �� = 0.

lim ( ) 0 (0)
xf x f
0

Now f (1) 1 =
lim ( ) lim( ) 1
fxx
L.H.L= fxx
==
→→
−− R.H.L. =
xx
11 =−=−=
++
→→
lim ( ) lim(2 ) 2 1 1 x x
11

lim ( ) 1 (1)
 fxf
x

→= =. So ��(��) continuous at �� = 1. 1

Differentiability: y f x = ( )at a point x a =

dy f x h f x
fx
()()
( ) lim
′ +−
==
dx h →
h 0

fahfa →
fa h
+−
′=
()()
( ) lim
h 0

farooq@bubt.edu.bd Md. Farooq Hasan

Function, Limit, Continuity 8

Example:y f x x = = ( ) sin
dy f x h f x x h x
fx
( ) ( ) sin( ) sin
( ) lim lim
+−+−
===
′
dx h h → →
hh
00

2
xhh+
2cos sin CDCD
22 CD⎡⎤+−
lim
−=⎢⎥
=sin sin 2cos sin ⎣⎦

h
→
22
h h
0
limcos
2
= xh
sin 2 2 +
 → h
h
0

2
h
sin 2 2 +
limcos lim
⎡⎤
xh =
= lim[ ( ) ( )] lim ( )lim ( ) f x g x f x g x
→→ h2 ⎣ ⎦ xaxaxa→→→
hh
00

sin
= ⋅ 0 lim 1
2 x
xh+ ⎡⎤
limcos 1
=⎢⎥
⎣⎦
h →
2 x
x
→ 0

202
cos 1 cos cos
xx
x
+
= ⋅ = = Ans.2 2
farooq@bubt.edu.bd Md. Farooq Hasan