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Exam Guide and Mike Meyers’ CompTIA Security+®
Certification Guide.
Scott has taught computer classes all over the United
States, including stints at the United Nations in New York
and the FBI Academy in Quantico. Practicing what he
preaches, Scott is a CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+, and
CompTIA Security+ certified technician, a Microsoft Certified
Professional, a Microsoft Office User Specialist, and Certiport
Internet and Computing Core Certified.

About the Technical Editor

Jonathan S. Weissman is an associate professor and IT
program coordinator (Department of Computing Sciences)
at Finger Lakes Community College. He is also a senior
lecturer (Department of Computing Security) at Rochester
Institute of Technology and teaches part-time at Syracuse
University (Department of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science) and Nazareth College (School of
Management).
Jonathan is the co-author of Mike Meyers’ CompTIA
Network+® Certification Passport, Sixth Edition and Mike
Meyers’ CompTIA Network+® Guide to Managing and
Troubleshooting Networks Lab Manual, Fifth Edition, and also
serves as technical editor for many industry textbooks.
Jonathan also developed three courses for the edX RITx
Cybersecurity MicroMasters program, which he has taught
to more than 50,000 students worldwide. In addition to
teaching, Jonathan is a networking and cybersecurity
consultant for local businesses and individuals.
Jonathan has a master’s degree in Computer Science from
Brooklyn College and holds 34 industry certifications,
including CCNP® Routing and Switching, CCNA® Security,
CompTIA Security+, CompTIA Network+, CompTIA A+,
Certified Ethical Hacker, Computer Hacking Forensic
Investigator, and IPv6 Certified Network Engineer (Gold),
among others.

LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jonathan-s-weissman-
058b649b

Twitter: https://twitter.com/cscprof
Becoming a CompTIA Certified IT
Professional Is Easy
It’s also the best way to reach greater professional
opportunities and rewards.

Why Get CompTIA Certified?

Growing Demand
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Learn More: Certification.CompTIA.org

CompTIA Disclaimer
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of CompTIA Properties, LLC. Printed in the U.S. 04711-
Jan2018.
CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

Chapter 1 Network Models

Chapter 2 Cabling and Topology
Chapter 3 Ethernet Basics
Chapter 4 Modern Ethernet
Chapter 5 Installing a Physical Network
Chapter 6 TCP/IP Basics
Chapter 7 Routing
Chapter 8 TCP/IP Applications
Chapter 9 Network Naming
Chapter 10 Securing TCP/IP
Chapter 11 Advanced Networking Devices
Chapter 12 IPv6
Chapter 13 Remote Connectivity
Chapter 14 Wireless Networking
Chapter 15 Virtualization and Cloud Computing
Chapter 16 Mobile Networking
Chapter 17 Building a Real-World Network
Chapter 18 Managing Risk
Chapter 19 Protecting Your Network
Chapter 20 Network Monitoring
Chapter 21 Network Troubleshooting
Appendix A Objective Map: CompTIA Network+
Appendix B Create Your Study Plan
Appendix C About the Online Content
Glossary
Index
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1 Network Models
Historical/Conceptual
Working with Models
Biography of a Model
Network Models
The OSI Seven-Layer Model in Action
Welcome to MHTechEd!
Test Specific
Let’s Get Physical—Network Hardware and
Layers 1–2
Beyond the Single Wire—Network Software
and Layers 3–7
The TCP/IP Model
The Link Layer
The Internet Layer
The Transport Layer
The Application Layer
Frames, Packets, and Segments/Datagrams,
Oh My!
The Tech’s Troubleshooting Tools
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 2 Cabling and Topology
Test Specific
Network Topologies
Bus and Ring
Star
Hybrid
Mesh
Parameters of a Topology
Cabling and Connectors
Copper Cabling and Connectors
Fiber-Optic Cabling and Connectors
Other Cables
Fire Ratings
Networking Industry Standards—IEEE
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 3 Ethernet Basics
Historical/Conceptual
Ethernet
802.3 Standards
Test Specific
Ethernet Frames
Early Ethernet Standards
Bus Ethernet
10BaseT
10BaseFL
CSMA/CD
Enhancing and Extending Ethernet Networks
The Trouble with Hubs
 Switches to the Rescue
Connecting Ethernet Segments
Troubleshooting Switches
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 4 Modern Ethernet
Test Specific
100-Megabit Ethernet
100BaseT
100BaseFX
Gigabit Ethernet
1000BaseSX
1000BaseLX
SFF Fiber Connectors
Mechanical Connection Variations
Implementing Multiple Types of Gigabit
Ethernet
Ethernet Evolutions
10 Gigabit Ethernet
Beyond Network+
IEEE 802.3ba
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 5 Installing a Physical Network
Historical/Conceptual
Understanding Structured Cabling
Cable Basics—A Star Is Born
Test Specific
 Structured Cable—Network Components
Structured Cable—Beyond the Star
Installing Structured Cabling
Getting a Floor Plan
Mapping the Runs
Determining the Location of the
Telecommunications Room
Pulling Cable
Making Connections
Testing the Cable Runs
NICs
Buying NICs
Link Lights
Diagnostics and Repair of Physical Cabling
Diagnosing Physical Problems
Check Your Lights
Check the NIC
Cable Testing
Problems in the Telecommunications Room
Toners
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 6 TCP/IP Basics
Historical/Conceptual
Test Specific
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Internet Layer Protocols
Transport Layer Protocols
Application Layer Protocols
 IP and Ethernet
IP Addresses
IP Addresses in Action
Class IDs
CIDR and Subnetting
Subnetting
CIDR: Subnetting in the Real World
IP Address Assignment
Static IP Addressing
Dynamic IP Addressing
Special IP Addresses
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 7 Routing
Historical/Conceptual
How Routers Work
Test Specific
Routing Tables
Freedom from Layer 2
Network Address Translation
Dynamic Routing
Routing Metrics
Distance Vector and Path Vector
Link State
EIGRP
Dynamic Routing Makes the Internet
Route Redistribution
Working with Routers
Connecting to Routers
 Basic Router Configuration
Router Problems
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 8 TCP/IP Applications
Historical/Conceptual
Transport Layer and Network Layer Protocols
How People Communicate
Test Specific
TCP
UDP
ICMP
IGMP
The Power of Port Numbers
Registered Ports
Connection Status
Rules for Determining Good vs. Bad
Communications
Common TCP/IP Applications
The World Wide Web
Telnet and SSH
E-mail
FTP
Internet Applications
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 9 Network Naming
Test Specific
 Before DNS
NetBIOS
hosts
DNS
How DNS Works
DNS Servers
Troubleshooting DNS
Diagnosing TCP/IP Networks
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 10 Securing TCP/IP
Test Specific
Making TCP/IP Secure
Encryption
Integrity
Nonrepudiation
Authentication
Authorization
TCP/IP Security Standards
User Authentication Standards
Encryption Standards
Combining Authentication and Encryption
Secure TCP/IP Applications
HTTPS
SCP
SFTP
SNMP
LDAP
NTP
 Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 11 Advanced Networking Devices
Test Specific
Virtual Private Networks
PPTP VPNs
L2TP VPNs
SSL VPNs
DTLS VPNs
DMVPN
Alternative VPNs
Switch Management
Virtual LANs
Trunking
Configuring a VLAN-Capable Switch
Tagging
VLAN Trunking Protocol
InterVLAN Routing
DHCP and VLANs
Troubleshooting VLANs
Multilayer Switches
Load Balancing
QoS and Traffic Shaping
Port Bonding
Network Protection
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 12 IPv6
 Test Specific
IPv6 Basics
IPv6 Address Notation
Link-Local Address
IPv6 Prefix Lengths
The End of Broadcast
Global Unicast Address
Aggregation
Using IPv6
It Just Works
DHCPv6
DNS in IPv6
Moving to IPv6
IPv4 and IPv6
Transition Mechanisms
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 13 Remote Connectivity
Historical/Conceptual
Telephony and Beyond
The Dawn of Long Distance
Test Specific
Digital Telephony
Copper Carriers: T1 and T3
Fiber Carriers: SONET/SDH and OC
Packet Switching
Real-World WAN
Alternative to Telephony WAN
The Last Mile
 Dial-Up
DSL
Broadband Cable
Satellite
Fiber
Which Connection?
Using Remote Access
Dial-Up to the Internet
Private Dial-Up
Dedicated Connection
Remote Terminal
WAN Troubleshooting Scenarios
Loss of Internet Connectivity
Interface Errors
DNS Issues
Interference
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 14 Wireless Networking
Historical/Conceptual
Test Specific
Wi-Fi Standards
802.11
802.11b
802.11a
802.11g
802.11n
802.11ac
WPS
 Wi-Fi Security
Enterprise Wireless
Implementing Wi-Fi
Performing a Site Survey
Installing the Client
Setting Up an Ad Hoc Network
Setting Up an Infrastructure Network
Extending the Network
Verifying the Installation
Troubleshooting Wi-Fi
No Connection
Slow Connection
Weird Connection
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 15 Virtualization and Cloud Computing
Historical/Conceptual
Concepts of Virtualization
Meet the Hypervisor
Emulation vs. Virtualization
Desktop Virtualization
Test Specific
Virtualization Benefits
Power Saving
Hardware Consolidation
System Recovery
System Duplication
Research
Virtualization in Modern Networks
 Hypervisors
Scaling Virtualization
To the Cloud
The Service-Layer Cake
Cloud Delivery Models
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 16 Mobile Networking
Mobile Network Technologies
Test Specific
Cellular WAN
802.11
Bluetooth
Less Common Mobile Network Technologies
Deployment Models
BYOD
COBO
COPE
CYOD
On-Boarding and Off-Boarding
Scenarios
Geofencing
Locating and Disabling Lost Mobile Devices
Hardening IoT Devices
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 17 Building a Real-World Network
Test Specific
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Science and the
modern world
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Science and the modern world

Author: Alfred North Whitehead

Release date: July 25, 2022 [eBook #68611]

Language: English

Original publication: United States: The MacMillan Company,

1925

Credits: KD Weeks, Steve Mattern and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENCE

AND THE MODERN WORLD ***
 Transcriber’s Note:
Footnotes have been moved to follow the paragraphs
in which they are referenced, and are linked for ease of
reference.
Minor errors, attributable to the printer, have been
corrected. Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of
this text for details regarding the handling of any textual
issues encountered during its preparation.
Any corrections are indicated as hyperlinks, which will
navigate the reader to the corresponding entry in the
corrections table in the note at the end of the text.
SCIENCE AND THE MODERN WORLD
LOWELL LECTURES, 1925
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK . BOSTON . CHICAGO . DALLAS
ATLANTA . SAN FRANCISCO

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON

MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd.

BOMBAY . CALCUTTA . MADRAS

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, Ltd.

TORONTO
 SCIENCE
AND THE MODERN WORLD

LOWELL LECTURES, 1925

BY
ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD
F.R.S., Sc.D. (Cambridge), Hon. D.Sc. (Manchester),
Hon. LL.D. (St. Andrews)

FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

AND PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY

New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1925
All rights reserved
 Copyright, 1925.
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and printed.

Published October, 1925.

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY

THE FERRIS PRINTING COMPANY
 TO
MY COLLEAGUES,
PAST AND PRESENT,
WHOSE FRIENDSHIP IS INSPIRATION.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. The Origins of Modern Science 1

II. Mathematics as an Element in the History 28

of Thought

III. The Century of Genius 55

IV. The Eighteenth Century 80

V. The Romantic Reaction 105

VI. The Nineteenth Century 134

VII. Relativity 160

VIII. The Quantum Theory 181

IX. Science and Philosophy 193

X. Abstraction 219

XI. God 242

XII. Religion and Science 252

XIII. Requisites for Social Progress 270

 PREFACE

The present book embodies a study of some aspects of Western

culture during the past three centuries, in so far as it has been
influenced by the development of science. This study has been
guided by the conviction that the mentality of an epoch springs from
the view of the world which is, in fact, dominant in the educated
sections of the communities in question. There may be more than
one such scheme, corresponding to cultural divisions. The various
human interests which suggest cosmologies, and also are influenced
by them, are science, aesthetics, ethics, religion. In every age each
of these topics suggests a view of the world. In so far as the same
set of people are swayed by all, or more than one, of these interests,
their effective outlook will be the joint production from these sources.
But each age has it dominant preoccupation; and, during the three
centuries in question, the cosmology derived from science has been
asserting itself at the expense of older points of view with their
origins elsewhere. Men can be provincial in time, as well as in place.
We may ask ourselves whether the scientific mentality of the modern
world in the immediate past is not a successful example of such
provincial limitation.
Philosophy, in one of its functions, is the critic of cosmologies. It is
its function to harmonise, refashion, and justify divergent intuitions as
to the nature of things. It has to insist on the scrutiny of the ultimate
ideas, and on the retention of the whole of the evidence in shaping
our cosmological scheme. Its business is to render explicit, and—so
far as may be—efficient, a process which otherwise is unconsciously
performed without rational tests.
Bearing this in mind, I have avoided the introduction of a variety of
abstruse detail respecting scientific advance. What is wanted, and
what I have striven after, is a sympathetic study of main ideas as
seen from the inside. If my view of the function of philosophy is
correct, it is the most effective of all the intellectual pursuits. It builds
cathedrals before the workmen have moved a stone, and it destroys
them before the elements have worn down their arches. It is the
architect of the buildings of the spirit, and it is also their solvent:—
and the spiritual precedes the material. Philosophy works slowly.
Thoughts lie dormant for ages; and then, almost suddenly as it were,
mankind finds that they have embodied themselves in institutions.
This book in the main consists of a set of eight Lowell Lectures
delivered in the February of 1925. These lectures with some slight
expansion, and the subdivision of one lecture into Chapters VII and
VIII, are here printed as delivered. But some additional matter has
been added, so as to complete the thought of the book on a scale
which could not be included within that lecture course. Of this new
matter, the second chapter—‘Mathematics as an Element in the
History of Thought’—was delivered as a lecture before the
Mathematical Society of Brown University, Providence, R. I.; and the
twelfth chapter—‘Religion and Science’—formed an address
delivered in the Phillips Brooks House at Harvard, and is to be
published in the August number of the Atlantic Monthly of this year
(1925). The tenth and eleventh chapters—‘Abstraction’ and ‘God’—
are additions which now appear for the first time. But the book
represents one train of thought, and the antecedent utilisation of
some of its contents is a subsidiary point.
There has been no occasion in the text to make detailed reference
to Lloyd Morgan’s Emergent Evolution or to Alexander’s Space,
Time and Deity. It will be obvious to readers that I have found them
very suggestive. I am especially indebted to Alexander’s great work.
The wide scope of the present book makes it impossible to
acknowledge in detail the various sources of information or of ideas.
The book is the product of thought and reading in past years, which
were not undertaken with any anticipation of utilisation for the
present purpose. Accordingly it would now be impossible for me to
give reference to my sources for details, even if it were desirable so
to do. But there is no need: the facts which are relied upon are
simple and well known. On the philosophical side, any consideration
of epistemology has been entirely excluded. It would have been
impossible to discuss that topic without upsetting the whole balance
of the work. The key to the book is the sense of the overwhelming
importance of a prevalent philosophy.
My most grateful thanks are due to my colleague Mr. Raphael
Demos for reading the proofs and for the suggestion of many
improvements in expression.
Harvard University,
June 29, 1925.
SCIENCE AND THE MODERN
WORLD
 CHAPTER I

THE ORIGINS OF MODERN SCIENCE

The progress of civilisation is not wholly a uniform drift towards

better things. It may perhaps wear this aspect if we map it on a scale
which is large enough. But such broad views obscure the details on
which rest our whole understanding of the process. New epochs
emerge with comparative suddenness, if we have regard to the
scores of thousands of years throughout which the complete history
extends. Secluded races suddenly take their places in the main
stream of events: technological discoveries transform the
mechanism of human life: a primitive art quickly flowers into full
satisfaction of some aesthetic craving: great religions in their
crusading youth spread through the nations the peace of Heaven
and the sword of the Lord.
The sixteenth century of our era saw the disruption of Western
Christianity and the rise of modern science. It was an age of ferment.
Nothing was settled, though much was opened—new worlds and
new ideas. In science, Copernicus and Vesalius may be chosen as
representative figures: they typify the new cosmology and the
scientific emphasis on direct observation. Giordano Bruno was the
martyr; but the cause for which he suffered was not that of science,
but that of free imaginative speculation. His death in the year 1600
ushered in the first century of modern science in the strict sense of
the term. In his execution there was an unconscious symbolism: for
the subsequent tone of scientific thought has contained distrust of
his type of general speculativeness. The Reformation, for all its
importance, may be considered as a domestic affair of the European
races. Even the Christianity of the East viewed it with profound
disengagement. Furthermore, such disruptions are no new
phenomena in the history of Christianity or of other religions. When
we project this great revolution upon the whole history of the
Christian Church, we cannot look upon it as introducing a new
principle into human life. For good or for evil, it was a great
transformation of religion; but it was not the coming of religion. It did
not itself claim to be so. Reformers maintained that they were only
restoring what had been forgotten.
It is quite otherwise with the rise of modern science. In every way
it contrasts with the contemporary religious movement. The
Reformation was a popular uprising, and for a century and a half
drenched Europe in blood. The beginnings of the scientific
movement were confined to a minority among the intellectual élite. In
a generation which saw the Thirty Years’ War and remembered Alva
in the Netherlands, the worst that happened to men of science was
that Galileo suffered an honourable detention and a mild reproof,
before dying peacefully in his bed. The way in which the persecution
of Galileo has been remembered is a tribute to the quiet
commencement of the most intimate change in outlook which the
human race had yet encountered. Since a babe was born in a
manger, it may be doubted whether so great a thing has happened
with so little stir.
The thesis which these lectures will illustrate is that this quiet
growth of science has practically recoloured our mentality so that
modes of thought which in former times were exceptional, are now
broadly spread through the educated world. This new colouring of
ways of thought had been proceeding slowly for many ages in the
European peoples. At last it issued in the rapid development of
science; and has thereby strengthened itself by its most obvious
application. The new mentality is more important even than the new
science and the new technology. It has altered the metaphysical
presuppositions and the imaginative contents of our minds; so that
now the old stimuli provoke a new response. Perhaps my metaphor
of a new colour is too strong. What I mean is just that slightest
change of tone which yet makes all the difference. This is exactly
illustrated by a sentence from a published letter of that adorable
genius, William James. When he was finishing his great treatise on
the Principles of Psychology, he wrote to his brother Henry James, ‘I
have to forge every sentence in the teeth of irreducible and stubborn
facts.’
This new tinge to modern minds is a vehement and passionate
interest in the relation of general principles to irreducible and
stubborn facts. All the world over and at all times there have been
practical men, absorbed in ‘irreducible and stubborn facts’: all the
world over and at all times there have been men of philosophic
temperament who have been absorbed in the weaving of general
principles. It is this union of passionate interest in the detailed facts
with equal devotion to abstract generalisation which forms the
novelty in our present society. Previously it had appeared
sporadically and as if by chance. This balance of mind has now
become part of the tradition which infects cultivated thought. It is the
salt which keeps life sweet. The main business of universities is to
transmit this tradition as a widespread inheritance from generation to
generation.
Another contrast which singles out science from among the
European movements of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, is
its universality. Modern science was born in Europe, but its home is
the whole world. In the last two centuries there has been a long and
confused impact of Western modes upon the civilisation of Asia. The
wise men of the East have been puzzling, and are puzzling, as to
what may be the regulative secret of life which can be passed from
West to East without the wanton destruction of their own inheritance
which they so rightly prize. More and more it is becoming evident
that what the West can most readily give to the East is its science
and its scientific outlook. This is transferable from country to country,
and from race to race, wherever there is a rational society.
In this course of lectures I shall not discuss the details of scientific
discovery. My theme is the energising of a state of mind in the
modern world, its broad generalisations, and its impact upon other
spiritual forces. There are two ways of reading history, forwards and
backwards. In the history of thought, we require both methods. A
climate of opinion—to use the happy phrase of a seventeenth
century writer—requires for its understanding the consideration of its
antecedents and its issues. Accordingly in this lecture I shall