Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Full download Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1st Edition Simon Kay file pdf all chapter on 2024
Full download Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1st Edition Simon Kay file pdf all chapter on 2024
https://ebookmass.com/product/oxford-textbook-of-neurological-
surgery-1st-edition-ramez-kirollos/
https://ebookmass.com/product/essentials-of-plastic-surgery/
https://ebookmass.com/product/plastic-surgery-craniofacial-head-
and-neck-surgery-pediatric-plastic-surgery-4th-edition-geoffrey-
c-gurtner/
https://ebookmass.com/product/atlas-of-reconstructive-breast-
surgery-1st-edition-lee-l-q-pu/
Global Reconstructive Surgery James Chang
https://ebookmass.com/product/global-reconstructive-surgery-
james-chang/
https://ebookmass.com/product/atlas-of-reconstructive-breast-
surgery-1st-edition-lee-l-q-pu-2/
https://ebookmass.com/product/plastic-surgery-principles-and-
practice-1st-edition-rostam-d-farhadieh/
https://ebookmass.com/product/atlas-of-small-animal-wound-
management-and-reconstructive-surgery-4th-edition/
https://ebookmass.com/product/flaps-and-reconstructive-
surgery-2nd-edition-fu-chan-wei/
Oxford Textbook of
Plastic and
Reconstructive
Surgery
OXFORD TEXTBOOKS IN SURGERY SERIES
Published
Oxford Textbook of Trauma and Orthopaedics
Edited by Christopher Bulstrode, James Wilson-MacDonald, Deborah M. Eastwood, John McMaster,
Jeremy Fairbank, Parminder J. Singh, Sandeep Bawa, Panagoitis D. Gikas, Tim Bunker, Grey Giddins,
Mark Blyth, and David Stanley
Oxford Textbook of Fundamentals of Surgery
Edited by William E. G. Thomas, Malcolm W. R. Reed, and Michael G. Wyatt
Oxford Textbook of Vascular Surgery
Edited by Matthew M. Thompson, Robert Fitridge, Jon Boyle, Matt Thompson, Karim Brohi,
Robert J. Hinchliffe, Nick Cheshire, A. Ross Naylor, Ian Loftus, and Alun H. Davies
Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery
Edited by Freddie C. Hamdy and Ian Eardley
Oxford Textbook of Neurological Surgery
Edited by Ramez W. Kirollos, Adel Helmy, Simon Thomson, and Peter J. Hutchinson
Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Edited by Simon Kay, Daniel Wilks, and David McCombe
Oxford Textbook of
Plastic and
Reconstructive
Surgery
EDITED BY
Simon Kay
Consultant Plastic Surgeon, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department,
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Daniel Wilks
Consultant Plastic Surgeon, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department,
The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
David McCombe
Clinical Associate Professor, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department,
The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
1
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2021
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 2021
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2020945296
ISBN 978–0–19–968287–4
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199682874.001.0001
Printed in Great Britain by
Bell & Bain Ltd., Glasgow
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the
drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check
the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date
published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers
and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and
the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the
text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where
otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant
adult who is not breast-feeding
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
To Rowan, Cyrus, and Jacob, and to my teachers, especially my patients.
To Anna and Emmeline for joining me on the journey and my family, friends, and
colleagues for helping me find the way.
To Georgie, Lachie, Finn, and Stella, to my mentors and to those willing to learn.
Series preface
This is a new development in surgical publishing; the first two edi- This ambitious programme will be spread over several years, and
tions of the Oxford Textbook of Surgery are to be replaced by a series the use of the online platform will allow for regular updates of the
of specialty-specific textbooks in surgery. This change was precipi- different textbooks.
tated by the ever-increasing size of a single textbook of surgery which Each textbook will include the proposed requirements for training
embraced all specialties (the second edition of the Oxford Textbook and learning as defined by the specialist committees (SACs) of sur-
of Surgery was three volumes), and a decision to adapt the textbooks gery recognized by the four Colleges of Surgery in Great Britain and
to meet the needs of the audience; firstly, to suit the requirements of Ireland, and will continue to be applicable to a global audience.
Higher Surgical trainees and, secondly, to make it available online. This ambitious programme will be spread over several years, and
Thus, we have produced a key book to deal with the fundamentals the use of the online platform will allow for regular updates of the
of surgery, such as Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Evaluation of different textbooks.
Evidence, and so forth. Then there are to be separate volumes covering When completed, the Oxford Textbooks in Surgery series will set
individual specialties, each appearing as an independent textbook and standards for a long time to come.
available online via the Oxford University Press Academic Platform. Professor Sir Peter J. Morris
It is planned that each textbook in each specialty will be inde- Nuffield Professor of Surgery Emeritus, and former
pendent although there obviously will be an overlap between dif- Chairman of the Department of Surgery and Director of the
ferent specialties and, of course, the core book on fundamentals of Oxford Transplant Centre, University of Oxford and
surgery will underpin the required scientific knowledge and practice Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals, UK
in each of the other specialties.
Introduction
The word ‘text’ is derived from the Latin texere meaning to weave, to our patients and their families and we are grateful for this. The
join, fit together, or braid. This is particularly apt in this case as the edi- editors are also grateful to the section editors who have assem-
tors have attempted with a broad loom to assemble a comprehensive bled their individual teams of authors and shepherded them all
description of Plastic Surgery. As will be described in the following through the process of chapter development to submission and
chapters, Plastic Surgery is a specialty that encourages the practitioner have been invaluable in their efforts to produce the inaugural edi-
to apply its principles and techniques to resolve, repair, and recon- tion of this text.
struct across all the domains of the body. Consequently, the breadth of The organisation and production of this textbook relies upon the
the specialty can be simultaneously inspiring and intimidating to the specialist knowledge and the strength of a publisher and the edi-
surgeon, as they may be presented with a diversity of challenges that tors thank Oxford University Press for their support and expertise
can be addressed with principle-based decision making but require in helping to bring this project to fruition. The editors would like to
nuanced knowledge of the issues that relate to the individual problem. thank Caroline Smith, Jamie Oates, and Helen Liepman of Oxford
The genesis of this text owes much to its ancestor, the Oxford University Press in particular for their support, coaching and
Textbook of Surgery, edited in 2000 by Sir Peter Morris and William coaxing throughout the gestation and birth of this work.
Wood. This comprehensive and authoritative reference was designed The continuing development of an innovative discipline such as
to meet the demands of specialists and trainees addressing general Plastic Surgery means that what is written in these pages today in-
surgery and several other specialties. Its evolution into what is now evitably will have evolved by tomorrow. That does not make this
a series of 11 multivolume texts, overseen by Sir Peter, detailing the text obsolete or redundant. Such progress is only possible on a
entirety of surgery is testament to the innovation and dedication that solid foundation of knowledge, summarised and consolidated from
typifies his remarkable career. time to time, which this text provides. We are grateful that you as a
Our purpose is to offer the aspiring surgeon a comprehensive reader are using this work as your foundation in your own areas of
guide to Plastic Surgery as well as provide a reference for those who development.
are established in their practice. We have attempted to encompass Simon Kay
the curriculum of the Royal College of Surgeons fellowship in Plastic Daniel Wilks
Surgery and have added further chapters where necessary to arm the David McCombe
surgeon with knowledge. We have enlisted a range of authors from
around the globe and are grateful for the incisive knowledge and en-
thusiasm that they have brought to this project.
A multiauthor text such as this relies upon the generosity of
experts in their individual fields in being prepared to educate
all of us with their hard-won knowledge to the benefit of all of
Preface
Healing after injury is a remarkable biological phenomenon found Hospitals of China, the clinics of Europe and throughout the
in all vertebrates, given the opportunity. To hasten or improve world. Every surgical discipline has contributed to the growth
healing by surgical repair may have been practiced throughout the of plastic surgery, and every surgical specialty has learned and
history of our species, but to go one step further and to reconstruct benefited from it. Our boundaries are wonderfully indistinct and
damaged anatomy has been only a dream until the last few hundred porous and yet we preserve a distinct identity at the focal point of
years. It was a miracle that Jesus could reattach the ear of one of his the reconstructive web.
captors, and the legend of Saints Cosmos and Damien transplanting But something else has happened. We moved from asking only
a lower limb was of course fantastical also. Things began to change “how?” to asking “why?”, and to examining our outcomes more
when flap surgery for nasal reconstruction, passed down by artisan rigorously and within wider frames of reference. Surgeons moved
surgeons in the east, emerged in the west, first in Sicily, before being gradually to consider not just the form, or appearance of restored
reported from British colonial India. Free grafting was slower to be anatomy, but also the activity or function of the reconstructed part.
investigated and understood, even though the corresponding horti- Many metrics were designed and recorded to reflect this urge to re-
cultural practices were well established. Paul Bert’s experiments store activity and function. But physiological function was not the
on skin grafting in sheep were early examples of science in recon- final goal. Forty years ago or more, craniofacial units, for example,
structive surgery, possibly influencing Reverdin in clinical practice started to realise that the best judges of surgical aesthetic outcomes
a short time later. might be a child’s peers, not the surgeon or even the parents. At
The advents of asepsis and anaesthesia allowed more and about the same time surgeons began to include the concept of par-
more empirical experience, rather than laboratory experiment, ticipation as an outcome. How closely did the patient integrate
on the repair and reconstruction of the integument. This moved back into the normal activities of life and partake in their society?
from simply closing the difficult wound to consideration of aes- How did a patient feel about themselves? How did they behave?
thetics. The First World War, the first industrialised conflict Finally we saw the “why?” of surgery emerge into stark scrutiny.
employing high-explosive and trench warfare, produced the What worth has a sophisticated and successful suite of surgery to
pabulum of facial and head injuries on which the innovations restore form or function if the patient is no better psychologically
of surgeons like Morestin, Esser, Valadier and Gillies were or socially?
nourished. The human body transports and nourishes the acme of evolution
The Second World War saw another great step forward for sur- that is the human brain, which in turn holds the mystical entities that
gical practice with the development of antimicrobial drugs. That are the mind and spirit. It is remarkable, through the intercession of
conflict left us the legacy of extensive skin grafting and burns re- social mechanisms, how a defect in the body can adversely influence
construction, as well as the prompt evacuation of field casualties. the expression of these latter two. More and more we realise that our
The Korean and Vietnamese conflicts especially capitalized on success in treating the physical, the appearance and function of the
these protocols and saw step advances in vascular surgery, cavity body, can only be interpreted through the prism of behavior. Each
surgery and neurosurgery. The Second World War heralded an era of us must be empathetic to our patients’ minds and collaboration in
of proliferating surgical spin-offs, and plastic surgery took its place psychology should be the norm. Perhaps Harvey Cushing knew this
amongst the major acute disciplines. Many of the facial trauma when he said “I would like to see the day when somebody would be ap-
bone fixation techniques of the first conflict were now applied to pointed surgeon somewhere who had no hands, for the operative part is
hand and limb surgery. Scientific enquiry took a firm hold of our the least part of the work”.
burgeoning specialty, wonderfully exemplified by the collabor- This wide-ranging text reflects the breadth and the depth of our
ation between Gibson and Medawar whose investigation into the craft, and throughout it we see the traces of our past and the direc-
“second set” skin grafting phenomenon started the modern under- tions of our future as we strive to restore ever more effectively and
standing of immunology and transplantation. more comprehensively the human beings in front of us. Its exist-
Since then the efflorescence of scientific and empirical recon- ence is a tribute to Sir Peter Morris who first proposed it to me, and
structive surgical developments has been remarkable, from the to the considerable roll call of fellow editors and authors whose pa-
cornfields of Kentucky to the highways of Slovenia, the People’s tience and hard work are only now rewarded by the final text. I was
xii Preface
delighted when David McCombe agreed to join me to bring the en- that place their trust in us and whom we keep as the focus of all our
ergy and perspective of the Southern Hemisphere to the task. We endeavours.
then reasoned that textbooks are aimed in great part at young sur- Simon Kay
geons who are too often unrepresented in the editorship, and so and
we were both grateful when Dan Wilks accepted my invitation to
REFERENCE
be a co-editor whilst still a surgical trainee. But of course it is the
enthusiasm, experience and continuing quest for refinement of all Endpiece. No hands. BMJ. 2004; 329(7462): 374. https://www.ncbi.
our contributors that powers our specialty. That and the patients nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC509378/pdf/bmj3290374a.pdf
Brief contents
Contents xv SECTION 7
Section editors xxiii
Contributors xxv Maxillofacial trauma 787
SECTION 1 SECTION 8
General principles and techniques 1 Head and neck surgery 851
Section editors: Simon Kay, David McCombe, Section editor: Maniram Ragbir
and Daniel Wilks
SECTION 9
SECTION 2 The chest and breast 983
Burns surgery 127 Section editors: Rodney Cooter, Nicola R. Dean, and Kieran Horgan
Section editor: Jeremy Rawlins
SECTION 10
SECTION 3 Abdomen 1173
Nerve surgery 227 Section editor: Andrew Fleming
Section editors: Simon Kay, Mikael Wiberg, and Andrew Hart
SECTION 11
SECTION 4 Urogenital surgery and gender dysphoria 1273
Lower limb 575 Section editors: Nigel Mercer and Mark Soldin
Section editor: Umraz Khan
SECTION 13
SECTION 6 The legal, ethical, and behavioural
Craniofacial and cleft 669 components of plastic surgery 1571
Section editors: Hiroshi Nishikawa, Felicity V. Mehendale, Section editor: Simon Kay
and David C.G. Sainsbury
Index 1609
Contents
1.4 Structure and function of the skin 21 2.1 Mechanisms of burn injury: thermal, chemical,
Mark Goodfield electrical, and radiation 129
Ravi F. Sood and Nicole S. Gibran
1.5 Vascular anatomy 25
Amanda Murphy, Steven F. Morris, and G. Ian Taylor 2.2 The burned patient: physiology and
pathology 139
1.6 Anaesthesia 31 Fiona Wood and Keith Judkins
Chetan Srinath and Alan Yates
2.3 Adult thermal burns 155
1.7 Skin grafts 35 Jeremy Rawlins and Isabel Jones
Siobhan O’Ceallaigh and Mamta Shah
2.4 The burnt child 179
1.8 Skin flaps 39 Suzanne Rea and Sian Falder
Donald Dewar
2.5 Electrical injury and burns and their
1.9 Microsurgery 51
management 193
David McCombe and Wayne Morrison
David C.G. Sainsbury and Joel Fish
1.10 Benign skin conditions and tumours 61
2.6 Chemical burns 205
Rajib Rahim and Graeme Stables
Alexandra Murray
1.11 Non-melanoma skin cancer and premalignant
2.7 Cold-induced injury to the skin and deep
conditions 69 tissues 215
Barbara Jemec and Gregor B.E. Jemec
Marc-James Hallam, Johann A. Jeevaratnam,
Christopher H.E. Imray, and Tania Cubison
xvi Contents
2.8 Radiation injury to the skin and deep tissues 221 3.4.2 Nerve grafts and transfers 275
Johann A. Jeevaratnam, Marc-James Hallam, Robert Bains and Simon Kay
and Tania Cubison
3.5 Hand therapy after peripheral nerve injury 283
Birgitta Rosén and Christina Jerosch-Herold
4.19 Pain syndromes 515 5.8 Amputations in the lower limb 625
David Elliot Umraz Khan and Alan Gordon
4.20 Embryology of the upper limb 523 5.9 Lower limb trauma outcome measures:
Wee-Leon Lam and Megan G. Davey limb salvage and amputation 635
David Wallace
4.21 Management of children’s hand disorders 533
Grainne Bourke, Ian Grant, and Gill Smith 5.10 Lower limb osteomyelitis 643
Umraz Khan
4.22 Traumatic injury to the child’s hand 547
David McCombe 5.11 Management of congenital limb deficiency 651
Fergal Monsell
4.23 Upper limb spasticity 553
Paul McArthur 5.12 Orthopaedic management of congenital
pseudarthrosis of the tibia 655
4.24 Soft tissue swellings of the hand and upper
Fergal Monsell
limb 557
Vikram Devaraj 5.13 How the foot and ankle works (mechanics of
the foot) 661
4.25 Bone lesions in the upper limb and hand 563
Ian Winson
Geoffrey Hooper
5.14 The skeletal consequences of meningococcal
4.26 Systemic disorders reflected in the hand 569
septicaemia 665
Stewart Watson
Fergal Monsell
xviii Contents
8.7 Tumours of the salivary glands 885 9.3 Surgical anatomy of the breast 1001
James Wokes and Neil McLean Amy E. Jeeves
8.9 Assessment and management of metastatic neck 9.5 Preoperative imaging for autologous breast
disease 897 reconstruction 1017
Vinidh Paleri and Maniram Ragbir Mark Ashton and Iain Whitaker
8.10 Scalp, forehead, and calvarial reconstruction 903 9.6 Breast malignancy: diagnosis and
Kaz M.A. Rahman management 1025
Kieran Horgan, Barbara Dall, Rebecca Millican-Slater,
8.11 Eyelid reconstruction 907
Russell Bramhall, Fiona MacNeill, David Dodwell,
Mogdad Alrawi
Indu Chaudhuri, and Sebastian Trainor
8.12 Lip reconstruction 919
9.7 Breast reconstruction: patient assessment 1053
David C.G. Sainsbury
Nicola R. Dean
8.13 Cheek reconstruction 931
9.8 Tissue expander and implant breast
Matthew Potter
reconstruction 1063
8.14 Nasal reconstruction 937 Melissa A. Mueller, Emily G. Clark, and Gregory R.D. Evans
Michael D. Kernohan and Kelly Thornbury
9.9 Latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction 1069
8.15 Reconstruction of the pharynx 945 Mark A. Lee
Jonathan Pollock and Maniram Ragbir
9.10 TRAM flap breast reconstruction 1081
8.16 Reconstruction of the mandible and maxilla 951 Janek S. Januszkiewicz
Colonel Douglas G Bryant, Alex P. Jones, and Maniram Ragbir
9.11 DIEP flap breast reconstruction 1093
8.17 Anatomy and physiology of the facial nerve and Mark Ashton
aetiology of facial nerve palsy 963 9.12 Alternative flaps for microsurgical breast
Onur Gilleard and Kallirroi Tzafetta
reconstruction 1107
8.18 Management of facial palsy 969 Hinne A. Rakhorst
Omar A. Ahmed and Richard Chalmers
9.13 The tissue-engineered breast 1115
8.19 Radiology of the head and neck 973 Wayne Morrison
Ivan Zammit-Maempel
9.14 Management of complications of microvascular
8.20 Adjuvant therapy for head and neck abdominal flap breast reconstruction 1121
cancers 977 Marc A.M. Mureau
Charles Kelly
9.15 The nipple–areolar complex 1133
Garry Buckland
Language: Finnish
Kirj.
Ilma Virtala
Hän tunsi taaskin sen syvän, tyhjän aukon, jonka siskon kuolema
oli hänen sieluunsa tehnyt, mutta hän koetti olla sitä muistelematta,
koetti kääntää ajatuksensa muualle, johtaa ne vaan siihen suureen
yhteiseen vaaraan, joka oli torjuttava, sitähän velvoitti Anninkin
muisto.
— Keitä olette?
*****
Siinä vannoivat Pohjanmaan pojat menevänsä vaikka läpi tulen ja
valkean, ennen pysähtymättä, kuin on punaryssäin valta Suomen
maassa kukistettu. Mutta mukana ollut ruotsinmaalainen upseeri oli
suunniltaan vihasta ja saatuaan samassa kiinni hautuumaalla
piileksivän punaisen lävisti siinä paikassa seitsemällä revolverin
kuulalla hänen päänsä. Koko kallo murskautui ja aivot vuosivat ulos.
*****
Kautta koko talon, jonka joka soppi on miehiä täyteen ahdettu, käy
valtainen puheensorina, kukin kertoo päivän tapahtumien
yksityiskohtia toisille, tai ehkä pikemminkin itselleen muistojaan
kertailee, sillä kaikki puhuvat yhtähaavaa, eikä kukaan kerkiä toista
kuuntelemaan.
— Ui, ui, kun särkee, ihan isoon varpaaseen saakka vetää, eikä
ole ambulanssissakaan yhtään hierojaa. — Enhän minä voinut
tuossa palan vieressä viipyä, kun kuula tuli uunin ikkunasta ja lensi
seinästä ulos. — Tuonne kellariin oli kömmittävä ja nyt kun siellä
kolmisen tuntia kyykkysilläni olin, kylmässä, kosteassa ilmassa, niin
tietää sen! Voi, kun se repii tuota issiashermoa!