COMPLETE INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATION
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED

● NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

● SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION OF
REGIONAL COOPERATION
● NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
● G-7
● G-20
● BRICS
● ASEAN
● BIMSTEC
● SCO
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
● INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION
● AFRICAN UNION
● MEKONG GANGA COOPERATION
● GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL
● ARAB LEAGUE
● ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION
● IMF
● FATF
● WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)

● North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is

a military alliance established by the North
Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington
Treaty) of April, 1949, to provide collective
security against the Soviet Union.
● There are currently 32 member states.
● Its original members were Belgium, Canada,
Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the
United Kingdom, and the United States.
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)
● Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium.

● NATO's main goals are the collective

defense of its members and the
maintenance of a democratic peace in
the North Atlantic area.
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)
NATO participates in three alliances that expand
its influence beyond its 32 member countries

● Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)

● Mediterranean Dialogue
● Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI)- It is a
partnership forum that aims to contribute to
long-term global and regional security by
offering Non-NATO countries in the broader
Middle East region the opportunity to cooperate
with NATO. Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)
➢ India & NATO
EXPANSION OF NATO
SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION OF REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)

● The South Asian Association for Regional

Cooperation (SAARC) was established with
the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka
on 8 December 1985.

● The idea of regional cooperation in South

Asia was first raised in November 1980.
After consultations, the foreign secretaries
of the seven founding
countries—Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri
Lanka—met for the first time in Colombo in
April 1981.
SOUTH ASEAN ASSOCIATION OF REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)

● Afghanistan became the newest member

of SAARC at the 13th annual summit in
2005.

● The Headquarters and Secretariat of the

Association are at Kathmandu, Nepal
SOUTH ASEAN ASSOCIATION OF REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)

● Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal,

● There are currently nine Observers to SAARC,
Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and
namely:
Maldives
○ Australia,
○ China,
○ The European Union,
○ Iran,
○ Japan,
○ The Republic of Korea,
○ Mauritius,
○ Myanmar,
○ The United States of America.
●
SAARC- Specialised Bodies
● SAARC Development Fund

● South Asian University(SAU)- is an international university, located in India.

● South Asian Regional Standards Organization- has its Secretariat at Dhaka

● SAARC Arbitration Council- It is an inter-governmental body having its office in Pakistan is mandated
to provide a legal framework/forum within the region for fair and efficient settlement of commercial,
industrial, trade, banking, investment and such other dispute
NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT (NAM)
● Basic concept for the group originated
in 1955 during the Asia-Africa Bandung
Conference held in Indonesia.
● The first NAM Summit Conference
took place in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in
September 1961.
● At present it has 120-member states.
India is a founding member of the
organisation.
● China has observer status.
NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT (NAM)
● Formation: 1961 (Belgrade Conference)
● NAM was founded under the leadership of
Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel
Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of India,
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of
Indonesia.

● The 19th NAM Summit was held under

Uganda's leadership in Kampala. Uganda
has taken over as chair from Azerbaijan,
to run until 2027.
NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT (NAM)

RELEVANCE OF NAM?
G-7
● The G7 is an informal grouping of seven
industrialized democracies consisting of
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the
United Kingdom, and the United States. The G7
was established to facilitate discussions and
cooperation on issues of mutual interest, such
as global economic governance, international
security, and energy policy.

● Some of the key principles of the G7

➔ Democracy
➔ Human Rights
➔ Free & Fair Trade
➔ Environmental protection
➔ Peace and security:
G-7
● The decisions taken by the leaders during
annual summits are non-binding in nature.
● Prior to 2014, the group was referred to as G8,
with Russia having been a formal member (as
part of the Group of Eight) from 1997 to 2014.
● The origins of the G7 can be traced back to
the 1973 oil crisis, which led to a global
economic recession and highlighted the
need for greater international economic
cooperation.
● G7 does not have a formal constitution or a
fixed headquarters.
India & G-7
● India is a natural ally for the G7 countries in
defending the shared values.

● the Prime Minister of India unveiled a bust

of Mahatma Gandhi in Hiroshima,
Japan.-The symbolic gesture was meant to
highlight the shared commitment of the G7
and its partners to prevent another nuclear
catastrophe and to pursue nuclear
disarmament and non-proliferation.
G-20
● G20 is an intergovernmental and informal
economic forum comprising 19 countries, European
Union (EU) & African Union with representatives of
the IMF and the World Bank.

● These members account for around 85% of the

world GDP, 75% of the total international trade,
and two-thirds of the global population.

● The Group owes its origin to the Financial Crisis

in 1997-98 of the Asian Tigers (Countries of
East and Southeast Asia), which caused its
establishment in 1999.
G-20
● After the 2008 global financial crisis, it was
upgraded to the level of Heads of State or
Government when it became clear that crisis
coordination would be possible only at the
highest political level.

● In 2009, it was declared as the “premier

forum for international economic cooperation
G-20
● The G20 does not have a charter or a
secretariat. The Presidency is supported by
the Troika, which includes the previous,
current, and incoming presidencies.

● Its decisions are not legally binding, and

member countries are not required to
implement them.
G20 Summit 2023
● African Union
● Global Biofuels Alliance -GBA is an India-led initiative
that aims to develop an alliance of governments,
international organizations, and industry to promote the
adoption of biofuels.The alliance was launched with nine
initiating members: India, the US, Brazil, Argentina,
Bangladesh, Italy, Mauritius, South Africa, and the United
Arab Emirates.

● India – Middle East – Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)

G20 Summit 2023
G20 Summit 2023

● Tripling the Global Renewable Energy Capacity

By 2030.

● Small Arms and Terrorist Safe Havens-The G20

leaders, in the New Delhi Declaration, clearly
condemn terrorism in all its forms and
manifestations
BRICS- BRAZIL, RUSSIA, INDIA, CHINA AND SOUTH AFRICA
BRICS- BRAZIL, RUSSIA, INDIA, CHINA AND SOUTH AFRICA
● BRICS is the acronym coined to associate five
major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia,
India, People's Republic of China, and South
Africa; • The acronym "BRIC" was initially
formulated in 2001 by economist Jim O'Neill,
of Goldman Sachs, in a report for the
economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China.

● 2009: The first BRIC (BRICS minus South

Africa) summit was held in Yekaterinburg,
Russia
BRICS- BRAZIL, RUSSIA, INDIA, CHINA AND SOUTH AFRICA
● 2014: The Fortaleza Declaration was
adopted at the 6th BRICS Summit, and it
marked the establishment of the New
Development Bank (NDB).

● Considering the increasing instances of global

financial crisis, BRICS nations signed BRICS
Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) in
2014 as part of Fortaleza Declaration.

● CRA was established in 2015 during 7th BRICS

summit in July 2015
BRICS- BRAZIL, RUSSIA, INDIA, CHINA AND SOUTH AFRICA
● Five new members, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran,
Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates
have confirmed the invitation to join
BRICS.
● Argentina has decided to not join.
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
● The Association of Southeast Asian
Nations is a regional organization which
was established to promote Political and
Social Stability amid rising tensions
among the Asia-Pacific’s post-colonial
states.
● The motto of ASEAN is “One Vision, One
Identity, One Community”.
● ASEAN Secretariat – Indonesia, Jakarta.
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
● 1967 – ASEAN was established with the
signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok
Declaration) by its founding fathers.
○ Founding Fathers of ASEAN are:
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand.
● Addition of Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995),
Laos and Myanmar (1997), and Cambodia
(1999).
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)- Forums led by ASEAN

● ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): Launched in 1993

● ASEAN Plus Three: The consultative group initiated in 1997 brings together ASEAN’s ten members,
China, Japan, and South Korea.

East Asia Summit (EAS): First held in 2005, the summit seeks to promote security and prosperity in the
region and is usually attended by the heads of state from ASEAN, Australia, China, India, Japan, New
Zealand, Russia, South Korea, and the United States.

ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM)-Plus Meeting- The ADMM-Plus is a platform for ASEAN and its eight
Dialogue Partners to strengthen security and defence cooperation for peace, stability, and development in the
region.

○ The ADMM-Plus countries include ten ASEAN Member States and eight Plus countries, namely Australia,
China, India, Japan, New Zealand, ROK, Russian Federation, and the United States.
INDIA & ASEAN
● Potential Market.

● Convergence with Indo-Pacific Strategy.

● Countering China’s influence.

● Important for rule-based order

 BAY OF BENGAL INITIATIVE FOR MULTI SECTORAL, TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION (BIMSTEC)

Recently, the first-ever Foreign Ministers’

meeting of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation (BIMSTEC) began in Bangkok,
Thailand.

■ Areas of coordination challenges were

discussed, including food, health and
energy security.
BAY OF BENGAL INITIATIVE FOR MULTI SECTORAL, TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION
(BIMSTEC)

● The BIMSTEC is an international

organisation of seven South Asian and
Southeast Asian nations.

● Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,

Thailand, Nepal and Bhutan.

● Permanent Secretariat - Dhaka,

Bangladesh
BAY OF BENGAL INITIATIVE FOR MULTI SECTORAL, TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION (BIMSTEC)

● Initially, it was formed with four Member

States with the acronym ‘BISTEC’
(Bangladesh, India, Sri-Lanka and Thailand
Economic Cooperation).

● It was renamed ‘BIMST-EC’ in 1997, following

the inclusion of Myanmar.
● With the admission of Nepal and Bhutan in
2004, the name of the grouping was changed
to ‘Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral
Technical and Economic Cooperation’
(BIMSTEC).
INDIA & BIMSTEC
● It will help in the development of North East
India;
● Act East – connect India with Southeast Asia
● Neighborhood First – primacy to the
country’s immediate periphery
● It will help in connecting India to South Asia
and Southeast Asia;
● BIMSTEC can help in integrating South Asia
after the complacency of SAARC.
IMPORTANT PROJECTS- BIMSTEC

● Kaladan Multimodal Project – links India and

Myanmar

● Asian Trilateral Highway - connecting India

and Thailand through Myanmar

● Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN)
Motor Vehicles Agreement - for seamless flow
of passenger and cargo traffic
SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (SCO)
● SCO is a permanent intergovernmental
international organisation, the creation of
which was announced on 15 June 2001 in
Shanghai by Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan,
Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
● The organisation has two permanent bodies —
the SCO Secretariat based in Beijing and the
Executive Committee of the Regional
Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) based in
Tashkent.
● India and Pakistan joined SCO in 2017
SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (SCO)- Organisational Structure
INDIA & SCO

● Counter-terrorism ● Balancing ties with China and Russia

● Regional stability
● Connectivity
● Economic cooperation
● Multilateral diplomacy
● Boosting relations with Central Asia
● Managing relations with Pakistan
● Issue of sovereignty
● Low bilateral trade with SCO countries
INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION (IORA)
● Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) is an
intergovernmental organisation established
to promote Economic Cooperation and
Regional Integration among countries
bordering the Indian Ocean.

● IORA member states work on various

initiatives related to trade, investment, and
sustainable development in the Indian Ocean
region (IOR)
INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION (IORA)
● The Indian Ocean Rim Association was
established on 7 March 1997. The vision
for IORA originated during a visit by late
President Nelson Mandela of South Africa
to India in 1995.
 INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION (IORA)
Member Countries- Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, France/Reunion, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya,
Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia,South
Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

The Secretariat is hosted by the Government of the Republic of Mauritius which is based in Cyber City,
Ebène, Mauritius

Dialogue Partners- China, Egypt, Germany, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russia, Turkey, the United
Kingdom and the United States of America.
INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION (IORA)
Priority Areas of IORA

● Maritime Safety and Security

● Trade and Investment Facilitation
● Fisheries Management
● Disaster Risk Management
● Tourism and Cultural Exchanges
● Academic, Science and Technology
Cooperation
● Blue Economy
INDIA & IORA
● India has been trying to emerge as the net provider of information in the IOR and in that
direction it created the Information Fusion Centre located in Gurugram to assist
member countries of IOR with real-time crisis information.

● Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) is India’s policy or doctrine of maritime
cooperation in the Indian Ocean region. The policy was first announced by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi on March 12, 2015
INDIA & IORA
● Security
● Capacity Building
● Collective Action
● Sustainable Development
● Maritime Engagement
AFRICAN UNION (AU)
● It is a continental body consisting of the 55
member states that make up the countries of
the African Continent.
● It was officially launched in 2002 and
replaced its predecessor, the Organization of
African Unity (OAU), which was founded in
1963.
● The AU is guided by its vision of “An
Integrated, Prosperous, and Peaceful Africa,
driven by its own citizens and representing a
dynamic force in the global arena.

● Headquarters: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

INDIA & AFRICAN UNION
● Visionary project Pan African E-network
Project (PANEP) was enunciated by former
President APJ Abdul Kalam in 2004 and a
committee of the African Union Commission
(AUC) and India led its formulation and
implementation.
● India’s trade with Africa has grown from
US $ 68.5 billion in 2011-12 to US$ 90.5
billion in 2022-23 and Indian investors
have also expanded their footprint in
Africa.
● India is now one of the top five investors
in Africa
INDIA & AFRICAN UNION
● Africa’s significant growth rate of 3.8 per
cent and its young population, with 60 per
cent under the age of 25, estimated to reach
1.1 billion people by 2040.

● Africa’s influence in global forums will be

important for India’s vision for global
governance.
● Africa, with 30 percent of the world’s
mineral reserves, is vital to power the
energy transition.
MEKONG-GANGA COOPERATION (MGC)
● MGC is an initiative by six countries for
cooperation in tourism, culture, education, as
well as transport and communications.
● It was launched in 2000 at Vientiane, Lao
PDR.
● Both the Ganga and the Mekong are
civilizational rivers, and the MGC initiative
aims to facilitate closer contacts among the
people inhabiting these two major river
basins.
● India and five ASEAN countries — Cambodia,
Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam
MEKONG-GANGA COOPERATION (MGC)
● External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar
co-chaired the 12th Mekong-Ganga
Cooperation (MGC) meeting in Bangkok
along with his Laos counterpart.

● While addressing the summit, EAM said that

peace and prosperity in the Mekong region
play a pivotal role in realising India’s vision
for security and growth for all countries in the
region under its Act East policy.
INDIA & MEKONG-GANGA COOPERATION

For India the MGC provides a window of

opportunity to focus on:

● Connectivity to North East Region of

India.

● Boosting Act East policy

● Countering China dominance using the

group in a cooperative way
GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL
● The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) was
established by an agreement concluded on 25
May 1981 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

● The agreement was among Bahrain, Kuwait,

Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE in view of
their special relations, geographic proximity,
similar political systems based on Islamic
beliefs, joint destiny, and common objectives.
INDIA & GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL
● India shares good relations with most of the
countries in the Gulf.

● The Gulf is an integral part of India’s

‘extended neighbourhood’, both by way of
geographical proximity and as an area of
expanded interests and growing Indian
influence.
INDIA & GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL
● The two most important reasons for the
relationship are oil and gas, and trade.

● Two additional reasons are the huge

number of Indians who work in the Gulf
countries, and the remittance they send
back home
INDIA & GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL
● India’s exports to the GCC member countries
grew by 58.26% to about USD 44 billion in
2021-22 against USD 27.8 billion in 2020-21.

● GCC Countries contribute almost 35% of

India’s oil imports and 70% of its gas
imports.
ARAB LEAGUE
● Arab League, also called League of Arab
States (LAS) is a regional organization of
Arab states in the Middle East and parts
of Africa.

● Formation: It was formed in Cairo on 22

March 1945.The founding member states
were Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq,
Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen.

● Headquarters: Cairo, Egypt.

ARAB LEAGUE
● Currently it has 22 members including
Palestine, which the League regards as an
independent state.

● Syria's participation has been suspended

since November 2011, as a consequence of
government repression during the Syrian
Civil War.

● Observers: Armenia, Greece, Brazil, Eritrea,

Chad, India, and Venezuela
ARAB LEAGUE
● The Abraham Accord between Israel, the
United Arab Emirates and Bahrain is
mediated by the USA in 2020.
ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COUNTRIES
● The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
(OIC) is the second largest organization
after the United Nations with a
membership of 57 states spread over four
continents.
● The Organization is the collective voice of
the Muslim world. It endeavors to
safeguard and protect the interests of the
Muslim world
ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COUNTRIES
● Headquarters: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
INDIA & OIC

● In the past India had expressed its desire to be

a member in the OIC during its formation in
1969, But this was bitterly opposed by
Pakistan.

● At the 45th session of the Foreign

Ministers’ Summit in 2018, Bangladesh,
the host, suggested that India, where more
than 10% of the world’s Muslims live,
should be given Observer status, but
Pakistan opposed the proposal
INDIA & OIC
● 2019, India made its maiden appearance at
the OIC Foreign Ministers’ meeting, as a
“guest of honour”. 2019 is the 50th
anniversary of OIC.
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
● IMF is an international financial
organization established to foster Global
Monetary Cooperation, Secure Financial
Stability, Facilitate International Trade,
Promote High Employment and
Sustainable Economic Growth, and Reduce
Poverty around the world.

● 44 founding member countries sought to

build a framework for international
economic cooperation. Today, its
membership embraces 190 countries
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
● The IMF, also known as the Fund, was
conceived at a UN conference in Bretton Woods

● After the Bretton Woods system (system of

fixed exchange rates) collapsed in the 1971, the
IMF has promoted the system of floating
exchange rates.
● 1973: During the oil crisis, IMF estimated that the
foreign debts of 100 oil-importing developing
countries increased by 150% between 1973 and
1977, complicated further by a worldwide shift to
floating exchange rates. IMF administered a new
lending program from 1974 to 1976 called the Oil
Facility
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
● On joining the IMF, each member country contributes a certain sum of money, called a quota
subscription, which is based on the country’s wealth and economic performance.

● Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) is the IMF’s unit of account and not a currency.

● The currency value of the SDR is determined by summing the values in U.S. dollars, based on
market exchange rates, of a SDR basket of currencies
● SDR basket of currencies includes the U.S. dollar, Euro, Japanese yen, pound sterling and the
Chinese renminbi (included in 2016).
● Members’ voting power is related directly to their quotas
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND- REPORTS
● Global Financial Stability Report
● World Economic Outlook
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

● FATF is an inter-governmental
policy-making and standard-setting body
dedicated to combating money laundering
and terrorist financing.

● It was established in 1989 during the G7

Summit in Paris to develop policies against
money laundering.

● In 2001 its mandate expanded to include

terrorism financing.
● Headquarters: Paris, France
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
● India became a member of FATF in 2010.

● Black List:Countries knowns as

Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories
(NCCTs) are put on the blacklist. These
countries support terror funding and
money laundering activities
● Grey List: Countries that are considered a
safe haven for supporting terror funding
and money laundering are put on the FATF
grey list.
● Indonesia is the only observer country of
FATF
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
● The World Trade Organization (WTO) is
an intergovernmental organization that
regulates and facilitates international
trade between nations.

● It officially commenced operations on 1

January 1995, pursuant to the 1994
Marrakesh Agreement
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
The Most Favoured Nation (MFN) rule
○ The MFN rule requires that a WTO member must apply the same conditions on all trade with
other WTO members, i.e., a WTO member has to grant the most favourable conditions under
which it allows trade in a certain product type to all other WTO members.

The National Treatment Policy

○ National treatment means that imported goods should be treated no less favorably than
domestically produced goods, it was introduced to tackle non-tariff barriers to trade (e.g.
technical standards, security standards et al. discriminating against imported goods)
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
The Agreement on Agriculture(AoA) came into effect with the establishment of the WTO at the
beginning of 1995. The AoA has three central concepts, or “pillars”: Domestic Support, Market
Access and Export Subsidies

● Domestic Support
○ Green Box – Subsidies which are no or least market distorting includes measures decoupled
from output such as income-support payments (decoupled income support), safety – net
programs, payments under environmental programs, and agricultural research
and-development subsidies
○ Blue Box – Only ‘Production limiting Subsidies’ under this are allowed. They cover payments
based on acreage, yield, or number of livestock in a base year
○ Amber Box – These include subsidies which are trade distorting and need to be curbed.
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
● The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property Rights sets down
minimum standards for many forms of
intellectual property (IP) regulation. It was
negotiated at the end of the Uruguay
Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT) in 1994
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION- PEACE CLAUSE
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION- PEACE CLAUSE
● Under the Peace Clause, WTO members refrain
from challenging any breach in the prescribed
subsidy ceiling given by a developing nation at
the dispute settlement forum of the WTO.
● Under the global trade norms, a WTO member
country's food subsidy bill should not breach the
limit of 10 percent of the value of production
based on the reference price of 1986-88.
● As an interim measure, the WTO members at the
Bali ministerial meeting in December 2013
agreed to put in place a mechanism popularly
called the Peace Clause and committed to
negotiating an agreement for a permanent
solution.
INDIA & WTO

● Recently, the 13th Ministerial

Conference (MC13) of the World Trade
Organization (WTO) ended in a status
quo. No consensus was reached on
most of the key issues.
INDIA & WTO
AGRICULTURE
● India- India, along with other developing countries, has sought a ‘permanent
solution’ to the public stock holding issue
No agreement was reached

E-Commerce

● India opposed the continued exemption of Customs duties on e-commerce or

electronic transmission
● WTO nations agreed to maintain the current practice of not imposing Customs duties
on electronic transmissions until the next ministerial conference
INDIA & WTO

Dispute Settlement Mechanism

● India has demanded the establishment of a fully functional dispute settlement
system for amicable resolution of disputes.
● Countries have resolved to establish a fully functioning dispute settlement system
accessible to all members by the end of 2024