Welcome To My Presentation

Zungeru Hydro Electric Power Plant

Presented By:
Rotimi Olalekan Fatai
Employer's Representative
Decrown (W.A.) Company Limited
 Contents

 Introduction

 Major Components
 Working principle

 Advantages

 Disadvantages
 Introduction

The Zungeru Dam is located on the Kaduna River in Niger

State, 77 km downstream of the existing Shiroro dam. The
reservoir is created by a composite dam closing the valley, a
RCC dam in the central valley and rock fill dam on each bank.
The total crest length of the dam is approximately 2400m.

The main hydraulic structures (gated spillway, power intake

and diversion galleries) are integrated into the RCC dam struc-
ture on the left bank.

The Energy production is evacuated from the Zungeru switch-

yard located on the left bank, through 330KV HV lines to join
the National grid on Jebba – Shiroro 330KV lines, Maraba and
through a 132KV to Tegina.
 Major Components

 Dam and Reservoir  Generator

 Intake or Control Gate  Governor System

 Spillway and Bottom Outlet  Transformer

 Pen stock & Surge Tank  Power lines

 Power house  Switch yard

 Spiral Case  LCU / SCADA System

 Turbine  Auxiliary Equipment / Systems

 Draft Tube and Tail-race

Dam and Reservoir
 Dam and Reservoir
 The dam is the most important component of hydroelectric power
plant.

 The zungeru dam is made up of three major parts:

* The main RCC dam is 1,090m long, 90m high in the central
part of the valley.

* Rock fill dams with central clay core prolonging to the main
dam on right bank (1000km long) and on the left bank
(325m long)

 This dam is built at a location where the height of the river is

sufficient To get the maximum possible potential energy from
water.
 Dam and Reservoir

 The water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water
is stored.

 The water in the reservoir is located higher than the rest of

the dam structure.

 The height of water in the reservoir decides how much

potential energy of the water

 The higher the height of water, the more its potential energy.

 The high position of water in the reservoir also

enables it to move downwards effortlessly
 Dam and Reservoir

 The height of water in the reservoir is higher than the natural

height of water flowing in the river, so it is considered to
have an altered equilibrium.

 This also helps to increase the overall potential energy of

water, which helps ultimately produce more electricity in the
power generation unit.
Dam and Reservoir
 Intake or Control Gate

 These are the gates built on the inside of the dam.

 The water from reservoir is released and controlled

through these gates.

 These are called inlet gates because water enters

the power generation unit through these gates.

 When the control gates are opened the water flows

due to gravity through the penstock and towards
The turbines.
Intake or Control Gate
 Spillway

 A spillway is a structure that allows excess water to flow

out of a dam or reservoir. It helps prevent damage to the
dam or flooding of the surrounding area.

 In Zungeru dam, the total discharge capacity is 11,000

Cubic meter per second which is corresponding to a
10,000 years return period flood event. The spillway is
equipped with four radial gates, each 20m high and 15m
wide. The chute ends with a ski jump throwing the water
into a plunge pool located 90m downstream.
Spillway
 Penstock and Surge Tank

 The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the
water flowing from the reservoir towards the power gene-
ration unit, comprised of the turbines and generator.

 The water in the penstock possesses kinetic energy due to

its motion and potential energy due to its height.

 The total amount of power generated in the hydroelectric

power plant depends on the height of the water reservoir
and the amount of water flowing through the penstock.

 The amount of water flowing through the penstock is con-

trolled by the control or intake gates.
 Penstock and Surge Tank
 A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank (open at the top) in which water level rises or
falls to reduce the pressure swings (Water Hammer Pressure) in the Penstock.

 A surge tank is located near the beginning of the penstock. When the turbine is running
at a steady load, there are no surges in the flow of water through the penstock i .e., the
quantity of water flowing in the penstock is just sufficient to meet the turbine require-
ments.

 However, when the load on the turbine decreases, the governor closes the gates of
turbine, reducing water supply to the turbine. The excess water at the lower end of the
penstock rushes back to the surge tank and increases its water level.

 Thus the penstock is prevented from bursting. On the other hand, when load on the
turbine increases, additional water is drawn from the surge tank to meet the increased
load requirement. Hence, a surge tank overcomes the abnormal pressure in the pen-
stock when load on the turbine falls and acts as a reservoir during increase of load
on the turbine.
Penstock and Surge Tank
Penstock and Surge Tank
 Power House

 A power house is a building consisting of a substructure to sup

port the hydraulic and electrical equipments and a super
structure to house and protect there equipments.

 The sub-structure of the power house mainly consist of found-

ation block of concrete extending from the foundation to the
generator floor with waterways formed within it.

 Superstructure is the main building of the power house which is

constructed above the generator floor.

 Superstructure mainly contains transformers, switching devices

and control units.
Power House
 Spiral Case

 A spiral case - also known as a scroll case - is used to

Deliver an even flow of water to the entire runner.

 Even flow is achieved due to the gradually decreasing

cross-sectional area of the casing. As the cross-sectional
area decreases, the velocity of the water in the case is
maintained and an even flow of water is delivered to the
runner.

 Guide vanes direct water towards the runner. The purpose

of the guide vanes is to convert the potential energy of the
water to kinetic energy, and to direct the water into the
runner at an optimal angle.
Spiral Case
 Turbine

 Hydraulic Turbines convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.

 And the Mechanical energy developed by turbine is used in running an

electric generator which is coupled to shaft of the turbine.

 The water flows through the turbine consist of a wheel with

designed blades and makes it rotate.

 This rotation of turbine wheel is coupled with generator and it

Generates electricity which is known as hydro electricity.

 Hydraulic Turbines may be classified under 2 Heads

* Impulse Turbines
* Reaction Turbines
 Turbine

 Impulse turbines are described as turbines in which high-velocity

jets of water or steam collide with the turbine blades to rotate the
turbine and generate energy. The impulse turbine gets its name
from the impulse force generated by the water jet’s hitting blade.

 Reaction turbines are the turbines that use the pressure as well
as the velocity of the moving water to rotate. Reaction turbines
are placed in the water stream where the water enters the ca-
sing tangentially. After rotating the blades the water axially
leaves the casing of the turbine.
Turbine
 Draft Tube
 Draft Tube is an empty structure made beneath the turbine. Draft Tube is
a pipe or passage of gradually increasing cross-sectional which connects
the runner exit to the tail race.

 It reduces the high velocity of the water discharged by the turbine by

enlarging the c/s and thus converts the Kinetic energy of water into
mechanical energy

 It allows the turbine to be set above tail water level without loss of head
to facilitate inspection and maintenance.

 It regains by diffuser action , the major portion of the kinetic energy

delivered to it from the runner.

 It increases the output power.

 It increases the efficiency of Hydro Power Plant.

Draft Tube
 Generator

 Generator is a device in which when there is rotation of coil between the

Strong magnetic Field then it produces an Alternating Current.

 The generator used in zungeru is a synchronous generator or alternator

is an electrical machine that converts the mechanical power from a prime
Mover into an AC electrical power at a Particular voltage and frequency.
The synchronous motor always runs at a constant speed called synchro-
Nous speed.
Generator
 Governor System
The governing system or governor is the main controller of the hydraulic turbine in a
hydropower plant. It varies the water flow through the turbine to control its speed or
power output. The types of governors used in hydropower include mechanical or
centrifugal governors, pneumatic governors, and hydraulic governors. The governing
system as per IEEE standard includes speed sensing elements, governor control actu
ators, hydraulic pressure supply system, and turbine control servomotors.
The primary functions of the hydraulic turbine governor are to start, maintain and
adjust unit speed for synchronizing with the running units/grid, maintain system
frequency after synchronization by adjusting turbine output to load changes, share
load changes with other units in a planned manner in response to system frequency
error, adjust output of the unit in response to operator or other supervisory comm-
ands, and perform normal shut down or emergency over speed shut down for pro-
tection³. Digital electronic load governors are now employed in small hydro units for
plant control and protection.
Governor System
 Transformer

 The Power transformer is one type of transformer that is used to transmit

electrical energy in any component of the electronic or electrical circuit
between the distribution primary circuits and the generator. These trans-
formers are utilized in distribution networks to interface step down and
step up voltages.

The usual form of power transformer is fluid immersed, and the life cycle
of these instruments is approximately 30 years. Power transformers can
be divided into three types according to the ranges. They are large power
transformers, medium power transformers, and small power transformers.

 The range of large power transformers can be from 100MVA and beyond

 The range of medium power transformers can be from -100MVA

 The range of low power transformers can be from 500-7500kVA

Transformer
 Power lines

 An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission

And distribution to transmit electrical energy across long distances. It con-
sists of one or more uninsulated electrical cables (commonly multiples of
three for three-phase power) suspended by towers or poles.

 Since most of the insulation is provided by the surrounding air, overhead

power lines are generally the least costly method of power transmission
for large quantities of electric energy.
Power lines
 Switchyard

 Switchyard is a switching station which is the main link between the gener-
ating plant and the transmission system. It can be considered as the heart
of The power plant, the generated power will only be worthy if it can be tran-
smitted and received by the consumers. Switchyard is a junction which
Carries the generated power to the destination, it plays a major part in the
securityof the system, it can control the reactive power devices which plays
a major role in power quality.

 It is mostly an assemblage of switches, power circuits, breakers, and the

Auxiliary equipment which is used to collect power from the generators at
the power plant and then it will be distributed to the transmission lines at
a load point.
Switchyard
 Local Control Unit (LCU)

The local control unit collects all the quantities needed to deter-
mine the state of the local resources and generates the reference
set point of the power to be injected into the grid.

LCU at primary station serves as an interface between the host

computer and the circuit it serves

The LCU directs the flow of input and output data between the
different data communications links and their respective applications
program. The LCU performs parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel con-
version of data and transfers to modem serially.

LCU also performs error detection and correction apart from inserting
and deleting data link control characters
Local Control Unit (LCU)
 SCADA System
SCADA - Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - is the ultimate operator
interface. Based on an industrial or standard desktop personal computer,
the heart of the system is a specific software package, which runs under
various operating systems.

In addition to providing 100% data integrity, this solution also delivers:

 Real time and historical trending, allowing the display of real time or
historical data in graphical form with time and date stamping.
 Alarm management, allowing alarms to be sent to display screens,
printers and files.
 Reporting, allowing customised reports for management to be produced
containing real process information.
 Security: users can be assigned both individual and group rights; an audit
trail lets you track and record operator actions.
 SCADA System
Communications to plant equipment via Ethernet, wireless via standard
industrial protocols required.
Business system communication using Ethernet and TCP/IP and a multi-
tude of protocols.
Multiple SCADA nodes which can be installed throughout the plant.

Applications
 SCADA
 Data logging
 DCSO
 Communications
 Batch control
 Process control
SCADA System
 Auxillary Equipment / System

Low Air Pressure System HVAC

Medium Air Pressure System Firefighting System

Condenser Air Pressure System Excitation System

Hydraulic Oil Supply System Generator Circuit Breaker

De - watering System Oil - Water Seperation System

Drainage System Black Start Generator

Air Cooling System

Cooling Water Supply System

 Working Principle
 Initially the water of the river is in Catchments Area.

 From catchments area the water flows to the dam.

 At the dam the water gets accumulated . Thus the potential

energy of the water increases due to the height of the dam .

 When the gates of the dam are opened then the water moves

with high Kinetic Energy into the penstock.

 Through the penstock water goes to the turbine house.

 Since the penstock makes water to flow from high altitude to

low altitude, Thus the Kinetic Energy of the water is again

raised.
 Advantages

 No fuel required

 No air pollution

 The life of plant is longest

 Renewable energy

 Water supply and flood control

 Generation cost per unit (KWH) is lowest

 Can easily work during high peak daily loads

 Disadvantages

 Disruption of surrounding areas

 Requires large areas

 High capital cost due to construction of dam

 Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems (Fish population affected)

 Firm power (Output) is totally depends on monsoon.

 As sites are away from load center, so cost of transmission

and losses in it are more.

THANK YOU