Drilling

Bits
• Drilling bit represents the heart of drill string
• Proper selection is required
• It crushes the rock under the action of WOB and RPM
• Chippings are flushed away with mud
• The process results in a drill hole
 Bit Types
A variety of bits are available for drilling and sampling operation.
The selection of bit is usually dependent on the formation which is to be drilled
and the purpose of the borehole.

Bit

Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits

Drill Bit Core Bit No. of Cones 2 3 4 6

Steel Mill

Tungsten Carbide Inserts

Material

Material
Natural Diamond Insert

PDC Insert

TSP
 Bit Types

SHORT PDC BIT MEDIUM PDC BIT LONG PDC BIT NATURAL DIAMOND BIT TSP BIT
 Drag Bits
▪ The oldest rotary tool still used by
the drilling industry.
▪ The cutting blades are integrally
made with the bit body or are fixed
to it and rotate as a unit with the
drillstem
▪ This bit is used primarily in soft
and gummy formations
 Rolling Cutter Bits:

▪ The emergence of rolling

cutter, or cone
▪ The rolling bit can drill all
types of formations and can
be' altered to achieve special
functions, such as directional
control or coring
▪ The bit body generally
consists of:
I. the shank
II. bit leg(s)
III. journal pins for cone
attachment.
 Cone Bits
• Milled tooth bits: The cutting structure is milled from the steel making
up the cone.
• Insert bits: The cutting structure is a series of inserts pressed into
the cones.
 Diamond (and Diamond Blank)
Bits:

▪ The use of diamond inserts in a special bit matrix is an

accepted method of drilling various formations.
▪ The diamond bit drills according to the shear failure
mechanism and is generally limited to certain hardness
formations and hole sizes
Diamond (and Diamond Blank) Bits
 Bit Planning (Bit Selecting)

▪ Data required for the correct bit selection include the

following:
1. Prognosed lithology column with detailed description
of each formation.
2. Drilling fluid details.
3. Well profile
 Bit Hydraulics & Optimization

▪ Jet Nozzles
▪ Horsepower
▪ Hydraulic Impact Force
 Surface Horsepower
▪ The first component in any hydraulic design is the
surface equipment and the hydraulic horsepower
available from them. There are two limiting factors on
the surface hydraulic horsepower.

▪ The first is the flow rate range. As discussed earlier,

the flow pattern in the annulus should be laminar .
▪ The highest velocity in the annulus will be
around the collars, and this velocity can be
determined by calculating the “critical velocity”
over that section .
▪ The lower limit is a range where there is
sufficient whole cleaning.
▪ A normal range is around 50 ft/min.
▪ The second factor is the operating pressure
of the mud pumps.
▪ Because of the various components
associated with the surface system
(standpipe, rotary hose, pulsation dampener,
etc.) the maximum surface pressure is usually
limited to some value less than the maximum
rated pump pressure.
▪ The available “surface horsepower” is then
determined by:
Hps= (P xQ)/ 1714
Where: Hps = Surface Horsepower
P = Pump Pressure (psi)
Q = Pump Flow Rate (gal/min)
▪ Once the surface horsepower has been
determined, the horsepower distributions can be
made:
Hps = Hpc + Hpb
Where: Hpc = Circulation Horsepower
Hpb = Bit Horsepower
Bottom Hole Horsepower
Determination of the amount of Bottom Hole
Cleaning necessary to maximize the drill rate
is based upon:
1. Hydraulic (Jet) Impact Force
2. Hydraulic Horsepower

Hydraulic Horsepower
Hydraulic horsepower is based on the theory
that cuttings are best removed from beneath
the bit.
The amount of pressure lost at the bit is
essential in determining the hydraulic
horsepower. Bit pressure drop is determined
by:
Pb= (MD x (Vn)2)/1120
Where: MD = Mud Density (lb/gal)
Vn = Nozzle Velocity (ft/sec)
 Bit selection,(Life of Bit)
Four methods are available
Before After