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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Drilling Rig Types:

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Drilling Land Rig Components:

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Drilling Rig Components:

 Hoisting System:
Draw Work.

 Crown & Traveling Blocks.
 Drill Line (Fast line).
 Hook.
 Dead line anchor.
 supply Reel.
 Circulating System:
 Suction Tank.
 Mud Pumps.
 Standpipe.
 Rotary Hose.
 Drilling String.
 Flow Line.
 Solid Control Equipment.
 Intermediate Tank. 5
Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

• Rotating System:
• Rotary Table/Kelly.
• Top Drive System TDS.
• Down hole Motor.
• Power System:
• Generator Sets.
• S.C.R & VFD.
• Control Room.
• Well Control System:
• BOP Stack.
• Accumulator (Koomy) Unit.
• Gas Separator & Vacuum Degasser .
• Choke &Kill Manifold.
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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Drilling Fluid:
It is a mixture of liquids and chemicals that allow the drilling and completion of a well.
Drilling Fluid (mud):
• Water-based(Fresh/ Brine)
Cost-effective, easy to handle
Shale sensitive
• Oil-based
Non-reactive (inert)
Expensive, environmental impact

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

 Health Safety & Environment (HSE)

 Rig safety equipment:
A drilling site is equipped with various safety features, including
I. First aid kits.
II. Fire extinguishers.
III. Emergency air supplies.
IV. Warning sirens.
V. Gas monitors.
VI. Wind indicators (wind sock).
The location of this equipment and Muster Points should be noted prior to
an emergency since emergency conditions can be noisy and can be made
more dangerous by limited visibility and confusion.

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

 Well planning:
Planning a well is an interactive process between Geoscience and Engineering staffs
that involves frequent accessing of several databases and clear communication. Three
basic areas need to be examined in planning a well:
 What target(s) will be evaluated?
 How will the well(s) be drilled to reach those target(s)?
 How will the target zone(s) be evaluated?

Wellsite data package: A data package should be prepared for use on the well-site
containing all of the data needed for correlation and evaluation. This includes maps,
offset well logs, the well prognosis, and any other data that the geologist believes
may be useful.

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging Operations Abbreviations
Abbreviation Operation Abbreviation Operation

R/U Rig UP M/U Make Up

R/M Rig Move LCM Lost Circulation Material

R/D Rig Down WOB Weight on bit

R/R Rig Releas WOC weight on cement

RIH Run In Hole TDS Top Drive System

POOH Pull Out Of Hole BHA Bottom Hole Assembly

CSG Casing W/T Wiper Trip

DP Drill Pipe W/L Wire Line Logging

OEDP Open End Drill Pipe O/P Over Pull / ton

B/O Break Out TD Total Depth

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Major responsibility of mud logging system:

• Geological data:
Obtained by physical examination of drilled
cuttings

• Hydrocarbon (reservoir and source)

data:
From analysis of drilled gases and mud
hydrocarbon content

• Surface drilling data:

Mechanical, hydraulic, and engineering
parameters

• Downhole drilling data:

Parameters from other sources such as
MWD/LWD Gamma Ray data
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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Abbreviation Drilling Parameter Unit

WOB Weight on Bit Ton.
HKLD Hook Load Ton.
TRQ Torque Kft.
RPM Rotation Per Minute RPM.
L-Depth Lag Depth m.
L-Time Lag Time Min.
SPM Stroke Per Minute SPM.
Flow in/out Flow in/out Gallon per GPM.
Minute
BLKHGT Block Height m.
Pit-Act Pit Active bbl.
Pit Tot Pit Total bbl.
TBR Total Bit Revaluation TBR.
I-ROP Instance Rate of Penetration Meter per Hour.
A-ROP Average Rate of Penetration Meter per Hour.
SPP Stand Pipe Pressure Kpa.
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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Wireline Logging:
Wireline logging is a continuous recording of the physical properties of the
formation along the bore hole by using logging tools suspended by a cable
to carry back down hole data into the logging unit which located on the
surface to processed and displayed.
The wire line has tow main types:
 Open Hole.
 Cased hole.

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Casing:
Cylindrical steel pipe used to “case” a drilled hole
to confine/contain formation fluids and control their
flow preventing fracturing of upper, weaker zones,
as well as prevent caving of the borehole.
It also provides a means for attaching surface
equipment, such as blowout preventers and
production tree.
Casing Types:
• Conductor
• Surface
• Intermediate
• Production/Liner

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Cementing:
• It’s the process of mixing and displacing a cement slurry down the casing and up the annular
space behind the casing where it is allowed to set, thus bonding the casing to the formation.
The cement sheath provides a hydraulic seal that establishes zonal isolation, preventing fluid
communication between producing zones in the borehole and blocking the escape of fluids to
the surface, also supports the casing string and protects the steel casing against corrosion by
formation fluids.
• Cement Types:
• Conventional
• Light Weight
• Thermal

• Additives
• Lightweight/Heavyweight Additives: Reduce/Increase slurry density.
• Retarders: Increase thickening time and retard setting.
• Accelerators: Reduce waiting-on-cement time and increase early strength.
• Fluid Loss Additives: Reduce water loss, help sensitive formations, and help prevent
premature dehydration.
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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Well Testing Operations:

The major purpose of testing a
well is to determine the ability
of the formation to produce
fluid.
and to answer the questions:
• What is the fluid type?
• How much it can produce?
• What are the reservoir
characteristics?

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Mud logging Operations

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging
is a service that qualitatively and quantitatively obtains
data from, and makes observations of, drilled formation, drilling fluid
and drilling parameters by examining and analyzing geological
information contained in formation cuttings and drilling mud, to
determine drilled lithology, oil and gas shows and reconstruct
conditions at depth, and monitoring the drilling parameters. Then
recording geological information versus depth and drilling
parameters versus time.
Mud logging, in its conventional implementation, involves the rig-
site monitoring and assessment of information that comes to the
surface while drilling, with the exclusion of data from down hole
sensors, the term "surface logging" is sometimes used, and the
personnel performing the services may be called "surface-logging
specialists" (Petro-Wiki).
 Basic mud logging services now typically track drilling rates,
lithology, visual hydrocarbon indicators, total combustible gas in
mud and individual hydrocarbon compounds in the gas along with
numerous drilling parameters. These days, the term surface logging
is sometimes used to encompass a range of enhanced mud logging
services that incorporate advanced sensor and computing
technology to provide monitoring for wellbore stability and early kick
detection.(SLB).
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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

• Collects, prepares and packs cuttings samples based on Sampling

Program.
• Alerts necessary team members about unusual cuttings.
• Assist mud loggers in monitoring the well and all of the maintenance
of the equipment.

• Samples description, analyzing and Interpretation.

• Hydrocarbons (Oil & Gas) Shows Evaluation.
• Formation Tops Identification.
• Lag time check.
• Determination of zone of interest.
• Preparation and updating of Master Logs.
• Casing and Core points determination.
• Assist the well-site geologist during coring operations.
• Provides written reports to the Geological Supervisor (DGR & FWR). 20
Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

• Pore pressure prediction.

• Pore pressure estimation.
• Engineering parameters, monitoring and detection.
• Monitoring wellbore instability indications.
• Producing pressure versus depth plots.
• Preparing daily and final well pressure reports.

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

• Acquisition and presentation of Real Time Data to the client.

• Monitoring and Interpretation of Real Time data.

• Mud logging Unit Rigging Up and Down.

• Sensors and Gas System calibration and checks.

• Preparation and Presentation of Daily Reports.

• Attending Casing and Cementation jobs.

• Attending LOT tests.

• Attending Core Drilling and Core Recovery.

• Attending Fishing, Milling and Other Well Complications jobs.

• Take on the primary health and safety role for the well through constant monitoring of
all critical drilling parameters.
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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging JHA, Near-miss & Accidents Reports.

SCBA

Ground cable

30-Minute- Breathing
Apparatus 23
Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

 Mud logging sampling usually starts at the Surface section.

 Samples are taken based on sampling program in well Geological Proposal.
 Samples are collected from sample Box at the Shale Shaker.
 Samples should be representative of the intervals.
Samples types:
I. Unwashed sample-Wet bag: (two sets for the Client and the Goverment).
II. Washed-description sample:( For lithology Description, should be wet).
III. Washed-dry sample:( for Oil shows evaluation, then Packed in Vial, Envelope and File).
IV. Spot sample:(are taken when changes in ROP or Gas readings are observed).
V. Bottom sample:(are taken in case of core point, Casing point determination, and trip or
POOH).
VI. Biostrata sample: Washed (For Palynology studies (pollens &spores-Dating, kerogen
type, Biozonation, paleoclimate), are taken when Dark color Clay exceed 80% in
sample).
VII. Geochemical samples: Un washed (For Source Rock Evaluation(RE, Ro, GC, GCSM and KT), are
taken when Dark color Clay exceed 80% in sample).
VIII.Special Samples (SWC, RFT, FMT & QFT).
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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging
 Conventional Core and Side Wall Core

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Cuttings Lithological Description and Interpretation: (Mud Logger):

Cuttings Samples Description Equipment.
Cuttings Samples Lithological Description.
Cuttings Samples Lithological Interpretations.
Rate of Penetration (ROP).
Accessory Minerals.
Visual Porosity.
Well Geological Correlation.
Well trained mud loggers examine the cuttings using a binocular microscope, UV box and laboratory tests
to determine their composition, properties, hydrocarbon content, and visual porosity. The information is
used to update computerized Master log.

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Oil Shows Evaluation Steps:

 Step 1: OIL STAIN; Under Microscope: (rr, tr, occ, mnr, com, abdnt,
pred) + (lt brn, brn, dk brn) o stn or n vis o stn.

 Step 2: FLUORESCENCE DISTRIBUATION; Under UV Box: (rr, tr, occ)

spt/ (mnr, com) patchy/ (abdnt, pred) even + (dl, fnt, bri) + (yel,
yelshwh, wh, mlkywh….) fluor.

 Step 3: CUT FLUORESCENCE; By adding solvent (Chloroform) (rr, tr,

occ, mnr, com, abdnt, pred) + (slo/mod / fst) + (strmg/blmg) + (dl, fnt,
bri) + (yel, wh, mlkywh) ct fluor.

 Step 4: RESIDUAL OIL; Dissolving sample by adding solvent to

sample on a filter paper:(rr, tr, occ, mnr, com, abdnt, pred) + (lt
brn, brn, dk brn) + resd o or n vis resd o.

 Oil Odor: The first indication of the presence of hydrocarbon the

odor (smell) may present in the cutting; you can use general term
such as slight, mod, or strong oil odor.

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Gas Shows Evaluation: (Mud Logger):

Onsite extraction and analysis of gas from the drilling fluid to determine the Total
Gas, C1–nC5 components, H2S and CO2 of Formations.
 Gas Sampling: (On-line Sampling):
Gas readings are obtained from the mud system by placing a separator or gas
trap in the ditch (possum belly) or flow-line. Extracted gas is drawn into the mud
logging unit where it's contents are measured by a variety of gas detectors;
usually a total hydrocarbon detector, a chromatograph, a CO2 detector and a H2S
detector.
Total Gas and C1–nC5 components (in ppm) are determined by Flame ionization
detector (FID) or Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD). The acquisition system
records the results in the database at the depth corresponding to the origin of
the gas and displays them on the rig monitors and surface logs.
The amount of gas recorded is dependent upon many variables, including:
• Volume of gas per unit volume of formation.
• Degree of formation flushing.
• Rate of penetration.
• Mud Density and Mud Viscosity.
• Formation pressure.
• Gas trap efficiency.
• Gas detector efficiency.
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• Variability of mud flow rate.
Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

 Lag Time Calculations

a) Theoretical lag time = lag strokes = minute.

Total SPM

b) Actual lag time = cycle strokes – down strokes = minute.

Total SPM

c) Caving = Actual lag time - theoretical lag time X100

Theoretical lag time
Caving:
• When the result is negative this indicates (Tight hole).
• When the result is positive this indicates (caving).
 When the result is zero this indicates (Good condition).

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

DGR:

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Pore Pressure Evaluation: (Pore Pressure Engineer):

Abnormal pore pressures may cause serious drilling incidents (e.g., fluid
influx, kicks, and even blowouts), if these abnormal pressures are not
accurately predicted in a predrill stage or detected in a real-time drilling.
During drilling, Pressure Engineer provide a 24/7 service at the Wellsite, using
real-time pressure monitoring software, evaluating data and adjusting the
predrill model for accurate estimation of pore pressure, fracture gradient,
and overburden. Interpretations and recommendations are communicated to
key decision makers at the Wellsite and in the office. Remotely based
interpretation experts provide additional support to the Wellsite and party
teams as required through in-depth analysis of the daily reports submitted by
the Wellsite Geologist.

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Drilling Operations Monitoring: (Data Engineer):

The mud logging unit includes instrumentation to

real-time monitor the basic drilling parameters.
The mud logging unit is therefore the one place
on a rig where all the drilling operations and
geological information is observed and recorded,
it serves as information center.
NO. Parameters Abbreviation Unit
The data engineers continually monitor, record
and analyze the sensors data. All operations are 1- Rate of ROP m/h
recorded and displayed on the rig site. This allows
the drilling team to watch operations and identify Penetration
shifts in trends that could indicate operations 2- Rotary speed RPM rpm
problems.
3- Hook Load HLD ton
4- Weight on Bit WOB ton
All the parameters specified in the contract scope 5- Rotary Torque TRQ knm
of services shall be recorded against time and
continuously monitored. Sensors are used to 6- Stroke Speed GPM gpm
monitoring drilling operations. 7- Block Height BLH m
The following table lists the most 8- Pits Volume Pit# bls
important drilling parameters:
9- Pumps Pump# spm 32
Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

• Encoder: Block Height (Depth Sensor).

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Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging
Drilling Operations Monitor (Acquisition
Computer).

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 Mud
Wellsite Operations Engineer
and Mud Logging Off-site Client, Real-time monitoring. LWD and Directional Drilling Crew

Mud volumes,
density, temp. Depth, ROP data.
Mud tests Survey, Logging data
reports
Drilling Supervisor Lithology, Well-site Geologist
Oil & Gas
Drilling
shows,
Parameters
Drilling &
& Mud data
Mud
Mud Logging Unit serves as Parameters,
information center Gas Data

Drilling, Gas & Pump rate, pressure Master log, Wireline logging Crew
Mud data Displacement volumes Logging data
Driller

Cement Engineer 35
Wellsite Operations and Mud Logging

Advances and Innovations in Mud logging:

Over the last few years there has been an increasing interest in
using more advanced laboratory analytical methods at the rig-site.
Technologies such as
and give a quantitative analysis of the
elemental composition and minerals present in the cuttings sample.
Combined with techniques like and to analyze the
type, origin and maturity of hydrocarbon material in the cuttings, it
is now possible to get a detailed quick analysis at the rig-site in
order to identify potential zones of interest.

XRD XRF Pyrolysis

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