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physics project final
physics project final
DETERMINATION OF EARTH’S
MAGNETIC FIELD USING TANGENT
GALVANOMETER
SUBMITTED BY
ASWATH. S
XII - S : (142)
2023 - 2024
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
P.G.Assistant in Physics ,
Kshatriya Vidhya Sala English Medium School,
Virudhunagar
On the very outset of this report, gratitude goes to all my friends who
directly or indirectly helped me to complete this project report.
At last but not least, I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt
obligation towards all the personages who have directly or indirectly helped me
in this endeavour.
Thanking You
EXAMINATION (2023 - 2024) under the supervision and the guidance of Mr. M.
Vignesh Kumar, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., P.G. Assistant in Physics, Kshatriya Vidhya
[ASWATH. S]
Kshatriya Vidhya Sala English Medium School
Virudhunagar
field using Tangent Galvanometer “is a record of original project work done by
Virudhuangar. The report is found worthy of acceptance as Final project for the
(2023-2024)
1
INDEX
S.No Topic
1 Aim
2 Introduction
3 Applications
5 Theory
6 Procedure
9 Precautions
10 Facts
11 Bibliography
2
AIM
The aim of the project is to study the Earth’s magnetic field and find its
value (BH) using a tangent galvanometer.
Tangent galvanometer
3
INTRODUCTION
Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic
field that extends from the Earth's interior to where it meets the solar wind,
a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. Its magnitude at the
Earth's surface ranges from 25 to 65 microteslas (0.25 to 0.65
gauss).Roughly speaking it is the field of a magnetic dipole currently tilted
at an angle of about 10 degrees with respect to Earth's rotational axis, as if
there were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the center of the Earth.
Unlike a bar magnet, however, Earth's magnetic field changes over time
because it is generated by a geodynamic (in Earth's case, the motion of
molten iron alloys in its outer core).
The North and South magnetic poles wander widely, but sufficiently slowly
for ordinary compasses to remain useful for navigation. However, at
irregular intervals averaging several hundred thousand years, the Earth's
field reverses and the North and South Magnetic Poles relatively abruptly
switch places. These reversals of the geomagnetic poles leave a record in
rocks that are of value to paleomagnetists in calculating geomagnetic fields
in the past. Such information in turn is helpful in studying the motions of
continents and ocean floors in the process of plate tectonics.
The magnetosphere is the region above the ionosphere and extends several
tens of thousands of kilometers into space, protecting the Earth from the
charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic rays that would otherwise
strip away the upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer that protects the
Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
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Earth's magnetic field serves to deflect most of the solar wind, whose
charged particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer that protects
the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. One stripping mechanism is
for gas to be caught in bubbles of magnetic field, which are ripped off by
solar winds.
The intensity of the field is often measured in gauss (G), but is generally
reported in nanoteslas (nT), with 1 G = 100,000 nT. A nanotesla is also
referred to as a gamma (γ).The tesla is the SI unit of the Magnetic field, B.
The field ranges between approximately 25,000 and 65,000 nT (0.25–0.65
G).
Near the surface of the Earth, its magnetic field can be closely approximated
by the field of a magnetic dipole positioned at the center of the Earth and
tilted at an angle of about 10° with respect to the rotational axis of the Earth.
The dipole is roughly equivalent to a powerful bar magnet, with its South
Pole pointing towards the geomagnetic North Pole. The north pole of a
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TANGENT GALVANOMETER
Principle
The tangent galvanometer works on the principle of tangent law.
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• The tangent law of magnetism states that the tangent of the angle of a
compass needle which is due to the movement under the influence of
magnetic field is directly proportional to the ratio of strengths of two
perpendicular magnetic fields.
• In simpler words, the tangent of the angle made by the moving needle
under the magnetic field directly indicates the strength of the
perpendicular magnetic fields.
Definition
• Tangent galvanometer is the device which was used to measure small
amounts of electric current.
Construction
Working
• Hence the compass needle responds to the vector sum of the two
fields.
• This deflection angle is equal to the tangent of the ratio of those two
fields.
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APPLICATIONS
Plug Key
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THEORY
Eq 1: F = H tan θ
Let a current I be passed through the coil of radius R, having turns N. Then
magnetic field produced at the centre of coil is,
Eq 2 : 𝐹 = μ0 2πIN
4π R
Eq 3 : 𝐻 = 2π×10−7IN
𝑅𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Eq 4: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝐼 = 𝜇0 2𝜋𝑁
4𝜋 RH
PROCEDURE
Connections are made as shown in the figure given below, where K is the
key, E the battery, A the ammeter, R the rheostat, C the commutator, and
T.G the tangent galvanometer. The commutator can reverse the current
through the T.G coil without changing the current in the rest of the circuit.
Taking the average of the resulting two readings for deflection averages out,
any small error in positioning the T.G coil relative to the earth’s magnetic
field H.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2. Using spirit level, level the base and the compass needle in compass box
of tangent galvanometer by adjusting the leveling screw.
3. Now rotate the coil of the galvanometer about its vertical axis, till the
magnetic needle, its image in the plane mirror fixed at the base of the
compass box and the coil, i.e.all
5. In this setting, the ends of the aluminium pointer should read zero-zero.
If this is not so, rotate the box without disturbing the position of the coil
till at least one of the ends of the pointer stands at the zero marks.
6. By closing the key K, the current flow in the galvanometer. Read the both
ends of the pointer. Now reverse the direction of current by using the
reversing key. When the mean values of both deflections shown by the
pointer in the two cases (i.e. before and after reversing the current) differ
by more than 1o, then turn slightly the vertical coil until the two values
agree. This will set the plane of the coil exactly in the magnetic meridian.
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8. Record the reading of the ammeter and the deflection of the compass
needle in the box shown by two ends of pointer on the scale.
9. Reverse the current in the coil of galvanometer and again record the
current and deflection of needle.
10. By changing the value of current, take four or more set of readings and
plot the graph between I and tan𝜃. The graph will be a straight line.
11. Measure the inner and the outer diameter of the coil with a half metre
scale at least three times.
RESULT
PRECAUTIONS
SOURCES OF ERROR
FACTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Tangent Galvanometer (Procedure):Comprehensive
Physics Activities Volume I :Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
Tangent Galvanometer (Theory) : Comprehensive
Physics Activities Volume I : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
Tangent Galvanometer (Precautions and Sources of error):
Comprehensive
Physics Activities Volume I : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
Galvanometer:
http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Electrical_Measurements/
Tangent_Galvanometer/Tangent_Galvanometer.html
Galvanometer: Wikipedia, the free
encyclopediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanometer
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