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Brief Contents
1. Acknowledgments
2. Preface
1. Chapter 1 The Social Construction of Sexuality
2. Chapter 2 The Science of Sexuality
3. Chapter 3 Gender and Sexuality
4. Chapter 4 Sexuality, Inequality, and Privilege
5. Chapter 5 LGBTQ Mobilization and Activism
6. Chapter 6 Media, Sport, and Sexuality
7. Chapter 7 Sexuality, Schools, and the Workplace
8. Chapter 8 Religion, Family, and Sexuality
9. Chapter 9 Sexuality and Reproduction
10. Chapter 10 Sexual Health
11. Chapter 11 Commodification of Sex
12. Chapter 12 Sexual Violence
3. References
4. Index
5. About the Authors
Detailed Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
Chapter 1 The Social Construction of Sexuality
The Sociology of Sexualities
Terminology
Evidence of the Social Construction of Sexuality
Nature versus Nurture
Sexual Binaries
The Invention of Heterosexuality and Homosexuality
Heteronormativity
Compulsory Heterosexuality
The Invention of Homosexuality
The Gendered Construction of Sexuality
Sexual Socialization
Sexual Revolutions
Box 1.1: Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality: The
Sexual Revolution in Russia
Sexual Relationships: Beyond Monogamy
Sexual Invisibility
Sexual Pleasure
Sexuality Across the Life Course
Childhood Sexuality
Adolescent Sexuality
LGBTQ Adolescent Sexuality
Not My Child: Parental Views on Adolescent
Sexuality
Sexuality and the Aged
Sexualizing Racial/Ethnic Minorities
Sexual Minorities Beyond LGBTQ
Conclusion
Chapter 2 The Science of Sexuality
Understanding Sexuality Through Science
The Early Years: Sex, Morality, and Medicine
Science of Sex: Sexology
 Psychoanalytical Theory: Sigmund Freud
Box 2.1: Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality:
Sexology in Imperial Japan
Evolutionary Theory: Charles Darwin
The Kinsey Reports: Alfred Kinsey
Sexual Physiology Research: Masters and Johnson
Sociology and Social Constructionism
Sex in America Survey
Feminist Contributions to Sexuality Studies
Intersectionality
Post-Structuralism: Michel Foucault
Queer Theory
The Science of Homosexuality
Homosexuality as Mental Illness
Sociology of Homosexuality
Sexuality Studies in Academia
Researching Sex: Ethical and Methodological Concerns
Ethical Issues in Sex Research
Methodological Issues in Sex Research
Stigma and Sexuality Research
Conclusion
Chapter 3 Gender and Sexuality
Social Construction of Gender: Femininity and Masculinity
Challenging the Gender Binary: Gender in Non-Western
Cultures
Gender Identity
Box 3.1: Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality: The
Guevedoces in the Dominican Republic
Doing Gender
Gender Roles
Gender, Inequality, and Stereotypes
Gender and Social Institutions
Intersection of Gender and Sexuality
Masculinity and Sexuality
Masculinity and Race/Ethnicity
Femininity and Sexuality
Femininity and Feminism
 Femininity and Race/Ethnicity
Transgender
Cross-Dressers, Drag Kings, and Queens
Intersex
Conclusion
Chapter 4 Sexuality, Inequality, and Privilege
The Sociology of Inequality
Legal Discrimination
Marriage Equality
LGBTQ Adoption
Sexuality-Related Discrimination in the Military
Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault in the
Military
Workplace Discrimination
Pregnancy Discrimination
Housing Discrimination
Sexuality and Social Control
Criminalization of Sexual Behaviors
Medicalization of Sexual Behaviors
Box 4.1: Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality:
Paragraph 175 and the Criminalization of Homosexuality
During the Nazi Regime
Homophobia and Hate Crimes
Transgender Discrimination and Inequality
Heterosexual and Cisgender Privilege
Conclusion
Chapter 5 LGBTQ Mobilization and Activism
The Sociology of Social Movements
Social and Cultural Contexts
The Influence of World War II on Gay Rights
Urbanization and the Emergence of Gay Enclaves
The Emergence of a Gay Press
The Role of the Kinsey Studies
The Influence of Right-Wing Opposition
Movements
Identity-based Social Movements
Before Stonewall: The Homophile Movement
 Box 5.1: Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality: Gay
Rights in Russia
After Stonewall: The Modern Gay Rights Movement
Emergence of Lesbian Feminism
AIDS Activism
Queer Nation
Undocumented Queer Youth Activism
The Road to Marriage Equality
Transgender Activism and Rights
Bisexual Activism
Conclusion
Chapter 6 Media, Sport, and Sexuality
Media and Sexuality
Sexualized Language in Media
Sexualized Imagery in Media
Hypersexualization: Magazines and Music Videos
Sexual Objectification: Advertising
Intersectionality: Race, Class, and Ethnic Imagery
Children, Sexualization, and the Media
LGBTQ Representations in Television and Film
From Invisibility to Stereotypical Images: Lesbians and
Gays on Television
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Images in Hollywood
Cinema
Transgender Images and Issues in Media
Sexuality and Sport
Sport Media
Masculinity and Sport
Sports, Masculinity, and Sexual Assault
Sexuality, Femininity, and Sport
Title IX
Coming Out of the Athletic Closet
Gay Games
Creating Space for Intersex and Transgender Athletes
Trans Inclusion in the Gay Games
Box 6.1: Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality:
South African Sprinter Caster Semenya and Sex Testing in
 International Sports
Conclusion
Chapter 7 Sexuality, Schools, and the Workplace
Schools, Sexuality, and Social Control
Coming Out in School
LGBTQ Students’ Experiences of Harassment in Schools
Impact of Harassment
Transgender Students’ Experiences of Harassment in
Schools
Creating Safe Schools
Gay-Friendly Schools
Queering the Curriculum
Gay Student Organizations
Policies and Programs
Challenging Institutionalized Heterosexuality
College and University Campuses
Inclusion of Transgender Students at Women’s
Colleges
History and Experiences of LGBTQ Teachers
College Campuses: From “In Loco Parentis” to the
“Hook-Up” Culture
Sex Education
Box 7.1 Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality:
American Sex Education Goes Global
Sexuality and the Workplace
Heterosexual Relationships in the Workplace
Sexual Harassment
LGBTQ Employment Experiences
Homophobia in the Workplace
Coming Out at Work
Challenges of a Gay-Friendly Workplace
Conclusion
Chapter 8 Religion, Family, and Sexuality
Religion and Sexuality
Christianity
Christianity, Sex, and Gender
Christian Views on Homosexuality
 Impact of Religious Condemnation on LGBTQ
People
LGBTQ Christians
Same-Sex Marriage and the Church
Transgender and Christianity
Judaism
Judaism, Sex, and Gender
Jewish Views on Homosexuality and Bisexuality
Transgender and Judaism
Islam
Islam, Sex, and Gender
Islam and Homosexuality
Transgender and Islam
LGBTQ Families
The Changing Family
Defining Gay Families
Exiles from Kinship
Marriage Equality
LGBTQ Parenting
Box 8.1: Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality:
Marriage Equality Across the Globe
Intimate Partner Violence
Conclusion
Chapter 9 Sexuality and Reproduction
Compulsory Reproduction
The Body as a Social Construction
Menstruation as Biological Reality
Menstruation as Social Construction
Pregnancy and Childbirth
Access to Maternity Care
Commodification of Birth
Technocratic Model of Birth
Box 9.1: Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality:
Giving Birth in Afghanistan
Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding as Taboo
Costs of Breastfeeding
 Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Pregnancy
Teen Pregnancy and Birth
Birth Control
History of Birth Control
Gendered Contraception
Forced Sterilization and Eugenics
Sexual and Reproductive Rights and Choice
Women of Color and Reproductive Justice
Disability Rights and Reproductive Rights
Institutional Sexism, Racism, and Reproductive Rights
Politics
Religion
Corporations
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs)
ARTs, Infertility, and Gender
ARTs and Income Disparities
ARTs and Older Mothers
Conclusion
Chapter 10 Sexual Health
Understanding Sexual Health
Male Sexual Dysfunction
Female Sexual Dysfunction
Sexuality and Disability
Sexuality and People With Physical Disabilities
Sexuality and People With Intellectual Disabilities
Disability and Sex Work
Sex Assistants and Sex Surrogates
Disability Pornography
Disability, Sexuality, and Homophobia
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Common STIs
STIs and Stigma
HIV/AIDS
The Origins of an Epidemic
Moral Panics Surrounding HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS Today
Global Pandemic
 Box 10.1: Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality:
The Consequences of HIV/AIDS on Africa
Current Social Consequences of the HIV/AIDS Crisis
Conclusion
Chapter 11 Commodification of Sex
Pornography
Technology and Rise of Amateur Porn
Legalities and Debates
Violence and Pornography
Gender, Race, Class, and Sexuality
Impact of Pornography on Young People
Child Pornography
Youth Sexting
Prostitution
Johns and Pimps
Male and Transgender Prostitutes
Debates Over Legalities
Globalization and Sexuality
Sex Trafficking
Box 11.1: Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality:
Natural Disaster and Child Sex Trafficking in Nepal
Feminist Response
Mail-Order or Internet Brides
Sex Tourism
Female Sex Tourism: “The Caribbean Beach Boys”
Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in Sex Tourism
Sexuality and Militarism
Conclusion
Chapter 12 Sexual Violence
Understanding Sexual Violence
Rape
Consent
Rape Survivors, Double Victimization, and
Victimization Language
Campus Rape
Sexual Violence in Conflict: Wartime Rape
Box 12.1: Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality:
 Sexual Violence and Femicide in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico
Feminist Perspectives on Rape
Child Sexual Abuse
Is Pedophilia a Sexual Orientation?
Child Sexual Abuse Crisis in the Catholic Church
Racialized Homophobic and Transphobic Violence
Sexual Assault of LGBTQ People
Criminalization of LGBTQ People
Carceral Sexuality
LGBTQ Prisoners
Prison Rape
Rape, Homophobia, and Correctional Staff
Consensual Sexual Relations
Sexuality and Male Prisoners
Sexuality and Female Prisoners
Conclusion
References
Index
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
It is impossible to acknowledge all the people who have influenced my
understanding of the sociology of sexualities, and inequalities more broadly,
over the years; but they are reflected in these pages. During my years at
Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville when I was working on my
master’s degree, I was exposed to a committed group of sociologists who
were just as interested in teaching as they were in research. Many of them
wrote textbooks that were innovative and market leaders at the time, which
likely subtly influenced me to try my hand at textbook writing. I am still
grateful for the influence of my former graduate professors at the University
of Missouri, particularly Mary Jo Neitz, Peter Hall, Ibitola Pearce, Ted
Vaughan, and the late Barbara Bank, for their profound influence on my
intellectual development. I am thankful for the thoughtful conversations with
my graduate colleagues then, and over the years, especially Diane Rodgers,
Yngve Digernes, Karen Bradley, and Latanya Skiffer. My late friend and
former colleague Pamela McClure still speaks to me in my head about these
issues. And thank you to my wonderful new colleagues at Tulane University
not just for the intellectual stimulation but for making me feel welcome.

Textbooks are written for a particular audience, of course: students. And so, I
would like to dedicate this textbook to the many hundreds of students I have
had the pleasure of teaching over the years. It is an undeniable privilege to
teach college students, and I know I have been very lucky in my career in that
I have encountered so many amazing people.

To the sociologists working in the field of sexuality studies: thank you. It has
been a pleasure diving deeply into this scholarship—so many smart people
are doing such great work! We wanted this textbook to reflect the best of the
field. We hope we succeeded at doing that. Thanks to Jeff Lasser and the
folks at SAGE for their enthusiasm and assistance with this project.

And a giant thank-you to Kandice Grossman for enthusiastically jumping on

board when I casually mentioned the idea of coauthoring a sociology of
sexualities textbook with her. It has been an incredible pleasure to work with
her on this project. I knew I could count on her! Finally, my ultimate love and
thanks go to my partner, husband, friend, and fellow sociologist, Tony Ladd.
His constant love and support has been invaluable. His brilliant mind keeps
me sharp, and his big heart make me a better person every day. During the
writing of this book, he offered the perfect balance of support and space that
was needed. So, this book is dedicated to him.

Kathleen J. Fitzgerald

July 2016

I would like to express heartfelt gratitude to my daughters, Isadora and

Madelynn Grossman, for their patience and support throughout this project.
They are the light of my life. I would like to thank my two greatest academic
influences: Dr. Kathleen Fitzgerald and Dr. Anthony Alioto. For over twenty
years, they have both consistently believed in me. It was their teachings
twenty years ago that taught me to challenge social ideas and critically
evaluate history. It was their encouragement that motivated me throughout
this entire writing process. With a most sincere heart, I thank them both for
their guidance. And to Kathleen specifically, writing a book with her has
been a huge learning experience and pleasure. She is an inspiration and role
model in so many ways. I cannot thank her enough for her mentorship.

I want to acknowledge the profound influence I received in my upbringing

from my mother, Ginger Mistler, and my grandmother, Bettie Lasley. My
gram bore seven children prior to 1960, before there was accessible birth
control for women. She was very outspoken about her beliefs in women’s
rights to reproductive control, choices, and health; this message was
imprinted on my mind from an early age. It was her narrative, her story, and
her feminist outlook that brought me to the writing of this book. My mother,
too, taught me the importance of higher education. This book is a product of
their combined efforts at shaping who I am today. Thank you to my sister,
Tara Looney, for graciously editing citations and for continued support.
Many thanks to Jeff Lasser at SAGE for his enthusiasm for this project.

Kandice L. Grossman

July 2016
Publisher’s Acknowledgments
SAGE gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following reviewers:

Sarah A. N. Akers, Washington State University

Lanier Basenberg, Georgia State University
Marni Brown, Georgia Gwinnett College
Angel M. Butts, Rutgers University
Moon Charania, Spelman College
Amanda Czerniawski, Temple University
Barbara Jones Denison, Shippensburg University
Andrea Fitzroy, Georgia State University
Alison Hatch, Armstrong State University
Nicole LaMarre, SUNY Albany
Lisa M. Lepard, Kennesaw State University
Adina Nack, California Lutheran University
Michaela A. Nowell, University of Wisconsin-Fond du Lac
Kathleen O’Reilly, University of Connecticut
Meg Panichelli, Portland State University
Todd Penner, Austin College
Antonia Randolph, Christopher Newport University
Teresa Roach, Florida State University, Appalachain State University
Maura Ryan, Georgia State University
Eryn Grucza Viscarra, Georgia College and State University
Laurie M. Wagner, Kent State University
Kassia Wosick, New Mexico State University
Marik Xavier-Brier, Georgia State University
Preface
This textbook takes a sociological approach to the study of sexualities and is
designed to be a core text for “Sociology of Sexuality,” “Human Sexuality,”
and similar courses. Taking a sociological approach to the study of
sexualities requires an exploration of sexuality as a social construction; the
emergence of sexual and gender identities; a focus on intersectionality;
historical and current inequalities and discrimination faced by sexual and
gender minorities; heterosexual and cisgender privilege;
activism/mobilization to challenge such discrimination; and the ways
sexuality operates in and through various institutions, such as media, schools,
family, religion, sport, and the workplace. Additionally, this text includes
chapters on the science of sexuality, from early sexologists to queer theory;
coverage of issues facing transgender people; an exploration of sexual health,
disability and sexuality, and sexually transmitted infections; and on
reproduction. There are chapters on social problems associated with sexuality
such as the commodification of sexuality, including pornography, human
trafficking, and prostitution; prison sex; and sexual violence. Finally, every
chapter includes a boxed insert that explores a global, transnational
perspective related to the specific chapter topic.

This text includes the most up-to-date social scientific research on sexuality,
as well as coverage of the latest political developments surrounding the
issues. It is designed for students to learn the fundamental concepts of a
sociological approach to understanding sexualities, but also to integrate such
knowledge into their broader understanding of society. An intersectional
approach that considers multiple grounds of identity and the ways various
modes of oppression intersect and work together in society is consistently
woven throughout this book. No sexuality textbook on the market takes such
a comprehensive sociological approach to the study of sexualities.

Key Features of the Text

Sexuality, Inequality, and Discrimination—This topic is absent from
most of the sexuality readers and textbooks, yet this is where students
“see” lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) issues in
their daily lives. What is less visible to students is the extent of
inequalities LGBTQ individuals historically faced and continue to face,
and other forms of discrimination related to sexuality, such as
discrimination against pregnant women. Certainly throughout the
lifetimes of traditional-aged college students, the issue of marriage
equality has been front and center; and, thus, it can appear that the fight
for LGBTQ rights has been won. Yet, inequalities remain. Additionally,
heterosexual and cisgender privilege remains invisible. When
sociologists explore status hierarchies, we look at not only the groups
that are disadvantaged but those that reap advantages as well.
Activism/Mobilization to Challenge Such Discrimination—This
textbook explores not only inequalities sexual minorities face and
heterosexual privilege, but the organized opposition to such
discrimination. It is important for students to shake the misconception
that progress is “inevitable” and, instead, is the result of decades of
organized activism. This text explores LGBTQ activism, from the
Compton Cafeteria riots, known as the first transgender riots, to the
Stonewall riots, the fight for marriage equality, AIDS activism, and
Queer Nation. This book weaves feminist and queer theoretical insights
throughout to reveal how challenges to inequality in the streets are
reflected and translated in academia, and vice versa.
Sexuality and Societal Institutions—This is the only sexuality textbook
on the market that explores the ways sexuality operates in and through
institutions such as sports, media, schools, workplaces, family, and
religion. By exploring institutions, students again find a way to “see” the
inequalities attached to sexuality in their daily lives. For instance, many
traditional-aged college students witnessed or participated in battles to
allow LGBTQ student organizations (or Gay-Straight Alliances) on their
middle-school or high-school campuses. Their generation came of age
during significant cultural battles over sex education versus abstinence
education. Some of them may work in environments that discriminate
against sexual minorities. Some of them come from gay families. They
are also the first generation of Americans to come of age as the first gay
professional athletes chose to come out of the closet during their athletic
careers. This generation of students has also been exposed to a
proliferation of gay images in the media, yet simply having gay images
does not necessarily mean stereotypes are not being perpetrated.
Focus on Transgender People and Issues—Each chapter of this
textbook includes the latest research on transgender people and issues;
from the incorporation of intersex and transgender athletes into a gender
segregated sports world to discrimination against transgender
individuals in the workplace, and epidemic levels of violence directed at
transgender people, overwhelmingly transgender people of color.
Sexual Identities—The invention of heterosexuality and homosexuality
involved the emergence of sexual identities—for the first time, people’s
sexual behaviors defined a “kind of person.” While this resulted in new
forms of discrimination against sexual minorities, it also contributed to
the mobilization of LGBTQ individuals to combat their inequality. As
just one aspect of how we see ourselves, sexual identities are also
understood to intersect with other identities, such as gender, race, and
class, informing how individuals see themselves. Much sociological
research addresses the ways individuals construct and negotiate multiple
identities.
Sexual Health—This text takes a sociological approach to
understanding sexual health, including a critical discussion of the
emergence of female sexual dysfunction, to an exploration of disability
and sexuality, and a discussion of sexually transmitted infections (STIs),
including HIV/AIDS, from a sociological perspective. Finally, we
explore reproduction, from compulsory reproduction to the
commodification of birth, transgender men and childbirth, and the
increasing availability of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), and
what these have meant for LGBTQ families.
Social Problems Associated With Sexuality—This is the arena where
sociologists have long contributed to sexuality studies, including
research on sexual assault, rape, pornography, sex trafficking, child
sexual abuse, and prison sex—with feminist sociologists placing
questions of power at the center of such analyses. Additionally, we
explore sexual violence targeting the LGBTQ community, intimate
partner violence within same-sex relationships, and sexuality and
militarism.
Global/Transnational Perspectives on Sexuality—Each chapter
includes a boxed insert highlighting a global illustration of one of the
issues explored in the chapter. This helps students understand sexuality
 as a social construction that changes across time and place.

“Sociology of Sexuality,” “Sociology of Sexualities,” “Human Sexuality,”

and “Sexuality and Society” courses are increasingly being offered by
sociology departments across the nation, often at the behest of students.
Sexuality courses tend to be 200 (sophomore) or 300 (junior) level courses,
generally with a large population of students who are not sociology majors;
thus, having a textbook that takes a sociological perspective is essential. Until
now, no textbook on the market took a sociological approach to the subject
matter. This text is ideal for courses in sociology of sexualities, gender and
sexuality studies, LBGTQ studies, and deviance courses that focus on sexual
deviance.

Instructors, sign in at study.sagepub.com/fitzgeraldss for the following

instructor resources:

A Microsoft® Word test bank is available containing multiple choice,

true/false, short answer, and essay questions for each chapter. The test
bank provides you with a diverse range of pre-written options as well as
the opportunity for editing any question and/or inserting your own
personalized questions to effectively assess students’ progress and
understanding.
Links to exceptional teaching resources from A.S.A.’s TRAILS
(Teaching Resources and Innovation Library for Sociology).
1 The Social Construction of Sexuality

Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, students will be able to …

Explain the sociological approach to the study of sexuality

Understand what it means to say that sexuality is socially constructed
Identify key characteristics of a sexual revolution
Understand sexuality across the life course
Explain the sexualization of racial/ethnic minorities
Discuss sexual minorities beyond lesbian and gay

For many, it was an unforgettable image: Michael Sam, an openly gay,

African American, male football player, kissing his white male partner on
national television, in celebration of being chosen by the St. Louis Rams in
the 2014 NFL draft. Upon being drafted, Michael Sam became the first
openly gay player in the NFL. Several NFL players openly expressed their
unhappiness with Sam’s actions, while others cheered the action as evidence
of both societal progress and institutional change within the NFL. Former
NFL football player Derrick Ward tweeted his discomfort with the image,
stating, “I’m sorry, but that Michael Sam is no bueno for doing that on
national T.V.” Miami Dolphins safety Don Jones tweeted “OMG” and
“horrible” after the kissing aired on national television (Yan and Alsup
2014). The Miami Dolphins organization reacted to Jones’s comments by
fining him and requiring him to attend diversity training.

Despite the controversy surrounding this event, certainly the image of two
men kissing passionately on national television represents progress for
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) equality, and the fact
that this occurred at the NFL draft is also remarkable. Historically,
masculinity has been strongly linked with heterosexuality. Football is one of
the most masculine sports. Gay male athletes have historically found the
sports world an intolerant and hostile place, and maybe the most hostile place
is on the football field (see Chapter 6). While Michael Sam did not make the
final roster cut as a member of an NFL team, the fact that an openly gay male
athlete was drafted by an NFL team was history making in itself.

When Michael Sam was drafted in 2014, he became the first openly gay NFL
player.

Source: AP Images. Photo/Jordan Strauss.

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 from Samaria to
the east
(Descriptio, cap.
vii.).

TOB, The Land Judg. xi. 3, The Tubieni near

of 5 Characa of 2
Macc. xii. 17 (see
ISHTOB, The 2 Sam. x. Characa). The
Men of Tob 6, 8 name is preserved
TOBIE, The 1 Macc. v. in that of Taiyibeh,
Taiyibeh (?)* 11
places of 13 a village between
Jerash and the
TUBIENI 2 Macc. xii. Sea of Galilee.
17 (Conder’s
Handbook to the
Bible, p. 295.)

TOCHEN 1 Chr. iv. 32 Not identified — A place

mentioned
amongst the
towns of
Simeon.
TOLAD, or EL 1 Chr. iv. 29 Not identified — One of the towns
TOLAD of Simeon.
TOPHEL Deut. i. 1 et Tŭfîleh 21 The present ruins
‘et Tŭfîleh,’ on
the table land of
the mountains
south-east of the
Dead Sea.
TOPHETH, or 2 Kings — In the ‘valley of
TOPHET xxiii. 10; the son of
Is. xxx. 33; Hinnom.’
Jer. vii. 31,
 32; xix. 6,
11–14
TRIPOLIS 2 Macc. xiv. Tarablus — The small village
1 ‘el Minyeh’ is
thought to
occupy the
ancient site
some 2 miles
distant from the
modern town
called Tarablus.

TYRE and Josh. xix. es Sûr 6 The present town

TYRUS 29; 2 Sûr, on the
Sam. v. coast. For plans
11; xxiv. 7, and detailed
etc. Very description, see
frequently Mem. I. 72–81;
mentioned Conder’s Primer
of Bible
Geography;
Smith’s Bible
Dictionary.

TYRUS, The 1 Macc. xi. Râs en 6 The steps by

Ladder of 59 Nakûrah which the road
winds round the
headland called
‘Râs en
Nakûrah,’
between Tyre
and Akka.

ULAI, River Dan. viii. 2, Kerkhah, R. — The Eulaeus of

16 (?) or Karún the Greek and
R. (?) Roman
geographers
(Arr. Exp. Al. vii.
7; Strab. xv. 3 §
 22; Ptol. vi. 3;
Pliny, H. N., vi.
31.) Now the
modern
Kerkhah, an
affluent of the
Tigris. (Smith’s
Bible Dictionary.)
Otherwise the
Karûn R.
UMMAH Josh. xix. ʾAlma esh 6 One of the cities
30 Shʾaub (?) of Asher.
Probably the ruin
ʾAlma, north of
Achzib, opposite
the Ladder of
Tyrus. Land and
the Book chap.
xx. (Dr.
Thomson.)
(Mem. I. 150;
Sh. III.)

UPHAZ Jer. x. 9; Not identified — cf. R.V. margin,

Dan. x. 5 ‘according to
some ancient
versions Ophir.’
UR, of the Gen. xi. 28, Mugheir (?) — Ur means ‘city,’
Chaldees 31; xv. 7 generally placed
at Mugheir.
Others suggest
Warka. See
Erech.
UZZA, The 2 Kings xxi. Not identified — The garden in
Garden of 18, 26; 2 which Manasseh
Chr. xxxiii. and his son
Ammon, Kings
 20; 2 of Judah, were
Sam. vi. 8 buried. At
Jerusalem.
UZZEN- 1 Chr. vii. Beit Sîra 14 Named in
SHERAH 24 connexion with
(R.V. UZZEN- the two Beth-
SHEERAH) horons. Probably
the present
village ‘Beit
Sîra,’ 2 miles
S.W. of Beth-
horon (the
lower.) (Mem. III.
16; Sh. XVII.)

ZAANAIM, Plain More correctly

of ‘Bezaanannim,’
(R.V. according to Tal.
Judg. iv. 11
ZAANANNIM Jer. Megillah, and
‘Oak’ or Targums. (In
Terebinth of) Targum Mishor =
Bessum (?)* 6 Elon.) The plateau
ZAANANNIM Josh. xix. west of the ‘Sea of
The ‘Oak’ or 33 Galilee,’ near the
‘Terebinth’ of present ruined
‘Bezaanannim’ village Bessum.
(Mem. I. 365; Sh.
VI.)

ZAANAN Micah i. 11 — = Zenan of Josh.

xv. 37.
ZAIR 2 Kings viii. Not identified — The position of
21 this place is
uncertain. It
probably lay east
of the Dead Sea.
 In the Hebrew it
is not very
different from
Zoar.
ZALMON, Judg. ix. 48 Not identified 10 Generally
Mount believed to be
the southern
peak of the Mt.
Gerizim range,
on which stands
the tomb of Sh.
Selman el Farsi.
In Ps. lxviii. 14,
Salmon.
(Conder’s
Handbook to the
Bible, p. 210.)
Ebal is now
called Jebel
Eslamîyeh.

ZALMONAH Num. xxxiii. Not identified — One of the

41, 42 camping stations
of the Israelites
between ‘Mount
Hor’ and
‘Punon.’ Maʾan,
east of Petra,
and Wady Ithm,
north of Akabah,
have been
proposed.

ZANOAH (1) Josh. xv. Kh. Zanûʾa 14 A city of Judah in

34; Neh. the valley
iii. 13; xi. between
30 ‘Ashnah’ and
‘En-gannim.’
Now Zanûʾa, a
 ruined town 2½
miles south of
Beth Shemesh.
Robinson (B. R.
ii. 16.) (Mem. III.
128; Sh. XVII.)
ZANOAH (2) Josh. xv. 56 Kh. Zanûta 14 A city of Judah
named in the
group of Maon
(Kh. Mʾain), Ziph
(Tell ez Zîf),
Jutta (Yutta), etc.
Now Kh. Zanûta,
south of ‘Yutta.’
Van de Velde
(Mem. III. 354).
Robinson (B. R.
ii. 204 Note).
(Mem. III. 410;
Sh. XXV.)

ZAPHON Josh. xiii. el Hammeh 7 One of the four

27 cities ‘in the
valley’ allotted to
Gad. Identified
by the
Talmudists with
Amathi, the
Amathus of
Josephus; now
the ruined site of
el Hammeh, on
the banks of the
Yarmûk, to the
south-east of the
Sea of Galilee.
(Conder’s
Handbook to the
Bible, p. 253.)
ZAREAH Neh. xi. 29; See Zorah.
(R.V. ZORAH) 1 Chr. ii.
53
ZARED, The Num. xxi. Wâdy el Hesi 21, Generally
Valley of 12; Deut. 22 believed to be
(R.V. ZERED ii. 13, 14 the great water
Valley of) course (as
suggested by
Robinson)
known under the
different names
of ‘Seil Garahy,’
‘Wâdy Garahy,’
‘Wâdy Siddiyeh,’
and ‘Wâdy el
Hesi,’ having its
source east of
‘Kulʾat el
Garahy’ in the
Desert of Arabia,
and entering the
eastern bay of
the south end of
the Dead Sea.
ZAREPHATH 1 Kings Sarafend 2 ‘Not far from
xvii. 9, 10; Sidon and Tyre.’
Obadiah (Josephus Ant.
20 viii. 13, § 2). ‘On
the shore of
Sarepta.’
(Sancta Paula.)
‘It lay on the
public road’
(coast road),
Jerome
(Onomasticon).
Now the village
 and ruins south
of Sidon.
Original name
Misrephoth-
maim, which
see. In the N.T.
(Sarepta), Luke
iv. 26 (A.V.)
Zarephath (R.V.)
ZARETAN Josh. iii. 16 A city beside
(R.V. Adam = Zarthan,
ZARETHAN) which see.
Adam is possibly
‘Tell Damieh.’
ZARETH- Josh. xiii. Zara, or Sara 14 ‘In the mount of
SHAHAR 19 (?) the valley.’
(R.V. ZERETH- Thought to be
SHAHAR) the heap of ruins
called Zara or
Sara on a hill on
the south side of
the great gorge
of Wâdy Zerka
Mʾaîn, near
where it joins the
Salt Sea.

ZARTANAH 1 Kings iv. Not identified 10 ‘Beneath Jezreel.’

(R.V. 12 Perhaps the
ZARETHAN) same as
Zererath, of
Judg. vii. 22.
Probably a
separate town
from Zarthan (‘in
the plain’),
Zeredath (‘in the
plain’), and
 Zaretan (‘a city
beside Adam.’)
Placed by
Conder at Tell
Sarêm, 3 miles
south of ‘Beth
Shean.’ (Mem.
II. 99; Sh. IX.) By
Henderson
(Handbook, p.
220) at Tellel ez
Zahrah, 3 miles
west of Beth-
shean and
between the
latter place and
Jezreel, opposite
Shuttah. See
also Quarterly
Statement,
1874, p. 182.

ZARTHAN 1 Kings vii. Not identified — ‘In the clay

(R.V. 46 ground between
ZARETHAN) Succoth’ (Tell
Darʾala, eastern
side of Jordan
valley) ‘and
Zarthan, in the
plain of Jordan,
did Solomon
cast the vessels,
etc., for the
temple.’
Probably
Zaretan, which
see.

ZEBOIM and Gen. x. 19; Not identified — One of the five

ZEBOIIM (1) xiv. 2, 8; cities of the plain
 Deut. xxix. (Jordan Valley)
23; Hos. next to Admah.
xi. 8 Somewhere in
the southern
parts of the
Jordan Valley.
(Conder’s
Handbook to the
Bible, p. 241.)
ZEBOIM (2) Neh. xi. 34 Not identified — Mentioned
between Hadid
(Haditheh) and
Neballat (Beit
Nabala) east of
Lydda (Lod.)
ZEBOIM, The 1 Sam. xiii. Not identified 14 One of the valleys
Valley of 18 in Benjamin
toward the
wilderness. The
name Shukh ed
Dubʾa in which
the name
Zeboim is
possibly
preserved, is
applied to a
smaller branch
of one of the
many gorges in
that
neighbourhood.
(Conder’s
Handbook to the
Bible, p. 241.)
ZEBULUN Josh. xix. Neby Sebelân 6 ‘A strong city of
27 (?)* Galilee,’ called
the ‘city of men’
 (Josephus, Wars
ii. 18, 9). The
discovery of
Dabbasheth
(which see)
indicates the
village Neby
Sebelân for this
town.
ZEBULUN, Josh. xix. ‘The tribe of
Tribe of 10–17; Zebulon’s lot
Josephus included the land
v. Ant. i. which lay as far
22 as the Lake of
Genesareth and
that which
belonged to
Carmel and the
Sea.’ (Jos. v.
Ant. i. 22.)

ZEDAD Num. xxxiv. Sadûd (??) — One of the

8; Ezek. landmarks on
xlvii. 15 the north
borders of the
land of Israel.
Possibly Sadûd,
between Hums
and Baalbec.
(Porter, Five
Years in
Damascus, ii.
354–356.)

ZEEB, Judg. vii. Not identified — In the Jordan

Winepress of 25 Valley.
ZELAH Josh. xviii. Not identified — In the allotment of
28; 2 Benjamin,
 Sam. xxi. between
14 ‘Taralah’ (not
known) and
‘Eleph’ (Lifta).
The burial-place
of Saul and
Jonathan.
ZELZAH 1 Sam. x. 2 Not identified — ‘A place named
once only as on
the boundary of
Benjamin, close
to Rachel’s
sepulchre,’ 1
Sam. x. 2.
ZEMARAIM Josh. xviii. Kh. es 14 One of the towns
22 Sŭmrah (?) of Benjamin,
named between
Beth-arabah
(site not known)
and Bethel
(Beitin).
Generally
believed to be
the large ruin
Sŭmrah, north of
Jericho.
Robinson (B. R.
i. 569.) (Mem. III.
174; Sh. XVIII.)

ZEMARAIM, 2 Chr. xiii. 4 Not identified — In Mount Ephraim

Mount —?in the
neighbourhood
of Zemaraim of
Josh. xviii. 22.
ZENAN Josh. xv. 37 Not identified — One of the towns
of Judah—to be
 found
somewhere in
the Shefelah—
next to
Hadashah and
Migdal-gad. In
Micah i. 11.
Zaanan.
ZEPHATH Judg. i. 17 Not identified See Hormah.
ZEPHATHAH 2 Chr. xiv. Wâdy Safieh* 13 ‘At or belonging to
The Valley of 10 Mareshah.’ The
name Wâdy
Safieh applies to
the leading
valley which
passes ‘Beit
Jibrîn,’ 2½ miles
to the north-east
of Mareshah.—
Conder.

ZER Josh. xix. Not identified — A fortified town of

35 Naphtali.
Probably
somewhere on
the south-west
side of the Sea
of Tiberias.
Mentioned
between Ziddim
(Hattin) and
Hammath
(Hummam
Tabariya.)

ZERED, The Deut. ii. 13, — See Zared—the

Brook 14 Valley of.
ZEREDA 1 Kings xi. Surdah (?)* 10 This site was
(R.V. 26 identified with
ZEREDAH) Kh. Serada on
the east edge of
Merj el ʾAyûn,
west of Banias,
by R. Gerson in
1561 a.d. (Mem.
I. 96; Sh. II.) The
village Surdah,
west of Bethel, is
now proposed
by Capt. Conder.
(Mem. II. 295;
Sh. XIV.) Was
the birth-place of
Jeroboam.
ZEREDATHAH 2 Chr. iv. 17 Not identified 10 ‘In the plain of
(R.V. Jordan.’ In 1
ZEREDAH) Kings vii. 46
Zarthan (A.V.),
Zarethan (R.V.)
See Zarthan.
ZERERATH Judg. vii. Not identified 10 ‘As far as Beth-
(R.V. 22 shittah (Shutta)
ZERERAH) toward Zererah.’
See Zartanah.
ZIDDIM Josh. xix. Hattîn (?) 6 The Jerusalem
35 Talmud (Megillah
i.) identifies this
place with ‘Kefr
Chittai.’
Apparently the
village Hattîn,
west of the ‘Sea
of Galilee.’ A
fortified town of
 Naphtali. (Mem.
I. 365; Sh. VI.)
ZIDON or SIDON Gen. xlix. Saida 2 An ancient and
13; Josh. wealthy city of
xix. 28; Phœnicia, on the
Judg. i. coast, 25 miles
31; x. 6; south of Beirout.
xviii. 28; 2 (Porter’s
Sam. xxiv. Handbook for
6; 1 Kings Syria and
xvii. 9; Palestine, 1858;
Ezra iii. 7; Robinson’s
Is. xxiii. 2, Biblical
4, 12; Jer. Researches, iii.)
xxv. 22;
xxvii. 3;
xlvii. 4;
Ezek.
xxvii. 8;
xxviii. 21,
22; Joel iii.
4; Zech.
ix. 2; 1
Esd. v. 55
ZIKLAG Josh. xv. ʾAslûj (?) 20 Named between
31; xix. 5; Hormah and
1 Sam. Madmannah a
xxx. 1, 14, town of Simeon
26; xxvii. in Judah. The
6; 2 Sam. name ʾAslûj,
i. 1; iv. 10; applied to a
1 Chr. iv. heap of ruins
30; xii. 1, south of
20; Neh. Beersheba and
xi. 28 7 miles to the
east of Bered
(Khalasah), was
first discovered
 by Mr. Rowlands
in 1842. (See
Williams’s Holy
City, i. 463–468;
Robinson’s
Biblical
Researches, ii.
201.) The name
is not very close
to the Hebrew,
but is a possible
corruption.
ZIN, The Num. xiii. — In Num. xxxiv. 4;
Wilderness of 21; xx. 1; Josh. xv. 3,
xxvii. 14; simply Zin. A
xxxiii. 36; portion of the
xxxiv. 3; desert country
Deut. west of the
xxxii. 51; Wâdy Arabah
Josh. xv. 1 containing
Kadesh.

ZION 2 Sam. v. 7; — Jerusalem. The

1 Kings modern Arabic
viii. 1; 2 ‘Sahyûn’ is
Kings xix. correct
21; 1 Chr. equivalent of
xi. 5; 2 Zion, according
Chr. v. 2; to Gesenius, the
Ps. ix. 11, meaning of the
14; xiv. 7; word being
xx. 2; ‘sunny,’ and a
xlviii. 12; l. valley and ruin
2; li. 18; called Sahyûn
liii. 6; lxix. now exists 1½
35; lxxvi. miles west of the
2; lxxxiv. present city wall.
7; lxxxvii. The word Zion
2, 5; xcvii. does not occur
8; xcix. 2; in the works of
cii. 13, 16, Josephus, the
21; cx. 2; name Jerusalem
cxxvi. 1; being used
cxxviii. 5; instead.
cxxix. 5; (Conder’s
cxxxii. 13; Handbook, p.
cxxxiii. 3; 336.)
cxxxiv. 3;
cxxxv. 21;
cxxxvii. 1,
3; cxlvi.
10; cxlvii.
12; cxlix.
2; Is. i. 8,
27; ii. 3; iv.
3; x. 24;
xii. 6; xiv.
32; xxviii.
16; xxx.
19; xxxi. 9;
xxxiii. 5,
14, 20;
xxxiv. 8;
xxxv. 10;
xl. 9; xli.
27; xlvi.
13; xlix.
14; li. 3,
11, 16; lii.
1, 7, 8; lix.
20; lx. 14;
lxi. 3; lxii.
1; lxiv. 10;
lxvi. 8; Jer.
iii. 14; iv.
6; viii. 19;
ix. 19; xiv.
19; xxvi.
 18; xxx.
17; xxxi. 6,
12; l. 5,
28; li. 10,
24, 35;
Lam. i. 4,
17; ii. 6; iv.
2, 11; v.
11; Joel ii.
1, 15, 23;
iii. 16, 17,
21; Amos
i. 2; vi. 1;
Micah iii.
10, 12; iv.
2, 11;
Zeph. iii.
16; Zech.
i. 14, 17;
ii. 7; viii. 2,
3; ix. 9, 13

ZION, Mount 2 Kings xix. — One of the hills of

31; Ps. ii. Jerusalem.
6; xlviii. 2,
11; lxxiv.
2; lxxviii.
68; cxxv.
1; cxxxiii.
3; Is. iv. 5;
viii. 18; x.
12, 32;
xvi. 1;
xviii. 7;
xxiv. 23;
xxix. 8;
xxxi. 4;
xxxvii. 32;
Lam. v.
 18; Joel ii.
32; iii. 17;
Obad. xvii.
21; Micah
iv. 7; 2
Esd. ii. 42
ZIOR Josh. xv. 54 Siʾaîr (?)* 14 Mentioned next to
Hebron in
Judah. Eusebius
and Jerome
(Onomasticon)
mentions it as a
village between
Aelia
(Jerusalem) and
Eleuther­opolis
(Beit Jibrîn).
Probably Siʾaîr,
4½ miles north
of Hebron.
(Mem. III. 309;
Sh. XXI.)—
Conder.
ZIPH (1) Josh. xv. 24 Not identified — A town in the
south of Judah.
ZIPH (2) Josh. xv. Tell Zîf 14 Now the ruins and
55; 1 Mound called
Sam. xxiii. Tell Zîf, south of
14, 15, 24; Hebron and next
xxvi. 2; 2 to Carmel and
Chr. xi. 8 Yuttah. (Mem.
III. 315; Sh.
XXI.) Robinson
(B. R., i. 492).

ZIPH, 1 Sam. 14 The rugged

Wilderness of xxiii. 14 country east of
 Tell Zîf.
ZIPHRON Num. xxxiv. Not identified — Named next to
9 Zedad as one of
the places on
the limit of the
north boundary
line of the
Promised Land.
ZIZ, Cliff of 2 Chr. xx. Wâdy 14 Probably =
(R.V. ZIZ, The 16 Hŭsâsah Hazezon Tamar;
Ascent of) the name
surviving in the
valley called
Hŭsâsah, near
‘En Gedi.’—
Conder. The
Pass of ‘Ain
Jîdy.’—Robinson
(B. R., i. 508,
527, 530).

ZOAN Num. xiii. San — An ancient city of

22; Ps. Lower Egypt.
lxxviii. 12, The ruins near
43; Is. xix. Lake Menzaleh.
11, 13; In Judith i. 10
xxx. 4; Tanis.—(Smith’s
Ezek. xxx. Bible Dictionary.)
14

ZOAR = BELA Gen. xiii. Tell esh 14 The original name

10; xiv. 2, Shaghûr (?)* was Bela.
8; xix. 22, Probably the
24, 30; mound of Tell
Deut. esh Shaghûr
xxxiv. 3; marks the
Is. xv. 5; ancient site. It is
on the south